View source for Rock music of Canada

{{Short description|Canadian contributions to rock music}}
{{Music of Canada}}

'''Rock music of Canada''' is a wide and diverse part of the general [[music of Canada]], beginning with American and British style [[rock and roll]] in the mid-20th century.<ref>Top Pop Records 1940-1955 Author Joel Whitburn Publisher Record Research Billboard year 1973 p. 211. (ASIN B0006VV23M)</ref>   Since then Canada has had a considerable impact on the development of the modern [[popular music]] called [[rock music|rock]].<ref name="canrock" /><ref name="heart" /><ref name="gold" />  Canada has produced many of the genre's most significant groups and performers, while contributing substantively to the development of the most popular [[Canadian music genres|subgenres]], which include [[pop rock]], [[progressive rock]], [[country rock]], [[folk rock]], [[hard rock]], [[punk rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[indie rock]].<ref name="CHUM">{{cite book|title=The CHUM chart book from 1957 to 1986  |isbn=0-920325-15-7|author=Ron Hall |publisher=Stardust Productions (Toronto, Ont.)Canada|year=1990}}</ref><ref name="billboard">{{cite book|title=The Billboard Book of Hits |isbn=0-8230-8285-7|author1=Adam White |author2=Fred Bronson |publisher=Billboard Books|year=1988}}</ref><ref name="RPM">{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/index-e.html |title=RPM (magazine)collection at Library and Archives Canada |work=RPM Awards |access-date=2010-02-10}}Requires running a searches for Artist or year</ref><ref>ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CANADIAN ROCK, POP, AND FOLK MUSIC / by Rick Jackson. Kingston, Ont. : Quarry Press, 1994. 319 p. (Ref ML102 .P66 J13 1994t)</ref>

==Background==
{{further|topic=the history of Canadian music|Music of Canada}} 
Since before Canada's [[Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)|emergence as a nation in 1867]],<ref>[[Library and Archives Canada|LAC]]. "[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/index-e.html Canadian Confederation]", in the Web site of ''Library and Archives Canada'', 2006-01-09 (ISSN 1713-868X). Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> the country has produced its own [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].<ref name="Willy" >{{cite book |title=Music in Canada 1600-1800 |author=Amtmann, Willy. Cambridge, Ont.|publisher= Habitex Books|year= 1975 |page= 320|isbn=0-88912-020-X}}</ref><ref name="Mich" >{{cite book|last1=Amtmann|first1=Willy|last2=Pharand|first2=Michelle|title=La Musique au Québec 1600-1875|publisher=Montreal - Les Éditions de l'Homme|year=1976|isbn=0-7759-0517-8|url=https://archive.org/details/lamusiqueauquebe0000amtm}}</ref> From the 17th century onward, Canada has developed a music infrastructure that includes [[concert hall]]s, [[Music school|conservatories]], [[academies]], [[performing arts centre]]s, [[Record company|record companies]], [[radio stations]] and national [[music video]] television channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |title=Broadcasting Stations in Canada |work=The Canadian Communications Foundation |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309132436/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/CCFTimeline.html |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref>  The success of the [[Gramophone record|gramophone]] at the beginning of the 20th century  allowed Canadian songwriters to broaden their potential audiences.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chamber-music-performance-emc |title=Chamber music performance |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104055200/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000658 |archive-date=2010-11-04 }}</ref><ref name="1930s and 1940s" >Canadian Music in the 1930s and 1940s. by Beverley Cavanagh. [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], 1986. ({{ISBN|0-88911-511-7}})</ref> Following quickly on the gramophone's spread came [[World War I]]. The war was the catalyst for the writing and recording of large numbers of Canadian-written popular songs, some of which achieved lasting international commercial success.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1SEC873941 |title=Canadian Songwriting to 1920 |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia| publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607130639/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1SEC873941 |archive-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref> The 1920s saw Canada's first radio stations, this  allowed  Canadian songwriters to  contribute some of the most famous popular music of the early 20th century.<ref name="Before">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/songwriters-and-songwriting-english-canada-before-1921-emc|title=Songwriters and Songwriting (English Canada) Before 1921 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Music in Canada |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607130756/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0004103 |archive-date=2011-06-07 }}</ref>

Canada has produced a number of notable international recording artists who appeared on the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' record sales chart]] called [[Hit Parade]] first published in  1936.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rock and Roll Timeline |url=http://www.history-of-rock.com/indx.html |work=history-of-rock.com |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623203155/http://www.history-of-rock.com/indx.html |archive-date=2008-06-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Popular Music in America By Michael Campbell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIZSM3zxNUEC&q=billboard+chart+1936&pg=PT149 |access-date=2010-02-10|isbn= 978-0-495-50530-3 |author1=Campbell, Michael |date=2008-09-26| publisher=Cengage Learning }}</ref> Among them was the World War II era [[bandleader]], [[Guy Lombardo]], who with his  brother has  sold an estimated 250 million [[phonograph records]] during their lifetimes.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346723/Guy-Lombardo |title=Guy Lombardo American bandleader|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p1900/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Guy Lombardo 200 to 300 million phonograph records sold | work=  Biography (All Music Guide)|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Over the course of his career, which began in 1944,  [[Montreal]]'s jazz [[virtuoso]] [[Oscar Peterson]]  released over 200 recordings,<ref name="Certifcations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |title=Canadian Recording Industry Association |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823041748/http://www.cria.ca/goldplat.php |archive-date=2010-08-23 }} Requires running a searches for Artist or year</ref> won seven [[Grammy Award]]s,<ref>{{cite web|title=GRAMMY Hall Of Fame Award Recipients |work=grammy.com |url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235113/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |archive-date=2015-07-07 }}</ref> and received many other awards and honors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/jazzawards2006/winners.shtml |title=2005 Winners BBC Jazz Awards |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2005-07-02 |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901060811/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/jazzawards2006/winners.shtml |archive-date=2007-09-01 }}</ref> Oscar Peterson is considered to have been one of the greatest [[pianists]] of all time.<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|title=RIAA statistics |work=RIAA Certifications |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archive-date=2007-06-26 }} Requires running a searches for Artist or year</ref><ref>{{cite web | url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p7322/biography|pure_url=yes}} | title=Oscar Peterson Biography | publisher=allmusic | author=[[Scott Yanow]] | access-date=2007-01-28}}</ref> [[Nova Scotia]]-born and raised [[Hank Snow]] who signed with [[RCA Victor]] in 1936 and went on to become one of America's  most innovative [[country music]] superstars.<ref>Wolfe, Charles. (1998). "Hank Snow". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 494–5. {{ISBN|0-19-517608-1}}</ref>

==History==
===1950s===
{{See also|Canadian blues}}

[[Rock and roll]] arose in the United States in the late 1940s<ref>Jim Dawson and [[Steve Propes]], What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record, 1992, {{ISBN|0571129390}} Jazz at the Philharmonic: Blues, Part 2 (1944)
2 Joe Liggins: The Honeydripper (1945)
3 Helen Humes: Be-Baba-Leba (1945)
4 Freddie Slack: House Of Blue Lights (1946)</ref><ref>Farley, Christopher John, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040708003053/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,661084,00.html Elvis Presley's July 5th, 1954 recording of "That's All Right", a cover of a song previously released by its composer, bluesman Arthur Big Boy Crudup, in 1946.], July 06, 2004</ref>  after [[World War II]], from a combination of the rhythms of [[African American music|African American]] [[blues]], country<ref>Peterson, Richard A. (1999). ''Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity'', p.9. {{ISBN|0-226-66285-3}}.</ref>  and [[gospel music]].<ref>Christ-Janer, Albert, Charles W. Hughes, and Carleton Sprague Smith. ''American Hymns Old and New''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. p. 364. {{ISBN|0-231-03458-X}}</ref> Though elements of rock and roll can be heard in Canadian country records of the 1930s–1940s, and in American blues records from the 1920s,<ref>Davis, Francis. ''The History of the Blues''. New York: Hyperion, 1995, {{ISBN|0-7868-8124-0}}</ref> rock and roll did not acquire its name until the 1950s.<ref>{{cite AV media notes |title=The Roots of Rock 'n' Roll 1946–1954 "Anthologize the recordings of the late '40s and early '50s most crucial to planting the seeds for rock & roll" |publisher=Universal Music |date=April 13, 2004 |type=CD Hip-O Records}}</ref><ref>Dawson, Jim & Propes, Steve, ''What was the first rock ’n’ roll record?'', Faber & Faber, {{ISBN|0-571-12939-0}}, 1992</ref> "Rock" or its forerunners  [[electric blues]] ([[Chicago blues]])<ref>{{cite AV media notes
|title=Detroit Ghetto Blues 1948 to 1954
|last=Pierson
|first=Leroy
|publisher=[[Nighthawk Records]]
|id=104
|date=1976
|location=St. Louis
|type=Vinyl back cover
|url=http://www.wirz.de/music/nighthaw/grafik/104b4.jpg
|access-date=2010-02-10
}}
</ref> and [[rhythm and blues]] ([[Jump blues]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoyhoy.com/dawn_of_rock.htm|title=ROCK BEFORE ELVIS Good Rockin' Tonight Wynonie Harris (recorded on December 28, 1947) Jump blues!|work=ROCK BEFORE ELVIS|access-date=2010-02-10|archive-date=2011-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624013348/http://hoyhoy.com/dawn_of_rock.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> was first heard in the late 1940s by Canadians who were living close enough to the American border to tune into American radio station broadcasts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohn|first=Lawrence|title=Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians|author2=Aldin, Mary Katherine|author3=Bastin, Bruce|publisher=Abbeville Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/314 314]|isbn=978-1-55859-271-1|date=September 1993|url=https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn|url-access=registration}}</ref>

[[File:PaulAnka07.jpg|thumb|left|[[Paul Anka]], 2007|alt=Color bust photo of a man in a tuxedo, holding a microphone.]]

