View source for Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)

{{Short description|Civil engineer and lighthouse designer (1772–1850)}}
{{for|the English railway and civil engineer|Robert Stephenson}}
{{other people|Robert Stevenson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name          = Robert Stevenson
|image         = Robert Stevenson (lighthouse engineer) - Google Book Search - Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson.jpg
|image_size    = 250px
|caption       = Bust of Stevenson by [[Samuel Joseph (sculptor)|Samuel Joseph]], commissioned 19 July 1824 by the Northern Lighthouse Board.
----
Illustration from the ''Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer'' by his son Alan Stevenson, 1851
|birth_name    = 
|birth_date    = {{Birth date|df=yes|1772|6|8}} 
|birth_place   = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1850|7|12|1772|6|8}} 
|death_place   =  [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
|death_cause   = 
|resting_place = [[Old Calton Cemetery|New Calton Cemetery]], Edinburgh
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|nationality   =  Scottish
|other_names   = 
|occupation    = [[Civil engineer]]
|education            = [[Andersonian Institute]]<br />[[University of Edinburgh]]
|spouse               = Jean Smith<ref name=Fellows>{{cite book|title=Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783 – 2002: Biographical Index, Part Two|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|page=883|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|parents              = 
|children             = [[Alan Stevenson|Alan]], [[David Stevenson (engineer)|David]] and [[Thomas Stevenson|Thomas]]
| module                    = {{Infobox engineering career
|discipline           = [[Civil engineer]]
|institutions         = [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]<br />[[Geological Society]]<br />[[Royal Astronomical Society]]<br />[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]<br />[[Wernerian Society]]<br />[[Institution of Civil Engineers]]
|practice_name        = 
|employer             = [[Northern Lighthouse Board]]
|significant_projects = [[Bell Rock Lighthouse]]
|significant_design   = [[Lighthouse]]s
|significant_advance  = 
|significant_awards   = }}
|signature            = 
}}

'''Robert Stevenson''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|FRSE]], [[Fellow of the Geological Society|FGS]], [[Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society|FRAS]], [[FSA (Scot)|FSA Scot]], [[Member of the Wernerian Society|MWS]] (8 June 1772 – 12 July 1850) was a Scottish [[civil engineer]], and designer and builder of [[lighthouse]]s.<ref name="biography">{{Cite web|url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Stevenson_R/stevensonRobert.asp|title=Engineering Timelines - Robert Stevenson|website=Engineering-timelines.com|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> His works include the [[Bell Rock Lighthouse]].

==Early life==
Robert Stevenson was born in [[Glasgow]].<ref name="NLB">{{cite web | url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/HistoricalInformation/StevensonEngineers/Robert-Stevenson/ | website=Nlb.org.uk|title=Robert Stevenson | access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> His father was Alan Stevenson, a partner in a West Indies sugar [[Joint-stock company|trading house]] in the city. Alan died of an [[epidemic]] fever on the island of [[Saint Kitts|St. Christopher]] in the [[West Indies]] on 26 May 1774, a few days before Robert's second birthday. Robert's uncle died of the same disease around the same time. Since this left Alan's widow, Jean Lillie Stevenson, in much-reduced financial circumstances, Robert was educated, as a young child, at a [[charity school]].

Robert's mother intended him to join the [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]], so when he was a bit older she enrolled him in the school of a locally famous Glasgow [[Linguistics|linguist]], a Mr Macintyre. But when Robert was 15, she remarried and the family moved to 1 Blair Street,<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1790</ref> off the [[Royal Mile]] in [[Edinburgh]]. Robert's new stepfather was [[Thomas Smith (engineer)|Thomas Smith]], a [[tinsmith]], lamp maker, ingenious [[mechanic]], and [[civil engineer]], who had been appointed to the newly formed [[Northern Lighthouse Board]] in 1786.

