View source for Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick

{{Short description|English peer in the Wars of the Roses}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox noble
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Warwick
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG}}
| image = Richard Neville.jpg
| alt = Black and white drawing of Warwick
| caption = Warwick as drawn in the ''[[John Rous (historian)|Rous]] Roll''. He displays on his shield the arms of Montagu quartering Monthermer. The bull's head is the crest of the Neville family, the eagle is the crest of Montagu.
| birth_date = 22 November 1428
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 14 April 1471 (aged 42)
| death_place = [[Barnet, Hertfordshire]], England
| resting_place = [[Bisham Abbey]], Berkshire
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| CoA = 
| tenure = 23 July 1449{{Sfn|Cokayne|1959|p=385}} – 14 April 1471
| other_titles = {{ubl|6th [[Earl of Salisbury]]|5th [[Baron Montagu]]<!--4th was his father-->|7th [[Baron Monthermer]]}}
| residence = [[Middleham Castle]], {{wt|en|etc.}}
| nationality = [[Kingdom of England|English]]
| locality = {{ubl|[[Warwickshire]]|[[Yorkshire]]}}
| other_names = Warwick the Kingmaker
| known_for = Influence during the [[Wars of the Roses]]
| wars_and_battles = {{Clist|title=Wars of the Roses|[[First Battle of St Albans]]|[[Battle of Ludford Bridge]]|[[Battle of Northampton (1460)|Battle of Northampton]]|[[Second Battle of St Albans]]|[[Battle of Ferrybridge]]|[[Battle of Towton]]|[[Battle of Barnet]]{{KIA}}}}
| offices = {{ubl|[[Captain of Calais]]|[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral of England]]|Steward of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]]}}
| predecessor = [[Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick]]
| successor = [[Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick]]|1436}}
| issue = {{Ubl|[[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel, Duchess of Clarence]]|[[Anne Neville|Anne, Queen of England]]|Margaret ([[illegitimate]]){{sfn|Hicks|1998|pp=231, 234, 237}} }}
| noble family = [[House of Neville|Neville]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]] (father)|[[Alice Montagu, 5th Countess of Salisbury]] (mother)}}
| signature = Signature of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.jpg
}}
'''Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, 6th Earl of Salisbury''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG}} (22&nbsp;November 1428&nbsp;– 14&nbsp;April 1471), known as '''Warwick the Kingmaker''', was an English nobleman, administrator, landowner of the [[House of Neville]] fortune and military commander. The eldest son of [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]], he became [[Earl of Warwick]] through marriage, and was the wealthiest and most powerful [[English peer]] of his age, with political connections that went beyond the country's borders. One of the leaders in the [[Wars of the Roses]], originally on the [[House of York|Yorkist]] side but later switching to the [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] side, he was instrumental in the deposition of two kings, which led to his epithet of "[[Kingmaker]]".

Through fortunes of marriage and inheritance, Warwick emerged in the 1450s at the centre of English politics. Originally, he was a supporter of King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]; however, a territorial dispute with [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset]], led him to collaborate with [[Richard, Duke of York]], in opposing the king. From this conflict, he gained the strategically valuable post of [[Captain of Calais]], a position that benefited him greatly in the years to come. The political conflict later turned into a full-scale rebellion, where [[Battle of Wakefield|in battle]] York was slain, as was Warwick's father Salisbury. York's son, however, later triumphed with Warwick's assistance and was crowned King [[Edward IV]]. Edward initially ruled with Warwick's support, but the two later fell out over foreign policy and the king's choice to marry [[Elizabeth Woodville]]. After a failed plot to crown Edward's brother, [[George, Duke of Clarence]], Warwick instead [[Readeption of Henry VI|restored Henry VI to the throne]]. The triumph was short-lived, however: on 14&nbsp;April 1471, Warwick was defeated by Edward at the [[Battle of Barnet]], and killed.

Warwick's historical legacy has been a matter of much dispute. Historical opinion has alternated between seeing him as self-centred and rash and regarding him as a victim of the whims of an ungrateful king. It is generally agreed, however, that in his own time, he enjoyed great popularity in all layers of society, and that he was skilled at appealing to popular sentiments for political support.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|pp=199–200}}

==Background==
[[File:Warwick the Kingmaker.gif|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Warwick the Kingmaker, 16th century imaginary portrait]]
The [[House of Neville|Neville family]], an ancient [[County of Durham|Durham]] family, came to prominence in England's fourteenth-century wars against the Scots. In 1397, King [[Richard II]] granted [[Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland|Ralph Neville]] the title of [[Earl of Westmorland]].{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=13}} Ralph's son [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Richard]], the later Earl of Warwick's father, was a younger son by a second marriage, and not heir to the earldom.{{efn|This second marriage was to [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Joan Beaufort]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt]]{{sfn|Pollard|2007|pp=13–14}} }} He received a favourable settlement, however, and became ''[[jure uxoris]]'' ("by right of his wife") [[Earl of Salisbury]] through his marriage to [[Alice Neville, 5th Countess of Salisbury|Alice]], daughter and heiress of [[Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury]].{{efn|He was created [[Earl of Salisbury]] 7&nbsp;May 1429{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=7}} }}{{efn|Warwick was ''jure uxoris'' ("by right of his wife") 16th Earl of Warwick from 1449, and in his own right was 6th Earl of Salisbury and 5th Baron Montagu from 1463}}

Salisbury's son Richard, the later Earl of Warwick, was born on 22&nbsp;November 1428; little is known of his childhood.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=11}} At the age of eight, in 1436, Richard was married to [[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick|Lady Anne Beauchamp]], daughter of [[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick]], and of his wife [[Isabel Despenser, Countess of Warwick|Isabel Despenser]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=K.L. |title=The Nevills of Middleham |publisher=The History Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-7509-6365-7 |pages=97}}</ref> This made him heir not only to the earldom of Salisbury, but also to a substantial part of the Montague, Beauchamp, and Despenser inheritance.{{sfn|Pollard|2004}}

Circumstances would, however, increase his fortune even further. Beauchamp's son [[Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick|Henry]], who had married the younger Richard's sister [[Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick|Cecily]], died in 1446. When Henry's daughter [[Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick|Anne]] died in 1449, Richard also found himself ''[[jure uxoris]]'' Earl of Warwick.{{efn|Alice was also joint heir to the [[Abergavenny]] lordship{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=38}} }} Richard's succession to the estates did not go undisputed, however. A protracted battle over parts of the inheritance ensued, particularly with [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]], who had married a daughter from Richard Beauchamp's first marriage.{{sfn|Pollard|2004}} The dispute centred on land, not on the Warwick title, as Henry's half-sisters were excluded from the succession.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=39}}

By 1445 Richard had become a knight, probably at [[Margaret of Anjou]]'s coronation on 30&nbsp;May that year;{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=29}} also around this time, his illegitimate daughter, Margaret (who married Richard Huddleston on 12 June 1464) was born.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|pp=231, 234, 237}}