In 1951, [[Cleveland, Ohio]] [[disc jockey]] [[Alan Freed]] began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase "rock and roll" to describe the musical sound of the  [[Doo-wop|Doo-wop vocal groups]] and the [[rockabilly]] singers who emerged in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Music USA By Richie Unterberger, Samb Hicks, Jennifer Dempsey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwtAx1xP9BMC&q=rock%20and%20roll%20alan%20freed&pg=PA282 |isbn=978-1-85828-421-7 |author1=Unterberger, Richie |author2=Hicks, Samb |author3=Dempsey, Jennifer |date=1999-06-21| publisher=Rough Guides }}{{ISBN|1-85828-421-X}}. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBjdP_rGpacC&q=rock%20and%20roll%20alan%20freed&pg=PA71 |title=American Popular Music: The age of rock By Timothy E. Scheurer |isbn=978-0-87972-468-9 |author1=Scheurer, Timothy E |year=1989 |publisher=Popular Press }}{{ISBN|978-0-87972-467-2}} Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> [[The Four Lads]], from [[Toronto]], were one of the first groups to capitalize on this sound and become a prominent act in the Canadian rhythm and blues scene, producing their first hit in 1952 called "[[The Mocking Bird|Mocking Bird]]". Their most famous hit was "[[Moments to Remember]]", which first reached the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine charts on September 3, 1955.<ref name="billboard" />  Emerging in the mid-1950s, on near equal-footing to [[American popular music]], Canadian popular music enjoyed considerable success at home and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indierockmemories.com/PlayingCanadian.html|title=Canadian music, 1950-present|access-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033257/http://indierockmemories.com/PlayingCanadian.html|archive-date=2010-03-25|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

By 1954 the name "rock and roll" had become the common name of the popular music of the day.<ref>{{cite web | title = Rock and roll Date:1954| work = Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary | publisher = Merriam-Webster Online | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rock%20and%20roll |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Rhythm and blues (R&B coined in 1949<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Palmer (author/producer)|title=Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta|date=1982-07-29|publisher=Penguin|edition=paperback|isbn=978-0-14-006223-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146 146]|url=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146}}</ref>) was too broad a term, because R&B was a category that included most forms of [[race music]], which generally had adult-based lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101005/ |work= St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture by Matthew A. Killmeier 01/29/02 |title= "race music" and "race records" were terms used to categorize practically all types of African-American music in the 1940s |access-date=2010-02-10 | year=2002}}</ref>  [[The Crew-Cuts]], [[The Diamonds]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VocalGroup Hall of Fame inductees|work=vocalgroup.org|url=http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees.htm|access-date=2006-11-26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216210236/http://www.vocalgroup.org/inductees.htm|archive-date=2013-12-16}}</ref> and The Four Lads would emerge from this new marketing of rhythm and blues to appeal to a white audience leaving  an indelible mark on the Doo-wop days.<ref name="Doo-Wop">{{cite web | title= The Doo-Wop Hall of Fame Inductees| work=doowophof.com|url=http://www.harveyrobbins.net/id2.htm|access-date=2007-08-18}}</ref> Often Canadian records of this period  were simply [[cover version|covers]] of pop hits, and rhythm and blues oldies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silver-dragon-records.com/history_of_rock_and_roll.htm|title=Rock and Roll - The birth of rock music "White performers began to be hired to record and play the songs often doing a poor job. Still the music began to take hold with fans as white owned stations began to play the music"|work=by: Lazarus X - Silver Dragon Records 2003|access-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204212831/http://www.silver-dragon-records.com/history_of_rock_and_roll.htm|archive-date=2004-12-04|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Pioneers of Canadian rock| work = CanConRox| publisher = Canadianbands.com| url = http://www.canadianbands.com/bios_1.html| access-date = 2010-02-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090504230310/http://www.canadianbands.com/bios_1.html| archive-date = 2009-05-04| url-status = dead}}</ref> 1958  saw Canada  produced its first rock and roll [[teen idol]] [[Paul Anka]], who went to  [[New York City]] where he auditioned for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] with the song, "[[Diana (Paul Anka song)|Diana]]". This song brought Anka instant stardom and he became the first Canadian to have a number one on the US Billboard charts in the rock and roll era.<ref name="billboard" /> "Diana" is one of the best selling 45s in music history.<ref name="RIAA" /> He followed up with four songs that made it into the Top 20 in 1958, making him one of the biggest teen idols of the time.<ref name="gold" />

Most Canadians with successful recording careers in the 1950s had moved to the US, where the population level and media exposure would eclipse that of Canada.<ref>{{cite book| first = Dave |last=Bidini |year=1998 | title= On a Cold Road: Tales of Adventure in Canadian Rock |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |page=[https://archive.org/details/oncoldroadtaleso00bidi/page/278 278] |url= https://archive.org/details/oncoldroadtaleso00bidi| url-access = registration | quote = On A Cold Road: Tales Of Adventure In Canadian Rock. |access-date=2010-02-10 | isbn= 978-0-7710-1456-7}}</ref>  [[Ronnie Hawkins]], an [[Arkansas]] born rockabilly singer, moved to Canada in 1958, becoming a prominent figure in [[Canadian blues]] and rock  devoting his life to popularizing Canadian musicians.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rockabilly Hall of Fame inductees|work=rockabillyhall.com|url=http://www.rockabillyhall.com/home.html|access-date=2006-11-26|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514185918/http://www.rockabillyhall.com/home.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>  He formed a backing band called [[The Band|The Hawks]], which produced some of the earliest Canadian rock stars. Among them were the members of [[The Band]], who began touring with [[Bob Dylan]] in 1966, and then struck out on their own in 1968.<ref>{{cite press release| title =Ronnie Hawkins 1958–2005| publisher =The Hamilton Spectator- Souvenir Edition |page= MP43| date =June 10, 2006}}</ref>

===1960s===
[[File:Bruce Cockburn 2007.jpg|right|thumb|[[Bruce Cockburn]] performing at the City Stages festival in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.]]

As the late fifties gave way to the sixties, stars of the previous decade were still producing hits, but they were quickly losing ground as they struggled to find material that clicked with this new and energetic generation.<ref name="gold" >Before the gold rush: flashbacks to the dawn of the Canadian sound by Nicholas Jennings, (Yorkville Ont) ({{ISBN|0-670-87381-0}})</ref> However, "[[The Stroll]]" continued to be a popular dance craze well into the '60s alongside dances like "The Twist" and "The Mashed Potato". The first [[Country of origin|Canadian-made]] and produced rock recording to achieve international popularity was "Clap Your Hands" in 1960 by a Montreal [[quartet]], [[The Beaumarks]].<ref>[http://peltonator.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!184A2363AD187F54!3935.entry?sa=362033914  CANADIAN Music Part 6: Homemade Rock (Early 60s)]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. All music guide. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> Shortly thereafter, they appeared on ''[[American Bandstand]]'' and a charity concert at [[Carnegie Hall]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060326192100/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0004064 The BeauMarks] at The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> [[Bobby Curtola]] from [[Port Arthur, Ontario]]  had several songs on the Canadian music charts beginning with "Hand In Hand With You" in 1960.<ref name="CHUM" /> His biggest [[chart-topper]] came in 1962 with the song "Fortune Teller", which was also successful internationally.<ref name="Axes" /> In 1966, he won an [[Juno Award|RPM Gold Leaf Award]] (The Gold Leaf Awards, which were in effect the first Juno Awards) for being the first Canadian to have a [[gold album]].<ref>{{cite web | title= RPM Gold Leaf Award/Canadian Music Hall of Fame winner and nominations| work=juno-awards.ca|url=http://www.juno-awards.ca|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> The [[CHUM Chart]]  debuted on May 27, 1957, under the name CHUM's Weekly Hit Parade, to 1986, and was the longest-running Top 40 chart in Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/article/217451 |title=Happy 50th birthday old CHUM |work=Toronto Star May 26, 2007|access-date=2010-02-10 | first=Greg | last=Quill | date=2007-05-26}}</ref>

During the 1960s, Canadian music was regarded with indifference and Canadian recording artists were forced to turn toward the United States to establish their careers.<ref>The CHUM Story by Allen Farrell, Stoddart Publishing, 2001 ({{ISBN|0-7737-6263-9}})</ref>  In 1960 [[Walt Grealis]] of Toronto started in the music business with [[Apex Records]], the Ontario distributor for [[Compo Company]] (founded in 1918<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capsnews.org/barrcom.htm |title=The Compo Company, History of Recorded Sound in Canada |work=Canadian Antique Phonograph Society |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref>), Canada's first independent record company that today is part of  [[Universal Music Group|Universal]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000771 |title=Compo Company Ltd. |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia (Historica Foundation of Canada) |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518175452/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000771 |archive-date=2011-05-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capsnews.org/barrcan.htm |work=Canadian Antique Phonograph Society |title=History of Recorded Sound in Canada|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> He later joined [[London Records]], where he worked until February 1964, when he then established [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' weekly trade magazine]]. From the first issue of ''RPM Weekly'' on February 24, 1964, to its final issue on November 13, 2000, ''RPM'' was the defining charts in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/index-e.html?PHPSESSID=hcpqabrflcj0j327o3unbt23d7 |title=RPM 1964-2000 The Conscience of Canada's Music Industry |work=Library and Archives Canada -RPM history|access-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref> The popularity of US rock on the two Canadian charts led to many existing groups, especially those devoted to country music, to change styles or to incorporate some rock style hits in their repertoires.<ref name="canrock" />

[[File:Para Rael99 (que nos quiten lo bailao).jpg|left|thumb|Neil Young|alt=Black-and-white photo of a man playing the piano, there is a drink on the piano.]]

