View source for Robert Rollock

{{Short description|Minister of the Church of Scotland, theologian (c. 1555–1599)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Minister
| honorific_prefix = Principal
| name = Robert Rollock
| image = Robert Rollock, first principal of the University of Edinburgh.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| caption = Robert Rollock, [[Principal of the University of Edinburgh]]
| church = [[Church of Scotland]]
| ordination = 
| birth_date = c. 1555
| birth_place = Powis, [[Scotland]]
| death_date = 8 or 9 February 1599
| death_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| buried = 
| alma_mater = [[University of St Andrews]], [[University of Edinburgh]]
}}

'''Robert Rollock''' (c.&nbsp;1555{{snd}}8 or 9 February 1599) was a Scottish theologian and minister in the [[Church of Scotland]], and the first regent and first [[Principal (academia)|principal]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]]. Born into a noble family, he distinguished himself during his education at the [[University of St Andrews]], which led to him being appointed regent of the newly created college in Edinburgh in 1583, and its first principal in 1586. 

After the college had grown and other regents had been appointed, Rollock no longer had to perform everyday teaching, and he became the university's first Professor of Theology. In parallel to his academic duties, he acted as a minister and served in various church functions until his death in 1599. Rollock was acknowledged by his contemporaries as a prolific academic and [[Biblical studies|Biblical scholar]], and effective principal.

==Life==

=== Early life and education ===
Rollock was born in 1555, the son of David Rollock, [[laird]] of Powis, near [[Stirling]], and his wife Mariota Livingston. He was one of at least six children, [[Hercules Rollock]] being his older brother. He received his early education at the school of Stirling from Thomas Buchanan, a nephew of [[George Buchanan (humanist)|George Buchanan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Robert Rollock (1555–1599) – Our History|url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Robert_Rollock_(1555-1599)|access-date=15 August 2021|publisher=University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Rollock then entered [[St Salvator's College, St Andrews|St Salvator's College]] at the [[University of St Andrews]] in 1574, obtaining his BA in 1576 and his MA likely in 1577.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rollock, Robert (1555–1599)|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24032|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> After graduating, he combined teaching at St Salvator's College with further studies in theology, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and Biblical [[philology]] at St Mary's College (also in St Andrews) under the tutelage of [[James Melville (1556–1614)|James Melville]]. Over the next years, Rollock acquired a national reputation both as a teacher and due to the [[piety]] he reportedly instilled in his students.<ref name=":0" /> In 1580, he was first made examiner of [[The arts|arts]], then director of the faculty of arts, and finally a regent of the University of St Andrews.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Braun & Hogenberg, Edenburgum, Scotiae Metropolis c.1581.jpg|thumb|left|Edinburgh around 1581]]

=== University of Edinburgh ===

In April 1582, King [[James VI and I|James VI]] had granted a [[royal charter]] to [[Edinburgh Town Council]] for the establishment of a college.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourhistory.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/Charter_by_King_James_VI,_14_April_1582 |title=Charter by King James VI |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander |title=The Story of the University of Edinburgh During Its First Three Hundred Years |date=1884 |url=https://archive.org/details/storyuniversity01grangoog |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London |access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> First known as ''Tounis College'' (Town's College)'','' instruction was to begin in October 1583, but the Town Council was still searching for a regent in September of the same year. [[James Lawson (minister)|James Lawson]], [[John Knox]]' successor as minister at [[St Giles' Cathedral|St Giles' Kirk]] in Edinburgh, recommended Rollock for the position, and the town sent a delegation to St Andrews to offer the position to him.<ref name=":1" /> Rollock agreed and was named the sole regent on 14 September, only one month before the first charge of 80 to 90 students began their education.<ref name=":0" /> His appointment was guaranteed for one year; should the college be successful, it was agreed that he should be advanced to the highest post or title that might be created. Rollock's salary was fixed at 40 [[pound Scots]], and the council also agreed to "sustain him and one servant in their ordinary expenses".<ref name=":3" /> The [[Tuition payments|tuition fees]] for the sons of burgesses were set at 40 [[Shilling]]s, and other students paid three pounds or more; Rollock would be given an augmentation not exceeding 40 [[Merk (coin)|merks]] should the fees not afford him a sufficient salary.

When the university opened, Rollock was the sole instructor for the first-year students; as regent, he was expected to tutor the 1583 intake for the entirety of the four years of their [[Master of Arts (Scotland)|MA degree]], and teach all subjects himself.<ref name=":0" /> Rollock had drawn up the curriculum and was joined in November by a second master, Duncan Nairn of Glasgow, to do some preparatory teaching. The first year focused on [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] grammar; the second year featured authors from [[classical antiquity]] and [[arithmetic]]; year three added [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], ethics, [[logic]], and [[physics]]; and the fourth year exposed students to more logic, physics, [[geography]] and theology.<ref name=":1" /> Rollock's curriculum was deeply influenced by [[Humanism|humanist ideals]] which had also taken root at the universities of [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]] and St Andrews, but a pioneering course on human [[anatomy]] was an innovation. 

