View source for River Wye

{{Short description|River in Wales and England}}
{{About|the river that flows, in part, along or close to the Anglo-Welsh border|other rivers called Wye|River Wye (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = River Wye
| native_name        = {{native name|cy|Afon Gwy}}
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              = River Wye at Hay-on-Wye.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = The Wye at Hay-on-Wye
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-zoom      = 7
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Wales]], [[England]]
| subdivision_type2  = Constituent countries
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length_km = 250
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = 
| source1_location   = [[Plynlimon]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|52|28|5.170|N|3|45|56.282|W|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|690|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = 
| mouth_location     = Chepstow, Severn Estuary
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|51|36|36.086|N|2|39|42.423|W|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size_km2 = 4136
| tributaries_left   = [[Afon Marteg|Marteg]], [[River Ithon|Ithon]], [[River Lugg|Lugg]]
| tributaries_right  = [[Afon Elan|Elan]], [[Afon Irfon|Irfon]], [[River Monnow|Monnow]], [[River Trothy|Trothy]]
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
[[File:Map of the River Wye (West Midlands and Wales, UK).jpeg|thumb|Map showing the River Wye from source to sea, excluding tributaries]]

The '''River Wye''' ({{IPAc-en|w|ai}}; {{langx|cy|Afon Gwy}} {{IPA|cy|ɡʊɨ̯|}}) is the [[Longest rivers of the United Kingdom|fourth-longest river]] in the UK, stretching some {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=3}} from its source on [[Plynlimon]] in [[Mid Wales]] to the [[Severn Estuary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SSSI Citation River Wye (upper Wye) |url=https://naturalresources.wales/media/663017/SSSI_1342_Citation_EN00132f4.pdf |publisher=Natural Resources Wales |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref>  The lower reaches of the river form part of [[Wales-England border|the border between England and Wales]]. The [[Wye Valley]] (lower part) is designated a [[National Landscape]] (formerly an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]]).<ref>{{cite web | title=Natural England information on AONBs and map | work=Natural England | url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/aonb/default.aspx | access-date=5 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Natural England information on Wye Valley AONB| work=Natural England| url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/aonb/wyevalley.aspx| access-date=5 October 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830064435/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/aonb/wyevalley.aspx| archive-date=30 August 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is affected by pollution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Etymology==
The meaning of the river's name is not clear. Possibly the earliest reference to the name is ''Guoy'' in Nennius' early 9th Century {{lang|la|[[Historia Brittonum]]}} and the modern [[Welsh language|Welsh]] name is {{lang|cy|Gwy}}, meaning ''wet'' or ''liquid''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?gwy|title=Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru|website=geiriadur.ac.uk}}</ref> The Wye was much later given a Latin name, {{lang|la|Vaga}}, an adjective meaning 'wandering'.<ref name="EdgeworthEdgeworth1816">{{cite book |author1=Richard Lovell Edgeworth |author2=Maria Edgeworth |title=Readings on Poetry |url=https://archive.org/details/readingsonpoetr01edgegoog |year=1816 |publisher=R. Hunter |pages=[https://archive.org/details/readingsonpoetr01edgegoog/page/n36 3] }}</ref><ref name="Walton1833">{{cite book |author=Izaak Walton |title=The Complete Angler; Or, Contemplative Man's Recreation; Being a Discourse on Rivers, Ponds, Fish and Fishing. With Lives and Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QJKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA249 |year=1833 |publisher=Peter Pauper Press |pages=249 }}</ref><ref name="Thompson2015">{{cite book |author=J. Thompson |title=John Thelwall: Selected Poetry and Poetics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LC_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT338 |date=12 March 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-34483-0 |page=338 }}</ref> The [[Tithe maps|Tithe map]] references a Vagas Field in both Whitchurch and [[Chepstow]].<ref>The Tithe map (1844)</ref> Philologists such as [[Edward Lye]] and [[Joseph Bosworth (scholar)|Joseph Bosworth]] in the 18th and early 19th centuries<ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Bosworth |author-link=Joseph Bosworth (scholar) |title=A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language |year=1838 }}</ref> suggested an Old English derivation from {{lang|ang|wæġ}}, 'wave'.

==Description==
The [[source (river)|source]] of the Wye is in the Welsh mountains at [[Plynlimon]]. It flows through or past several towns and villages, including [[Rhayader]], [[Builth Wells]], [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Hereford]] (the only city on the River Wye), [[Ross-on-Wye]], [[Symonds Yat]], [[Monmouth]] and [[Tintern]], meeting the [[Severn]] [[estuary]] just below [[Chepstow]]. The lower {{convert|16|mi|km|0}} of the river from [[Redbrook]] to Chepstow form the border between England and Wales.