Country rock and folk rock singers such as [[Gordon Lightfoot]], [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Leonard Cohen]], [[Denny Doherty]] (of [[The Mamas & the Papas]]), [[David Clayton-Thomas]] (of [[Blood, Sweat & Tears]]), [[Andy Kim (singer)|Andy Kim]], [[Zal Yanovsky]] (of [[The Lovin' Spoonful]]), [[John Kay (musician)|John Kay]] (of [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]), and [[Ian & Sylvia]] found international audiences.<ref name="canrock" /> One important example was a [[Winnipeg]] band called [[Chad Allan (musician)|Chad Allan]] & the Expressions, which had a 1965 hit with a version of [[Johnny Kidd and the Pirates]]' "[[Shakin' All Over]]".<ref name="who" >1995 American Woman - The Story of The Guess Who by John Einarson - Quarry Press, Ontario, ({{ISBN|0-688-12783-5}})</ref> They would eventually evolve into [[The Guess Who]], the first Canadian rock group to have a No.1 hit that reached the top on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]] and the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] at the same time, with "[[American Woman (song)|American Woman]]" in 1970.<ref name="who" /><ref>{{cite web|title=About Randy Bachman|work=colinarthur.com|url=http://www.colinarthur.com/randybachman.html|access-date=2009-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314171517/http://www.colinarthur.com/randybachman.html|archive-date=2007-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their success paved the way for a new wave of Canadian singer-songwriters, including [[Stan Rogers]], [[Murray McLauchlan]], [[Bruce Cockburn]] and [[Willie P. Bennett]].<ref name="Axes" />

Unlike the generation before, the late sixties American and British [[counterculture]] and [[hippie]] movements had diverted rock towards  psychedelic rock, heavy metal, progressive rock and many other styles, most dominated by socially and politically incisive lyrics.<ref>San Francisco Chronicle, 18 January 1967 column, p. 27</ref> The music was an attempt to reflect upon the events of the time—[[civil rights]], the growing unrest in America over the war in [[Vietnam]], and the rise of [[feminism]].<ref name="Axes" >Axes, Chops & Hot Licks: the Canadian rock music scene by Ritchie York, (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1971, 1979) ({{ISBN|0-88830-052-2}})</ref>  In many instances, the "message" within the song was simplistic or banal.<ref name="canrock" /> Although only two of the five original members of Steppenwolf were born in Canada ([[Jerry Edmonton]] and [[Goldy McJohn]]), the band was among the biggest in Canadian music in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="canrock" /> German born frontman, John Kay, would later become a [[Canadian citizen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steppenwolf.com/s/w/bio.html |title=JOHN KAY & STEPPENWOLF |work=www.steppenwolf.com |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201084847/http://www.steppenwolf.com/s/w/bio.html |archive-date=2010-02-01 }}</ref> and was the only member of Steppenwolf to be inducted into the [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]]<ref name="Music Hall">{{cite web|title=Canadian Music Hall of Fame inductees|work=The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|url=http://www.carasonline.ca/HOF_past.php|access-date=2007-08-18|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429181646/http://www.carasonline.ca/HOF_past.php|archive-date=2012-04-29}} Requires running a search for Artist</ref> and [[Canada's Walk of Fame]].<ref name="Walkfame">{{cite web|title=Canada's Walk of Fame inductees |work=canadaswalkoffame.com |url=http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713063006/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist |archive-date=2008-07-13 }} Requires running a search for Artist or year</ref> Steppenwolf is most famous for the songs "[[Born to Be Wild]]", "[[Magic Carpet Ride (Steppenwolf song)|Magic Carpet Ride]]" and "[[The Pusher]]". "Born to be Wild" is the group's biggest hit, making it to No.&nbsp;2 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="billboard" /> in 1968, becoming one of the [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll|500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]<ref>{{cite web|title=500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll |url=http://www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs |work=Rockhall.com |access-date=2007-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809183054/http://www.rockhall.com/exhibithighlights/500-songs |archive-date=2007-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees |work=rockhall.com |url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/ |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117041746/http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/ |archive-date=2010-01-17 }}</ref>  and becoming one of [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]].<ref>{{cite web | title=The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|work= rollingstone.com|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815105453/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2006 |access-date=2007-08-18}}</ref> In 1969, drummer [[Corky Laing]], from Montreal, joined pioneering American hard rock band [[Mountain (band)|Mountain]]. Another one of the most prominent players of the late 1960s and early 1970s rock scene was [[Neil Young]],<ref name="albums">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/globaltv/globalshows/et_story.html?id=981a7cd4-4a31-4c0a-a024-0ffd50445df4 |title=Neil Young, Joni Mitchell top best 100 Canadian albums|last=Harrison|first=Tom|date=18 October 2007|work=canada.com|publisher=[[Canwest News Service]]|access-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071022031415/http://www.canada.com/globaltv/globalshows/et_story.html?id=981a7cd4-4a31-4c0a-a024-0ffd50445df4 |archive-date = 2007-10-22}}</ref> who was a member of the folk rock band  [[Buffalo Springfield]], before joining  [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]. Young also recorded music with [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]] throughout his solo career.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock and Roll in the 1960s|work=Southern Methodist University|url=http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/change-music%2060s.html|access-date=2008-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025023824/http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/change-music%2060s.html|archive-date=2008-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song "[[Ohio (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song)|Ohio]]", written by Neil Young<ref>{{cite book |title=Shakey |last=McDonough |first=Jimmy |year=2002 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |isbn=0-679-75096-7 |pages=345 }}</ref> and recorded with CSNY, was in response to political events of the time and has since become an America social icon of the period.<ref>{{cite book |title=  The American counterculture took CSNY as its own after the song "Ohio", giving the four a status as leaders and spokesmen.|last=McDonough |first=Jimmy |year=2002 |publisher=Anchor Books |location=New York |isbn=0-679-75096-7 |pages=335 }}</ref>  "Ohio" was written about the [[Kent State shootings|death of four students]] at [[Kent State University]]. The students were shot by [[Ohio National Guard]]smen during an [[anti-war protest]] on the campus in May 1970.<ref>Farber, David. Chicago '68. Chicago:  [[University of Chicago Press]], 1988. pp. 3–28</ref>