He is visible in the historical record of the service of King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] in 1449, which makes mention of his services in a grant.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=29}} He performed military service in the north with his father and might have taken part in the [[Anglo-Scottish Wars|war against Scotland]] in 1448–1449.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=12}} When [[Richard, Duke of York]], unsuccessfully rose up against the king in 1452, both Warwick and his father rallied to the side of King Henry VI.{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=350}}

==Civil war==

=== Discontent at court===
{{Main Article|Wars of the Roses}}
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}}
In June 1453, [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Somerset]] was granted custody of the lordship of [[Glamorgan]]—part of the Despenser heritage held by Warwick until then—and open conflict broke out between the two men.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|pp=84–85}} Then, in the summer of that year, [[Henry VI of England|King Henry]] fell ill.{{sfn|Wolff|2001|p=271}} Somerset was a favourite of the king and [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret]], and with the king incapacitated he was virtually in complete control of the government.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2004 |title=Beaufort, Edmund, first Duke of Somerset (c. 1406–1455) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |last=Richmond |first=Colin |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/1855}}</ref> This put Warwick at a disadvantage in his dispute with Somerset, and drove him into collaboration with [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|York]].{{sfn|Carpenter|1992|p=127}} The political climate, influenced by the [[Hundred Years' War#French victory: 1429–1453|military defeat in France]], then started turning against Somerset. On 27&nbsp;March 1454, a group of royal councillors appointed the Duke of York as protector of the realm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=R.A. |date=1984 |title=The King's Council and the First Protectorate for the Duke of York 1450–4 |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=xcix |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXC.67 |jstor=567910}}</ref> York could now count on the support not only of Warwick but also of Warwick's father [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Salisbury]], who had become more deeply involved in disputes with the [[House of Percy]] in the north of England.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=24}}

York's first protectorate did not last long. Early in 1455, the king rallied sufficiently to return to power, at least nominally, with Somerset again wielding real power.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=112}} Warwick returned to his estates, as did York and Salisbury, and the three started raising troops.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=30}} Marching towards London, they encountered the king at [[St Albans]], where the two forces clashed. [[First Battle of St Albans|The battle]] was brief and not particularly bloody, but it was the first instance of armed hostilities between the forces of the Houses of [[House of York|York]] and [[House of Lancaster|Lancaster]] in the conflict known as the [[Wars of the Roses]].{{sfn|Carpenter|1997|p=135, 259}} It was also significant because it resulted in the capture of the king, and the death of Somerset.{{sfn|Carpenter|1997|p=135}}

=== Continuation of hostilities ===
[[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|York]]'s second protectorate that followed was even shorter-lived than the first.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lander |first=J.R. |date=1960 |title=Henry VI and the Duke of York's second protectorate, 1455–6 |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=xliii |pages=46–69 |doi=10.7227/BJRL.43.1.3}}</ref> At the parliament of February 1456 [[Henry VI of England|the king]]—now under the influence of [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret]]—resumed personal government of the realm.{{sfn|Jacob|1961|pp=513–514}} By this time Warwick had taken over [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Salisbury]]'s role as York's main ally, even appearing at that same parliament to protect York from retributions.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=125}} This conflict was also a pivotal period in Warwick's career, as it was resolved by his appointment as [[Constable of Calais]].{{sfn|Ross|1997|p=19}} The post was to provide him with a vital power base in the following years of conflict. The [[Continental Europe|continental]] town of [[Calais]], conquered from [[Kingdom of France|France]] in 1347, was not only of vital strategic importance, it also held what was England's largest [[standing army]].{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=442}} There were some initial disputes, with the garrison and with the royal wool monopoly, the [[Calais Staple]], over payments in arrears, but in July Warwick finally took up his post.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harriss |first=G. L. |author-link=G. L. Harriss |date=1960 |title=The Struggle for Calais: An Aspect of the Rivalry between Lancaster and York |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=lxxv |issue=294 |pages=30–53 |doi=10.1093/ehr/LXXV.294.30 |jstor=558799}}</ref>

After the recent events, Queen Margaret still considered Warwick a threat to the throne, and cut off his supplies.{{sfn|Pollard|2004}} In August 1457, however, a French attack on the English seaport of [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]] set off fears of a full-scale French invasion. Warwick was again funded to protect the garrison and patrol the English coast.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=144}} In disregard of royal authority, he then conducted highly successful acts of piracy, against the [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]] fleet in May 1458, and against the [[Hanseatic]] fleet a few weeks later.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=147}} He also used his time on the Continent to establish relations with [[Charles VII of France]] and [[Philip the Good]] of [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]].{{sfn|Harriss|2005|p=638}} Developing a solid military reputation and with good international connections, he then brought a part of his garrison to England, where he met up with his father and York in the autumn of 1459.{{sfn|Jacob|1961|p=515}}

===Yorkist Triumph===
[[File:MiddlehamCJW.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|[[Middleham Castle]], now in [[North Yorkshire]], was Warwick's favourite residence in England. In the late 1450s business in [[Calais]] in France kept him away from it for periods.]]
In September 1459 Warwick crossed over to England and made his way north to [[Ludlow]] to meet up with York and Salisbury, the latter fresh from his victory over Lancastrians at the [[Battle of Blore Heath]].{{sfn|Tuck|1985|p=276}} At nearby [[Battle of Ludford Bridge|Ludford Bridge]] their forces were scattered by the king's army, partly because of the defection of Warwick's Calais contingent under the command of [[Andrew Trollope]].<ref name="H164">Hicks (1998), p. 164.</ref> As it turned out, the majority of the soldiers were still reluctant to raise arms against the king.<ref name="H164"/> Forced to flee the country, York left for [[Dublin]], Ireland, with his second son [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], while Warwick and Salisbury sailed to Calais, accompanied by the Duke's son, [[Edward IV of England|Edward, Earl of March]] (the future King Edward IV).{{sfn|Carpenter|1997|p=145}} [[Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset]], was appointed to replace Warwick as Captain of Calais, but the Yorkists managed to hold on to the garrison.{{sfn|Tuck|1985|p=277}}

In March 1460 Warwick visited York in Ireland to plan the way ahead and returned to Calais.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|p=176}} Then, on 26&nbsp;June, he landed at Sandwich with Salisbury and March, and from here the three earls rode north to London.{{sfn|Harriss|2005|p=641}} Salisbury was left to besiege the [[Tower of London]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Vanora |author-link=Vanora Bennett |title=London and the Wars of the Roses |url=http://vanorabennett.com/book/figures-in-silk-aka-queen-of-silks-london-and-the-wars-of-the-roses/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914035651/http://vanorabennett.com/book/figures-in-silk-aka-queen-of-silks-london-and-the-wars-of-the-roses/ |archive-date=14 September 2013 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> while Warwick took March with him in pursuit of the king.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=42}} At [[Battle of Northampton (1460)|Northampton]], on 10&nbsp;July, King Henry was taken captive, while [[Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham]] and others were killed in battle.{{sfn|Wolff|2001|p=322}}