From May 1585 to February 1586, Rollock was forced to close the college due to an outbreak of [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1586, the Town Council agreed to make Rollock the university's first principal, which meant that after his first class graduated in 1587, he no longer had to perform everyday teaching.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The young university grew quickly, which necessitated the appointment of additional regents for subsequent student intakes. In November 1587, the Town Council and local [[Presbyterian polity|presbytery]] agreed that Rollock could focus on teaching theology and preach on Sundays, and he was consequently appointed as Professor of Theology with a salary of 400 merks.<ref name=":1" /> Rollock instructed students in [[Divinity (academic discipline)|divinity]] if they wanted to become [[Minister (Christianity)|ministers]] after graduating, and saw himself both as an educator and as a spiritual guide to his students.<ref name=":0" /> Following his example, the posts of Principal and Professor of Theology remained linked until 1620.

[[File:St Giles Cathedral - 01.jpg|thumb|St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh]]

=== Later years and church roles ===
Rollock had begun to preach informally at St Giles every Sunday morning as early as September 1587, although he was not [[Ordination|ordained]] as a minister. Another minister took over these duties in December 1589. Rollock played a prominent role in the [[Church of Scotland]] and its somewhat troubled church politics, and was appointed on several occasions to committees of presbytery and assemblies on pressing ecclesiastical business.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} 

In 1590, Rollock was appointed assessor to the [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|moderator of the general assembly]], and in 1591 was named to a committee of the presbytery of Edinburgh with negotiated with the king on the affairs of the [[kirk]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Calderwood|first=David|title=The Historie of the Kirk of Scotland|publisher=|year=1646}}</ref>{{rp|V:130}}<ref name=":0" /> In connection with the prosecution of the Earls of [[William Douglas, 10th Earl of Angus|Angus]], [[George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly|Huntly]], and [[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll|Errol]] for their attempts 'against the true religion', he was chosen to confer with a committee of the estates.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:277}} In 1595, he was nominated to a commission for the visitation of Scotland's colleges.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:371}} In the following year, he was appointed with three other ministers to remonstrate with King James VI for his 'hard dealing with the kirk', and especially for his prosecution of [[David Black (minister)|David Black]].<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:463}} 

According to his contemporary [[David Calderwood]], Rollock was "a godly man, but simple in the matters of the church government, credulous, easily led by counsel".<ref name=":2" />{{rp|VIII:47}} This supposed disposition led to him being won over to support the policy of the king in church matters, although Calderwood adds that Rollock understood "his own weakness in following the humours of the king and his commissioners".<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:650}} Rollock supported a proposal made in 1595 that certain ministers should be allowed to sit and vote in parliament as bishops, affirming that "lordship could not be denied them that were to sit in parliament, and allowance of rent to maintain their dignities".<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:697}} Church historian John Row points out that Rollock had previously condemned the office of bishops in his 1590 commentary on the [[Epistle to the Ephesians]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Row|first=John|title=The history of the Kirk of Scotland, from the year 1558 to August 1637|publisher=Wodrow Society|year=1842|location=Edinburgh|pages=419}}</ref> Rollock declared shortly before his death that his principal goal had been that church and state "should mutually assist each other, [...] and that no unnecessary war should be kindled".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gunn|first=W. M.|title=Selected works of Robert Rollock|publisher=Wodrow Society|year=1844–1949|location=Edinburgh|pages=1.lxxix}}</ref> 

In 1596, Rollock accepted one of the eight ministerial charges of the city of Edinburgh, and took charge of his congregation.{{sfn|Henderson|1897|p=171-172}} His sympathy for the king's policies led to the royal party successfully lobbying for Rollock being chosen as [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland|moderator of the General Assembly]] held at [[Dundee]] in May 1597. In 1598 he became minister of the Upper Tolbooth—probably the west portion of St. Giles's Kirk—and on 18 April of the same year he was admitted to Magdalen Church, afterwards known as [[Greyfriars Kirk]]. 

=== Death and legacy ===
Rollock had repeatedly been in poor health throughout his life, and he was perhaps overworked; he died in Edinburgh on 8 February 1599, aged only 44.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} On his deathbed, Rollock stated that he wanted the university to remain chiefly a place of spiritual instruction, and that he was strongly opposed to the introduction of professors of [[Law (academic)|law]] and medicine.<ref name=":0" /> He also requested that his former student [[Henry Charteris]] would be made his successor, a wish which was granted by the Town Council. 