==Conservation==
{{Infobox SSSI
|image     = 
|image_caption = 
|name      = River Wye (Lower Wye)
|aos       = 
|interest  = Biological/Geological
|gridref   = {{gbmappingsmall|ST544912}} to {{gbmappingsmall|SO230429}}
|latitude  = 
|longitude = 
|area      = {{Plainlist}}
* England: {{convert|1159.6|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
* Wales: {{convert|245.2|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
* Total: {{convert|1404.8|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
{{Endplainlist}}
|notifydate= 1978
|enref     = 1006327
}}
The River Wye is protected by two [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest]], one covering the Upper Wye ({{lang|cy|Gwy Uchaf}}) above Hay-on-Wye,<ref>{{cite web |title=Countryside Council for Wales Landscape & wildlife statement for River Wye (Upper Wye) / Afon Gwy (Gwy Uchaf) |work=[[Countryside Council for Wales]] |url=http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-landscapes--sites/protected-landscapes-and-sites/sssis/sssi-sites/river-wye-upper-wye.aspx |access-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112092354/http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-landscapes--sites/protected-landscapes-and-sites/sssis/sssi-sites/river-wye-upper-wye.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and one covering the Lower Wye ({{lang|cy|Gwy Isaf}}) downstream to Chepstow.<ref name="NE citation">{{cite web |title=Natural England SSSI information on River Wye (Lower Wye) or Afon Gwy (Gwy Isaf) SDdGA – citation, maps and unit details |publisher=[[Natural England]] |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1006327 |access-date=18 August 2012 }}</ref> The criteria for inclusion of the river as an SSSI include geology, topography, flora, mammals, invertebrates, fish and birdlife, as the river and its tributaries constitute a large linear ecosystem.  The Lower Wye SSSI is itself divided into seven units of assessment set by [[Natural England]], and administrative responsibilities are shared between the councils of [[Powys]], Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, and Monmouthshire.<ref name="NE citation"/> The Wye abuts a range of other SSSIs in England and Wales, including the [[Upper Wye Gorge]] and [[Lower Wye Gorge SSSI|Lower Wye Gorge]].

It is also a [[Special Area of Conservation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Information on River Wye Special Area of Conservation designation |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] |url= http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/sac.asp?EUCode=UK0012642 |access-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Nature Conservation Committee Listing of Special Areas of Conservation |publisher=[[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs]] |url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/SAC_list.asp |access-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref> and one of the most important rivers in the UK for nature conservation.  It is an important migration route and wildlife corridor, as well as a key breeding area for many nationally and internationally important species. The river supports a range of species and habitats covered by [[European Directive]]s and those listed under Schedule 5 of the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]].<ref name="NE citation"/> In Powys the river lies within the Radnorshire [[Environmentally Sensitive Area]]. Much of [[Wye Valley|the lower valley]] is an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]].

===Salmon===
The Lower Wye has been designated as a [[salmonid]] fishery under the EC [[Freshwater Fish Directive]].<ref name="NE citation"/>

The Wye was particularly famous for its large "spring" salmon that had spent three or more years at sea before returning to spawn. They used to enter the river between January and June and sometimes reached weights of over {{convert|50|lb|kg}}, the largest recorded being {{convert|59|lb|8|oz|kg|abbr=on}} landed after a long fight by Miss Doreen Davey from the Cowpond Pool at Winforton on 13 March 1923. The last recorded {{convert|50|lb|kg|abbr=on}} rod-caught salmon from the Wye was taken in 1963 by Donald Parrish and weighed {{convert|51|lb|8|oz|kg|abbr=on}}. Since the early 2000s the spring catch has been steadily recovering and salmon of over {{convert|35|lb|kg|abbr=on}} have been reported every year since 2011.