In September York arrived from Ireland, and at the parliament of October that year, the Duke walked up to the throne and put his hand on it.{{efn|York was of royal lineage, and—allowing for [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] descent—actually had a better claim to the throne than Henry{{sfn|Ross|1997|pp=3–5}} }} The act, signifying usurpation, left the assembly in shock.{{sfn|Hicks|1998|pp=186–187}} It is unclear whether Warwick had prior knowledge of York's plans, though it is assumed that this had been agreed upon between the two in Ireland the previous March.{{sfn|Keen|2003|p=355}} It soon became clear, however, that this regime change was unacceptable to the lords in parliament, and a compromise was agreed. The [[Act of Accord]] of 25&nbsp;October 1460 stated that while Henry VI was allowed to stay on the throne for the remainder of his life, his son [[Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales|Edward, Prince of Wales]], was to be disinherited. Instead, York would succeed the king, and act as protector.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=44}}

This solution was not ideal to either party, and further conflict was inevitable.{{sfn|Pollard|1988|p=24}} On 30&nbsp;December, at the [[Battle of Wakefield]], [[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York|York]] was killed, as were York's second son [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], and Warwick's younger brother [[Thomas Neville (died 1460)|Thomas]].{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=46}} [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Salisbury]] was executed a day later. Warwick marched north to confront the enemy, but was defeated and forced to flee at the [[Second Battle of St Albans]].{{sfn|Wolff|2001|p=328}} He then joined forces with [[Edward IV of England|Prince Edward of York]], the new Yorkist claimant to the crown, who had just won an important victory at the [[Battle of Mortimer's Cross]].{{sfn|Ross|1997|pp=31–32}}

While Queen Margaret was hesitating to make her next move, Warwick and Edward hastened to London.{{sfn|Pollard|2007|p=47}} The citizens of the capital were scared by the brutal conduct of the Lancastrian forces, and were sympathetic to the House of York. On 4&nbsp;March the prince was proclaimed King Edward IV by an assembly that gathered quickly.<ref>Watts (1996), p. 360.</ref> The new king now headed north to consolidate his title and met with the Lancastrian forces at [[Towton]] in Yorkshire. Warwick had suffered an injury to the leg the day before, in the [[Battle of Ferrybridge]], and may have played only a minor part in [[Battle of Towton|the battle]] that followed.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 48.</ref> The unusually bloody battle resulted in a complete victory for the Yorkist forces, and the death of many important men on the opposing side, such as [[Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland]], and Andrew Trollope.<ref>Wolff (2001), pp. 331–332.</ref> Queen Margaret managed to escape to [[Scotland]], with Henry and Prince Edward.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 235.</ref> Edward IV returned to London for his coronation, while Warwick remained to pacify the north.<ref>Jacob (1961), pp. 527–528.</ref>

==In power==

===Warwick's apex===
{{Quote box
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| quote = "They have but two rulers, M. de Warwick<!-- Lack of capitalisation is intentional. --> and another whose name I have forgotten."
| source = —The Governor of [[Abbeville]] in a letter to [[Louis XI]]{{sfn|Pollard|2004}}<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 255–256.</ref>
}}
[[File:Earlwarwicksvow large.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Painting by [[Henry Tresham]] depicting Warwick cutting the throat of his own horse and vowing not to abandon the battlefield prior to the [[Battle of Towton]]]]
Warwick's position after the accession of Edward IV was stronger than ever.<ref name="K372">Keen (2003), p. 372.</ref> He had now succeeded to his father's possessions—including [[Retainers and fee'd men of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|his vast network of retainers]]—and in 1462 he also inherited his mother's lands and the Salisbury title.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 227.</ref> Altogether, he had an annual income from his lands of over £7,000, far more than any other man in the realm but the king.<ref>Pollard (2007), pp. 77–80.</ref> Edward confirmed Warwick's position as Captain of Calais, and made him High Admiral of England and Steward of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]], along with several other offices.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 221.</ref> His brothers also benefited: [[John Neville, Lord Montagu]], was made Warden of the East March in 1463, and the next year created [[Earl of Northumberland]].<ref name="DNB Montagu">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2004 |title=Neville, John, Marquess Montagu (c. 1431–1471) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |last=Horrox |first=Rosemary |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19946}}</ref> [[George Neville (bishop)|George Neville]], [[Bishop of Exeter]], was confirmed in his post as chancellor by King Edward, and in 1465 promoted to the [[Archbishop of York|archbishopric of York]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2004 |title=Neville, George (1432–1476) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |last=Hicks |first=Michael |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19934}}</ref>

By late 1461, risings in the north had been put down, and in the summer of 1462, Warwick negotiated a truce with Scotland.{{sfn|Pollard|2004}} In October the same year, [[Margaret of Anjou]] invaded England with troops from France, and managed to take the castles of [[Alnwick Castle|Alnwick]] and [[Bamburgh Castle|Bamburgh]].<ref>Ross (1997), p. 50.</ref> Warwick had to organise the recapture of the castles, which was accomplished by January 1463. The leaders of the rebellion, including [[Ralph Percy]], were pardoned and left in charge of the retaken castles.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 242.</ref> At this point, Warwick felt secure enough to travel south; in February he buried the remains of his father and brother at [[Bisham Abbey|Bisham Priory]], and in March he attended parliament at [[Westminster]].<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 228, 243.</ref>

That same spring, however, the north rose up in rebellion once more, when Ralph Percy laid siege to [[Norham Castle]].<ref>Ross (1997), p. 59.</ref> Warwick returned to the north and rescued Norham in July, but the Lancastrians were left in possession of [[Northumberland]], and the government decided on a diplomatic approach instead. Separate truces were negotiated with Scotland and France by late 1463, which allowed Warwick to retake the Northumbrian castles held by the Lancastrian rebels in the spring of 1464.<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 244–247.</ref> This time no clemency was given, and around thirty of the rebel leaders were executed.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 54.</ref>

===Early tensions===
{{Multiple image
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At the negotiations with the French, Warwick had intimated that King Edward was interested in a marriage arrangement with the French crown, the intended bride being [[Louis XI]]'s sister-in-law, [[Bona of Savoy|Bona]], daughter of [[Louis, Duke of Savoy]].<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 261.</ref> This marriage was not to be, however, because in September 1464, Edward revealed that he was already married, to [[Elizabeth Woodville]].<ref name="R91">Ross (1997), p. 91.</ref> The marriage caused great offence to Warwick: not only due to the fact that his plans had been sabotaged, but also the secrecy with which the king had acted.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 56.</ref> The marriage—contracted on 1&nbsp;May of the same year—was not made public before Warwick pressed Edward on the issue at a council meeting, and in the meanwhile, Warwick had been unknowingly deceiving the French into believing the king was serious about the marriage proposal.<ref name="R91"/> For Edward the marriage may very well have been a love match, but in the long run, he sought to build the Woodville family into a powerhouse independent of Warwick's influence.<ref>Carpenter (1997), pp. 169–170.</ref> The marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville caused Warwick to lose his power and influence. He accused Elizabeth, and her mother [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]], of witchcraft to try to restore the power that he had lost.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |title=Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III |date=2007 |publisher=The History Press |location=Stroud}}</ref>

