View source for Rockstar North

{{Short description|British video game developer}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rockstar Games UK Limited
| logo = Rockstar North Logo.svg
| logo_alt = A capital "R" in black with a white outline and a five-pointed, white star with a black outline appended to its lower-right end. They lay on a dark-blue square with a black outline and rounded corners.
| image = 20231022 Rockstar North.jpg
| image_alt = The entrance to a modern, three-floor office building. It features a symmetrical facade with beige stone walls and large windows. In the middle of the central glass front is a sign reading "Rockstar North".
| image_caption = Headquarters at Barclay House, Edinburgh
| former_name = {{Unbulleted list|DMA Design Limited {{nowrap|(1988–2002)}}|Rockstar Studios Limited {{nowrap|(2002)}}|Rockstar North Limited {{nowrap|(2002–2021)}}}}
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| trade_name = Rockstar North
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1988}} in [[Dundee]], Scotland
| founder = [[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]]
| hq_location_city = [[Edinburgh]]
| hq_location_country = Scotland
| key_people = Andrew Semple {{nowrap|([[studio director]])}}
| products = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Lemmings (series)|Lemmings]]'' series {{nowrap|(1991–1994)}}|''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' series {{nowrap|(1997–present)}}}}
| num_employees = 650
| num_employees_year = 2018
| parent = {{Unbulleted list|[[Gremlin Interactive]] {{nowrap|(1997–1999)}}|[[Take-Two Interactive]] {{nowrap|(1999–2002)}}|[[Rockstar Games]] {{nowrap|(2002–present)}}}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.rockstarnorth.com/|rockstarnorth.com}}
}}

'''Rockstar North''' ('''Rockstar Games UK Limited'''; formerly '''DMA Design Limited''') is a British [[video game developer]] and a studio of [[Rockstar Games]] based in [[Edinburgh]]. The studio is best known for creating the ''[[Lemmings (series)|Lemmings]]'' and ''[[Grand Theft Auto]]'' series, including ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]'', the [[List of best-selling video games|second-best-selling game]] and most profitable entertainment product of all time.

[[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]] founded the company as DMA Design in 1988 in his hometown of [[Dundee]]. During his studies, he had developed the game ''[[Menace (video game)|Menace]]'' and struck a six-game publishing deal with [[Psygnosis]], which released Jones's project in October 1988. While making its sequel, ''[[Blood Money (video game)|Blood Money]]'', Jones dropped out, hired several of his friends, including [[Mike Dailly (game designer)|Mike Dailly]], Steve Hammond, and Russell Kay, with whom he had attended the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club. They opened the company's first offices above a former [[fish and chip shop]] in 1989. Following the successful 1991 release of ''[[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]]'', the studio rapidly expanded and moved into proper offices, after which Kay left to establish [[Visual Science (game company)|Visual Sciences]]. Several ''Lemmings'' expansions and sequels later, 1994's ''[[All New World of Lemmings]]'' was DMA Design's final game in the series and its last with Psygnosis.

After many halted projects from partnerships with [[Nintendo]] and [[BMG Interactive]], Jones sold the financially stricken studio to [[Gremlin Interactive]] in April 1997. The subsequent [[Corporate spin-off|spin-off]] of DMA Design's American satellite studio triggered Hammond's departure. While the commercially successful release of ''[[Grand Theft Auto (video game)|Grand Theft Auto]]'' led [[Take-Two Interactive]] to buy the game's [[intellectual property]] and form Rockstar Games in 1998, ''[[Body Harvest]]''{{'}}s underperformance later that year saw Gremlin Interactive being taken over by [[Infogrames]]. In September 1999, Infogrames sold DMA Design to Take-Two, enabling a close collaboration with Rockstar Games to release ''[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]''. Amid these changes, Dailly left for Visual Sciences, while Jones founded [[Denki]] and [[Real Time Worlds]].

A few months after an Edinburgh branch was established for DMA Design, the prior Dundee location was closed. ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]'', the first ''Grand Theft Auto'' game presented fully in 3D, was released in 2001 and sold 6&nbsp;million units in one year. Considered genre-defining, the game gave rise to a number of [[Grand Theft Auto clone|''Grand Theft Auto'' clones]]. Take-Two integrated DMA Design with Rockstar Games as Rockstar Studios in March 2002, which was renamed Rockstar North in May. Since then, the studio has continued the ''Grand Theft Auto'' series with ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]'' (2002), ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' (2004), ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]'' (2008), and ''Grand Theft Auto V'' (2013), as well as a number of smaller games in the franchise. Rockstar North also created ''[[Manhunt (video game)|Manhunt]]'' in 2003 and collaborated with other Rockstar Games studios on ''[[Manhunt 2]]'' (2007), ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]'' (2010), ''[[L.A. Noire]]'' (2011), ''[[Max Payne 3]]'' (2012), and ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]'' (2018).