== Pollution ==
Pollution has severely affected the river; the Wye does not meet European and national standards on river health.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Monbiot|first=George|date=2020-08-12|title=The government is looking the other way while Britain's rivers die before our eyes {{!}} George Monbiot|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/12/government-britains-rivers-uk-waterways-farming-water-companies|access-date=2020-08-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=River Wye pollution linked to free-range poultry farming|url=https://www.countryfile.com/news/river-wye-pollution-linked-to-free-range-poultry-farming/|access-date=2020-08-15 |website=Countryfile.com}}</ref> This has been happening for some time; a Nutrient Management Board (NMB) was established in 2014 to address the issues.<ref name=NMBOct14/> Pollution from chicken and dairy farms has become so bad the Wye has been used as an example of river pollution in the UK on ''[[Countryfile]]'' and in several national newspapers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=McKie|first=Robin|date=2020-06-20|title='It's like pea soup': poultry farms turn Wye into wildlife death trap|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/20/its-like-pea-soup-poultry-farms-turn-wye-into-wildlife-death-trap|access-date=2020-08-15|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Ungoed-Thomas|first=Jon|title=Free-range egg farms choking life out of the Wye |newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/free-range-egg-farms-choking-life-out-of-the-wye-rt3c763qc|access-date=2020-08-15|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The Wye is dying at astonishing, heartbreaking speed. When I canoed it 10 years ago, the stones were clean. Now they are so slimy that you can scarcely stand up. In hot weather, the entire river stinks of chicken sh**, from the 10 million birds being reared in the catchment..|author=[[George Monbiot]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=RIVERCIDE live documentary [LIVE VERSION] with George Monbiot, Charlotte Church, B Zephaniah |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ID0VAUNANA |date=14 July 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022 |work=www.youtube.com}}</ref>|title=|source=}}
This pollution causes algal blooms several times a year with increasing frequency and length, depleting the oxygen in the water causing fish such as [[brown trout]], [[Squalius cephalus|chub]] and [[Barbel (fish)|barbel]] as well as [[aquatic invertebrate]]s and [[Aquatic plant|plants]] to suffocate to death.<ref name=":2" /> Fish and aquatic invertebrates are the main food source for [[Eurasian otter|otters]], [[Common kingfisher|kingfishers]], [[heron]]s, [[eel]]s and other protected species.
{{Blockquote|text=If this goes on, we will lose everything that we treasure about the Wye. It will turn a horrible, ugly green every time it gets sunny. The fish will go, and they will be followed by our kingfishers, our [[dipper]]s and our herons.|author=Simon Evans, Wye and Usk Foundation<ref name=":2"/>|title=|source=}}
Along with many other rivers the Wye is being heavily polluted by manure from the 10 million free range chickens for eggs and meat in [[intensive poultry units]] (IPUs) in [[Powys]] and Herefordshire, contaminating the Wye's [[Tributary|tributaries]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ecotipus|date=2019-09-22|title=Open Letter: Intensive Poultry Units Pose Serious Public Health Risk|url=http://ecotipus.co.uk/intensive-poultry-units-pose-serious-public-health-risk|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Ecotipus}}</ref> As of April 2020, there were over 110 registered IPUs in Powys, each with over 40,000 birds (smaller IPUs need not be registered).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Colley|first=Claire|date=2020-04-07|title=Life in the 'poultry capital' of Wales: enough is enough, say overwhelmed residents|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/07/life-in-the-poultry-capital-of-wales-enough-is-enough-say-overwhelmed-residents |access-date=2020-08-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In addition, runoff from [[dairy farm]]s, [[farm slurry]] and [[Agricultural wastewater treatment#silage liquor|silage liquor]] are entering the Wye. A study by the [[Welsh Government]] found that only 1% of farm slurry stores in Wales met regulations and that farms were purposely spreading slurry on fields before high rainfall, leading to increased run off into waterways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welsh slurry contractors say regulation is required on spreading |url=https://flyfishing-and-flytying.co.uk/blog/view/welsh_slurry_contractors_say_regulation_is_required_on_spreading/ |access-date=2020-08-15|website=Fly Fishing & Fly Tying}}</ref> An investigation by [[Greenpeace]] found that [[Environment Agency]] staff cuts from austerity had reduced pollution inspections by up to one third.<ref name=":1" /> An internal report by the Environment Agency showed that the use of a “voluntary approach” by government was leading to increased levels of river pollution across the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Axe falls on dairy sector|url=https://flyfishing-and-flytying.co.uk/blog/view/axe_falls_on_dairy_sector/|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Fly Fishing & Fly Tying}}</ref> [[Powys County Council]] approved the construction of 20 new free-range chicken sheds in 2019 and as of February 2022 continues to license new chicken farms. In addition to problems with the riverine environment, this is causing air quality issues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Pollution from the chicken factory farms is estimated to have killed 90% to 97% of the river’s water [[Ranunculus|crowfoot]] beds, and {{convert|3000|tonne}} more [[phosphate]] than plants can absorb is released in the River Wye's catchment every year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Factory farming is turning this beautiful British river into an open sewer {{!}} George Monbiot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jun/10/factory-farming-british-river-sewer-wye-chicken-factories |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2022, it was declared at a meeting of the River Wye Nutrient Management Board<ref name="NMBOct14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nutrient-management-plan-river-wye |title=Guidance- Nutrient Management Plan: River Wye |work=www.gov.uk |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> that{{Blockquote|text=The River Wye will be in irreversibly worse condition within two years unless swift action is taken|author=Simon Evans, Wye and Usk Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|title=Race against time to stop River Wye being 'a sewer ... |author=Gavin McEwan |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/western-daily-press/20220208/281663963418819 |via=pressreader.com|date=8 February 2022 |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}In March 2023, a [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] claim was brought against the [[Environment Agency]] by environmental charity River Action for failing to take action to protect the Wye from environmental pollution, after a [[Lancaster University]] study found that 60-70% of phosphates in the river come from agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Branwen |date=2023-03-15 |title=High Court review to look at River Wye pollution |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/river-wye-pollution-high-court-26476772 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Chepstow Castle and Bridge from Tutshill.jpg|thumb|The Wye at [[Chepstow]], showing the [[Chepstow Castle|castle]] and the [[Old Wye Bridge, Chepstow|road bridge]] linking [[Monmouthshire]] (on the left) with [[Gloucestershire]]]]
The Romans constructed a bridge of wood and stone just upstream of present-day Chepstow, some remains of which were found in the river bed during an archaeological dig in 1911.{{sfn |Waters |1977}} The River Wye is tidal from its junction with the River Severn for about {{convert|15|mi|km}} to Bigsweir,{{sfn |Cumberlidge |2009 |p=340}} where a band of hard rock forms a natural weir across the river.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=83}} The tidal range on this lower section is huge, with water levels rising by up to {{convert|50|ft|m}} on some spring tides, but despite the risks of navigating such a river, it has been used since Roman times to transport coal from the Forest of Dean, cider from Hereford, together with Italian wine, iron, stone and timber.{{sfn |Cumberlidge |2009 |p=340}}