This was not enough to cause a complete fallout between the two men, though from this point on Warwick increasingly stayed away from court.<ref>Pollard (1988), pp. 26–27.</ref> The promotion of Warwick's brother George to [[Archbishop of York]] shows that the earl was still in favour with the king. In July 1465, when Henry VI was once more captured, it was Warwick who escorted the fallen king to his captivity in the Tower.<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 230, 253.</ref>

Then, in the spring of 1466, Warwick was sent to the continent to carry out negotiations with the French and Burgundians. The negotiations centred around a marriage proposal involving Edward's sister [[Margaret of York|Margaret]].<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 263.</ref> Warwick increasingly came to favour French diplomatic connections.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 59.</ref> Meanwhile, Edward's father-in-law, [[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers|Richard Woodville, Earl Rivers]], who had been created [[Lord High Treasurer|treasurer]], was in favour of a Burgundian alliance.<ref>Ross (1997), p. 95.</ref> This set up an internal conflict within the English court, which was not alleviated by the fact that Edward had signed a secret treaty in October with Burgundy, while Warwick was forced to carry on sham negotiations with the French.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 60.</ref> Later, George Neville was dismissed as chancellor, while Edward refused to contemplate a marriage between Warwick's oldest daughter [[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel]], and Edward's brother [[George, Duke of Clarence]].<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 259–264.</ref> It became increasingly clear that Warwick's position of dominance at court had been taken over by Rivers.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 58.</ref>

In the autumn of 1467, there were rumours that Warwick was now sympathetic to the Lancastrian cause, but even though he refused to come to court to answer the charges, the king accepted his denial in writing.<ref>Hicks (1998), pp. 264–265.</ref> In July 1468, it was revealed that Warwick's deputy in Calais, [[John Wenlock, 1st Baron Wenlock|John, Lord Wenlock]], was involved in a Lancastrian conspiracy, and early in 1469 another Lancastrian plot was uncovered, involving [[John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford|John de Vere, Earl of Oxford]].<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 269.</ref> It was becoming clear that the discontent with Edward's reign was widespread, a fact that Warwick could exploit.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 64.</ref>

== Defection ==

=== Rebellion ===
Warwick now orchestrated a rebellion in Yorkshire while he was away, led by a "[[Robin of Redesdale]]".<ref>"Robin of Redesdale" was an alias; the rebellion was actually led by Warwick's northern retainers; Hicks (1998), pp. 270–271, 275.</ref> Part of Warwick's plan was winning over King Edward's younger brother, George Plantagenet, possibly with the prospect of installing him on the throne.<ref name="H66">Pollard (2007), p. 66.</ref> The nineteen-year-old George had shown himself to share many of the abilities of his older brother but was also jealous and overambitious.<ref>Ross (1997), pp. 116–117.</ref> 

In July 1469, the two sailed over to Calais, where George was married to Warwick's daughter, Lady Isabel Neville.<ref>Hicks (1980), pp. 32–33.</ref> From there, they returned to England, where they gathered the men of [[Kent]] to join the rebellion in the north.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 65.</ref> Meanwhile, the king's forces were defeated at the [[Battle of Edgecote]], where [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1469)|William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke]], was killed.<ref>Ross (1997), pp. 131–132.</ref> The other commander, [[Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon|Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon]], was caught in flight and lynched by a mob.<ref>Carpenter (1997), p. 175.</ref> Later, Earl Rivers and his son, [[John Woodville]], were also apprehended and murdered.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scofield |first=C.L. |date=1922 |title=The capture of Lord Rivers and Sir Antony Woodville, 19 Jan. 1460 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2523874 |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=xxxvii |issue=146 |pages=544–546 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XXXVII.CXLVI.253 |jstor=552360}}</ref> With his army now defeated, King Edward IV was taken under arrest by George Neville.<ref>Wilkinson (1969), p. 292.</ref> Warwick then imprisoned the king in [[Warwick Castle]], and in August, the king was taken north to [[Middleham Castle]].<ref>Pollard (2007), pp. 65–66.</ref> In the long run, however, it proved impossible to rule without the king, and continuing disorder forced Warwick to release King Edward IV in September 1469.<ref name="H66"/>
[[File:Battle of Barnet retouched.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Battle of Barnet]], where Warwick was killed. Edward IV can be seen on the left, wearing a crown, and Warwick on the right being pierced by a lance. In reality, Edward did not kill Warwick.]]
A ''[[modus vivendi]]'' had been achieved between Warwick and the king for some months, but the restoration of [[Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland|Henry Percy]] to Montagu's earldom of Northumberland prevented any chance of full reconciliation.<ref>Keen (2003), p. 378.</ref> A trap was set for the king when disturbances in [[Lincolnshire]] led him north, where he could be confronted by Warwick's men.<ref>There has been debate over Warwick's actual involvement in the plot; {{Cite journal |last=Holland |first=P. |date=1988 |title=The Lincolnshire Rebellion of March 1470 |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=ciii |issue=409 |pages=849–869 |doi=10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCIX.849 |jstor=570259}}</ref> Edward, however, discovered the plot when [[Robert Welles, 8th Baron Willoughby de Eresby|Robert, Lord Welles]], was routed at [[Battle of Losecoat Field|Losecote Field]] in [[Rutland]] in March 1470, and gave away the plan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pollard |first=A.J. |author-link=A. J. Pollard |date=1979 |title=Lord FitzHugh's Rising in 1470 |journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library |volume=lii |pages=170–175}}</ref>

Warwick soon gave up, and once more fled the country with Clarence. Denied access to Calais, they sought refuge with King Louis XI of France.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 68.</ref> Louis arranged a reconciliation between Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, and as part of the agreement, Margaret and Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales, would marry Warwick's daughter Anne.<ref>Wilkinson (1969), pp. 292–293.</ref> The objective of the alliance was to restore Henry VI to the throne.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 69.</ref> Again, Warwick staged an uprising in the north, and with the king away, he and Clarence landed at [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] and [[Plymouth]] on 13&nbsp;September 1470.<ref>Wilkinson (1969), p. 293.</ref> 