===1970s===
With the introduction of the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]]'s (CRTC) broadcast regulations in 1970, the Canadian recording industry made rock a major focus of its activity.<ref name="Act">{{cite web|url=http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/august/appendix1.html|title=Highlights in the Evolution of Canadian Content Regulations|publisher=The Fraser Institute|access-date=2009-07-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201111139/http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/forum/1998/august/appendix1.html|archive-date=2008-12-01}}</ref> In 1971, the [[Canadian content]] law was passed<ref name="Canadian Rock Music Explodes" /> ensuring Canadian artists weren't overrun by American media outlets.<ref name="Act" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/INFO_SHT/R1.htm| title=The MAPL System | access-date=2007-11-24 | author=Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission| publisher=[[National Campus and Community Radio Association]] }}</ref> The [[Juno Award]]s began as a reader poll conducted by Canadian music industry trade magazine RPM Weekly in December 1964.<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia" /> A similar balloting process continued until 1970 when the RPM Gold Leaf Awards, as they were then known, were changed to the Juno Awards.<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia" /> The first Juno Award ceremony was held in 1975 and played a role in addressing the concern about Canadian content.<ref name="Juno Awards at The Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004198 |title=Juno Awards |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |author=McLean, Steve |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210040933/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004198 |archive-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref> This led to increased production and with the international popularity of The Guess Who and Neil Young at the end of the 1960s, opened markets outside Canada to the country's musicians.<ref name="heart" /> Success abroad usually ensured success in Canada. The early 1970s were a golden age for Canadian music.<ref name="heart" /><ref name="Canadian Rock Music Explodes">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050702074218/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010349 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 2, 2005 |title= Canadian Rock Music Explodes |work= Article Maclean's Magazine |publisher=Historica Foundation of Canada |date=27 March 1995|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> Many performers from the late 1960s came to the forefront in the following years, among them [[The Bells (group)|The Bells]] and [[Andy Kim (singer)|Andy Kim]] from Montreal, [[Chilliwack (band)|Chilliwack]] from [[Vancouver]], [[Five Man Electrical Band]] from [[Ottawa]], [[Lighthouse (band)|Lighthouse]] from Toronto, [[Wednesday (Canadian band)|Wednesday]] from Oshawa, and [[The Stampeders]] from [[Calgary]].<ref name="canrock" />
[[File:Rush-in-concert.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Rush (band)|Rush]] in concert in [[Milan]], Italy, 2004|alt=Color photo of 3 musicians on a stage, in the foreground, one man is holding a guitar, while the other is holding a bass guitar, and in the background a man playing drums.]]
With the introduction in the mid-1970s period of rock music on [[FM broadcasting|FM]] radio stations, where it was common practice to program extended performances, musicians were no longer limited to songs of three minutes' duration as dictated by AM stations.<ref>{{cite journal
| first = E. H.
| last = Armstrong
| title = A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation
| journal = Proceedings of the IRE
| volume = 24
| issue = 5
| pages = 689–740
| publisher = IRE
| date= May 1936
| doi = 10.1109/JRPROC.1936.227383| s2cid = 43628076
}}</ref> The still nascent Canadian music industry had little independent music media and a limited distribution infrastructure.<ref name=havenot>Michael Barclay, Ian A. D. Jack and Jason Schneider, ''[[Have Not Been the Same: The Can-Rock Renaissance 1985–1995]]''. [[ECW Press]]. {{ISBN|978-1-55022-992-9}}.</ref> Two internationally renowned bands to arise from this industry were [[Bachman–Turner Overdrive]] and [[Rush (band)|Rush]], both featuring acclaimed managers. Bachman–Turner Overdrive's manager, [[Bruce Allen (manager)|Bruce Allen]], went on to produce [[Loverboy]] and eventually manage such major pop stars as [[Bryan Adams]] and Anne Murray.<ref name="gold" /> [[Randy Bachman]] (formerly of The Guess Who) released his new band's first album under the name [[Bachman–Turner Overdrive (1973 album)|Bachman–Turner Overdrive]] in spring 1973, which won two Juno Awards despite being largely ignored in the US. Their second album ''[[Bachman–Turner Overdrive II]]'' hit No.&nbsp;4 in the U.S.<ref name="billboard" /> BTO II was certified gold in eight countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.superseventies.com/sw_youaintseennothinyet.html |title=You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet |work=Super Seventies RockSite! |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> It also yielded their best-remembered and most enduring single, "[[Takin' Care of Business (song)|Takin' Care of Business]]", written by Randy Bachman.<ref name="billboard" /> 1974's album ''[[Not Fragile]]'' went straight to the top of the charts, and the single "[[You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet (Bachman–Turner Overdrive song)|You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet]]" hit No.&nbsp;1 in the U.S.<ref name="billboard" /> and No.&nbsp;2 in the UK.<ref name="billboard" /> One of the largest exports to date is Rush, that boasts 25 [[music recording sales certification|gold records]] and 14 platinum (3 multi-platinum) records,<ref>{{cite web|title=RIAA gold and platinum certifications search |work=riaa.com |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archive-date=2007-06-26 }}</ref> making them one of the best-selling rock bands in history by 2005.<ref>[https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt RIAA Website Top Selling Artists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701163039/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |date=July 1, 2007 }}. Retrieved 2010-02-10.</ref> Rush currently place third behind [[The Beatles]] and [[The Rolling Stones]] for the most consecutive gold and platinum albums by a rock band.<ref name="RIAA" /><ref>[http://www.neosoul.com/riaa/faq.html Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Albums 1955–1996 and subsequent RIAA certifications]. Retrieved 2010-02-10.</ref>

[[File:Gordon Lightfoot.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gordon Lightfoot]] at [[Massey Hall]] 2008]]

Following the hard rock scene<ref>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d217|pure_url=yes}} |title=Heavy Hard Rock on Allmusic "Hard rock really came into its own at the dawn of the '70s" |work=allmusic (AMG Macrovision Corporation) |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> a small wave of acts emerged from all across Canada, including [[Moxy (band)|Moxy]], [[A Foot in Coldwater]] and [[Triumph (band)|Triumph]] from Toronto, [[Trooper (band)|Trooper]] from Vancouver, and [[April Wine]] from [[Halifax, Nova Scotia (former city)|Halifax]]. April Wine experienced massive success in [[Canada]] from the early-1970s to the mid-1980s, but also had some success in [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]], though many music critics have felt their music has been overshadowed by more successful bands.<ref name="Axes" /> Canadian cultural critics have noted that the late 1970s were a lesser era for Canadian music.<ref name="gold" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indierockmemories.com/PlayingCanadian.html |title=PlayingCanadian the birth, near-death, and renaissance of popular Canadian music, 1950–present |work=indierockmemories.com |access-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325033257/http://indierockmemories.com/PlayingCanadian.html |archive-date=2010-03-25 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Many of the acts who had defined the earlier half of the decade were no longer recording, and the new artists emerging in this era simply didn't seem to be able to capture the Canadian pop ''[[zeitgeist]]'' in the same way.<ref name="canrock" >Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop and folk music by Rick Jackson, (Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, 1994) ({{ISBN|1-55082-107-5}})</ref> Nevertheless, a number of established Canadian acts, including Rush, Bachman–Turner Overdrive, Frank Marino & Mahogany Rush, Bruce Cockburn, April Wine, [[Pat Travers]], [[FM (Canadian band)|FM]], and Neil Young, remained influential and recorded some of their most popular material of all during this period, and former "The Guess Who" lead singer [[Burton Cummings]] emerged as a popular solo artist in [[soft rock]].<ref name="CHUM" /><ref name="RPM" /> Also notable is folk rocker Gordon Lightfoot's "[[The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald|The Wreck of the ''Edmund Fitzgerald'']]", a song written in commemoration of the sinking of the bulk carrier [[SS Edmund Fitzgerald|SS ''Edmund Fitzgerald'']] on [[Lake Superior]] on 10 November 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corfid.com/gl/wreck.htm |title=The Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald |work=Marine Publishing Co., Inc. |access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> The incident is the most famous disaster in the history of [[Great Lakes]] shipping.<ref name="timeline">McCall, Timothy. [http://www.ssefo.com/info/timeline.html "Timeline of Events for the Edmund Fitzgerald"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803075817/http://www.ssefo.com/info/timeline.html |date=2009-08-03 }}. ''S.S. Edmund Fitzgerald Online''. n.d. Retrieved 7 October 2006.</ref> The single reached #2 on the Billboard pop charts in November 1976, making it Lightfoot's second most successful (in terms of chart position) single, with "[[Sundown (Gordon Lightfoot song)|Sundown]]" having reached number one in 1974.<ref name="billboard" /> Another of this period's most influential and popular rock bands, [[Heart (band)|Heart]], resulted from the collaboration of two sisters from [[Seattle]] with a supporting band from Vancouver.<ref>Kelly, Maura [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200708/?read=interview_wilson ''Interview with Nancy Wilson''], The Believer, August 2007. Retrieved 2008-10-01.</ref> Some popular francophone bands of the time included the rock group [[Beau Dommage]] from Montreal led by [[Michel Rivard (musician)|Michel Rivard]] and the progressive rock group [[Harmonium (band)|Harmonium]] also of Montreal. Artists like [[The Kings]], [[Prism (band)|Prism]], [[Crowbar (Canadian band)|Crowbar]], [[Nick Gilder]], [[Ian Thomas (Canadian musician)|Ian Thomas]], [[Goddo]], [[Harlequin (band)|Harlequin]], [[Mahogany Rush]], [[Moxy (band)|Moxy]], [[Streetheart (band)|Streetheart]], [[Max Webster]] and [[Ironhorse]] saw their greatest success during the late '70s period.<ref name="Axes" />

Many acts have had equally vital, if less remunerative careers outside the mainstream in [[punk rock]] and its derivations, generally distinguished by a tendency to extremes of one sort or another.<ref name="heart" /> Whether in instrumental intensity, lyric content, or performance style Canadian pop music evolved with the times, reflecting worldwide trends.<ref name="Axes" /> In the late 1970s, as punk rock, [[disco]], and the emerging [[New wave music|new wave]] ruled the landscape, Canadian groups such as [[D.O.A. (band)|D.O.A.]], [[The Viletones]], [[Forgotten Rebels|The Forgotten Rebels]], [[Rough Trade (band)|Rough Trade]], [[Diodes (band)|Diodes]], [[Teenage Head (band)|Teenage Head]], [[The Demics]], [[Art Bergmann|The Young Canadians]] and [[Subhumans (Canadian band)|Subhumans]] emerged and continued in the 1980s with popular bands like [[SNFU]], [[Dayglo Abortions]] and [[Nomeansno]].<ref name="canrock" /> Rough Trade were particularly notable for their 1980 hit "[[High School Confidential (Rough Trade song)|High School Confidential]]", one of the first explicitly lesbian-themed pop songs to crack the Top 40 anywhere in the world.<ref name="billboard" />