When compared to many of the long rivers in Britain, the Wye is quite steep, with a rise of 1.93 feet per mile (0.365 m per km) between its junction with the River Severn and Monmouth, and a rise of 2.4 feet per mile (0.455 m per km) between there and Hereford. In the summer months, the river level at Hereford is {{convert|152|ft|m}} above [[ordnance datum]] (AOD), and Hereford is about {{convert|70|mi|km}} from the river mouth. For navigation to occur, some form of management of river levels was required. Early records are fragmentary, but it appears that the river was used to transport iron from the Forest of Dean for [[Edward the Confessor]]'s ships in the 11th century, and in 1171 and 1172, iron was supplied to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] for his invasion of Ireland. From the 13th century, the records are clearer, and iron from forges at Bicknor, Lydbrook, Monmouth and Carey Mills was transported by river. During the reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], a common right of navigation on the Wye was recorded, with the channel to be kept free of weirs and other obstructions. Where these already existed, they were to be demolished at the owner's expense.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=86}} Documents from 1561 and 1571 concerning water mills and weirs show that the river was used for navigation at the time.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |pp=86-87}}

{{anchor|Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1662}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1662
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act for making navigable the Rivers of Wye and Lugg, and the Rivers and Brooks running into the same, in the Counties of Hereford, Gloucester, and Monmouth.
| year                  = 1662
| citation              = [[14 Cha. 2]]. c. ''15''
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 19 May 1662
| commencement          = 7 January 1662{{efn|name=StartOfSession|reference=Start of session.}}
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695]]|[[Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809]]}}
| repeal_date           = 16 December 2002
| repealing_legislation = [[Gloucester Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2002]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
In 1622, a petition was raised by the counties of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Monmouthshire, together with the city of Hereford, that the river should be cleared of obstructions that made fishing and navigation difficult. A commission of sewers was appointed, but seems to have done very little, since most of the weirs belonged to the king. There were seven weirs on the river in 1641, to provide water power for mills and forges. During [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's]] Commonwealth period, proposals were made to improve the river for navigation by building [[flash lock]]s at the weirs, and dredging the channel to make it deeper. Although there were arguments for and against the proposals, Sir [[William Sandys (waterworks engineer)|William Sandys]] was appointed in 1662 to oversee making the Wye and the River Lugg navigable. He had previously worked on the [[River Avon, Warwickshire|Warwickshire Avon]] to make that navigable. Some £1,300 had already been raised in the country, but it is unclear what he did with the money.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=184-185}} He was assisted by Henry and Windsor Sandys, and they were given powers to construct a towing path, {{convert|4|ft|m}} wide on both sides of the river, to allow boats to be hauled upstream. Although tolls could be charged, they also had to maintain the right of free passage which was long established on the river. Twenty Commissioners were appointed, ten from Hereford, five from Gloucester and five from Hereford. All weirs were to include an opening, so that salmon and other fish could migrate along the river.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=87}}

The scheme involved the construction of flash locks in channels cut to bypass the weirs, a system which Sandys had used with success on the Avon, but the Wye was a much faster flowing river, which meant that the solution was impracticable and very costly. It had been abandoned by 1668, as maintenance costs made the operation of boats unprofitable, and a new scheme, proposed by Lord Coningsby of Hampton Court, Herefordshire was to be implemented.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |pp=88-89}} All fishing weirs and mill weirs would be bought and demolished, while Sandys locks would be abandoned. The river bed would also be deepened where necessary. The cost of buying the weirs would be raised by a tax on the county, and it was estimated that the river would be navigable for about 200 days per year. At the time there were weirs supplying six fulling mills and three corn mills at Hereford, and another nine elsewhere, at Fownhope, Hancox, Carey, Foy and Wilton. There were another nine derelict weirs above Monmouth, and five below the town.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=89}}

