View source for Ripping

{{Short description|Copying digital media to a data storage device}}
{{About|copying digital media||Rip (disambiguation){{!}}Rip}}

'''Ripping''' is the extraction of digital content from a container, such as a CD, onto a new digital form and location. Originally, the term meant to extract the music from [[Commodore 64]] games.{{citation-needed|date=September 2022}} Later, the term was applied to ripping [[WAV]] or [[MP3]] files from digital [[audio CD]]s, and after that to the extraction of contents from any [[Computer data storage#media|storage media]], including [[DVD-Video|DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] discs, as well as the extraction of video game [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]].

Despite the name, neither the media nor the data is damaged after extraction. Ripping is often used to [[format shifting|shift format]]s, and to edit, duplicate or back up media content. A '''rip''' is the extracted content, in its destination [[Content format|format]], along with accompanying files, such as a [[cue sheet (computing)|cue sheet]] or [[Computer data logging|log file]] from the ripping software.

To rip the contents out of a container is different from simply [[file copying|copying]] the whole container or a file. When creating a copy, nothing looks into the transferred file, nor checks if there is any encryption or not, and raw copy is also not aware of any file format. One can copy a DVD byte by byte via programs like [[dd (Unix software)#Uses|the Linux dd]] command onto a hard disk, and play the resulting [[ISO image|ISO file]] just as one would play the original DVD.

To rip contents is also different from grabbing an analog signal and re-encoding it, as it was done with early day [[CD-ROM]] drives not capable of digital audio extraction (DAE). Sometimes even encoding, i.e. [[digitizing]] audio and video originally stored on [[Analog recording|analog formats]], such as [[Gramophone record|vinyl records]], is incorrectly referred to as ripping.

== Software ==

A [[CD ripper]] is a piece of software designed to extract or "rip" raw digital audio (in format commonly called CDDA) from a compact disc to a file or other output. Some all-in-one ripping programs can simplify the entire process by ripping and burning the audio to disc in one step, possibly re-encoding the audio on-the-fly in the process.

For example, audio CDs contain 16-bit, 44.1&nbsp;kHz [[Linear pulse-code modulation|LPCM]]-encoded audio samples interleaved with secondary data streams and synchronization and error correction info. The ripping software tells the CD drive's [[firmware]] to read this data and parse out just the LPCM samples. The software then dumps them into a [[WAV]] or [[Audio Interchange File Format|AIFF]] file, or feeds them to another [[codec]] to produce, for example, a [[FLAC]] or [[MP3]] file. Depending on the capabilities of the ripping software, ripping may be done on a track-by-track basis, or all tracks at once, or over a custom range. The ripping software may also have facilities for detecting and correcting errors during or after the rip, as the process is not always reliable, especially when the CD or the drive containing the CD itself is damaged or defective.

There are also [[Comparison of DVD ripper software|DVD ripper]]s which operate in a similar fashion. Unlike audio CDs, DVDs do contain data formatted in files for use in computers. However, commercial DVDs are often [[Encryption|encrypted]] (for example, using [[Content Scramble System]]/[[ARccOS protection]]), preventing access to the files without using the ripping software's decryption ability, which may not be legal to distribute or use. DVD files are often larger than is convenient to distribute or copy to [[CD-R]] or ordinary (not dual-layer) [[DVD-R]], so DVD ripping software usually offers the ability to re-encode the content, with some quality loss, so it fits in smaller files.

==Legality==
{{see also|Legal aspects of file sharing}}
When the material being ripped is not in the [[public domain]], and the person making the rip does not have the copyright owner's permission, then such ripping may be regarded as [[copyright infringement]]. However, some countries either explicitly allow it in certain circumstances, or at least do not forbid it. Some countries also have [[fair use]]-type laws which allow unauthorized copies to be made under certain conditions.

=== Asia ===
{{Empty section|date=May 2017}}

=== Europe ===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
A directive of the European Union allows its member nations to instate in their legal framework a ''private copy'' exception to the authors and editors rights. If a member State chooses to do so, it must also introduce a compensation for the copyright holders. Most European countries, except for Norway, have introduced a private copying levy that compensates the owners directly from the country's budget. In 2009 the sum awarded to them was $55 million. In all but a few of these countries (exceptions include the UK and Malta), the levy is excised on all machines and blank materials capable of copying copyrighted works.