== History ==

=== Background and formation (1983–1988) ===
[[File:DMA Design original team in 2011.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Five middle-aged, white men standing should-to-shoulder in front of a restaurant and smiling at the camera. They wear casual clothing and winter jackets.|Among the core members of the early DMA Design team were (from left to right) Russell Kay, [[Mike Dailly (game designer)|Mike Dailly]], Steve Hammond, Gary Timmons, and [[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]] (pictured in 2011).<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" />]]

Rockstar North was founded as DMA Design by the [[Dundee]] native [[David Jones (video game developer)|David Jones]]. Having frequently played ''[[Space Invaders]]'' in his youth, he gained early [[Computer programming|programming]] knowledge when his secondary school, Linlathen High, obtained an [[Apple II]] computer and piloted [[GCE Ordinary Level (United Kingdom)|O-level]] qualifications in [[computer studies]].<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Great British Dream Factory" /> In 1983, he took up an apprenticeship at the local plant of the electronics manufacturer [[Timex Group USA|Timex]]. Although the company was best known for producing watches, the Dundee factory also built [[home computer]]s for [[Sinclair Research]], including the [[ZX81]] and [[ZX Spectrum]], which had boosted interest in hobbyist programming in the area.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Herald: play for the future" /> Timex paid for programming courses at the local [[Kingsway Technical College]], which also hosted the Kingsway Amateur Computer Club (KACC).<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Great British Dream Factory" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> Jones, the oldest attendee at the KACC, soon befriended Steve Hammond and Russell Kay.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> [[Mike Dailly (game designer)|Mike Dailly]], the youngest participant at 14, joined the club at the recommendation of a friend in 1984 with the [[Commodore Plus/4]] he had received for Christmas.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="PCGamesN: making of Lemmings" /> The quartet bonded over their shared interest in creating original games instead of playing or [[Video game clone|cloning]] existing ones.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Great British Dream Factory" />

During their time at the KACC, Dailly and Hammond developed ''Freek Out'' for the Commodore Plus/4, which they finished and sold to the publisher Cascade for "a modest fee", while Jones and Kay cooperated on ''Moonshadow'' for the ZX Spectrum, which was eventually released as ''Zone Trooper''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> Jones and Dailly also worked on ''The Game With No Name''.<ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> As Sinclair Research's market share dropped significantly during 1986, Timex enacted layoffs in Dundee.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> Jones accepted a [[voluntary redundancy]] for {{GBP|3000}}, a roughly half-year salary that he invested into an [[Amiga 1000]], and subsequently enrolled in [[computer science]] at the [[Dundee Institute of Technology]] (DIT).<ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /><ref name="The Scotsman: Inside the minds" /> Hammond also attended the DIT, and all four soon joined its computer club.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 1" /> Because Jones easily passed the course's first year, he had much time to learn to programme for the Amiga and spent one year creating the [[shoot 'em up]] ''CopperCon1''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> Working out of his parents' bedroom, he provisionally used the moniker "[[Acme Corporation|Acme]]".<ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> The game featured graphics by the [[demoscene]] member Tony Smith, with whom he communicated by post, and sounds Dailly and Hammond recorded from a ''[[Salamander (video game)|Salamander]]'' machine at a local [[Amusement arcade|arcade]].<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="Gamasutra: Catch Up" />

After courting publishers at the [[Personal Computer World Show]], Jones initially agreed to a publishing deal with [[Hewson Consultants]] but, fearing that his game would merely become the Amiga version of ''[[Zynaps]]'', he walked away from the agreement.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> Instead, he turned to the nascent [[Psygnosis]] in 1987 and agreed to a six-game publishing deal.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> ''CopperCon1'' was renamed ''Draconia'', which was ultimately changed to ''[[Menace (video game)|Menace]]'' because the name was too similar to that of ''[[Draconus]]''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Games Machine: Menace review" /> Jones also agreed to bring Psygnosis's ''[[Ballistix]]'' from the Amiga to the [[Commodore 64]], for which he engaged Dailly and Hammond.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 1" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /> In his search for a company name to replace the already taken "Acme", Jones discussed alternatives with the members of the DIT's computer club in 1988.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /><ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 1" /> Among others, "Milliard", "Visual Voyage", and "Alias Smith and Jones" (in reference to ''Menace''{{'}}s artist) were floated, and Jones finally settled on "DMA Design".<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> The abbreviation "DMA" stood for "[[direct memory access]]" in Amiga manuals but carried no meaning in the company name.<ref name="VentureBeat: Gamelab" /> While "Direct Mind Access" was official briefly, Jones eventually began stating that the abbreviation was short for "Doesn't Mean Anything".<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 1" /> He formally founded DMA Design in 1988, when he was 22 years old.<ref name="Develop: IP profile" /><ref name="BBC News: Dundee hub" /><ref name="Modern Dundee" /><ref name="The Herald: winning game plan" />