David Calderwood, in his 1646 ''Historie of the Kirk of Scotland'', criticises Rollock's perceived weakness towards the king, but admits that he was "a man of good conversation and a powerful preacher".<ref name=":2" />{{rp|V:732}} Rollock was considered a scholar of 'great learning', who also effectively discharged the duties of professor and principal of the university in its early days. 

Rollock was the author of numerous theological works, the majority of them being commentaries or expositions of scripture. He was internationally recognised for his Bible commentaries, and over 40 of his works were printed in Edinburgh, [[Geneva]], [[Heidelberg]] and [[Herborn, Hesse|Herborn]].<ref name=":0" /> His writings on the [[Epistle to the Ephesians]] and the [[Epistle to the Romans]] won particular praise, with Geneva theologian [[Theodore Beza]] stating he had "never read in this kind of interpretation any thing exceeding them in elegance and sound judgement united with brevity".<ref name=":1" /> In two works published in 1596/97, Rollock may be one of the first exponents of [[covenant theology]] in Britain.<ref name=":0" />

Rollock married Helen Barroun, daughter of [[James Barroun]] of Kinnaird, around 1587. The couple had a posthumous daughter, Jean, who married Robert Balcanquhal, minister of Tranent.{{sfn|Henderson|1897|p=172}}{{sfn|Scott|1915|p=37}}

The university commemorates Rollock with a plaque on the south side of [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]], at the entrance to the main university reception.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert Rollock|url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/rollock|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The University of Edinburgh|language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
Rollock encouraged his students to apply [[Ramism|Ramist]] logic and analysis to their readings of scripture, and he used the same approach in his published works. Rollock's principal works are: 
#''Commentarius in Epistolam ad Ephesios,'' Edinburgh, 1590; Geneva, 1593.
#''Commentarius in Librum Danielis Prophetæ,'' Edinburgh, 1591; St. Andrews, 1594. 
#''Analysis Epistolæ ad Romanos,'' Edinburgh, 1594. 
#''Quæstiones et Responsiones aliquot de Fœdere Dei et de Sacramentis,'' Edinburgh, 1596. 
#''Tractatus de Efficaci Vocatione,'' Edinburgh, 1597. 
#''Commentarius in utramque Epistolam ad Thessalonicenses, et Analysis in Epistolam ad Philemonem, cum Notis Joan. Piscatoris,'' Edinburgh, 1598; Herborn, in Hesse-Nassau, 1601; translated under the title 'Lectures upon the First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians,' Edinburgh, 1606. 
#''Certaine Sermons upon several places of the Epistles of Paul,'' Edinburgh, 1599. 
#''Commentarius in Joannis Evangelium, una cum Harmonia ex iv Evangelistis in Mortem, Resurrectionem, et Ascensionem Dei,'' Geneva, 1599; Edinburgh, 1599. 
#''Commentarius in selectos aliquot Psalmos,'' Geneva, 1598, 1599; translated as 'An Exposition of some select Psalms of David,' Edinburgh, 1600. 
#''Commentarius in Epistolas ad Corinthios,'' Herborn, in Hesse-Nassau, 1600. 
#''Commentarius in Epistolam ad Colossenses,'' Edinburgh, 1600; Geneva, 1602. 
#''Analysis Logica in Epistolam ad Galatas,'' Edinburgh, 1602; Geneva, 1603. 
#''Tractatus brevis de Providentia Dei, et Tractatus de Excommunicatione,'' Geneva, 1602; London, 1604. 
#''A Treatise of Gods Effectual Calling'', translated by H. Holland, London, 1603.
#''Commentarius in Epistolam ad Hebræos,'' Edinburgh, 1605. 
#''Lectures upon the History of the Passion,'' Edinburgh, 1616.
#''Episcopal Government instituted by Christ, and confirmed by Scripture and Reason,'' London, 1641.
Soon after his death eleven sermons (''Certaine Sermons upon Several Places of the Epistles of Paul'', 1599) were published from notes taken by his students. ''Selected Works of Rollock,'' edited by William Gunn, D.D., with the Latin life by Charteris, and notes to it, was printed by the [[Wodrow Society]], Edinburgh, 1844–49.{{sfn|Henderson|1897|p=172-173}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Bibliography==
*''Selected works of Robert Rollock'', ed. W. M. Gunn, 2 vols., Wodrow Society, 1844–9
**Life by Charteris, with notes, prefixed to the above edition 
*De Vita et Morte Roberti Rollok, by Georgio Robertson and Henrico Charteris, Bannatyne Club, 1826
*''The Historie of the Kirk of Scotland,'' David Calderwood, ed. T. Thomson and D. Laing, 8 vols., Wodrow Society, 1842–9{{sfn|Henderson|1897|p=173}}
*''The Story of the University of Edinburgh during its First Three Hundred Years'', by Sir Alexander Grant, 2 vols, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1884 
*''Robert Rollock: First Principal of the University of Edinburgh'', by [[William Garden Blaikie]], Religious Tract Society, 1884