Under the directive, making copies for other people is forbidden, and if done for profit can lead to a jail sentence.

==== Netherlands ====
In the [[Netherlands]], citizens are allowed to make copies of their legally bought audio and video. This includes [[CD]], [[Super Audio CD|SACD]], as well as [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]]. These copies are called "home copies" and may only be used by the ripper. Public distribution of ripped files is not allowed.

====Spain====
In [[Spain]], anyone is allowed to make a private copy of a copyrighted material for oneself, providing that the copier has accessed the original material legally.

====United Kingdom====
Private copying of copyrighted material is illegal in the United Kingdom.<ref name=ars-privatecopyinggone/> According to a 2009 survey, 59% of British consumers believed ripping a CD to be legal, and 55% admitted to doing it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8000876.stm|title=UK 'has the worst copyright laws'|date=2009-04-15|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2010-05-22|archive-date=2009-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420052616/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8000876.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/en/content/cms/News___Press/UK_has_worst_copyrig/UK_has_worst_copyrig.aspx|title=UK has worst copyright laws – 'by far'|date=28 July 2009|access-date=29 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523081313/http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/en/content/cms/News___Press/UK_has_worst_copyrig/UK_has_worst_copyrig.aspx|archive-date=May 23, 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Focus]]}}</ref>

In 2010, the UK government sought input on modernizing copyright exceptions for the digital age, and commissioned the ''[[Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth]]''. The review asserted that a private copying exception was overdue, citing that users were unaware of what was even legally allowed, and that a copyright law where "millions of citizens are in daily breach of copyright, simply for shifting a piece of music or video from one device to another" was not "fit for the digital age".<ref name=Hargreaves/> The review recommended, among other things, that the government consider adopting the EU [[Copyright Directive]]'s recommendation that member states enact an exception for private, noncommercial copying so long as the rights holders receive "fair compensation." Other EU member states chose to implement the exception paired with a tax on music purchases or widely varying levies on copying equipment and blank media.<ref name=Hargreaves/><ref name="Impact">{{cite web|url=https://ipo.gov.uk/ia-exception-privatecopy.pdf|title=Impact Assessment: Copyright Exception for Private Copying|date=13 Dec 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328013158/http://www.ipo.gov.uk//ia-exception-privatecopy.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-28}}</ref> However, the Review reasoned that no such collections are necessary when implementing a copyright exception for format-shifting:

{{quote|The UK has a thriving market for personal media devices which rely on private copying. We see no economic argument for adding an extra charge to these devices in order to authorise reasonable private acts which are part of the normal use of devices. Indeed, without that copying, normal use of those devices would be largely restricted to playing music or films bought online. We are not aware of strong evidence of harm to rights holders done by this kind of private copying in the normal course of using digital equipment to play works. There is considerable evidence of overall public benefits from consumer use. [...] The Review favours a limited private copying exception which corresponds to what consumers are already doing. As rights holders are well aware of consumers’ behaviour in this respect, our view is that the benefit of being able to do this is already factored into the price that rights holders are charging. A limited private copying exception which corresponds to the expectations of buyers and sellers of copyright content, and is therefore already priced into the purchase, will by definition not entail a loss for right holders.<ref name=Hargreaves/>}}

In August 2011, the government broadly accepted the recommendations of the Hargreaves Review.<ref name="Response">{{cite web|url=https://ipo.gov.uk/ipresponse-full.pdf|title=The Government Response to the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth|date=3 Aug 2011|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115023409/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipresponse-full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2012, the government published "Modernising Copyright", a document outlining specific changes the government intends to make, including the Hargreaves-recommended exception for private, noncommercial copying.<ref name="Modernising">{{cite web|url=https://ipo.gov.uk/response-2011-copyright-final.pdf|title=Modernising Copyright: A modern, robust and flexible framework|date=Dec 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514004319/http://www.ipo.gov.uk:80/response-2011-copyright-final.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-14}}</ref>