===1980s===
Things changed course in the 1980s, the changing fast-paced culture was accompanied by an explosion in youth culture. Until the mid-1960s, little attention was paid to rock by Canadian daily newspapers except as news or novelty. With the introduction during the 1970s of the "[[Music critic|rock critic]]", coverage began to rival that of any other music.<ref name="Arts" >''The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure?''
B. J. Moore-Gilbert 1994 Routledge {{ISBN|0-415-09906-4}}. Page 240</ref> The 1980s saw Canada support and promote many of its own talent in pursuit of true originality. Canadian rock generally had been discouraged by market forces before the 1980s, in particular the need to conform to the taste of a [[Canadians|Canadian]] audience that has had its standards and expectations formed by constant exposure to US and British acts for the prior three decades.<ref name="heart" >Heart of Gold: 30 years of Canadian pop music by Martin Melhuish, (Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1983) ({{ISBN|0887941109}})</ref> The popularity of [[Chilliwack (band)|Chilliwack]], for example, rose dramatically after the band turned from the experimental nature of its first few LPs to a mainstream pop style consistent with the US style. The band first hit the Top 10 charts in Canada with 1973s "Lonesome Mary",<ref name="CHUM" /> but are perhaps best remembered for three America hit songs from the 1980s "My Girl (Gone Gone Gone)", "I Believe" and "Whatcha Gonna Do".<ref name="billboard" /> Even though those three hits were their only popular singles in the US, the band has released over a dozen albums with [[Chilliwack (band)#Singles|23 Canadian hit singles]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chilliwack|title=Chilliwack|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2016-04-23}}</ref> [[Bill Henderson (Canadian singer)|Bill Henderson]], the founder of the band, was musical director for the Canadian edition of ''[[Sesame Street]]'' from 1989 to 1995. Henderson also acted as director of the Canadian Association of Recording Arts and Sciences ([[CARAS]]) and as president of the Songwriters Association of Canada ([[SOCAN]]).<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Bryan Adams Hamburg MG 0631 flickr.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[Bryan Adams]], Hamburg, Germany 2007|alt= A close up color photo of a man playing the guitar, wearing a black T-shirt .]]

Music videos assumed a major role in the promotion of  pop rock recordings in 1980s for US exposure. Videos produced many mainstream pop-rockers that saw huge success in and outside of Canada.<ref>Denisoff, R. Serge (1991) Inside MTV New Brunswick: Transaction publishers {{ISBN|0-88738-864-7}}</ref> Success in the larger US market remained the major goal of most, if not all, post-1970 Canadian rock acts; a goal in fact reached with some greater or lesser degree of consistency by several, among them Bryan Adams, [[Kim Mitchell]] former guitarist and vocalist of [[Max Webster]], [[Aldo Nova]], [[Loverboy]], [[Saga (band)|Saga]], [[k.d. lang]], [[Red Rider]], [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], [[Alannah Myles]], [[Lee Aaron]], [[Tom Cochrane]],  [[Honeymoon Suite]], [[Haywire (band)|Haywire]], [[Doug and the Slugs]], [[Payolas|Payola$]] and [[Glass Tiger]].<ref name="gold" /> As well, the era produced the country [[cowpunk]] of [[k.d. lang]].<ref name="billboard" /><ref name="RPM" /> Bryan Adams would emerge as Canada's [[superstar]] of the 80s<ref>{{cite web|title=GRAMMY Award WINNERS |work=grammy.com |url=http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/ |access-date=2007-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413125439/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/ |archive-date=2007-04-13 }}</ref> having been awarded the [[Order of Canada]],<ref>{{cite web | title=The Order of Canada member list| work=nndb.com|url=http://www.nndb.com/honors/490/000032394/|access-date=2006-11-26}}</ref> and the [[Order of British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|author=BC Internet Services |url=http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/1990/1990_BAdams.htm |title=O.B.C. Biography – Bryan Adams |publisher=Protocol.gov.bc.ca |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723060535/http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/1990/1990_BAdams.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2009 }}</ref> and inducted into [[Canada's Walk of Fame]] in 1998 for his contribution to popular music and his philanthropic work. Also notable is Loverboy who accumulated numerous hit songs in Canada<ref name="CHUM" />  and the United States, making four multi-platinum albums.<ref name="RIAA" /> The band's hit singles, particularly "[[Lovin' Every Minute of It (song)|Lovin' Every Minute of It]]" and "[[Working for the Weekend]]" have become hard rock staples, and are still heard on classic rock radio stations across the US and Canada. Loverboy received five Juno Awards, Canada's highest award for music, in one year, a record that still stands today.<ref name="RIAA" /> The band would later receive an additional three Juno Awards, bringing their total to eight, which at that time was most received by a single group or individual aside from Bryan Adams.<ref name="heart" />

[[Music video]]s became more and more important as a marketing tool for Canadian bands by the mid-1980s with the debut of [[MuchMusic]] in 1984 and [[MusiquePlus]] in 1986. Now both English and French Canadian musicians had outlets to promote their music through video in Canada.<ref>[http://www.muchmusic.com/aboutus/faq/#programming What is the first video that MuchMusic aired?] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111031013358/http://www.muchmusic.com/aboutus/faq/ |date=2011-10-31 }}. MuchMusic. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref>  The networks were not just an opportunity for artists to get their videos played—the networks created [[VideoFACT]], a fund to help emerging artists ''produce'' their videos.
[[New wave music|New wave]], [[glam rock]] and heavy metal had become the most popular style of rock in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d655|pure_url=yes}} |title=Heavy Metal on Allmusic "Metal enjoyed its greatest presence on the charts during the '80s, thanks to a raft of glammed-up pop-metal bands..." |work=allmusic (AMG Macrovision Corporation)|access-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref> Acts such as [[Platinum Blonde (band)|Platinum Blonde]], [[Helix (band)|Helix]], [[Toronto (band)|Toronto]], [[Parachute Club (band)|Parachute Club]], [[The Box (band)|The Box]], [[Strange Advance]], [[Spoons (band)|Spoons]], [[Trans-X]], [[Rational Youth]], [[Men Without Hats]], [[Norman Iceberg]], [[Images in Vogue]], [[Headpins]], [[Sheriff (band)|Sheriff]], [[Frozen Ghost]], [[Teenage Head (band)|Teenage Head]], [[Idle Eyes]], [[Eight Seconds]], [[The Northern Pikes]], [[Brighton Rock (band)|Brighton Rock]]  and [[Martha and the Muffins]] were along for the new  Canadian music video ride.<ref name="heart" /> Although many of them, in fact, were only "one-hit wonders".

[[File:Sarah McLachlan 1993 Calyoquot.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sarah McLachlan]] at a 1993 benefit for [[Clayoquot Sound]]]]

In the late 1980s, the Canadian recording industry continued to produce popular acts such as  [[Blue Rodeo]]. [[Alternative rock]] also emerged as an influential genre, with independent artists such as [[The Tragically Hip]], [[54-40 (band)|54-40]], [[Sarah McLachlan]], [[Spirit of the West]], [[The Waltons (Canadian band)|The Waltons]], [[Cowboy Junkies]], [[The Pursuit of Happiness (band)|The Pursuit of Happiness]], and [[The Grapes of Wrath (band)|The Grapes of Wrath]] all gaining their first widespread attention during this time.<ref name="RPM" /><ref name="Arts" /> Also a new wave of Canadian [[thrash metal]] bands began to rise up and earned a dedicated following like  [[Anvil (band)|Anvil]], [[Razor (band)|Razor]], [[Voivod (band)|Voivod]], [[Sacrifice (band)|Sacrifice]], [[Sword (band)|Sword]], [[Exciter (band)|Exciter]] and [[Annihilator (band)|Annihilator]], Canadian metal's biggest selling artist, with sales of close to 2 million units worldwide, with [[industrial music|industrial]] bands [[Skinny Puppy]] and [[Front Line Assembly]] in the mix, as well as black/death metal band [[Blasphemy (band)|Blasphemy]].

Canada's most successful rock artists by the late 1980s worked in a relatively generic, mainstream pop rock style of the day. Some from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, may be ascribed to more specific substyles like [[Colin James]],  [[David Wilcox (Canadian musician)|David Wilcox]] and [[Jeff Healey]] to blues-rock (see [[Canadian blues]]). With  [[Stompin' Tom Connors]], [[Great Big Sea]] and [[Ashley MacIsaac]] to folk rock, that saw the start for both styles, a very large following all across Canada.<ref name="Arts" /><ref>[http://stonyplainrecords.com/Web/about_us.asp Stony Plain Records: Canada's Roots, Rock, Country, Folk & Blues Label] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307032529/http://www.stonyplainrecords.com/Web/about_us.asp |date=2009-03-07 }}. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> Most notable would be Stompin' Tom Connors who typically wrote about Canadian lore and history, some of Connors' better-known songs include [[Big Joe Mufferaw]], [[Black Donnellys|The Black Donnellys]], [[Reesor Siding Strike of 1963|Reesor Crossing Tragedy]], [[Sudbury Saturday Night]] and [[The Hockey Song]] (aka "The Good Old Hockey Game"), that is frequently played over sound systems at [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) games in both Canada and the United States.<ref>Connors, Stompin' Tom (1995). Stompin' Tom – Before the Fame. Toronto: Viking Penguin. p. 490. {{ISBN|0-670-86487-0}}.</ref>