In 1798 or 1799, when Robert was about 26, the family moved to a newly built home, 2 Baxters Place, at the head of [[Leith Walk]].<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1800</ref>

In 1815, Robert's stepfather died, and Robert inherited the house, where he continued to live until about 1820.<ref>Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1815</ref>

==Professional career==
{{Location map+|UK Scotland|width=300| caption=Scottish lighthouses constructed by Robert Stevenson|relief=1|
 places=
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Inchcape|Bell Rock]]| lat=56.4344166666667|long=-2.38716666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Toward Point|Toward]]| lat=55.86215|long=-4.97978333333333|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Corsewall Lighthouse|Corsewall]]| lat=55.00715|long=-5.1583|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Sumburgh Head Lighthouse|Sumburgh Head]]| lat=59.85385|long=-1.27525|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Orsay, Inner Hebrides|Rinns of Islay]]| lat=55.6731666666667|long=-6.51353333333333|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Boddam, Aberdeenshire#Buchan Ness lighthouse|Buchan&nbsp;Ness]]| lat=57.47045|long=-1.77456666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Cape Wrath Lighthouse|Cape Wrath]]|position=left|lat=58.6256333333333|long=-4.9992|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Mull&nbsp;of&nbsp;Galloway]]|position=left|lat=54.6350833333333|long=-4.85726666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100}}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Tarbat Ness Lighthouse|Tarbat Ness]]| lat=57.8651333333333|long=-3.77666666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Dunnet Head#Lighthouse|Dunnet Head]]| lat=58.67145|long=-3.37656666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Barra Head Lighthouse|Barra Head]]| lat=56.7854666666667|long=-7.65366666666667|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Girdle Ness Lighthouse|Girdle Ness]]| lat=57.1389833333333|long=-2.0486|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
{{location map~|UK Scotland|mark=Legenda latarnia.svg|label=[[Eilean Musdile|Lismore]]|position=left| lat=56.45555|long=-5.60748333333333|marksize=15|label_size=100 }}
}}
Stevenson served as an apprentice civil engineer to his stepfather, Thomas Smith. He was so successful at it that, at age 19, he was given responsibility for supervising the erection of a lighthouse on [[Little Cumbrae]] island in the [[River Clyde]]. His next project was overseeing the building of lighthouses on [[Orkney]]. While working on these projects, he continued his civil engineering studies: He diligently practised [[surveying]] and [[architectural drawing]], and attended maths and [[physics]] lectures at the [[Andersonian Institute]] in Glasgow.

In the winter, when it was too chilly for construction work, he attended lectures at the [[University of Edinburgh]] in philosophy, mathematics, chemistry, natural history, moral philosophy, logic, and agriculture. He was not granted a degree because he did not have the proficiency in Latin or Greek that was a requirement for a degree in those days.

In 1797, he was appointed engineer to the Lighthouse Board, succeeding to his stepfather's place there. In 1799, he married Smith's eldest daughter Jean, who was also his stepsister, and, in 1800, Smith made him his business partner.

The most important work of Stevenson's life was the [[Bell Rock Lighthouse]], built between 1807 and 1810 when he was in his mid-30s. The lighthouse still stands today. Its construction was a scheme long in the gestation, and then long (and extremely hazardous) in the construction. Its structure was based upon the design of the [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], which had been built by [[John Smeaton]] — but Stevenson made several improvements to that design. [[John Rennie (father)|John Rennie]] was a consulting engineer on the project. After the project was complete, there was some contention as to who should get more credit—Rennie or Stevenson. That contention grew particularly strong as between the two men's sons when they were older - Robert's son [[Alan Stevenson]] and John Rennie's son, [[John Rennie (son)|Sir John Rennie]].<!-- Ref. 13th volume of the ''Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal]--> [[Samuel Smiles]], a popular engineering author of the time, published an account taken from Rennie, which gave prominence to Rennie's claim. However, the [[Northern Lighthouse Board]] gave full credit to Stevenson, as have historians since then.