Among the many who flocked to Warwick's side was his brother Montagu, who had not taken part in the last rebellion, but was disappointed when his loyalty to the king had not been rewarded with the restoration of his earldom.<ref name="DNB Montagu"/> This time the trap set up for the king worked; as Edward hurried south, Montagu's forces approached from the north, and the king found himself surrounded.<ref>Ross (1997), p. 152.</ref> On 2&nbsp;October he fled to [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], a part of the [[Duchy of Burgundy]].<ref>The date was not 29&nbsp;September, as some sources (e.g. Hicks (1998), p. 300) state; Ross (1997), p. 153.</ref> King Henry was now restored, with Warwick acting as the true ruler in his capacity as lieutenant.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 71.</ref> At a parliament in November, Edward was [[Attainder|attainted]] of his lands and titles, and Clarence was awarded the [[Duke of York|Duchy of York]].<ref>Hicks (1980), p. 74.</ref>

=== Death ===
At this point, international affairs intervened. Louis XI declared war on Burgundy, and [[Charles the Bold]] responded by granting an expeditionary force to Edward IV, in order to reclaim his throne.<ref name="Tuck 1985, p. 284">Tuck (1985), p. 284.</ref> On 14&nbsp;March 1471, Edward landed at [[Ravenspurn]] in Yorkshire, with the acquiescence of the Earl of Northumberland.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 307.</ref> Warwick was still waiting for Queen Margaret and her son Edward, who were supposed to bring reinforcements from France but were kept on the continent by bad weather.<ref>Wolff (2001), pp. 344–345.</ref> At this point, Edward received the support of his brother Clarence, who realised that he had been disadvantaged by the new agreement with the Lancastrians.<ref>Hicks (1980), p. 93.</ref> Clarence's defection weakened Warwick, who nevertheless went in pursuit of Edward. On 14&nbsp;April 1471 the two armies met at [[Battle of Barnet|Barnet]].<ref>Ross (1997), pp. 167–168.</ref> Fog and poor visibility on the field led to confusion, and the Lancastrian army ended up attacking its own men.<ref name="P73">Pollard (2007), p. 73.</ref> In the face of defeat Warwick attempted to escape the field but was struck off his horse and killed.<ref name="H310">Hicks (1998), p. 310.</ref>

== Aftermath ==
{{Multiple image
 | total_width = 300
 | footer_align = left
 | image1    = IsabelNevilleRousRoll.jpg
 | caption1  = [[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel Neville]]
 | image2    = George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence.jpg
 | width2    = 150
 | caption2  = [[George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence]]
}}
{{Multiple image
 | total_width = 300
 | footer_align = left
 | image3 = AnneNevilleRous.jpg
 | caption3 = [[Anne Neville]]
 | image4 = Richard III portrait.jpg
 | caption4 = [[Richard III of England|Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester]], later King Richard III
}}
Warwick's body—along with that of his brother Montagu, who had also fallen at Barnet—was displayed in London's [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral]] to quell any rumours of their survival.<ref name="H310"/> Then they were handed over to Archbishop Neville, to be buried in the family vault at [[Bisham Abbey|Bisham Priory]] near the river Thames in Berkshire. No trace now remains of either the tomb or the church in which it was housed.<ref name="P73"/> On 4&nbsp;May 1471, Edward IV defeated the remaining Lancastrian forces of Queen Margaret and Prince Edward at the [[Battle of Tewkesbury]], where the prince was killed.<ref>Wilkinson (1969), p. 294.</ref> Soon afterwards, it was reported that King Henry VI had also died in the Tower.<ref>Though the king's exact fate is unknown, there is little doubt that he was murdered; Wolff (2001), p. 347.</ref> With the direct Lancastrian line exterminated, Edward could reign safely until his death in 1483.<ref name="Tuck 1985, p. 284"/>

Warwick had no sons. His offices were divided between King Edward's brothers George, Duke of Clarence (who had married Warwick's daughter [[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel Neville]]), and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, the future [[Richard III]] (who would marry Warwick's daughter [[Anne Neville]]). Clarence received the [[Lord Great Chamberlain|chamberlainship of England]] and the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|lieutenancy of Ireland]], while Gloucester was made [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiral of England]] and [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Warden of the West March]].<ref>Hicks (1980), p. 98.</ref> Clarence also received the earldoms of Warwick and Salisbury.<ref>Hicks (1980), p. 102.</ref> The earl's land had been forfeited and taken into the king's custody. When Gloucester married Warwick's younger daughter Anne in 1472, who had been recently widowed by the death of Prince Edward, a dispute broke out between the two princes over the Beauchamp and Despenser inheritances.<ref>The legality of appropriating these lands was highly doubtful, as they were held by the countess ''[[suo jure]]'', and should not have been affected by the earl's forfeiture; Ross (1997), pp. 188–189.</ref> A compromise was eventually reached, whereby the land was divided, but Clarence was not pacified. In 1477 he once again plotted against his brother. This time the king could no longer act with lenience, and the next year the Duke of Clarence was executed.<ref>Hicks (1980), pp. 126–127.</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Assessment ===
{{Quote box|width=315px|quote="Thou setter-up and plucker-down of kings"|source=— [[William Shakespeare]]; Henry VI}}
Early sources on Richard Neville fall into two categories. The first are the sympathetic chronicles of the early Yorkist years, or works based on these, such as the ''[[Mirror for Magistrates]]'' (1559). The other category originates with chronicles commissioned by Edward IV after Warwick's fall, such as the ''[[Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV]]'', and take a more negative view of the earl.<ref>Pollard (2007), pp. 2–3.</ref> The ''Mirror'' portrayed Warwick as a great man: beloved by the people, and betrayed by the man he helped raise to the throne.<ref>Hicks (1998), p. 3.</ref> The other perspective can be found in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''Henry VI'' trilogy: a man driven by pride and egotism, who created and deposed kings at will.<ref>The first writer to use the term "Kingmaker" about Warwick was [[John Major (philosopher)|John Mair]] in 1521, though Major wrote in [[Latin]] (''regum creator''). It was [[Samuel Daniel]] who in 1609 first used the term in English, and not until the eighteenth century was it popularised, by [[David Hume]]; Hicks (1998), pp. 3–4.</ref>

In time, however, it is the latter view that dominated. The [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], or [[Whig history|Whig]] historians of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, decried anyone who impeded the development towards a centralised, [[constitutional monarchy]], the way Warwick did in his struggles with Edward.<ref name="Hicks 5">Hicks (1998), p. 5.</ref> David Hume called Warwick "the greatest, as well as the last, of those mighty barons who formerly overawed the crown, and rendered the people incapable of any regular system of civil government."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hume |first=David |title=History of England |date=1826 |volume=iii |location=Oxford |page=160 |author-link=David Hume}}</ref> Later writers were split between admiration for some of Warwick's character traits, and condemnation of his political actions. The romantic novelist [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Lord Lytton]] picked up on Hume's theme in his ''[[The Last of the Barons]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lytton |first=Edward Bulwer |url=https://archive.org/details/lastofbarons00lyttiala |title=The Last of the Barons |date=1843 |location=London |author-link=Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton}}</ref> Though Lytton portrayed Warwick as a tragic hero who embodied the ideals of chivalry, he was nevertheless one whose time was past.<ref name="Hicks 5"/> The late-nineteenth-century military historian [[Charles Oman]] acknowledged the earl's ability to appeal to popular sentiments, yet pointed out his deficiencies as a military commander.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 195.</ref> Oman found Warwick a traditional strategist, "not attaining the heights of military genius displayed by his pupil Edward."<ref>Oman (1899), p. 239.</ref> [[Paul Murray Kendall]]'s popular biography from 1957 took a sympathetic view of Warwick but concluded that he had ultimately fallen victim to his own overreaching ambition.<ref>Kendall (1957), p. 12.</ref>