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of England
| long_title            = An Act for making navigable the Rivers of Wye and Lugg in the County of Hereford.
| year                  = 1695
| citation              = [[7 & 8 Will. 3]]. c. 14
| territorial_extent    = [[England and Wales]]
| royal_assent          = 7 March 1696
| commencement          = 22 November 1695{{efn|name=StartOfSession}}
| repeal_date           = 16 December 2002
| amends                = [[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1662]]
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1726]]|[[Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809]]}}
| repealing_legislation = [[Gloucester Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2002]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017915540&seq=118
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1726
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of Great Britain
| long_title            = An Act for explaining and amending an Act passed in the Seventh and Eighth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Third, intituled, "An Act for making navigable the Rivers Wye and Lug, in the County of Hereford;" and for making the same more effectual.
| year                  = 1726
| citation              = [[13 Geo. 1]]. c. 34
| territorial_extent    = [[Great Britain]]
| royal_assent          = 15 May 1727
| commencement          = 17 January 1727{{efn|name=StartOfSession}}
| repeal_date           = 16 December 2002
| amends                = [[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695]]
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809]]|[[Gloucester Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2002]]}}
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Partially_Repealed
| original_text         = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JlQDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA436
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for amending several Acts for making navigable the Rivers Wye and Lugg, in the County of Hereford, and for making a Horse Towing Path on certain Parts of the Banks of the said River Wye.
| year                  = 1809
| citation              = [[49 Geo. 3]]. c. lxxviii
| territorial_extent    = [[United Kingdom]]
| royal_assent          = 20 May 1809
| commencement          = 
| repeal_date           = 16 December 2002
| amends                = {{ubli|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1662]]|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695
]]|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1726]]}}
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Gloucester Harbour Revision (Constitution) Order 2002]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo3/49/78/contents/enacted
| collapsed             = yes
}}
Lord Coningsby's proposals were enshrined in the '''{{visible anchor|Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695}}''' ([[7 & 8 Will. 3]]. c. 14), an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|act]] of the [[Parliament of England]] which authorised the County of Hereford to buy up and demolish the mills on the Wye and Lugg.  All locks and weirs were to be removed, except that at New Weir [[Finery forge|forge]] below [[Goodrich, Herefordshire|Goodrich]], which survived until about 1815. By 1727, around £18,000 had been raised to carry out the work, and thirteen weirs in Herefordshire had been bought and removed. Some work had also been carried out on the Lugg, but much of it was damaged by flooding soon afterwards. One unexpected consequence of removing the weirs was that water levels dropped, resulting in there being a number of shoals that boats now had to negotiate.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=185-186}} Another act of Parliament was obtained, the '''{{visible anchor|Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1726}}''' ([[13 Geo. 1]]. c. 34), which appointed new trustees, and allowed them to authorise the construction of mills and weirs at locations which would assist navigation.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=94}} In 1763, James Taylor proposed the construction of 22 weirs, each with an associated pound lock, to make the river fully navigable, but the scheme was not implemented.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=95}} When it looked likely that the [[Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal]] would not reach Hereford, there were calls to further improve the Wye. At the time, boats were hauled by gangs of ten or eleven men, but men were in short supply, and a [[towpath|towing path]] for horses was suggested. [[William Jessop]] carried out a survey, and the towing path was authorised by the '''{{visible anchor|Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809}}''' ([[49 Geo. 3]]. c. lxxviii). A company was formed to build {{convert|37|mi|km}} of path from Lydbrook to Hereford, and to maintain ferries at five points where the path crossed from one side of the river to the other.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |p=187}}

Evidence given in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] during the passage of the bill stated that some 10,000 tons of coal were moved along the river to Hereford each year, with 3,000 tons of other commodities. Another 4,000 tons of lime and other goods were delivered to various points along the river. Progress on the project was rapid, and local newspapers announced the arrival of two barges in Hereford on 23 January 1811, each towed by two horses. Carriage of coal to Hereford became easier following the opening of the [[Severn and Wye Railway|Severn and Wye Tramroad]] in 1813, which brought coal to the river bank at Bishop's Wood.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |p=188}} A steam tug was trialled on the river in 1825, but although it proved to be successful, it was sold due to the difficulty of finding suitable barges for it to tow. Passenger services became a feature of the river from 1835, with boats running between Ross, Monmouth and Chepstow, later extended to include Goodrich and Tintern.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=188-189}}
The river was also navigable above Hereford, as far as [[Hay-on-Wye]], although only when there was sufficient water, and a system of ropes and pulleys were used to allow boats to negotiate the rapids at Monnington.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |p=189}}
 
Money was spent several times improving the [[River Lugg]] from [[Leominster]] to its confluence with the Wye at [[Mordiford]], but its navigation is likely to have been difficult. The Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal reached Hereford in 1845, providing an alternative way to supply the town with coal, and trade tailed off with the opening of the [[Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway]] in 1854, and the [[Hereford, Ross and Gloucester Railway]] in the following year. After the [[Wye Valley Railway]] opened in 1876, the river ceased to be navigable above Brockweir, and as the river silted up, Tintern became the normal upper limit for navigation.{{sfn |Hadfield |1967 |pp=189-190}} The river is still used by pleasure craft.