Following each milestone in the reform process, press reports circulated that ripping non-DRM-protected CDs and DVDs was no longer illegal. However, the actual legislation to implement the changes is not yet in force; the [[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|Intellectual Property Office]] had only begun seeking review of draft legislation in June 2013,<ref name="Hargreaves">{{Cite web|url=https://ipo.gov.uk/types/hargreaves/hargreaves-copyright/hargreaves-copyright-techreview.htm|title=Technical review of draft legislation on copyright exceptions|date=July 31, 2013|website=ipo.gov.uk|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313014253/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/hargreaves/hargreaves-copyright/hargreaves-copyright-techreview.htm|archive-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/techreview-private-copying.pdf|title=Private Copying|website=ipo.gov.uk|publisher=[[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|Intellectual Property Office]]|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603094108/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/techreview-private-copying.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-03|access-date=November 15, 2019}}</ref> and the resulting [[Statutory Instruments]] (SIs) were not laid out for Parliamentary approval until March 27, 2014, and were not actually approved until July 14 (Commons)<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Commons Votes and Proceedings |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmvote/140714v01.htm |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=10 September 2017 |archive-date=21 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521051429/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmvote/140714v01.htm |url-status=live }} (at item 10).</ref> and July 27 (Lords);<ref>{{cite hansard |house=House of Lords |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldhansrd/text/140729-0001.htm |date=29 July 2014 |column_start=1553 |column_end=1582 |title=Copyright and Rights in Performances (Personal Copies for Private Use) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308013319/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldhansrd/text/140729-0001.htm |date=8 March 2018 }}</ref> with an effective date of October 1, 2014.<ref name=PrivateUseUKSI>{{citation | url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111116036/contents | title=The Copyright and Rights in Performances (Personal Copies for Private Use) Regulations 2014 | date=10 June 2014 | publisher=Stationery Office | isbn=978-0-11-111603-6 | access-date=1 August 2014 | archive-date=16 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916051130/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111116036/contents | url-status=live }}</ref> Anticipating approval, the Intellectual Property Office published a guide for consumers to explain the forthcoming changes and to clarify what would remain illegal.<ref name="ConsumerGuide">{{cite web|url=https://ipo.gov.uk/copyright-guidance-consumers.pdf|title=Exceptions to copyright: Guidance for consumers|date=March 2014|publisher=[[Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)|Intellectual Property Office]]}}</ref> The private copying exception may seem to conflict with the existing Copyright Directive prohibition on overriding or removing any DRM or TPM ([[technical protection measures]]) that are sometimes used on optical media to protect the content from ripping.<ref name=Hargreaves/> However, the "Modernising Copyright" report makes clear that any workarounds to allow access will not involve a relaxation of the prohibition.<ref name=Modernising/>

On 17 July 2015, the private copying exemption was overturned by the [[High Court of Justice]] following a complaint by [[BASCA]], [[Musicians' Union (UK)|Musicians' Union]], and [[UK Music]], making private copying once again illegal. The groups objected to the exclusion of a compensation scheme, presenting evidence contradicting an assertion that an exemption would cause "zero or insignificant harm" to copyright holders and thus did not require compensation.<ref name="ars-privatecopyinggone">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/ripping-cds-and-movies-for-personal-use-is-once-again-illegal-in-uk/|title=Ripping CDs and movies for personal use is once again illegal in UK|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=July 17, 2015|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=18 July 2015|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717221921/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/ripping-cds-and-movies-for-personal-use-is-once-again-illegal-in-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian-highcourt">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/17/high-court-quashes-regulations-copy-cds-musicians|title=High court quashes regulations allowing people to copy CDs|date=17 July 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

=== North America ===

====United States====
U.S. copyright law ([[Title 17 of the United States Code]]) generally says that making a copy of an original work, if conducted without the consent of the copyright owner, is infringement. The law makes no explicit grant or denial of a right to make a "personal use" copy of another's copyrighted content on one's own digital media and devices. For example, [[space shifting]], by making a copy of a personally owned audio CD for transfer to an MP3 player for that person's personal use, is not explicitly allowed or forbidden.