More recent historians, such as [[Michael Hicks (historian)|Michael Hicks]] and [[A. J. Pollard]], have tried to see Warwick in light of the standards of his own age, rather than holding him up to contemporary constitutional ideals. The insults Warwick suffered at the hands of King Edward—including Edward's secret marriage, and the refusal of the French diplomatic channel—were significant.<ref>Keen (2003), p. 374.</ref> His claim to prominence in national affairs was not a product of illusions of grandeur; it was confirmed by the high standing he enjoyed among the princes on the continent.<ref>Pollard (2007), p. 198.</ref> Furthermore, Warwick's cause was not considered unjust by his contemporaries, which can be seen by the earl's popularity exceeding that of the king at the time of his first rebellion in 1469.<ref>Ross (1997), pp. 124–125.</ref> On the other hand, while Warwick could not easily suffer his treatment by the king, it was equally impossible for Edward to accept the earl's presence on the political scene. As long as Warwick remained as powerful and influential as he was, Edward could not fully assert his royal authority, and eventual confrontation became inevitable.<ref>Carpenter (1997), pp. 180–181.</ref>

However, the memories written in Burgundy had a negative view of him. For example, according to [[Philippe de Commines|Philippe de Commynes]] and [[Olivier de la Marche]], [[Georges Chastellain]], who all mention Edward's popularity and character, Warwick was sage and cunning, and much richer than Edward, but he was very hated. In addition, unlike his brother [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu|John Nevill]] and Edward, he was not brave.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Commynes |first=Phillip |title=Mémoires |date=1 January 1924 |editor-last=Calmette |editor-first=Joseph |editor-link=www.lesbelleslettres.com/livre/3913-memoires-tome-i-1464-1474 |location=Les Belles Lettres |pages=194–216 |language=French |editor-last2=Durville |editor-first2=G.}}</ref> A Burgundy historian [[Jean de Wavrin]] criticized him more bitterly than other Burgundians.

=== Fictional depictions of the Earl of Warwick ===

==== Performing arts ====
* ''[[Henry VI, Part 2]]'' and ''[[Henry VI, Part 3]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]]

==== Prose fiction ====
* [[Harry Turtledove]], ''[[Opening Atlantis]]'' (2007)
* [[Philippa Gregory]]:
** ''[[The White Queen (novel)|The White Queen]]'' (2009), Book 1 in the ''[[Cousins' War]]'' series, about [[Elizabeth Woodville]]
** ''[[The Kingmaker's Daughter]]'' (2012), Book 4 in the ''Cousins' War'' series, about [[Anne Neville]]
* [[Sharon Kay Penman]], ''[[The Sunne in Splendour]]'' (1982)

=== Screen portrayals ===

==== Television ====
* ''[[The White Queen (TV series)|The White Queen]]'' (2013): Warwick was portrayed by [[James Frain]].
* ''Britain's Bloody Crown'' (2015): Warwick was portrayed by James Oliver Wheatley
* ''[[The Hollow Crown (TV series)|The Hollow Crown]]'', ''Henry VI Part 1'' and ''Henry VI Part 2'' (2016): Warwick was played by [[Stanley Townsend]].

== Coat of arms ==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Sir Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, KG.png|thumb|125px|left|Warwick's [[coat of arms]] as [[Knight of the Garter]]]]
[[File:Arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.svg|125px|thumb|right|[[Heraldic shield]]]]
The Earl of Warwick's coat of arms was unusually complex for the period, with seven different [[quartering (heraldry)|quarterings]] in an unusual order. The first grand quarter consists of the arms of his father-in-law, [[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick]], who bore his arms quartering Despenser (the arms of his wife [[Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester|Isabel le Despenser]]) with an inescutcheon of De Clare, which Warwick showed in the fourth quarter. The second grand quarter showed the arms of Montagu (quartering Monthermer). The third grand quarter showed the arms of [[House of Neville|Neville]] [[Difference (heraldry)|differenced]] – rather [[Augmentation of honour|honourably augmented]] – by a label ''compony argent and azure'' for Beaufort<ref>The Beauforts, legitimised issue of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, bore the royal arms differenced by a bordure ''compony argent and azure''</ref> ([[House of Lancaster]]) to signify the royal descent from Warwick's father [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]], who was the eldest son and heir of [[Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland]] and his wife, [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Lady Joan Beaufort]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]],<ref>Turnbull (1985), ''The Book of the Medieval Knight''.</ref> third son of King Edward III and great-grandfather of the last Lancastrian King Henry VI.{{Clear}}

==Neville family tree==
<section begin=FamilyTree /> 
The chart below shows, in abbreviated form, the family background of Richard Neville and his family connections with the houses of York and Lancaster. Anne Neville is shown with her two husbands, in order from right to left.
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:80%}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JoG |JoG=[[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|John of Gaunt,<br>1st Duke of Lancaster]]<br>(1340–1399)}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | RaW |y| JoB | | | | | | KH4 |RaW=[[Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland|Ralph Neville,<br>1st Earl of Westmorland]]<br>(c. 1364–1425)|JoB=[[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Joan Beaufort]]<br>(c. 1379–1440)|KH4=[[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]]<br>(1367–1413)}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart | W13 | | AMo |y| RNS | | CeN |y| RiP | |KH5|W13=[[Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick|Richard de Beauchamp,<br>13th Earl of Warwick]]<br>(1382–1439)|RNS=[[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Richard Neville,<br>5th Earl of Salisbury]]<br>(1400–1460)|AMo=[[Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury|Alice Montacute,<br>5th Countess of Salisbury]]<br>(c. 1406–1462)|CeN=[[Cecily Neville, Duchess of York|Cecily Neville]]<br>(1415–1495)|RiP=[[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York|Richard Plantagenet,<br>3rd Duke of York]]<br>(1411–1460)|KH5=[[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]<br>(1386–1422)}}
{{tree chart | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| |!| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart | AnB |y| W16 | | JoN | | GeN |!| | | | | KH6 |AnB=[[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick|Anne Beauchamp,<br>16th Countess of Warwick]]<br>(1426–1492)|W16='''Richard Neville,<br>16th Earl of Warwick'''<br>(1428–1471)|JoN=[[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu|John Neville,<br>1st Marquess of Montagu]]<br>(c. 1431–1471)|GeN=[[George Neville (archbishop)|<small>Archbishop</small><br>George Neville]]<br>(1432–1476)|KH6=[[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]<br>(1421–1471)}}
{{tree chart | | | |`|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|a|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart | |,|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|'| |!| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart | KE4 | | IsN |~| GeC | | KR3 |~| AnN |~| EdW |IsN=[[Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence|Isabel Neville]]<br>(1451–1476)|AnN=[[Anne Neville]]<br>(1456–1485)|EdW=(1.) [[Edward of Westminster|Edward, Prince of Wales]]<br />(1453–1471)|KE4=[[Edward IV of England|King Edward IV]]<br>(1442–1483)|GeC=[[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George, Duke of Clarence]]<br>(1449–1478)|KR3=(2.) [[Richard III of England|King Richard III]]<br />(1452–1485)}}
{{tree chart/end}}
<section end=FamilyTree />