=== Initial games with Psygnosis and ''Lemmings'' (1988–1994) ===
[[File:DMA Design original offices.png|thumb|right|alt=A two-floor building nestled between two larger houses. The lower half, housing a French restaurant, is painted brightly in blue, white, and red. The nondescript upper half has a brick facade in a faded pink colour and dark green wooden trims on the bay window and gable roof.|DMA Design inaugurated its first offices on 134B Nethergate in [[Dundee]] (top; pictured in 2005) in August 1989.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /><ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate" /> A plaque commemorating the twentieth anniversary of ''[[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]]'' was installed in February 2011.<ref name="VG247: Plaque" />]]

''Menace'' was released in October 1988 after 18 months of development.<ref name="The Games Machine: Menace release" /><ref name="The One: Profile" /> It was DMA Design's debut game and the first game under Psygnosis's Psyclapse label for budget-priced games.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> Jones only received {{GBP|0.75}} for every copy sold, which he retrospectively viewed as a "terrible" deal. Still, the 20,000 sales allowed him to buy a car and regularly visit the Psygnosis offices to meet other game developers.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> While working on a sequel to ''Menace'', the difficulty of Jones's university programme spiked, leading him to drop out and pursue game development full-time, against the advice of his professors.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="Daily Record: game and fortune" /> He intended to return after one year but never finished his studies, eventually receiving an [[honorary degree]].<ref name="VentureBeat: Gamelab" /><ref name="The Herald: winning game plan" /> Jones hired Dailly, who had just been expelled from college, as the first employee in 1989. Dailly began working on a Commodore 64 conversion of ''Menace''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> Hammond joined second on a part-time basis as he continued his education, followed shortly by Kay and Brian Watson, one of Jones's university friends.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> The ''Menace'' sequel, ''[[Blood Money (video game)|Blood Money]]'', was released in April 1989.<ref name="New Computer Express: Money" /> It sold 40,000 copies.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> Gary Timmons joined the studio shortly after the game was completed, while Dailly developed its Commodore 64 version and began working on a [[PC Engine]] port of ''[[Shadow of the Beast (1989 video game)|Shadow of the Beast]]'' for Psygnosis.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /> DMA Design also made ''Shadow of the Beast''{{'}}s Commodore 64 port and the PC Engine and [[MS-DOS]] versions for ''Ballistix''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="The One: Profile" />

Jones's father-in-law, the owner of the Dundee [[fish and chip shop]] The Deep Sea, lent him a small office space above the shop's former location at 134B Nethergate in Dundee.<ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate" /><ref name="The Times: Four geeks" /> The [[infill]] building, built in 1893, is sometimes called the Wee Pink Nethergate House.<ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate" /> The office was inaugurated on 1 August 1989.<ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate" /><ref name="The Times: Four geeks" /> The studio continued to expand, also hiring many students to work part-time.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Guardian: How we made" /> In 1990, DMA Design cancelled several projects: The ''[[Golden Axe]]''-inspired ''Gore!'' was shelved due to technical restrictions of the Amiga at the time and the [[platformer]] ''Cutiepoo'' did not make adequate progress after one year of work by the freelance programmer Tony Colgan.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Raze: Cutiepoo" /> Jones further put aside his game ''[[Walker (video game)|Walker]]'' as he found he could not achieve his vision for it and stopped working on the Monster Cartridge, a [[cheat cartridge]] for the Amiga, after another such product was released first.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" />

Working remotely from Edinburgh, the programmer Ian Dunlop and artist Neill Glancy began to experiment with the technology from ''Walker''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Walker" /> When Dailly learned that they were working with characters just sixteen [[pixel]]s tall, he challenged himself to create characters that were recognisable at half the height.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> During one lunch break, he animated a demo of small characters walking in a line and being killed comically, to the amusement of the office. Kay remarked that a game could be created from this. Jones concurred and thought of a design in which the player should prevent the characters from being killed.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="PCGamesN: making of Lemmings" /> Kay wrote a demo before it was passed on to Dailly and later to Jones, who worked out the gameplay foundations with Timmons.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /> The game was named ''[[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]]'' upon Kay's suggestion and released in February 1991.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Times: Four geeks" /> It sold 55,000 copies on its first day and was swiftly brought to other regions and platforms.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /><ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /> Jon Dye, another former KACC attendee, was hired later that year to bring the game to the ZX Spectrum.<ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish legends" />

''Lemmings'' had 20&nbsp;million lifetime sales across 21 platforms.<ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots" /><ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" /> At 25 years old, Jones became a millionaire and subsequently bought multiple luxury cars.<ref name="The Scotsman: Inside the minds" /><ref name="VentureBeat: Gamelab" /> The company rapidly expanded and began working on several additional projects.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures" /> As Psygnosis sought DMA Design to produce ''Lemmings'' [[expansion packs]] and sequels in the wake of this success, the studio developed ''[[Oh No! More Lemmings]]'' (1991), ''[[Lemmings 2: The Tribes]]'' (1993), and ''[[All New World of Lemmings]]'' (1994).<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> It also made the Christmas-themed ''[[Holiday Lemmings]]'' to be distributed for free on [[covermount]]s in 1991 and 1992, before Psygnosis made it a commercial release for 1993 and 1994.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Lemmings" /><ref name="Eurogamer: Christmas Lemmings" />