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Sources
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bryce |first1=William Moir |title=History of the Old Greyfriars' Church Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofoldgrey00bryc/page/36/mode/2up 36]-37|date=1912 |publisher=William Green and Sons |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofoldgrey00bryc |access-date=12 June 2020}}
*{{Eminent Scotsmen|Rollock, Robert|9|189|noicon=1}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rollock, Robert|volume=23|pages=470–471}}
*{{Cite SBDEL|wstitle=Rollock, Robert |first=John William |last=Cousin|noicon=1}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander, Sir |title=The story of the University of Edinburgh during its first three hundred years|volume=1|date=1884a |publisher=London: Longmans, Green, and co. |pages=131–158 |url=https://archive.org/details/b2900312x_0001/page/130/mode/2up?q=rollock |author-link=Sir Alexander Grant, 10th Baronet}}
*{{cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander, Sir |title=The story of the University of Edinburgh during its first three hundred years|volume=2 |date=1884b |publisher=London : Longmans, Green, and co. |pages=238–242 |url=https://archive.org/details/b2900312x_0002/page/238/mode/2up?q=Rollock |author-link=Sir Alexander Grant, 10th Baronet}}
*{{Cite DNB|wstitle=Rollock, Robert |first=Thomas Finlayson |last=Henderson|volume=49|noicon=1}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich
 |chapter=Robert Rollock
 |title=The Scots worthies
 |first=John |last=Howie |editor-first=W. H. |editor-last=Carslaw
 |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |location=Edinburgh |year=1870|pages=[https://archive.org/details/scotsworthies00howirich/page/72/mode/2up 73]-76}}
*{{Cite ODNB|title=Rollock, Robert |first=James |last=Kirk|id=24032}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lees|first1=James Cameron|date=1889|title=St Giles, Edinburgh: Church, College, and Cathedral: from the Earliest Times to the Present Day|publisher=W. & R. Chambers|location=Edinburgh|url=https://archive.org/details/stgilesedinburg00leesgoog/page/n334/mode/1up|page=[https://archive.org/details/stgilesedinburg00leesgoog/page/n337/mode/1up 286]}}
*{{cite book |title=Edinburgh Sketches and Memories |last=Masson |first=David |year=1892 |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=London |pages= [https://archive.org/details/edinburghsketch01massgoog/page/n51 35]–60|chapter=Robert Rollock and the Beginnings of Edinburgh University | url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghsketch01massgoog}}
*{{cite web |title=Robert Rollock – First Regent and first Principal of the University |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/plaques/rollock |author=UofE|website=Commemorative plaques |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=8 July 2020 |date=13 May 2015}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rollock |first1=Robert |editor1-last=Gunn |editor1-first=William M |title=Select works of Robert Rollock |date=1849 |publisher=Printed for the Wodrow Society |location=Edinburgh |pages=[https://archive.org/details/selectworksofrob01roll/page/n65/mode/2up lix–lxv] 1–678 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/selectworksofrob01roll/page/n11/mode/2up |author-link=Robert Rollock}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rollock |first1=Robert |editor1-last=Gunn |editor1-first=William M |title=Select works of Robert Rollock |date=1844 |publisher=Printed for the Wodrow Society |location=Edinburgh |pages=1–744 |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/selectworksofrob02roll |author-link=Robert Rollock}}
*{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Hew |title=Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation |volume=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc01scot/page/36/mode/2up 37]-54|date=1915 |publisher=Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd |url=https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaesc01scot/ |access-date=27 February 2019}}{{PD-notice}}
*{{cite book |last1=Walker |first1=James |title=The theology and theologians of Scotland : chiefly of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries |date=1888 |publisher=Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark |page=[https://archive.org/details/theologytheologi00walk/page/2/mode/2up 2]-3,49 |url=https://archive.org/details/theologytheologi00walk |access-date=23 February 2019}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Librivox author |id=16209}}

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{{succession box | before=None | title=[[Edinburgh University Principals]] | years=1586–1599  | after=[[Henry Charteris]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Principals of the University of Edinburgh}}
{{Scots Worthies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rollock, Robert}}
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Principals of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews]]
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1599 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]
[[Category:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]