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick'''
|2= 2. [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]]
|3= 3. [[Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury]]
|4= 4. [[Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland]]
|5= 5. [[Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland|Joan Beaufort]]
|6= 6. [[Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury]]
|7= 7. [[Eleanor Holland, Countess of Salisbury|Lady Eleanor Holland]]
|8= 8. [[John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville]]
|9= 9. Maud Percy
|10= 10. [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]]
|11= 11. [[Katherine Swynford]]
|12= 12. [[John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury]]
|13= 13. [[Maud Montacute, Countess of Salisbury|Maud Francis]]
|14= 14. [[Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent]]
|15= 15. [[Alice Holland, Countess of Kent|Lady Alice FitzAlan]]
|16= 16. [[Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby]]
|17= 17. Alice Audley
|18= 18. [[Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy]]
|19= 19. Idoine de Clifford
|20= 20. [[Edward III of England|Edward III, King of England]]
|21= 21. [[Philippa of Hainault]]
|22= 22. [[Paon de Roet|Sir Paon de Roet]]
|23= 
|24= 24. Sir [[John de Montacute, 1st Baron Montacute]]
|25= 25. [[Margaret de Monthermer]]
|26= 26. Sir Adam Francis
|27= 27. Alice Champneis
|28= 28. [[Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent]]
|29= 29. [[Joan of Kent|Joan, Princess of Wales, 4th Countess of Kent]]
|30= 30. [[Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel]]
|31= 31. [[Eleanor of Lancaster]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[Percy–Neville feud]]
* [[Kingmaker (board game)|Kingmaker board game]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Christine |title=Locality and polity: A study of Warwickshire landed society, 1401–1499 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-5213-7016-5 |location=Cambridge |author-link=Christine Carpenter (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Carpenter |first=Christine |author-mask=2 |url={{Googlebooks|z0A9frbkU0MC|plainurl=yes}} |title=The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the constitution in England, c. 1437–1509 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-5213-1874-7 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cokayne |first=G. |title=[[The Complete Peerage]] |date=1959 |publisher=St. Catherine Press |editor-last=G.H. White |edition=2nd |volume=12 |location=London |author-link=George Edward Cokayne |issue=2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harriss |first=G.L. |url={{Google books|t0ISN2Reg_UC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461 |date=2005 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-1982-2816-5 |series=[[New Oxford History of England]] |location=Oxford |publication-date=27 January 2005 |author-link=G. L. Harriss}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |url={{Googlebooks|t6v8mzfcxFQC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Warwick the Kingmaker |date=1998 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |isbn=978-0-6311-6259-9 |location=Oxford |author-link=Michael Hicks (historian)}}
* {{cite book |last=Jacob |first=E. F. |title=The Fifteenth Century: 1399–1485 |year=1961 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |series=Oxford History of England |volume=6 |author-link=Ernest Fraser Jacob}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Maurice |url={{Googlebooks|K8OAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=England in the Later Middle Ages |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-4152-7293-3 |edition=2nd |location=London |publication-date=20 November 2003 |author-link=Maurice Keen |orig-date=1973}}
* {{cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul Murray |url={{Google books|yGQOAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Warwick the Kingmaker |year=1957 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=London |author-link=Paul Murray Kendall}}
* {{cite book |last=Oman |first=Charles |title=Warwick, the Kingmaker |publisher=Macmillan |year=1899 |location=London and New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Pollard |first=A.J. |title=The Wars of the Roses |publisher=Macmillan Education |year=1988 |isbn=0333406036 |location=Basingstoke}}
* {{Cite ODNB|last=Pollard|author-mask=2 |date=2004|first=A.J.|title=Neville, Richard, sixteenth earl of Warwick|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19955|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190207181435/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-19955|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2019|type=online|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/19955}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A.J. |url={{Googlebooks|62NnAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Warwick the Kingmaker: Politics, Power and Fame |date=2007 |publisher=Hambledon |isbn=978-1-8472-5182-4 |location=London |publication-date=1 October 2007}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Charles |title=Edward IV |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1997 |isbn=0-3000-7372-0 |edition=new |location=New Haven, London |author-link=Charles Ross (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tuck |first=Anthony |title=Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England |publisher=Fontana |date=1985 |isbn=0-0068-6084-2 |location=London |author-link=Anthony Tuck}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watts |first=John |title=Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1996 |isbn=0-5214-2039-3 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Bertie |title=The later Middle Ages in England, 1216–1485 |publisher=Longmans |date=1969 |isbn=0-5824-8265-8 |location=Harlow}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Bertram Percy |title=Henry VI |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2001 |isbn=0-3000-8926-0 |edition=new |location=New Haven, London}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

=== Chronicles ===
* {{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=A.H. |title=The Great Chronicle of London |publisher=Guildhall Library manuscript |date=1938 |editor-last=Thornley |editor-first=I.D. |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Commynes |first=Philippe de |url=http://www.r3.org/bookcase/de_commynes/decom_1.html |title=Memoirs: The Reign of Louis XI 1461–83 |publisher=Penguin |date=1972 |isbn=0-1404-4264-2 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Michael |location=London |author-link=Philippe de Commines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207002100/http://www.r3.org/bookcase/de_commynes/decom_1.html |archive-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Various authors |url=http://www.r3.org/bookcase/croyland/index.html |title=Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland |publisher=G. Bell & Sons |date=1908 |location=London }}
* {{Cite book |title=Three Chronicles of the Reign of Edward IV (A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth; Chronicle of the Rebellion in Lincolnshire, 1470; Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV) |publisher=Sutton |date=1988 |isbn=0-8629-9568-X |editor-last=Dockray |editor-first=Keith |location=Gloucester}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Mirror for Magistrates |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1938 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Lily Bess |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book |title=Rous Roll |publisher=Sutton |date=1980 |isbn=0-9043-8743-7 |editor-last=Ross |editor-first=Charles |location=Gloucester}}