By November 1992, DMA Design had grown to 22 staff, including 10 former classmates of Jones, and relocated to proper offices at the Dundee Technology Park.<ref name="The Herald: winning game plan" /> As Kay left DMA Design in 1993 to form [[Visual Science (game company)|Visual Sciences]], Jones and Dailly hired Keith Hamilton as a replacement and put him in charge of ''All New World of Lemmings''. This entry focused on larger, more detailed lemmings, which Hamilton and Jones later believed diminished the game's charm.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> In the same year, Psygnosis released the Amiga-exclusive ''Walker'' and ''[[Hired Guns]]'', which had been created principally by Scott Johnston with a story by Hammond.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /><ref name="Eurogamer: Walker" /> ''All New World of Lemmings'' was the final game in Jones's original deal with Psygnosis. With the studio experiencing fatigue for [[Lemmings (series)|the ''Lemmings'' series]], Psygnosis hired other developers for subsequent entries, including Kay and Visual Sciences for ''[[Lemmings Paintball]]''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Lemmings" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" />

=== Partnerships with Nintendo and BMG Interactive (1994–1997) ===
After leaving ''Lemmings'' behind, DMA Design began researching development for the [[3DO]].<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" /> In another project, Psygnosis briefly had DMA Design [[Video game console emulator|emulate]] an in-development [[List of Star Wars video games|''Star Wars'' game]] on the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (SNES).<ref name="GIbiz: Rise and Fall of Sony" /> During one [[trade show]], Jones caught the attention of [[Nintendo]] with a [[full-motion video]] ''Star Wars'' clip running on the SNES, something previously believed impossible.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> At the time, the company was seeking development partners for its upcoming [[Nintendo 64]] console, which was then called Project Reality.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> DMA Design signed a two-game contract—worth several million pounds—and joined Nintendo's "Dream Team" of external partners.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /><ref name="Jacked: Race'n'Chase" /> When this partnership was announced in April 1994, DMA Design was only Nintendo's second partner for the platform.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /><ref name="The Herald: quite some game" /> Using these funds, the studio grew to occupy {{convert|2500|sqft|m2}} of office space at the Dundee Technology Park and spent around {{GBP|250,000}} outfitting all rooms with high-end devices.<ref name="Jacked: Race'n'Chase" /> The partnership also led DMA Design to cease developing for the 3DO.<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" /><ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /> The studio steered clear of other consoles, like the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and [[Sega Saturn]], because Jones disliked "multiformat publishing for the sake of it".<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" />

DMA Design's first project for Nintendo was ''[[Unirally]]'', a racing game featuring animated [[unicycle]]s created using 2D [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]] rendered from a [[3D model]].<ref name="Nintendo Life: Unirally" /> Following the game's 1994 release for the SNES, the animation studio [[Pixar]] sued Nintendo over perceived similarities between the game's characters and the unicycle protagonist from Pixar's 1987 animated short film ''[[Red's Dream]]''.<ref name="VentureBeat: Gamelab" /><ref name="Nintendo Life: Unirally" /> The judge ruled in Pixar's favour and the two companies agreed that Nintendo would cease the production of ''Unirally'' copies while Pixar was to receive a Nintendo 64 [[game development kit]].<ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /><ref name="Nintendo Life: Unirally" /> Despite the ruling, the game sold 300,000 copies.<ref name="Nintendo Life: Unirally" /> DMA Design continued working with Nintendo on ''Kid Kirby'', a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] in Nintendo's ''[[Kirby (series)|Kirby]]'' franchise made by Colgan after requesting a second chance from Jones.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> The game featured a young version of [[Kirby (character)|the title character]], who would have been launched around levels using the [[Super NES Mouse]].<ref name="Nintendo Life: Kid Kirby" /> In November 1994, a team of five people commenced developing ''[[Body Harvest]]'', scheduled to be a [[launch title]] for the Nintendo 64.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />

In the meantime, Dailly was experimenting with ways to render 3D buildings from a [[top-down perspective]]. To showcase this technology, he devised a game that saw the player control a dinosaur and destroy the city. After adding cars to make the scene more lively, a colleague suggested having the player drive these cars instead.<ref name="BBC News: birth pangs" /> Jones took notice of Dailly's project and passed it to a team that should turn it into a game.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /> In July 1993, The Liaison and Promotion Company began handling the marketing for DMA Design and its games, and it introduced the studio to potential partners for the project.<ref name="The Herald: Liaison" /> Jones consequently presented a prototype of the game, which became known as ''Race'n'Chase'', to [[BMG Interactive]], the recently formed games arm of [[Bertelsmann]].<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Jacked: Race'n'Chase" /> The two companies signed a {{GBP|3.4&nbsp;million}} contract in March 1995, wherein the studio would develop four games for the publisher.<ref name="The Herald: Liaison" /><ref name="The Herald: BMG deal" /> According to The Liaison and Promotion Company, Jones had not informed the firm of the impending deal, instead claiming he would partner with another company, such as [[Virgin Interactive Entertainment]]. DMA Design and The Liaison and Promotion Company then severed ties just before the deal with BMG Interactive had been finalised, and this became a legal dispute when DMA Design refused to pay the marketing firm.<ref name="The Herald: Liaison" />