Existing copyright statutes ''may'' apply to specific acts of personal copying, as determined in cases in the civil or criminal court systems, building up a body of [[case law]]. Consumer copyright infringement cases in this area, to date, have only focused on issues related to consumer rights and the applicability of the law to the sharing of ripped files, not to the act of ripping ''[[per se]]''.

====Canada====
The [[Copyright Act of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-10.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Copyright Act|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2019-06-17|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2019-11-16|archive-date=2019-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116025804/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-10.html|url-status=live}}</ref> generally says that it is legal to make a backup copy of any copyrighted work if the user owns or has a licence to use a copy of the work or subject-matter as long as the user does not circumvent a [[technological protection measure]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-19.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Copyright Act|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2019-06-17|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2019-11-16|archive-date=2019-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116025804/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-19.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or give any of the reproductions away. This means that in most cases, ripping DVDs in Canada is most likely illegal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/business/personal_finance/spending_saving/2012/06/27/ripping_your_dvds_its_a_tricky_issue_legally_speaking.html|title=Ripping your DVDs: It's a tricky issue, legally speaking {{!}} The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=27 June 2012|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===

====Australia and New Zealand====
In [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s109a.html |title=Australian Copyright Act 1968 - Section 109A: Copying sound recordings for private and domestic use |access-date=2009-08-16 |archive-date=2009-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112014823/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s109a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[New Zealand]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/whole.html#DLM1704667 |title=New Zealand Copyright Act 1994 - Section 81A: Copying sound recording for personal use |access-date=2011-02-05 |archive-date=2011-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222155149/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/whole.html#DLM1704667 |url-status=live }}</ref> a copy of any legally purchased music may be made by its owner, as long as it is not distributed to others and its use remains personal. In Australia, this was extended in 2006<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/caa2006213/sch6.html COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT ACT 2006 (NO. 158, 2006) - SCHEDULE 6]</ref> to also include photographs and films.

==Opinions of ripping==
[[Recording industry]] representatives have made conflicting statements about ripping.

Executives claimed (in the context of ''Atlantic v. Howell'') that ripping must be regarded as copyright infringement.<ref name=Uproar>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/28/AR2007122800693.html?hpid=topnews |title=Download Uproar: Record Industry Goes After Personal Use |first=Marc |last=Fisher |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2007-12-30 |archive-date=2017-07-20 |access-date=2017-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720034732/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/28/AR2007122800693.html?hpid=topnews |url-status=live }}</ref> In oral arguments before the Supreme Court in ''[[MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.]]'', MGM attorney [[Donald Verrilli Jr.|Don Verrilli]] (later appointed [[United States Solicitor General]] by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]]), stated: "The record companies, my clients, have said, for some time now, and it's been on their Website for some time now, that it's perfectly lawful to take a CD that you've purchased, upload it onto your computer, put it onto your [[iPod]]. There is a very, very significant lawful commercial use for that device, going forward."<ref>[{{SCOTUS URL|oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/04-480.pdf}} Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (3/29/05), 04-480<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Nevertheless, in lawsuits against individuals accused of copyright infringement for making files available via file-sharing networks, RIAA lawyers and PR officials have characterized CD ripping as "illegal" and "stealing".<ref name=Uproar/><ref name=npr08>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/talk/2008/01/rip_this_and_sue_that.html|title=Rip This, and Sue That?|newspaper=NPR|date=3 January 2008|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|last1=Cameron|first1=Scott|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034221/http://www.npr.org/blogs/talk/2008/01/rip_this_and_sue_that.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/01/riaa-believes-m/|title=RIAA Believes MP3s Are A Crime: Why This Matters|magazine=Wired|last=Singel|first=Ryan|access-date=2017-03-11|archive-date=2014-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130020948/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/01/riaa-believes-m/|url-status=live}}</ref>

When asked directly about the issue, RIAA president Cary Sherman asserted that the lawyers misspoke, and that the RIAA has never said whether it was legal or illegal, emphasizing that the RIAA had not yet taken anyone to court over that issue alone.<ref name=npr08/>

===Fair use===

Although certain types of infringement scenarios are allowed as [[fair use]] and thus are effectively considered non-infringing, "personal use" copying is not explicitly mentioned as a type of fair use, and case law has not yet established otherwise.