Stevenson's work on the Bell Rock and elsewhere provided a fund of anecdotes about the dangers he tended to place himself in and his lucky narrow escapes. For example, in 1794, he was aboard the sloop ''Elizabeth of Stromness'', returning from the [[Orkney Islands]], when it became becalmed off [[Kinnaird Head]]. Unlike others aboard the ship, he had the good fortune to be taken off it and rowed ashore. After he left it, a gale arose and drove the ship back to Orkney, where it foundered: All aboard were drowned. Another time, he was with a crew of men on the Bell Rock, which was only above the surface of the water at the lowest tide, when one of the crew boats drifted away. The remaining boats did not have enough room to carry everyone back to the mainland. Once the tide rose, the rock would have been submerged, and anyone not in a boat would have been stranded in the water. Luckily, before the tide rose, the Bell Rock pilot boat happened to arrive on an errand to deliver some mail to Stevenson, and thus saved the situation.

Stevenson served as the engineer to the [[Northern Lighthouse Board]] until 1842 - nearly fifty years.<ref name="NLB" /> During that time he designed numerous lighthouses and oversaw their construction and the addition of later improvements to them. His many innovations included his choice of light sources and mountings, his reflector design, his use of [[Fresnel lens]]es, and his use of rotation and shuttering systems that provided lighthouses with individual signatures ([[Light characteristic|characteristics]]) — allowing them to be identified by seafarers. For this latter innovation, he was awarded a gold medal by King [[William I of the Netherlands]].

Engineering skills were in high demand after the [[Battle of Waterloo]], which marked the end of the continental wars, as the focus turned toward improving the country's infrastructure. So Stevenson was kept busy. In addition to his work for the Northern Lighthouse Board, he served as a consulting engineer on many projects, collaborating with other engineers such as [[John Rennie the Elder|John Rennie]], [[Alexander Nimmo]], [[Thomas Telford]], [[William Walker (engineer)|William Walker]], [[Archibald Elliot]],<ref name = Report>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB27945|desc=Regent Bridge carrying Waterloo Place over Calton Road including Railings|cat=A|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> and [[William Cubitt]]. These projects included the construction of roads, bridges, harbours, canals, railways, and aids to river navigation. He designed and oversaw the construction in Glasgow of the [[Hutcheson Bridge]], and in Edinburgh of the [[Regent Bridge]]<ref name = Report/> and approaches to it from the east. He also produced a number of designs for canals and railways which were not built, and new and improved designs for bridges, some of which were later implemented by his successors. He invented the movable jib and the balance crane as necessary aids to lighthouse construction, and, as [[George Stephenson]] noted, he led the trend toward using malleable rather than cast-iron rails in the construction of railways.<ref>Letter from George Stephenson 28 June 1821 quoted in {{cite book|last=Stevenson|first=David|title=The Life of Robert Stevenson, Civil Engineer|access-date=19 July 2015|year=1873|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertstev00stevrich/page/128 128]|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertstev00stevrich}}</ref>

In 1815, he was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]. His proposers were [[John Barclay (anatomist)|John Barclay]], [[John Playfair]] and [[David Brewster]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1821, while on a Northern Lighthouse Board inspection cruise of lighthouses he visited [[Scalpay, Outer Hebrides]], where Murdo MacLellan of Scalpay who was tacksman of [[St Kilda, Scotland]] gave him and [[John Fleming (naturalist)]] a live [[Great auk]] captured on St Kilda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=John |date=1824 |title=ART. XIII. Gleanings of Natural History, during a Voyage along the Coast of Scotland in 1821 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/217655#page/121/mode/1up |website=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal - Biodiversity Heritage Library |pages=95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=John |date=1823 |title=Art. X Gleanings of Natural History, gathered on the Coast of Scotland during a voyage in 1821 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/218223#page/322/mode/1up |website=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal - Biodiversity Heritage Library |page=294}}</ref> They planned to take it alive to Edinburgh. They allowed it to swim in the sea with a line attached to a leg it escaped near [[Isle of Arran]], this was the last Great Auk seen in Britain, the species became extinct in 1840s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Auk, Historical Rare Birds |url=https://www.historicalrarebirds.info/cat-ac/great-auk }}</ref>

In 1824, he published a paper about the condition of the eastern [[coastline of the United Kingdom]], entitled ''Account of the Bell Rock Lighthouse''. In it, he presented convincing evidence that the [[North Sea]] was eroding that coastline, and in particular that the great sandbanks were disappearing — the spoils taken by the sea. He hypothesized that freshwater and saltwater areas at river mouths exist as separate and distinct streams, and carried out tests of this hypothesis. He contributed articles to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] and the Edinburgh Encyclopædia, and published papers in a number of scientific journals.