The river was unusual in that it was a Free Navigation from its source to Hay-on-Wye, a distance of {{convert|82|mi|km}}.{{sfn |Cumberlidge |2009 |p=339}} It ceased to be free after the modifications by Sandys in the 17th century, but this right was re-established by the 1695 act, which stated:
<blockquote>Therefore be it enacted that the rivers Wye and Lugg may be henceforth accounted, deemed and taken to be free and common rivers for all to make use of for carrying and conveying of all passenger goods, wares and commodities by boats, barges, lighters and other vessels whatsoever.{{sfn |Cohen |1956 |p=90}}</blockquote>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Wye Navigation Order 2002{{efn|name=Section1|reference=Section 1.}}
| type                  = Statutory Instrument
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| year                  = 2002
| citation              = [[SI 2002]]/1998
| territorial_extent    = [[United Kingdom]]
| si_made_date          = 25 July 2002
| commencement          = 15 August 2002{{efn|name=Section1}}
| repeal_date           = 
| replaces              = {{ubli|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1662]]|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1695
]]|[[Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation Act 1726]]|[[Wye and Lugg Navigation and Horse Towing-path Act 1809]]}}
| primary_legislation   = [[Transport and Works Act 1992]]
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Current
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/1998/contents/made
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = yes
| UK-LEG_title          = Wye Navigation Order 2002
| collapsed             = yes
}}
The [[National Rivers Authority]] brought a case before the High Court in 1995, to enable them to impose bylaws on the river. Shortly afterwards, they were replaced by the [[Environment Agency]], and in 2002, the '''{{visible anchor|Wye Navigation Order 2002}}''' ([[SI 2002]]/1998) was enacted. This confirmed the right of navigation on both the Wye and the Lugg, but established the Environment Agency as the navigation authority for the rivers. It also banned the construction of locks and weirs, so neither river is likely to be navigable by motor boats under normal circumstances.{{sfn |Cumberlidge |2009 |p=340}} Despite this, in 1989, Frank Barton and Pat Hucket successfully navigated a {{convert|124|ft|m|adj=on}} 230-ton barge up the river to Hereford.{{sfn |Wright |1990 |pp=78-79}} Travelling time on the river was 20 hours, but this was spread over six months, as they had to wait for just the right water levels. The vessel was renamed ''Wye Invader'' during the journey.{{sfn |Barton |2019}} In March 2019, Barton returned to the river, navigating a narrowboat called ''Wye Invader Two'' from Sharpness to Monmouth Rowing Club and back again. The trip was possible because there was about {{convert|7|ft|m}} of flood water in the river, enabling the boat to pass over the weirs and obstructions.{{sfn |Barton |2019a}}

==Navigation and sport==
[[File:Wye Kayaking 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kayaking]] near [[Hay-on-Wye]]]]
The [[Environment Agency]] is the [[navigation authority]] for the river. The normal tidal limit (NTL) of the river is [[Bigsweir Bridge|Bigsweir]] and navigation below this point is under the control of the [[Gloucester Harbour Trustees]] as Competent Harbour Authority. There is a public right of navigation up to [[Hay-on-Wye]],<ref>{{Cite web
  |title=Wye canoe?
  |publisher=[[Environment Agency]]
  |url=http://cdn.environment-agency.gov.uk/gemi1011bujd-e-e.pdf
  |quote=Upstream of Hay Bridge, the river can provide some good canoeing water but there is no established public right of navigation.
}}</ref>  and [[canoe]]s are generally permitted on the next {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} up to [[Glasbury]], so long as they do not disturb anglers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hay-on-wye.co.uk/tourism/canoeing.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221747/http://www.hay-on-wye.co.uk/tourism/canoeing.asp  |archive-date=24 January 2021 |url-status=live |title=Canoeing in the Area |publisher=Hay-on-Wye Tourist Information Bureau |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Wye Valley - F Gregory Brown.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A railway poster advertising the Wye Valley as a tourist destination. Date is before 1942.]]
The River Wye provides for [[canoeing]] and [[kayaking]] as it has sections suitable for all ranges of skills and free access all the way downstream from Hay to [[Hereford]] and [[Monmouth]], and the tidal Wye to Chepstow and the [[Severn Estuary]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-wye/boating |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134129/http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-wye/boating |archive-date=17 April 2012 |title=Boating along the River Wye |publisher=Waterscape |access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> There are a wide range of canoe hire and supervised trips, as well as campsites at key points on the river. [[Symonds Yat]] has a particularly popular series of [[rapids]] that was purchased by the [[British Canoe Union]] in 2003 to preserve the rapids for recreational use, canoe trips through the rapids stop next at Monmouth.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2853463.stm | work=BBC News | title=River rapids sold to canoeists | date=15 March 2003 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> There are three [[rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs on the river at Hereford, Ross-on-Wye and [[Monmouth Rowing Club|Monmouth]]. Annual [[regatta]]s are held at [[Ross-on-Wye]] and Monmouth for rowers and scullers of all abilities, next to the local rowing club. In 2017 more than 600 people took to the River Wye in inflatables ranging from dinghies to paddling pools during the event WYE FLOAT, opened by former Olympic ski jumper [[Eddie the Eagle]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/15472136.PHOTOS__2017_Wye_Float/ | title=Photos: 2017 Wye Float |work=Hereford Times |first=Jessica |last=Phillips |date=14 August 2017}}</ref>

[[walking|Walkers]] can take the [[Wye Valley Walk]] which follows the route of the River Wye from Coed Hafren, near Plynlimon, to Chepstow along a series of well-maintained [[waymarking|way-marked]] paths. A viewpoint near The Biblins on the Wye is known as 'Three Counties View', the meeting place of the counties of [[Herefordshire]], Gloucestershire and [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]].