===1990s===
[[File:BarenakedFoursome.jpg|left|thumb|[[Barenaked Ladies]] at Massey Hall 2008.]]
At the start of the 1990s, Canadian rock took a distinctive turn. Just as artists from the 1970s competed with disco, artists from the 1990s were competing with [[Canadian hip hop]] and American hip hop on the Video and Radio charts.<ref>Alan Light; et al. (October 1999). The Vibe History of Hip Hop. Three Rivers Press. pp. 432. ({{ISBN|0-609-80503-7}})</ref>  Glam metal and  [[arena rock]] had lost its position as Hip hop, alternative rock and  [[grunge]] became the new sound of the next generation. Canadian publications devoted to Canadian rock and pop music, either exclusively or in tandem with more general editorial content directed to young readers, was expanding rapidly in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/bitstream/1892/4011/1/etd2656.pdf |title=WRITERS-IN-RESIDENCE IN CANADA, 1965-2000 |work=Earle, Nancy Elizabeth LeDrew Pg. 171(Thesis (Ph.D.) - Department of English-[[Simon Fraser University]])|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> It was a decade of incredible nationalism, at least as far as English-Canadian music was concerned.<ref>The Canadian encyclopedia By James H. Marsh Edition: 2 - Item notes: v. 3 1988 page 273 ({{ISBN|0-7710-2099-6}})</ref> The 1971 CRTC rules (25% Canadian content on Canadian radio, increased to 30% in the 1980s)<ref name="Act" /> finally came into full effect and by the end of the decade, radio stations would have to play 35% Canadian content.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A home-grown philosophy of Canadian content |work=by Charles Gordon The Ottawa Citizen, May 7, 1998 |url=http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/sovereignty_identity/philosophy_content.cfm |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20091029110428/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/resources/articles/sovereignty_identity/philosophy_content.cfm |archive-date=October 29, 2009 }}</ref> This led to an explosion of Canadian bands ruling the Canadian airwaves unlike any era before.<ref name="gold" />  This includes  [[The Headstones]], [[The Tea Party (band)|The Tea Party]], [[Matthew Good Band]],  [[Moist (Canadian band)|Moist]], [[Sloan (band)|Sloan]], [[The Gandharvas]], [[Change of Heart (band)|Change of Heart]], [[Skydiggers]], [[Eric's Trip]], [[Limblifter]], [[Salmonblaster]], supergarage, The Misunderstood, [[Shyne Factory]], [[Doughboys (Canadian band)|Doughboys]], [[Crash Test Dummies]], [[The Lowest of the Low]], [[13 Engines]], [[Odds (band)|Odds]], [[I Mother Earth]], [[Big Sugar (band)|Big Sugar]], [[Glueleg]], [[Age of Electric]], [[Rymes with Orange]], [[Mudgirl (band)|Mudgirl]], [[Strapping Young Lad]], [[Bif Naked]], [[Rheostatics]], [[The Watchmen (band)|The Watchmen]], [[Moxy Früvous]], [[Rusty (band)|Rusty]], [[Our Lady Peace]], [[The Philosopher Kings]], [[Junkhouse]], [[Wide Mouth Mason]], [[Pure (Canadian band)|Pure]], [[Thrush Hermit]], [[cub (band)|cub]], [[The Killjoys (Canadian band)|The Killjoys]], [[Sandbox (band)|Sandbox]], [[Treble Charger]], [[Big Wreck]], [[The Weakerthans]], [[Propagandhi]] and [[The Planet Smashers]]. Although many of them have not been overly successful in the United States, they remain extremely popular in Canada having much more vitality than their contemporaries from other countries.<ref>The Top 100 Canadian Albums by Bob Mersereau, (Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions, 2007) ({{ISBN|978-0-86492-500-8}})</ref>

[[File:Tragically Hip 2007.jpg|right|thumb|[[The Tragically Hip]] performing in Aspen, Colorado, United States, 2007|alt=Three man on stage playing three different guitars.]]

[[The Barenaked Ladies]] brought a spotlight on to the Canadian indie market when their album sales began to steamroll based simply on word of mouth and their live shows. ''[[The Yellow Tape]]'', released in 1991, became the first indie release by any band to achieve platinum status (100,000 copies) in Canada.<ref name="Certifcations" /> The album ''[[Stunt (album)|Stunt]]'' became their greatest success, buoyed by "[[One Week (song)|One Week]]", which coincidentally spent ''one week'' at the number one spot on the storied Billboard Hot 100.<ref name="billboard" />  The Tragically Hip are also noteworthy; the band had signed a long-term record deal with [[Music Corporation of America|MCA]] in 1987, but were largely unrecognized until the release of ''[[Up to Here]]'' in 1989. The Hip went on to establish themselves as one of the most influential bands in Canada.<ref name="albums" /> They never had a major breakthrough in the United States, but their Canadian fan base alone was enough to sustain a long and healthy career featuring continuing stadium tours. The Hip achieved a record for most number one debuts on the Canadian Albums Chart with a total of eight albums.<ref name="Certifcations" /> They were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, Canada's Walk of Fame,<ref>[http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist Canada's Walk of Fame: The Tragically Hip], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713063006/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inducteelist |date=2008-07-13 }}. Retrieved 2010-02-10.</ref> [[Royal Conservatory of Music (Toronto)|Royal Conservatory of Music]], have won over a dozen Juno Awards from more than thirty nominations,<ref>{{cite web |url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=the tragically hip|chart=all}}|work=billboard.com|title=Artist Chart History - The Tragically Hip|access-date=2010-02-10}}</ref> [[Our Lady Peace]], from Toronto were one of the most successful Canadian rock groups of the 1990s; their 1997 effort ''[[Clumsy (Our Lady Peace album)|Clumsy]]'' was certified Diamond in Canada and going Platinum in the U.S., which was an uncommon feat for Canadian rock groups at that time.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/freshattwentythe0000font|url-access=registration|title=Fresh at Twenty: The Oral History of Mint Records|last=Fontana|first=Kaitlin|date=2011-01-01|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=9781770900523|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/321107/our-lady-peace/biography|title=Our Lady Peace - Biography {{!}} Billboard|website=www.billboard.com|access-date=2016-04-23|archive-date=2016-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415012436/http://www.billboard.com/artist/321107/our-lady-peace/biography|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://buffalo.com/2014/08/14/news/music/tuned-in-our-lady-peace-beach-blues-sonder/|title=Tuned in: Our Lady Peace, beach blues, Sonder|website=Gusto|access-date=2016-04-23}}</ref>

In 1996, VideoFACT  launched PromoFACT, a funding program to help new artists produce electronic press kits and [[websites]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.videofact.ca/home/background |title=A Foundation To Assist Canadian Talent, was created in 1984 |work=VIDEOFACT AND PROMOFACT |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227092152/http://www.videofact.ca/home/background |archive-date=2010-02-27 }}</ref> This helped [[Indie rock]], that would see a new dominant phase in the mid-1990s just as rock and roll was starting to be a predominant force in the Canadian charts once again. Indie rock was never supposed to be mainstream, but this is the path it took by the end of the decade.<ref name="gold" />  Musically, the late 1990s saw the rock genres of the early 1990s completely grow apart rather than fuse. Each of the genres multiplied and evolved in a fashion largely independent of the others. Perhaps the most dramatic change in lifestyle affected the girls. They were the daughters of the women who had fought for emancipation and equality in the 1960s.<ref>Hand Me Down World: the Canadian pop-rock paradox by Greg Potter, (Toronto: Macmillan, 1999) ({{ISBN|0-7715-7642-0}})</ref>

[[File:Alanis Morissette at Espacio Movistar 2.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[Alanis Morissette]], in the Espacio Movistar, Barcelona, 2008.]]