===Personal copying acknowledgments===

According to Congressional reports, part of the [[Audio Home Recording Act]] (AHRA) of 1992 was intended to resolve the debate over home taping. However, 17 USC 1008, the relevant text of the legislation, did not fully indemnify consumers for noncommercial, private copying. Such copying is broadly permitted using analog devices and media, but digital copying is only permitted with certain technology like DAT, MiniDisc, and "audio" CD-R—not with computer hard drives, portable media players, and general-purpose CD-Rs.

The AHRA was partially tested in ''RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia, Inc.'',<ref>180 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999).</ref> a late-1990s case which broached the subject of a consumer's right to copy and format-shift, but which ultimately only ascertained that one of the first portable MP3 players was not even a "[[digital recording]] device" covered by the law, so its maker was not required to pay royalties to the recording industry under other terms of the AHRA.

Statements made by the court in that case, and by both the House and Senate in committee reports about the AHRA, do interpret the legislation as being intended to permit private, noncommercial copying with any digital technology. However, these interpretations may not be binding.

In 2007, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC), a government office which requires business to engage in consumer-friendly trade practices, has acknowledged that consumers normally expect to be able to rip audio CDs. Specifically, in response to the [[Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal]], the FTC declared that the marketing and sale of audio CDs which surreptitiously installed [[digital rights management]] (DRM) software constituted deceptive and unfair trade practices, in part because the record company "represented, expressly or by implication, that consumers will be able to use the CDs as they are commonly used on a computer: to listen to, transfer to playback devices, and copy the audio files contained on the CD for personal use."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ftc.gov/os/caselist/0623019/0623019cmp070629.pdf|title=DOCKET NO. C-4195: COMPLAINT; In the Matter of SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, a general partnership.|access-date=2012-01-08|date=June 29, 2007|archive-date=2011-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019085827/http://ftc.gov/os/caselist/0623019/0623019cmp070629.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== DVD and Blu-ray ripping ==
{{See also|Blu-ray ripper}}
A '''DVD ripper''' or '''[[Blu-ray ripper]]''' is a [[computer program]] for copying [[DVD-Video|DVD]] or [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray discs]] to [[Disk image|disc images]]. Disc images can then be used to backup or duplicate discs or to convert video to different formats. Some DVD/Blu-ray rippers can also edit or [[Transcoding|transcode]] video to different [[Video file format|video file formats]] to reduce file size or for playback on other devices, such as [[Portable media player|portable media players]] or [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]]. Many DVD/Blu-ray rippers can remove or circumvent several types of [[digital rights management]] (DRM) and [[Compact Disc and DVD copy protection|copy protection]] applied to discs, including [[Content Scramble System]] (CSS), [[Advanced Access Content System]] (AACS), [[DVD region code|region codes]], [[Analog Protection System]], [[User operation prohibition|User Operation Prohibitions]] (UOPs), and [[ARccOS protection|ARccOS]]. However, not all software can remove all protections, and some protections may be difficult to circumvent, such as [[Cinavia]].

Common ripping software includes [[DVD Decrypter]], [[DVD Shrink]], and [[AnyDVD]] (see [[Comparison of DVD ripper software]]). AnyDVD is specialized software which can remove or circumvent many types of protections in the background; this is useful to allow [[media player software]] to play protected discs directly (without first copying them to a disc image) as well as to allow other software to access or copy protected discs.