==Tributaries==
The Wye's [[tributary|tributaries]] include the [[river Lugg]], [[Afon Elan|Elan]], Dulas, [[Afon Irfon|Irfon]], [[Afon Marteg|Marteg]], [[River Monnow|Monnow]], [[Trothy]], [[River Ithon|Ithon]], [[Afon Llynfi (Wye)|Llynfi]], [[Letton Lake]], Tarennig (the Wye's first tributary) and Bidno. A fuller list is available at the relevant section of the [[List of rivers of Wales#Wye catchment|list of rivers of Wales]]

== 2020 floods ==
{{Main|2019–20 United Kingdom floods#Storm Dennis (15–19 February)}}

In February 2020, Wales and parts of England endured extremely heavy rainfall from [[Storm Dennis]], following shortly after [[Storm Ciara]]. The central part of South Wales was particularly affected.  The river over-topped its banks and caused [[flooding]] in several areas, including [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Hereford]], [[Ross-on-Wye]] and [[Monmouth]]. Much of Hereford was flooded, with homes inundated. Churches and leisure centres were opened to accommodate evacuated residents. The river at Monmouth reached its highest level ever recorded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com |title=Storm Dennis: Herefordshire flooding updates |work=Hereford Times |date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-51540009 |title=Storm Dennis: Flood warnings as River Wye reaches record high |work=BBC News |date=18 February 2020}}</ref>

== 2021 floods ==
In January 2021, the Wye catchment suffered flooding as a result of [[Storm Christoph]].<ref>{{Cite web
  |title=POTD: A comical corgi bloodbath and a miracle gas blast escape ...floodwater in Hereford... |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/01/21/pictures-day-covid-funerals-young-voters-uk-flooding/parcelforce-delivery-van-stranded-flood-water-hereford-river/ |date=22 January 2021 |work=www.telegraph.co.uk |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>

==Cultural references==

The [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet [[William Wordsworth]] includes an [[Apostrophe (figure of speech)|apostrophe]] to the Wye in his famous poem "[[Tintern Abbey (poem)|Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey]]", published in 1798 in ''[[Lyrical Ballads]]'':
<blockquote>
How oft, in spirit, have I turned to thee,<br>
O sylvan Wye! thou wanderer thro' the woods,<br>
How often has my spirit turned to thee!
</blockquote>

[[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] travelled down the Wye in 1802, along with [[Lady Hamilton]] and her husband, [[William Hamilton (diplomat)|Sir William Hamilton]].{{sfn|Kissack|1975|p=251}} They sailed from [[Ross-on-Wye]] to Monmouth, to be greeted by a [[cannonade]] and the band of the [[Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers|Monmouthshire Militia]] playing [[Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)|See, the Conquering Hero Comes]].{{sfn|Kissack|1975|p=251}} Nelson expressed surprise that he was known at "such a little gut of a river as the Wye".{{sfn|Kissack|1975|p=251}}

==Views of the river==
<gallery>
File:River Wye.jpg| [[Ross-on-Wye]], Herefordshire
File:River Wye from the chimneytops - geograph.org.uk - 1629309.jpg| [[Ross-on-Wye]]
File:Water transport on River Wye at Symonds Yat East - geograph.org.uk - 721703.jpg|Water transport at [[Symonds Yat]]
File:The River Wye at Dixton, Monmouth - geograph.org.uk - 604138.jpg| [[St Peter's Church, Dixton]]
File:Landscape with View on the River Wye by Thomas Jones.jpg| Landscape with View on the River Wye by [[Thomas Jones (artist)|Thomas Jones]]
File:The Wye Valley viewed from Eagle's Nest - geograph.org.uk - 801044.jpg| Eagle's Nest, [[Wyndcliff]]
File:Stone train leaving Tintern - geograph.org.uk - 73645.jpg|A steam-hauled stone train crossing the River Wye after departing from [[Tintern railway station]] in 1963
</gallery>

==Bridges on the river==
{{see also|List of crossings of the River Wye}}
<gallery>
File:The_old_railway_bridge,_Redbrook_-_geograph.org.uk_-_604235.jpg| The old railway bridge at Redbrook
File:Former railway bridge and viaduct, River Wye, Monmouth - geograph.org.uk - 1179643.jpg| [[Monmouth Viaduct]] and Duke of Beaufort Bridge at [[Monmouth]]
File:Bigsweir Bridge.jpg|[[Bigsweir Bridge]]
File:River Wye at Chepstow.JPG| [[Chepstow Castle]] and bridge
File:Brockweir Bridge, with the River Wye - geograph.org.uk - 358506.jpg| Brockweir Bridge
File:Biblins Bridge over the River Wye - geograph.org.uk - 592584.jpg| [[Biblins Bridge]]
File:Wye Bridge, Monmouth - geograph.org.uk - 36247.jpg| [[Wye Bridge, Monmouth]]
File:Wilton Bridge, Wilton, Ross-on-Wye - geograph.org.uk - 358131.jpg| Wilton Bridge, [[Ross on Wye]]
File:Chepstow Bridge with a very high tide on the Wye - geograph.org.uk - 346225.jpg| Chepstow Bridge at very high tide
File:Backney Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 566735.jpg|Backney Bridge, near [[Backney Halt railway station|Backney Halt]], demolished under the [[Beeching Axe]].
File:Victoria Bridge, Hereford - geograph.org.uk - 1443692.jpg| Victoria Bridge, Hereford
File:River Wye estuary and M48 Wye road bridge.jpg| River Wye estuary and [[M48 motorway|M48]] Wye road bridge
</gallery>