The publishing agreement with BMG Interactive covered ''Race'n'Chase'', ''[[Space Station Silicon Valley]]'', ''[[Tanktics (1999 video game)|Tanktics]]'', and the [[stealth game]] ''Covert''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> With the acquired funds, DMA Design intended to expand its offices and increase its 40-strong headcount, quickly growing to 130 people.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="The Herald: BMG deal" /> The company took over an additional {{convert|5000|sqft|m2}} of office space and expanded to two adjacent buildings, therein also setting up a {{GBP|500,000}} [[motion capture]] studio that found little usage.<ref name="Jacked: Gouranga!" /><ref name="The Herald: active interest" /> Another section housed DMA Music with seven full-time musicians.<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" /> ''Race'n'Chase'' formally began production in March 1995.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /><ref name="Engadget: GTA design docs" /> The development team consisted mostly of recent graduates with little development experience, with Hamilton as the lead programmer.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> As such, the unorganised team struggled with the development until [[Gary Penn]] moved from BMG Interactive to DMA Design as the game's [[creative director]] and [[Video game producer|producer]].<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /><ref name="Eurogamer: almost cancelled" /> BMG Interactive's production team, including the head of development [[Sam Houser]], was hands-off during the development.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" />

''Body Harvest'' progressed slowly and faced numerous delays, such that it missed its intended launch with the Nintendo 64.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> The production also stalled on ''Kid Kirby'' and the climbing-themed action game ''Zenith'', and Nintendo cancelled the former following the low sales of the Super NES Mouse.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Furthermore, the American division of BMG Interactive regularly pushed for ''Race'n'Chase'' to be cancelled because the team kept missing development milestones.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Eurogamer: almost cancelled" /> As the studio continued work on multiple games, several staffers believed ''Body Harvest'' would be a bigger hit.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /> With DMA Design struggling financially, Jones kept agreeing to game projects solely to receive sign-on bonuses and with no plans to complete them. At one point, the studio had seven or eight projects in development at the same time.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> In the latter half of 1996, [[GT Interactive]] signed with DMA Design for ''Attack!'' and ''Clan Wars'', despite neither draft having a proper team assigned.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Jones also sold the rights to ''Grand Theft Auto'' to BMG Interactive to help keep the studio afloat.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> In November 1996, DMA Design opened a satellite studio in [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref name="Devil's Thumb: About" /><ref name="Engadget: Devil's Thumb" /> Anthony Harman was installed as the studio's manager, and it had 27 employees by April 1997.<ref name="Albuquerque Journal: Boulder" />

=== Sale to Gremlin Interactive (1997) ===
{{Quote box
| text = Games will always be here.&nbsp;... If you do good games, they'll always sell well. What I like is that people are not daft anymore.&nbsp;... There was a time when you could sell anything in this business. Anything. That was more disappointing – when the business was bigger it was because of that. Times are hard now, making people focus more on quality and innovation which is great.
| author = David Jones, founder of DMA Design, 1997<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting" />
| align = right
| width = 25em
}}

The development on ''Body Harvest'' stalled under the conflicting demands between the Japanese and American branches of Nintendo.<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> The team sought to keep up its relationship with Nintendo and caved in to these demands. Despite stark changes to the game's design, Nintendo was dissatisfied with the result and cancelled the game.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Still in financial disarray and wanting his company to focus on game development,<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Jones arranged for [[Gremlin Interactive]] to acquire DMA Design for {{GBP|4.2&nbsp;million}} in April 1997.<ref name="Develop: IP profile" /><ref name="The Daily Telegraph: Gremlin float" /> The publisher was impressed with DMA Design's multi-use 3DMA [[game engine]] and wanted the two companies to cooperate on [[research and development]].<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> It also expected DMA Design to become profitable within two years of the acquisition.<ref name="The Daily Telegraph: Gremlin financials" /> Gremlin Interactive introduced several project management methods—including [[Microsoft Project]] and [[Gantt chart]]s—that the studio perceived as unnecessary bureaucracy. Additionally, the company made DMA Design finish games as quickly as possible, as opposed to Jones's prior methodology of releasing a game only once it is good.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Jones received a 5% stake in Gremlin Interactive and became a member of its [[board of directors]].<ref name="Daily Record: game and fortune" /><ref name="Edge: Gremlin" /> He subsequently moved into the creative director role for DMA Design.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> In May, the studio had 100 employees.<ref name="Daily Record: game and fortune" />

[[File:Offices of DMA Design ⧸ Devil's Thumb Games, Boulder CO, late 1996-rQ3ZK0cBLCg.webm|thumb|right|alt=A video taken in a snow-covered commercial area. The camera first focuses on a black-and-white sign reading "DMA Design", then pans across a large, dark-coloured office building. In the second half, the camera turns around and zooms in on the nearby mountain range, revealing a rock formation that resembles the top half of a thumb.|DMA Design's satellite studio in [[Boulder, Colorado]], was based near the Devil's Thumb rock formation it was later named after (pictured in 1996).]]