Canadian women by the end of the decade enjoyed greater international commercial success than ever before in the popular music field.<ref>Women Musicians in Canada "on the record", ''the Music Division of the National Library of Canada'' / by C. Gillard. Ottawa: NLC, 1995. [6] leaves. (ML136 .O8G54 1995t)</ref> As Alannah Myles, [[Lisa Dalbello]] and Lee Aaron had a decade earlier, four women in particular rose out of the 1990s, setting new pinnacles of success in terms financial, critical, and in their immediate and strong influences on their respective genres: [[Sarah McLachlan]],<ref name="gg">{{cite web|url=http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/obc_alphabetical.htm |title=Honours (Sarah McLachlan, O.C., O.B.C.) |access-date=2007-04-22 |work=Governor General of Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101101817/http://www.protocol.gov.bc.ca/protocol/prgs/obc/obc_alphabetical.htm |archive-date=2007-01-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  [[Céline Dion]],<ref name=Brit>Britannica.com. Céline Dion''[http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9311022 Céline Dion]''. 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> [[Alanis Morissette]]<ref name="Alanis makes Brazil gaffe in Peru">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3136342.stm |title=Alanis makes Brazil gaffe in Peru |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=2003-09-24 | access-date=2010-01-02}}</ref> and [[Shania Twain]].<ref>Twain, Shania [http://www.shaniatwain.com/news-item.asp?item=newsItem-070522.asp News] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422020602/http://www.shaniatwain.com/news-item.asp?item=newsItem-070522.asp |date=2009-04-22 }}. Shania: The Official Site. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> Alanis Morissette kicked off another revolution in Canadian music, launching an era in which Canadian women like [[Avril Lavigne]] would rule the pop charts worldwide.<ref name="Kohls">{{cite web|url=http://www.kohlscorporation.com/PressRoom/PDFs/2008/AbbeyDawnAnnouncementRelease.pdf |title=Kohl's Partners with Rocker Avril Lavigne for New Juniors' Lifestyle Brand to Launch July 2008 |publisher=Kohlscorporation.com |access-date=2009-03-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930041101/http://www.kohlscorporation.com/PressRoom/PDFs/2008/AbbeyDawnAnnouncementRelease.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alanis-morissette-sweet-irony-560617.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417144111/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alanis-morissette-sweet-irony-560617.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 17, 2011|title=Alanis Morissette: Sweet irony |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2004-04-24 | location=London | first=Nick | last=Duerden | access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref> Quebec-born singer Celine Dion is the best-selling Canadian artist of all time;<ref>"[http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4599216-1.html Dion Named All-time Best-selling Canadian Act]". (2000-1-06). Allbusiness. Retrieved 2009-10-12.</ref><ref>Learn, Josh "[http://media.www.brockpress.com/media/storage/paper384/news/2009/03/10/ArtsEntertainment/High-Fidelity.Top.Selling.Canadian.Artists-3666963.shtml High Fidelity: Top Selling Canadian Artists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015070747/http://media.www.brockpress.com/media/storage/paper384/news/2009/03/10/ArtsEntertainment/High-Fidelity.Top.Selling.Canadian.Artists-3666963.shtml |date=October 15, 2009 }}". ''The Brock Press''. Retrieved 2009-10-12.</ref> when her 1997 album ''[[Let's Talk About Love]]'' was released in Canada, it broke the record for the highest opening weekly sales for any album, selling 230,212 copies, a record which still stands.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&q=Let%27s%20Talk%20About%20Love |title=Billboard 26 Dic 1998 - 2 Ene 1999|publisher=Billboard music charts|format= Digitized online by Google Books|year=2009|access-date=2010-01-07}}</ref> Alanis Morissette, along with Shania Twain, are the only Canadian artists, male or female to have sold two million units in Canada, receiving the [[List of diamond-certified albums in Canada|Double diamond award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/cert.php |title=Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Certification Definitions |publisher=Cria.ca |date=2008-05-01 |access-date=2009-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091223/http://www.cria.ca/cert.php |archive-date=2009-11-24 }}</ref> Other female Canadian musicians have achieved international success in the highly competitive world of popular music, including Joni Mitchell, [[Ginette Reno]], [[Diane Dufresne]], [[Diana Krall]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Loreena McKennitt]], [[Amanda Marshall]], [[Holly Cole]], [[Chantal Kreviazuk]], [[Diane Tell]], [[Jann Arden]], [[Deborah Cox]], [[Sarah Harmer]], [[Susan Aglukark]], [[Melissa Auf der Maur]], [[Emily Haines]], [[Kittie]], [[Bif Naked]], [[Nelly Furtado]], [[Colleen Rennison]] and [[Feist (singer)|Feist]].<ref name="gold" />

===2000s===
[[File:Avril Lavigne in Burnaby, 2004.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Avril Lavigne in [[Burnaby]] during her promotional tour for ''[[Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album)|Under My Skin]]'' in 2004]]
The early first decade of the 21st century was dominated by [[post-grunge]] and continued to see the expansion of alternative rock, pop-punk, hard rock, and indie rock both artistically and commercially. The main musical phenomenon was the emergence of a new generation of singer songwriters that were the direct consequence of the previous generation's intellectual ambitions. The biggest factor that has contributed to the resurgence of rock music in the first decade of the 21st century is the rise of paid [[Music download|digital downloads]].<ref>[http://www.ibisworld.com/pressrelease/pressrelease.aspx?prid=127: June 2008, The Tables Have Turned: Rock Stars – Not Record Labels – Cashing In On Digital Revolution], ''IBISWorld''. Retrieved 2010-02-10.</ref> The vast majority of songs bought on paid download sites are singles bought from full albums; songs that are bought on a song-by-song basis off artist's albums are considered sales of singles, even though they have no official single for purchase. The boom of [[independent music]] at the turn of the millennium changed the dynamics of the music industry. At about the same time, the [[CD]] (cheap to manufacture) replaced the [[vinyl album]] and [[Compact Cassette|cassette tapes]] (expensive to manufacture).<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-10705268.html End of track. (the vinyl record is meeting its demise in music recording industry) The Economist (US) {{!}} May 11, 1991]. Retrieved 2010-02-10.</ref> Shortly thereafter, the [[Internet]] allowed musicians to directly distribute their music, thus bypassing the selection of the old-fashioned "[[record label]]".<ref name=Millard>Millard, Andre, [https://archive.org/details/americaonrecordh0000mill/page/353 <!-- quote=record playing time. --> America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound]. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1995, {{ISBN|0-521-47556-2}}. [[Google Books]]. Retrieved 2010-02-10</ref> Canada's music industry has suffered as a result of the challenging times for the better part of the last decade. Canada joined 50 other nations in 2008 to update its [[Copyright Act of Canada|Copyright Act]], and in doing so aimed to allow artists and others to seek compensation for their work, no matter how it is distributed.<ref name="President">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/about.php |work=Canadian Recording Industry Association |title=(CRIA)President's Message |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102246/http://cria.ca/about.php |archive-date=2009-06-03 }}</ref> In 2010 Canada introduced new copyright legislation.<ref name=digital/> The amended law  makes hacking  digital locks illegal, but enshrine into law the ability of purchasers to record  and copy music from a CD to portable devices.<ref name=digital>{{cite web|title=Canada announces new copyright law for digital age |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iI9pXzLLcyvoJCMSwKgUvHEbH3HA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604022729/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iI9pXzLLcyvoJCMSwKgUvHEbH3HA |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 4, 2010 |year=2010|access-date=2010-06-24}}</ref>
 
The wide and diverse sound in 21st century rock has resulted in such acts as [[The Glorious Sons]], [[Mother Mother]], [[Arkells]], [[Devin Townsend]], [[Strapping Young Lad]], [[Billy Talent]], [[Silverstein (band)|Silverstein]], [[Thornley (band)|Thornley]], [[Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)|Sam Roberts]], [[Joel Plaskett]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Cleopatrick]], [[Finger Eleven]], [[Simple Plan]], [[Marianas Trench (band)|Marianas Trench]], [[Gob (band)|Gob]], [[Hot Hot Heat]], [[Immaculate Machine]], [[The New Pornographers]], [[Sum 41]], [[Evans Blue]], [[Parabelle]], [[Three Days Grace]], [[The Trews]], [[Matt Mays & El Torpedo]], [[Alexisonfire]], [[Theory of a Deadman]], [[Protest the Hero]], [[Default (band)|Default]], [[Bedouin Soundclash]], [[Neverending White Lights]], [[Hedley (band)|Hedley]], [[Tokyo Police Club]], [[Death from Above 1979]], [[Age of Daze]], [[Metric (band)|Metric]], [[Broken Social Scene]], [[Monster Truck (band)|Monster Truck]], [[The Sheepdogs]], [[Walk Off the Earth]], [[City and Colour]],  [[No Sinner]], [[Priestess (band)|Priestess]] and [[PUP (band)|PUP]].

[[File:Nickelbackwembleyarena.jpg|left|thumb|[[Nickelback]]  at [[Wembley Stadium]], London, 2008|alt=A color photo of four band members on stage, in the foreground the audience can be seen.]]

Arguably the most successful Canadian group of the decade was [[Nickelback]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100628006698/en/Nickelback-Tapulous-Players-Find-Rockstar |title=Nickelback & Tapulous Help Players Find Their Inner Rockstar |access-date=1 April 2011 |date=28 June 2011 |publisher=BusinessWire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003001022/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100628006698/en/Nickelback-Tapulous-Players-Find-Rockstar |archive-date=3 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The album ''[[Silver Side Up]]'' sold over six million copies (6× Platinum) in the United States<ref name="RIAA" /> and 800,000 copies (8× Platinum) in Canada.<ref name="Certifcations" /> The band has won multiple Juno Awards, an [[American Music Award]],<ref>{{cite web | title= AMERICAN MUSIC AWARDS Recipients for 2006| work=Ticket Master |url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/Meet/MoviePremierePressReleases/AmericanMusicAwardsNominees2006.shtml|access-date=2007-08-18}}</ref> and a [[MTV Video Music Award]]<ref>{{cite web | title= MTV Video Music Award Recipients| work=www.mtv.com|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/hosts.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828184514/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/hosts.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 28, 2008|access-date=2007-08-18}}</ref>  Their hit single "[[How You Remind Me]]" reached the top on the Canadian Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time, making them the second Canadian band to accomplish this, the first being The Guess Who with "American Woman" in 1970.<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p410589/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Nickelback Biography|work=Allmusic|access-date=2006-11-26}}</ref> [[Nickelback]] has also sold over 50 million albums worldwide, making them the only Canadian rock band to achieve this.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radio-info.com/programming/25-plus/in-praise-of-nickelback |title=Programming : 25 Plus : In Praise of Nickelback &#124; Radio-Info.com |access-date=2012-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624075846/http://www.radio-info.com/programming/25-plus/in-praise-of-nickelback |archive-date=2012-06-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Also very notable is Avril Lavigne, who is  one of the top-selling artists releasing albums in the United States, with over 10.25 million copies certified by the Recording Industry Association of America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&table=tblTopArt&action=|title=Top Selling Artists|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|access-date=2009-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827163822/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&table=tblTopArt&action=|archive-date=2013-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The end of the decade was notable for a surprising number of ambitious indie rock albums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2974 |title=The 100 Greatest Indie Rock Albums Ever |author1=Jon Dolan |author2=Josh Eells |author3=Will Hermes |author4=Jonah Weiner |author5=Douglas Wolk |date=December 2007 |work=[[Blender Magazine|Blender]] |access-date=2010-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915000715/http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?ID=2974 |archive-date=2008-09-15 }}</ref> The Canadian indie rock scene has been the focus of national and international attention in many publications, such as ''[[Spin magazine|Spin]]'', ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', ''[[Under the Radar (magazine)|Under the Radar]]'', as well the Canadian edition of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine. It can be difficult for an indie group to break through in Canada as there is no nationwide rock station. On the other hand, although rock bands may get some exposure from outlets such as MuchMusic and [[CBC Radio 3]], bands must largely rely on building an audience city by city, as each commercial radio station makes its playlist decisions independently. Similarly, it is more difficult to ''travel'' nationwide as well due to the vast size, creating regional communities that revolve around major music scenes in cities such as Winnipeg, Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal or Halifax, each with a handful of offshoot suburban town scenes that produce the next wave of fresh bands. Most notable is [[Arcade Fire]], who have won numerous awards, including the 2011 [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Grammy for Album of the Year]], the 2011 [[Juno Award for Album of the Year]], and the 2011 [[Brit Award]] for Best International Album for their third studio album, ''[[The Suburbs (Arcade Fire album)|The Suburbs]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/13/AR2011021303447.html?hpid=top |title=Esperanza Spalding, Arcade Fire top a night of upsets at 2011 Grammys |first=Chris |last=Richards |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2011-02-14}}</ref>