=== Circumvention of DVD copy protection ===
{{See also|Anti-circumvention}}
In the case where media contents are protected using some ''effective'' [[copy protection]] scheme, the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA) of 1998 makes it illegal to manufacture or distribute circumvention tools and use those tools for infringing purposes. In the 2009 case ''[[RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.|RealNetworks v. DVD CCA]]'',<ref>{{citation
|url=https://www.eff.org/cases/universal-city-studios-v-realnetworks
|title=RealNetworks v. DVD-CCA (RealDVD case)
|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation
|date=2009-08-11
|access-date=2016-12-04
|archive-date=2011-09-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929134320/http://www.eff.org/cases/universal-city-studios-v-realnetworks
|url-status=live
}}</ref> the final injunction reads, "while it may well be fair use for an individual consumer to store a backup copy of a personally owned DVD on that individual's computer, a federal law has nonetheless made it illegal to manufacture or traffic in a device or tool that permits a consumer to make such copies."<ref>{{citation
|url=https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/RealDVD/Real%20v%20DVD-CCA%2C%20PI%20Order%20081109.pdf
|title=RealNetworks v. DVD-CCA - MEMORANDUM & ORDER
|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation
|date=2009-08-11
|access-date=2016-12-04
|archive-date=2014-09-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913142145/https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/RealDVD/Real%20v%20DVD-CCA,%20PI%20Order%20081109.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> This case made clear that manufacturing and distribution of circumvention tools was illegal, but use of those tools for non-infringing purposes, including fair use purposes, was not.

The Library of Congress periodically issues rulings to exempt certain classes of works from the DMCA's prohibition on the circumvention of copy protection for non-infringing purposes. One such ruling in 2010 declared, among other things, that the [[Content Scramble System]] (CSS) commonly employed on commercial DVDs could be circumvented to enable non-infringing uses of the DVD's content.<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html
|title=Statement of the Librarian of Congress Relating to Section 1201 Rulemaking
|publisher=U.S. Copyright Office
|date=2010-07-23
|access-date=2010-07-28
|archive-date=2010-07-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728040521/http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) hailed the ruling as enabling DVD excerpts to be used for the well-established fair-use activities of criticism and commentary, and for the creation of derivative works by video remix artists.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2010/07/26 |title=Rulemaking Fixes Critical DMCA Wrongs |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|date=2010-07-26}}</ref> However, the text of the ruling says the exemption can only be exercised by professional educators and their students, not the general public.

=== Anti DVD-ripping efforts ===

All [[DVD Copy Control Association]] (DVD CCA)-licensed DVD player/burner manufacturers implement DVD CCA-mandated "robustness" and "compliance" rules on their products in an effort to restrict ripping.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2021/comments/opposition/Class_16_Opp%27n_DVD%20CCA%20and%20AACS%20LA.pdf |title=Long Comment Regarding a Proposed Exemption Under 17 U.S.C. § 1201 |last1=Taylor |first1=David |access-date=2024-12-04 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205074917/https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2021/comments/opposition/Class_16_Opp%27n_DVD%20CCA%20and%20AACS%20LA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Some even go beyond that and implement additional features to restrict ripping, for example:
* [[Riplock|RIPLOCK]]: some manufacturers put an artificial limit, or lock, on ripping speeds. Some of these drives have alternative 3rd-party firmware that have this removed to enable faster ripping.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}
* Bitsetting/Booktyping: this is a feature which makes DVD+Rs readable by older DVD players that can play DVD-ROMs only. Some manufacturers disable this feature on their drives. Again, some alternative 3rd-party firmware can enable this so that burned DVDs appear as DVD-ROMs and are playable by older DVD players.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}
* [[Regional Playback Control]]: [[firmware]] for DVD drives which enforces [[DVD region code|DVD region codes]]

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[CD ripper]]
* [[Blu-ray ripper]]
* [[Radio music ripping]]
* [[Stream ripping]]
* [[Digital video recorder]]
* [[Telecine (copying)]], a copy of a film created with a telecine.
* [[Screener (promotional)|DVDScr (DVD Screener)]]
* [[R5 (bootleg)]]
* [[Riplock]]
* [[DVD Decrypter]]
* [[Comparison of DVD ripper software]]
* [[.bup|BUP]]
* [[IFO file]]
* [[DVD authoring]]
* [[VOB]]
* [[Pirated movie release types]]
* [[HandBrake]]
* [[List of DVD authoring applications]]
* [[DVD-Video]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Compact disc}}
{{Forms of pirated film releases}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ripping| ]]
[[Category:Copyright law]]
[[Category:Audio storage]]
[[Category:Video storage]]
[[Category:Video conversion software]]
[[Category:DVD]]