As another result of the acquisition, the Boulder studio was [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] as a separate company.<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Steve Hammond: GTA Q&A" /> Under Harman's continued leadership, it was renamed {{Visible anchor|Devil's Thumb Entertainment}}.<ref name="Engadget: Devil's Thumb" /><ref name="NGen: Hired Guns" /> The Boulder studio had been developing a [[Video game remake|remake]] of ''Hired Guns'' for Psygnosis with Hammond as the writer. Being more passionate about this project than ''Grand Theft Auto'', he left DMA Design to work on the remake in a freelance position, which he later said he regretted "ever since".<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Steve Hammond: GTA Q&A" /> Devil's Thumb Entertainment also developed ''[[Mike Piazza's StrikeZone]]'' and ''[[Tides of War (video game)|Tides of War]]'' for GT Interactive.<ref name="IGN: Hired Guns" /> In March 1999, the studio was acquired and absorbed by the developer VR-1, also based in Boulder.<ref name="VR-1: Devil's Thumb" /><ref name="Herald News: VR-1" /> The ''Hired Guns'' remake was never released.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Hired Guns" />

Two months after DMA Design's acquisition, Gremlin Interactive became a [[public company]] on the [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref name="Develop: IP profile" /><ref name="The Independent: Gremlin public" /> Jones's stake in the company was valued at {{GBP|55&nbsp;million}} at the time.<ref name="Daily Record: game and fortune" /> Meanwhile, Bertelsmann had decided to withdraw from the [[video game industry]] and shut down the American division of BMG Interactive. In its place, the release in North America was licensed to ASC Games.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> Gremlin Interactive also picked up the rights to ''Body Harvest'' and engaged [[Midway Home Entertainment]] as the publisher in North America.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="IGN: Body Harvest US" /> For ''Tanktics'', the North American publishing rights were sold to [[Interplay Entertainment]].<ref name="GameSpot: Interplay" /> DMA Design further negotiated back the rights to ''Attack!'' and ''Clan Wars'' from GT Interactive.<ref name="Gremlin: Interim Results" />

By July 1997, The Liaison and Promotion Company had sued DMA Design for {{GBP|1.5&nbsp;million}} over [[breach of contract]] in relation to the deal with BMG Interactive. [[Lord Penrose]], presiding over the case at the [[Court of Session]], then opined that the marketing firm had been pivotal in the deal being reached and that DMA Design had taken a "rather cynical action" by excluding it from the negotiations, asserting that the actions did constitute breach of contract.<ref name="The Herald: Liaison" /> Also in 1997, DMA Design became one of the founding members of the Scottish Game Alliance, alongside Visual Sciences and five other studios.<ref name="Daily Record: AIM for the NET" /> Meanwhile, in November 1997, Jones helped the Dundee Institute of Technology (now called the University of Abertay Dundee) introduce an unprecedented computer games degree. In 1998, DMA Design developed games for a [[game design]] course at Dundee College.<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Daily Record: Hollywood CALLS" />

=== Sale to Take-Two Interactive (1997–2000) ===
In the lead-up to the debut of ''Race'n'Chase'', now renamed ''[[Grand Theft Auto (video game)|Grand Theft Auto]]'', BMG Interactive hired the publicist [[Max Clifford]], who wanted to use controversy to market the game. [[Baron Campbell of Croy]] warned of the game at the United Kingdom's [[House of Lords]] in May 1997, and several [[tabloid newspaper]]s called for it to be banned in the country.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> ''Grand Theft Auto'' was released in November 1997 and, despite mixed reviews, quickly sold 500,000 units and generated {{GBP|25&nbsp;million}}.<ref name="Jacked: Eating the Hamster" /> Visual Sciences developed the PlayStation port for ''Grand Theft Auto'', which was largely programmed by Kay and produced by Houser.<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto making of" /> The success diminished the focus on other games, particularly ''Space Station Silicon Valley'', and a sequel was soon approved.<ref name="Jacked: Liberty City" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Space Station Silicon Valley" /> Bertelsmann decided to ramp down BMG Interactive to reduce costs. At the same time, the publisher [[Take-Two Interactive]] was looking to grow its business and invited Houser to discuss his vision for game development.<ref name="Jacked: Liberty City" /> As a result, Take-Two acquired BMG Interactive, since dormant, for 1.85&nbsp;million [[shares]] worth {{US$|14.2&nbsp;million}} in March 1998.<ref name="Jacked: Liberty City" /><ref name="GameSpot: BMG acquisition" /> Through the acquisition, Take-Two also obtained the [[intellectual property]] of ''Grand Theft Auto'' and ''Space Station Silicon Valley'', and it published the former's PlayStation version in North America later that year.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="GameSpot: BMG acquisition" />