==French==
{{Main|Music of Quebec}}
[[File:Celine Dion Live 2017.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Céline Dion performing in [[Birmingham]], England in 2017]]
In the 1960s, some [[French Canadians]] of Quebec were beginning to self-identify as ''Québécois'' (Quebecers). [See the [[Quiet Revolution]].] The tensions between Quebec and English Canada have, at times, played out on Quebec's [[French-Canadian music|music scene]] as well.<ref>ENCYCLOPEDIE DE LA MUSIQUE AU CANADA. 2. ed. Saint Laurent, PQ : Fides, 1993. 3 vols. ( ML106 .C3 E5214 1993)</ref> For example, in 1991, [[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]] won the [[Felix Award|Félix]] award for Best Anglophone Artist for her English-language debut, ''Unison'', but she refused the award as she did not view herself as an Anglophone artist. After the controversy caused by this incident, Dion has been careful not to clearly declare herself as either [[Federalism in Quebec|federalist]] or [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignist]].

Recent Quebec performers include [[Richard Desjardins]], [[Daniel Boucher (musician)|Daniel Boucher]], [[Marie-Chantal Toupin]], [[Éric Lapointe (singer)|Éric Lapointe]], [[Vilain Pingouin]], [[Mes Aïeux]], [[Les Trois Accords]], [[Kaïn]], [[Dumas (singer)|Dumas]], [[La Chicane]], [[Les Colocs]], [[Cindy Daniel]], [[Daniel Bélanger]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[Laurence Jalbert]], [[Jean Leloup]], [[Celine Dion]], [[Les Stups]], [[Dan Bigras]], [[Isabelle Boulay]] and more recently [[Cœur de pirate]]. Some bands, such as [[Les Cowboys Fringants]] have known success in Europe (primarily in France) while [[Karkwa]], [[Vulgaires Machins]] and [[Malajube]] are also recognized elsewhere in Canada. In 2003, [[TVA (TV network)|TVA]] began to broadcast ''[[Star Académie]]'', a Québécois version of a [[Star Academy|French reality music competition]], several new artists including [[Marie-Élaine Thibert]], [[Marie-Mai]], [[Émily Bégin]] and [[Stéphanie Lapointe]] became better known among francophones after participation in the reality show. [[Charlotte Cardin]], a finalist on TVA's singing competition ''[[La Voix]]'' in 2013, went on to critical and commercial success in pop and rock in French and English Canada.

Quebec has also produced a number of significant Anglophone artists, including [[Arcade Fire]], [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[The Dears]], [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]], [[Riverbeds (band)|Riverbeds]], [[Stars (Canadian band)|Stars]], [[The Stills]], [[The Unicorns]], [[Wolf Parade]], [[Rufus Wainwright]], [[Sam Roberts (singer-songwriter)|Sam Roberts]], [[Paul Cargnello]], [[We Are Wolves]], [[Corey Hart (singer)|Corey Hart]], [[Corky Laing]], [[The New Cities]], [[Chromeo]], [[Simple Plan]] and the [[William Shatner's musical career|infamous spoken-word musical career]] of [[William Shatner]]. Quebec artists have dominated the long and short lists of the [[Polaris Music Prize]]. Among them, [[Arcade Fire]], [[Patrick Watson (musician)|Patrick Watson]], [[Godspeed You! Black Emperor]] and [[Karkwa]] have all won the award.

==See also==
{{portal|border=no|Canada|Rock music}}
*[[Aboriginal rock#Canada|Aboriginal rock]]
*[[Canadian patriotic music]]
*[[Canadian blues]]
*[[Canadian music genres]]
*[[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]]
*[[Canadian rock/alternative chart]]
*[[East Coast Music Association]]
*[[List of number-one singles in Canada]]
*[[Music of Canadian cultures]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last =Pegley  |first =Kip |year =2009 |title =Coming to you wherever you are: MuchMusic, MTV, and youth identities |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2YLmEqymuPIC&q=MuchMusic&pg=PP1 |publisher=Wesleyan Univ. Press |isbn=	978-0819568694  }}
* {{citation |last = Edwardson |first =Ryan |year =2009 |title =Canuck rock: a history of Canadian popular music
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cwc4o2qntH4C&q=Canadian%20music&pg=PP1|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9989-1 }}
* ''Axes, Chops & Hot Licks: the Canadian rock music scene'' by Ritchie York, (Edmonton AB: [[Mel Hurtig|Hurtig]], 1971, 1979) ({{ISBN|0-88830-052-2}})
*''Heart of Gold: 30 years of Canadian pop music''  by Martin Melhuish, (Toronto ON: [[CBC Records|CBC Enterprises]], 1983) ({{ISBN|0-88794-112-5}})
* ''Canadian Music Fast Facts: Canadian pop music history'' by Mark Kearney, Randy Ray, (London, ON: Sparky Productions, 1991) ({{ISBN|0-9695149-0-5}})
* ''Encyclopedia of Canadian rock, pop and folk music'' by Rick Jackson,  (Kingston, ON: [[Quarry Press]], 1994). ({{ISBN|1-55082-107-5}})
* ''Oh What a Feeling: a vital history of Canadian music'' by Martin Melhuish,  (Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, 1996) ({{ISBN|1-55082-164-4}})
* ''Before the gold rush: flashbacks to the dawn of the Canadian sound'' by Nicholas Jennings, (Yorkville ON: [[Viking Press|Viking]], 1997) ({{ISBN|0-670-87381-0}})
* ''On A Cold Road: tales of adventure in Canadian rock'' by [[Dave Bidini]],(Toronto ON:  [[McClelland & Stewart]], 1998) ({{ISBN|0-7710-1456-2}})
* ''Hand Me Down World: the Canadian pop-rock paradox '' by Greg Potter, (Toronto ON: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]], 1999) ({{ISBN|0-7715-7642-0}})
* ''The CHUM Story'' by Allen Farrell, (C.A ON: [[Gould Estate v. Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd.|Stoddart Publishing]], 2001) ({{ISBN|0-7737-6263-9}})
*{{cite book|author1=Michael Barclay|author2=Ian Andrew Dylan Jack|author3=Jason Schneider|title=[[Have Not Been the Same: The Can-Rock Renaissance 1985-1995]]|date=1 June 2011|publisher=Toronto ON: [[ECW Press]]}} 2001 ed. {{ISBN|1-55022-475-1}}, 2011 ed. {{ISBN|978-1-55022-992-9}}.
* ''The Top 100 Canadian Albums'' by [[Bob Mersereau]],  (Fredericton: [[Goose Lane Editions]], 2007) ({{ISBN|978-0-86492-500-8}})
*''Women Musicians in Canada "on the record"'' . The Music Division of the National Library of Canada by C. Gillard. Ottawa: NLC, 1995. [6] leaves. ({{ISBN|0-7759-0517-8}})
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Music of Canada|Rock music}}
{{Wikiquote|Rock music}}
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cmpi-ipmc/index-e.html Canadian Music Periodical Index (CMPI)]—[[Library and Archives Canada]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194920/http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=EMCSubjects&TCE_Version=U&mState=2 ''Encyclopedia of Music in Canada'']—''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-200-e.html?PHPSESSID=ccntousk30frf6h4jsn237nm12 The ''RPM'' story]—Library and Archives Canada
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704000610/http://www.musiccentre.ca/home.cfm The CMC]—[[Canadian Music Centre]]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120525025302/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/ Canoe.ca /Jam!]}}—[[Jam!]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061216020758/http://www.newmusiccanada.com/ New Music Canada]—By [[CBC Radio 3]]

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