He was inducted into the [[Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://engineeringhalloffame.org/profile/robert-stevenson|title=Robert Stevenson|website=Engineeringhalloffame.org|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>

==Family life==
[[File:Baxters Place, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|1 Baxters Place, Edinburgh]]
In 1799, Robert married his stepsister, Jean Smith, who was his stepfather Thomas Smith's eldest daughter by his first wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://robert-louis-stevenson.org/lighthouses/|title=Lighthouses |website=Robert-louis-stevenson.org|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> A number of their children died young, including three who died of childhood diseases early in 1808, during the construction of Bell Rock.
 
Three of Stevenson's sons became engineers: [[Alan Stevenson|Alan]], [[David Stevenson (engineer)|David]] and [[Thomas Stevenson|Thomas]]. Robert's other surviving child was Jane (1801–1864).<ref>[http://atwww.robert-louis-stevenson.org/stevenson-lighthouses-scotland "Stevenson Lighthouses in Scotland"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071115/http://atwww.robert-louis-stevenson.org/stevenson-lighthouses-scotland |date=13 January 2014 }}. ''Robert Louis Stevenson Website''. Retrieved 12 January 2014.</ref> Jane became her father's secretary and helped him write and illustrate his account of the Bell Rock Lighthouse construction. He had two grandchildren who became well-known: His son Alan was the father of the author and journalist [[Katharine de Mattos]], and his son Thomas was the father of the author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]].

Stevenson lived in Baxter's Place at the head of [[Leith Walk]] for most of his later years, moving from No. 2 to the far larger No. 1 around 1820.<ref>Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directories 1815–1850</ref> In 1985, the building was named "Robert Stevenson House" in his honour. It was used as an office from 1985 to 2015. The building was converted into a [[Marriott Hotel]] in 2017, at which point the name was removed.

Stevenson died on 12 July 1850, at 1 Baxters Place in [[Edinburgh]]. He is buried in the Stevenson family plot in the [[New Calton Burial Ground]].

==Memorials to Stevenson==
[[File:Robert Stevenson's grave in the churchyard of Glasgow Cathedral.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Robert Stevenson is remembered on his grandfather's grave in the churchyard of [[Glasgow Cathedral]], though he was buried in Edinburgh]]
[[File:Robert Stevenson's grave, New Calton Cemetery.JPG|thumb|upright=1.15|Stevenson's gravestone, [[New Calton Burial Ground]], Edinburgh]]
[[Stevenson College, Edinburgh]], named after Robert Stevenson, was founded in 1970. For a good portion of his life, Stevenson lived at 1 Baxter's Place, Edinburgh. In 1985, the building was named “Robert Stevenson House” in his memory. (The name was removed in 2015 because Marriott bought the building to convert it to a hotel.)

Robert and his father, Alan, are memorialized on the gravestone of his grandfather, a Glasgow merchant — also named Robert Stevenson - who died in 1764 and was buried in the churchyard of [[Glasgow Cathedral]].

==Biographies==

''The Lighthouse Stevensons'', published in 1999, is an account of the professional accomplishments of Stevenson and his sons, written by Bella Bathurst ([[Harper Collins Publishers]], 1999, {{ISBN|0-06-019427-8}}).