Houser subsequently moved over to Take-Two as its "vice president of worldwide product development", in charge of internal and external development studios.<ref name="Jacked: Liberty City" /> The company also incrementally purchased all individual publishing rights for ''Grand Theft Auto'' from other companies to hold the exclusive rights to the game worldwide.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /> ''Body Harvest'' and ''Space Station Silicon Valley'' were released in late 1998 but were scarcely marketed, leading to meagre sales.<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Houser and some of his former BMG Interactive colleagues joined Take-Two to form the [[Rockstar Games]] publishing label in December 1998.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /> The newborn company commissioned its internal studio, [[Rockstar Canada]], to develop two expansions for the original game, ''[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1969]]'' and ''[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1961]]'', which were released in 1999.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" />

In March 1999, the poor sales of ''Body Harvest'' contributed to dire financials at Gremlin Interactive that forced it into a {{GBP|24&nbsp;million}} takeover by the French publisher [[Infogrames]].<ref name="Develop: IP profile" /><ref name="The Guardian: cyber takeovers" /> During this year, Dailly left the company to join Kay at Visual Sciences as its head of research and development.<ref name="The Courier: where are they now" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks" /> Under the new ownership, Gremlin Interactive published DMA Design's ''[[Wild Metal Country]]'' in May and ''Tanktics'' in June.<ref name="PC Zone: Wild Metal Country" /><ref name="PC Zone: Tanktics" /> As Infogrames was more conservative and sought to produce child-friendly games, it did not wish to hold on to any assets related to ''Grand Theft Auto''.<ref name="The Herald: play for the future" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> Take-Two Interactive bought DMA Design from the publisher in September 1999 for the nominal price of {{GBP|1}} while assuming {{US$|12.3&nbsp;million}} in debt.<ref name="Develop: IP profile" /><ref name="Take-Two Interactive: 10-K 2000" /> DMA Design henceforth worked closely with Rockstar Games, which Houser described as a "perfect match".<ref name="Take-Two: Acquisition" /> During these ownership and managerial changes, several projects were cancelled, including ''Attack!'', ''Grand Theft Auto'' and ''Wild Metal Country'' for the Nintendo 64, and an ''[[Unreal (1998 video game)|Unreal]]'' version for the [[64DD]].<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> At the time of Take-Two's acquisition, DMA Design was working on ''GTA 3D'' and ''Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World''.<ref name="The Guardian: Take two" /><ref name="PC Zone: No Stopping GTA" />

''[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]'', published by Rockstar Games, was released in October 1999 and quickly sold more than 1&nbsp;million copies, the first Take-Two game to do so.<ref name="GameSpot: GTA2 release" /><ref name="MCV: Sam Houser's CV" /> Shortly thereafter, DMA Design established a satellite studio in the [[Leith]] area of Edinburgh to house the former teams of ''Body Harvest'' and ''Space Station Silicon Valley''.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /><ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish references" /> Among those who relocated there were [[Leslie Benzies]], Aaron Garbut, and Obbe Vermeij, all of whom had worked on ''Space Station Silicon Valley''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" /> Under the direction of Andrew Semple, the branch launched with 25 people.<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 2" /> While the Edinburgh location continued to develop a 3D ''Grand Theft Auto'' game, now modelled after ''[[Driver (video game)|Driver]]'', the Dundee office was working on an expansion for ''Grand Theft Auto 2'' set in [[Miami]], of which the former was ultimately prioritised and became ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]''.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> Jones was the last member of the original DMA Design team to work on this game.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /> However, unhappy with his studio's new overseas ownership, he departed the company in early 2000.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /> With three other former DMA Design employees, he formed the game studio [[Denki]].<ref name="Game Developer: Philosophy Of Denki" /> In February, alongside an investment in Denki, [[Rage Software]] hired Jones to oversee its operations in Scotland.<ref name="NWR: Ragin' online GBA" /> Jones bought out Rage Software's Dundee studio in 2002 to form [[Real Time Worlds]], which went on to hire many past DMA Design staffers.<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Gamasutra: Catch Up" /> Benzies was soon appointed as the studio's [[development director]] and ultimately became its [[President (corporate title)|president]].<ref name="IGN: Rockstar Studios rename" /><ref name="IGN: San Andreas" />

Rockstar Games released a [[Dreamcast]] port of ''Wild Metal Country'', renamed ''Wild Metal'', in February 2000.<ref name="IGN: Wild Metal" /> Take-Two encouraged DMA Design to narrow its focus to fewer, larger game projects. Many staffers felt at odds with this shift, as it diminished the prior atmosphere they felt was driven by creativity.<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins" /> The publisher closed the Dundee studio in March 2000, relocating many of the 35 staffers to Edinburgh and laying off the rest.<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run" /><ref name="The Herald: DMA pulls out" /> The move was to enable a merger between DMA Design, Rockstar Games, and Pixel Broadband Studios under the "Broadband Studios" name.<ref name="The Herald: DMA pulls out" /> The combined entity would have largely leveraged Pixel Broadband Studios's online game technology.<ref name="IGN: Broadband Studios" /><ref name="The Herald: DMA to expand" /> Jim Woods, who had become the DMA Design's [[managing director]] by this time, resigned as he wished to stay in Dundee.<ref name="The Herald: DMA pulls out" /> The merger was ultimately abandoned, as was ''Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World''.<ref name="Time Extension: Abandoned" />