=== Secondary sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=C.A.J. |title=England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century |publisher=Hambleton Press |date=1983 |isbn=0-9076-2813-3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Dockray |first=K.R. |date=1983 |title=The Yorkshire Rebellions of 1469 |url=http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/essay_dockray_yorkshire_rebellion.pdf |journal=The Ricardian |volume=6 |issue=82 |pages=246–257 |access-date=26 October 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612192843/http://www.richardiii.net/downloads/Ricardian/essay_dockray_yorkshire_rebellion.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gairdner |first=James |title=The Houses of Lancaster and York: With the Conquest and Loss of France |publisher=London |date=1875 |location=Longmans, Green and Co |author-link=James Gairdner}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/warsofrosesmilit0000good |title=The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |date=1981 |isbn=0-7100-0728-0 |location=London |author-link=Anthony Goodman (historian) |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=R.A. |title=The reign of King Henry VI: The Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461 |publisher=Benn |date=1981 |isbn=0-5102-6261-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gross |first=Anthony |title=The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of Monarchy in Fifteenth-Century England |last2=Lander |first2=J.R. |publisher=Paul Watkins |date=1996 |isbn=1-8716-1590-9 |location=Stamford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hammond |first=P.W. |title=The battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury |publisher=Sutton |date=1990 |isbn=0-8629-9385-7 |location=Gloucester}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hicks |first=Michael |date=1979 |title=Descent, Partition and Extinction: The "Warwick Inheritance" |journal=[[Institute of Historical Research]] |volume=lii |issue=126 |pages=116–128 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1979.tb02217.x}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |author-mask=2 |url={{Googlebooks|UO3eBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |title=Richard III and his Rivals: Magnates and their Motives in the Wars of the Roses |date=1991 |publisher=Hambledon Press |isbn=978-1-8528-5053-1 |location=London |publication-date=1 July 1991 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |author-mask=2 |title=False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449–78 |publisher=Headstart History |date=1992 |isbn=1-8730-4108-X |edition=rev. |location=Bangor}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hicks |first=Michael |author-mask=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/bastardfeudalism0000hick |title=Bastard Feudalism |publisher=Longman |date=1995 |isbn=0-5820-6091-5 |location=London |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=P.A. |title=Duke Richard of York 1411–1460 |publisher=Clarendon |date=1988 |isbn=0-1982-2946-1 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=M.K. |date=1989 |title=Somerset, York and the Wars of the Roses |journal=[[English Historical Review]] |volume=civ |pages=285–307 |doi=10.1093/ehr/CIV.CCCCXI.285}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=M.K. |author-mask=2 |date=1997 |title=Edward IV, the earl of Warwick and the Yorkist Claim to the Throne |url=http://droppdf.com/files/ON0Vb/jones-1997-historical-research.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Historical Research]] |volume=70 |issue=173 |pages=342–352 |doi=10.1111/1468-2281.00048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604114544/http://droppdf.com/files/ON0Vb/jones-1997-historical-research.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2019 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lander |first=J.R. |title=Crown and Nobility, 1450–1509 |publisher=Edward Arnold |date=1976 |isbn=0-7131-5833-6 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=McFarlane |first=K.B. |title=The Nobility of Later Medieval England |publisher=Hambledon |date=1981 |isbn=0-9506-8825-8 |location=London |author-link=K. B. McFarlane}}
* {{Cite book |last=McFarlane |first=K.B. |author-mask=2 |title=England in the Fifteenth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1973 |isbn=0-1982-2657-8 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pollard |first=A.J. |title=North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Rosxes |publisher=Clarendon |date=1990 |isbn=0-1982-0087-0 |location=Oxford}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pugh |first=T.B. |date=1990 |title=Richard, Duke of York, and the Rebellion of Henry Holand, Duke of Exeter, in May 1454 |journal=Historical Research |volume=lxiii |issue=152 |pages=248–262 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1990.tb00888.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Richmond |first=C.F. |date=1967 |title=English Naval Power in the Fifteenth Century |journal=History |volume=lii |issue=174 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1967.tb01187.x}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Richmond |first=C.F. |author-mask=2 |date=1970 |title=The Nobility and the Wars of the Roses |journal=Journal of Historical Sociology |volume=ix |issue=4 |pages=395–409 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-6443.1996.tb00104.x}}
* {{Cite book |title=Patronage Pedigree and Power |publisher=Sutton |date=1979 |isbn=0-9043-8737-2 |editor-last=Ross |editor-first=Charles |location=Gloucester}}
* {{Cite book |last=Storey |first=R.L. |title=The End of the House of Lancaster |publisher=Sutton |date=1986 |isbn=0-8629-9290-7 |location=Gloucester}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick}}{{Wikisource}}
* Chronicles from the [[Ricardian (Richard III)|Richard III Society]]:
** [http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/ Text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108124240/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/the-arrivall-of-edward-iv/ |date=8 January 2022 }} of the ''[[Historie of the arrivall of Edward IV|Historie of the arrivall]]''
** [http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/crowland-chronicle/ Text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108123933/http://www.r3.org/on-line-library-text-essays/crowland-chronicle/ |date=8 January 2022 }} of the ''[[Croyland Chronicle]]''
** [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Memoirs_of_Philippe_de_Commines_Lord.html?id=XsI-AAAAYAAJ Text] ''of Memoirs of Philippe de Commines''
** [http://www.r3.org/links/to-prove-a-villain-the-real-richard-iii/these-supposed-crimes/warkworths-chronicle/ Text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108123931/http://www.r3.org/links/to-prove-a-villain-the-real-richard-iii/these-supposed-crimes/warkworths-chronicle/ |date=8 January 2022 }} of [[John Warkworth|Warkworth]]'s chronicle
* [[Project Gutenberg]] text of vol. I, part B of [[David Hume]]'s [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19212 History of England]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/warwick.htm ''War of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, 'The Kingmaker' (1428–1471)'']

{{S-start}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]]|years=1460–1471}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Scott (died 1485)|John Scott]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Captain of Calais]]|years=1455–1458}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Captain of Calais]]|years=1461–1471}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1461–1462}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1470–1471}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]]}}
{{S-reg|en}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=16th [[Earl of Warwick]]<br/>{{Small|(''[[jure uxoris]]'' by [[Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick|Anne Neville]])}}|years=1449–1471}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=6th [[Earl of Salisbury]]|years=1462–1471}}
{{S-non|reason=Extinct}}
{{S-end}}

{{Wars of the Roses}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neville, Richard, 16th Earl Of Warwick}}
[[Category:1428 births]]
[[Category:1471 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century English Navy personnel]]
[[Category:15th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:Burials at Bisham Abbey]]
[[Category:Earls of Warwick (1088 creation)|Neville]]
[[Category:Earls of Salisbury (1337 creation)|6]]
[[Category:English civil servants]]
[[Category:15th-century English diplomats]]
[[Category:English military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Lord high admirals of England]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Peers jure uxoris]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]
[[Category:Lords of Glamorgan]]
[[Category:Barons Monthermer]]
[[Category:Barons Montagu]]