==Structures designed by Robert Stevenson==

===Lighthouses===
*[[Bell Rock Lighthouse|Bell Rock]] (1811)
*[[Toward Lighthouse|Toward Point]] (1812)
*[[Isle of May]] (1816)
*[[Corsewall Lighthouse|Corsewall]] (1817)
*[[Point of Ayre Lighthouse|Point of Ayre]] (1818)
*[[Calf of Man]] (1818)
*[[Sumburgh Head Lighthouse|Sumburgh Head]] (1821)
*[[Kinnaird Head Lighthouse|Kinnaird Head]] (Rebuild, 1823)
*[[Eilean Glas Lighthouse]], [[Scalpay, Outer Hebrides|Scalpay]] (Rebuild, 1824)
*[[Rinns of Islay]], Orsay, Inner Hebrides (1825)
*[[Buchan Ness Lighthouse|Buchan Ness]] (1827)
*[[Pentland Skerries Lighthouse]], Pentland Firth (Rebuild, 1827)
*[[Cape Wrath Lighthouse|Cape Wrath]] (1828)
*[[Tarbat Ness Lighthouse|Tarbat Ness]] (1830)
*[[Mull of Galloway Lighthouse|Mull of Galloway]] (1830)
*[[Dunnet Head Lighthouse|Dunnet Head]] (1831)
*[[Girdle Ness Lighthouse|Girdle Ness]] (1833)
*[[Barra Head Lighthouse|Barra Head]] (1833)
*[[Eilean Musdile|Lismore]] (1833)
*[[Dubh Artach Lighthouse|Dubh Artach]] (1872)

===Other===
*[[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan Bridge]]
*[[Albert Bridge, Glasgow|Hutcheson Bridge]], [[Glasgow]]
*[[Marykirk|Marykirk Bridge]]
*[[Regent Bridge]], designed by [[Archibald Elliot]]. (Stevenson carried out feasibility study and was in charge of construction)
*[[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville#Legacy and memory|The Melville Column]], Edinburgh. (Stevenson did not design this, but advised on foundations)
*[[Stirling]] New Bridge
*[[Allanton, Scottish Borders|Allenton]] bridge

==Family tree==

{{chart top|Robert Stevenson engineering family tree}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | |TS|~| JS |~|y|~| AS |TS=[[Thomas Smith (engineer)]]| JS=Jean Lille Stevenson|AS=Alan Stevenson (merchant)}}
{{tree chart| | | || |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | |JS|~|~|y|~|~|RS|JS=Joan Smith|RS=Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|.|}}
{{tree chart| | | | GRM | | GRP | | TS | | |GRM=[[David Stevenson (engineer)]]|GRP=[[Alan Stevenson]] (engineer)|TS=[[Thomas Stevenson]] (engineer)}}
{{tree chart| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | MUM | | DAD |  || |DAISY| | |MUM=[[Charles Alexander Stevenson]] (engineer)|DAD=[[David Alan Stevenson]] (engineer)|DAISY=[[Robert Louis Stevenson]]}}
{{tree chart|  ||!|}}
{{tree chart| |DAS|DAS=[[D. Alan Stevenson]] (engineer)}}

{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Richard Henry Brunton]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Attribution'''
*This article contains text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=YSBGZ7ozsHMC ''Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer''] (1851), by [[Alan Stevenson]]

==Further reading==
*Bathurst, Bella. ''The Lighthouse Stevensons: The Extraordinary Story of the Building of the Scottish Lighthouses by the Ancestors of Robert Louis Stevenson'' (HarperCollins, 1999)

==External links==
*[https://www.nlb.org.uk/HistoricalInformation/StevensonEngineers/Robert-Stevenson/ Northern Lighthouse Board]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YSBGZ7ozsHMC ''Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer''] (1851), by [[Alan Stevenson]]. From [[Google Book Search]]
*[https://archive.org/details/lifeofrobertstev00stevrich ''Life of Robert Stevenson: Civil Engineer''] (1878), by [[David Stevenson (engineer)|David Stevenson]]. From [[Internet Archive]].
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/280 '''Records of a Family of Engineers''] (1995), by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]. From [[Project Gutenberg]].
*[https://archive.org/details/stevensonbell1824stev Stevenson's Bell Rock Light-House - by Robert Stevenson]
*[http://www.engineering-timelines.com/who/Stevenson_R/stevensonRobert.asp Biography of Robert Stevenson in association with Professor Roland Paxton]
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Stevenson, Robert}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stevenson, Robert}}
[[Category:1772 births]]
[[Category:1850 deaths]]
[[Category:Lighthouse builders]]
[[Category:Engineers from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish civil engineers]]
[[Category:Burials at the New Calton Burial Ground]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Works of Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)| ]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Stevenson family (Scotland)]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Geological Society of London]]