==See also==
{{GeoGroup}}
*[[Wye Valley Walk]]
*[[Wye Valley Railway]]
*[[List of rivers of England]]
*[[List of rivers of Wales]]
*[[List of bridges in Wales]]
*[[South Herefordshire and Over Severn]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite web
  |url=https://www.wyeinvader.uk/
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118130356/https://www.wyeinvader.uk/
  |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live 
  |first=Frank |last=Barton
  |title=Wye Invader - The Impossible Journey?
  |year=2019
 }}
*{{Cite web
  |url=https://www.wyeinvader.uk/resources/monmouth/Log-of-Wye-Invader-to-Monmouth.pdf
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702165922/https://www.wyeinvader.uk/resources/monmouth/Log-of-Wye-Invader-to-Monmouth.pdf
  |archive-date=2 July 2021 |url-status=live 
  |first=Frank |last=Barton
  |title=Log of Wye Invader to Monmouth
  |year=2019a
 }}
*{{Cite book
  |url=https://www.woolhopeclub.org.uk/document/transaction/transactions-1956
  |first=I |last=Cohen
  |title=The Non-Tidal Wye and its Navigation
  |publisher=Woolhope Naturalists Field Club (Transactions)
  |year=1956
 }}
*{{Cite book 
  |first=Jane |last=Cumberlidge 
  |title=Inland Waterways of Great Britain (8th Ed.)
  |publisher=Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson 
  |year=2009 
  |isbn=978-1-84623-010-3
 }}
*{{Cite book 
  |first=Charles |last=Hadfield 
  |title=The Canals of South Wales and the Border 
  |year=1967 
  |publisher=David and Charles 
  |isbn=978-0-7153-4027-1
 }}
*{{Cite book
  |last=Kissack |first=Keith
  |author-link=Keith Kissack
  |title=Monmouth: The Making of a County Town
  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRYjAAAAMAAJ&q=Monmouth-the+making+of+a+county+town
  |year=1975
  |publisher=Phillimore
  |location=Chichester
  |oclc=255539468
  |isbn=978-0-85033-209-4
 }}
*{{Cite book
  |first=Edward |last=Paget-Tomlinson
  |title=The Illustrated History of Canal and River Navigations
  |publisher=Landmark Publishing
  |year=2006
  |isbn=978-1-84306-207-3
 }}
*{{Cite book
  |first=Ivor |last=Waters
  |title=Chepstow Road Bridges
  |year=1977
  |publisher=Moss Rose Press
 |isbn=978-0-906134-09-2
 }}
*{{Cite magazine
  |url=https://www.wyeinvader.uk/wworld2/
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807000501/https://www.wyeinvader.uk/wworld2/
  |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=live 
  |first=Ian |last=Wright
  |title=Barging up the Wye
  |magazine=Waterways World
 |publisher=Waterways World
  |date=January 1990 
  |issn=0309-1422 
 }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*Cohen, I. "The non-tidal Wye and its navigation", ''Trans. Woolhope Nat. Fld. Club'', 34 (1955), pp.&nbsp;83–101.
*Stockinger, V. (1996) ''The Rivers Wye and Lugg Navigation: A Documentary History 1555–1951'', Logaston Press, {{ISBN|978-18-738-27895}} 
*King, P. "The River Teme and Other Midlands River Navigations", ''[[Railway and Canal Historical Society|Journal of Railway and Canal Historical Society]]'', 35, 50 (July 2006), pp.&nbsp;350–1.
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wye}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|River Wye (Severn)|River Wye}}
* [http://www.naturalengland.org.uk Natural England] (SSSI information)
* [http://www.wyeuskfoundation.org/  The Wye and Usk Foundation] conservation charity
* [http://cdn.environment-agency.gov.uk/gemi1011bujd-e-e.pdf Canoeists' guide to the River Wye]
* [http://www.rwpt.net/ River Wye Preservation Trust]

{{River Severn}}
{{SSSIs Gloucs biological}}
{{SSSIs Gloucs geological}}
{{Transport in Monmouthshire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Transport in Gloucestershire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wye, River}}
[[Category:River Wye| ]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the River Severn]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Rivers of Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Rivers of Monmouthshire]]
[[Category:Rivers of Powys]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Brecon Beacons National Park]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Monmouthshire]]
[[Category:Elenydd]]
[[Category:Forest of Dean]]
[[Category:England–Wales border|River Wye]]
[[Category:River navigations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Wye catchment| ]]