=== ''Grand Theft Auto'' trilogy and rebranding as Rockstar North (2000–2004) ===
[[File:DMA Design Logo (1994-2001).svg|thumb|right|alt=The stylised capital letters "D", "M", and "A", respectively coloured red, green, and blue, stacked vertically to resemble a humanoid figure.|The "DMA Man" was DMA Design's longest-running logo. Designed by Stewart Graham, it was adopted in 1994 after winning an internal design competition and replaced in 2001 for the release of ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]''.<ref name="Time Extension: Logo" />]]

During the development of ''Grand Theft Auto III'', DMA Design again expanded rapidly, forming a core team of 20 people and engaging "dozens more" in some capacity.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of" /> The total team encompassed 60 people.<ref name="Eurogamer: not really interesting" /> The team retained the focus on a mostly unconstrained [[open world]] from the prior two games while introducing fully 3D graphics and a [[third-person view]].<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto history" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City" /> With much of the game planned out from the start, the development progressed smoothly, such that it was released for the [[PlayStation 2]] in late 2001.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of" /> The game sold 6&nbsp;million copies within one year and more than 15&nbsp;million in total, exceeding the development team's expectations.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City" /> It was the best-selling game of 2001 and the second-best in 2002.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of" /> ''Grand Theft Auto III''{{'}}s approach to 3D open worlds has been referred to as genre-defining and inspired a number of successful titles, also spawning the category of [[Grand Theft Auto clone|''Grand Theft Auto'' clones]], which includes ''[[The Simpsons: Hit & Run]]'', ''[[True Crime: Streets of LA]]'', ''[[Driver 3]]'', and ''[[Saints Row (2006 video game)|Saints Row]]''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto history" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III open worlds" />

Plans to outfit ''Grand Theft Auto III'' with an [[online multiplayer]] component were scrapped in favour of a follow up, ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]''.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of" /> Conceptualised as an expansion pack for ''Grand Theft Auto III'', Rockstar Games made it a standalone product as its scope expanded. ''Vice City'' reused its predecessor's engine, such that the programmers were not engaged until six months before the end of the production, and lessons learned from the previous development cycle allowed the designers to plan features more efficiently. In the meantime, the programmers worked on bringing ''Grand Theft Auto III'' to [[personal computer]]s.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City" /> In March 2002, DMA Design was renamed Rockstar Studios, which Houser described as the studio's "final integration" with Rockstar Games.<ref name="IGN: Rockstar Studios rename" /><ref name="Eurogamer: Rockstar Studios rename" /> The name was revised to Rockstar North in May.<ref name="IGN: Rockstar North rename" /> ''Vice City'' was completed in one year and released in late 2002.<ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City" /> For its work on the game, Rockstar North won the "best in-house development studio" and "creativity" awards at the first [[Develop Industry Excellence Awards]] in August 2003.<ref name="The Guardian: N-Gage" />

Following ''Vice City''{{'}}s release, Rockstar North began work on ''Z'', a zombie [[survival game]] set on a Scottish island. The game repurposed code from ''Vice City'' and was in production for around one month before the concept lost traction at the studio.<ref name="Eurogamer: Vermeij" /><ref name="RPS: Vermeij" /> The studio's ''[[Manhunt (video game)|Manhunt]]'', a stealth game, was released in 2003 after roughly three years in development.<ref name="IGN: Manhunt" /> Due to its dark tone and focus on realistic violence, it was considered the studio's pet project, and most people at Rockstar Games wanted no part in it.<ref name="RPS: Manhunt" /> Despite provoking controversy for its graphic depiction of violence, the game sold 1.5&nbsp;million copies.<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Manhunt controversy" /><ref name="GIbiz: Manhunt sales" /> Rockstar North further assisted [[Rockstar Vienna]] and later [[Rockstar London]] in the production of a sequel, ''[[Manhunt 2]]'', which entered into production in January 2004.<ref name="IGN: Manhunt 2" /><ref name="Ars Technica: Manhunt 2" />

Rockstar North's ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' was given one year of additional development time over ''Vice City'', which allowed the team to rework core parts of the gameplay and visuals.<ref name="Eurogamer: Art of GTA San Andreas" /> It had a budget of less than {{US$|10&nbsp;million|long=no}}.<ref name="WSJ: San Andreas budget" /> By the end of the game's production, Rockstar North had relocated to offices on Calton Square in Edinburgh.<ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish references" /><ref name="MCV: Profile" /> ''San Andreas'' was released in October 2004. In four days, the game generated {{US$|101&nbsp;million|long=no}} and sold 2.1&nbsp;million copies, 45% above ''Vice City''{{'}}s initial sales.<ref name="GameSpot: San Andreas sales" /> Alongside several other year-end accolades, ''San Andreas'' was named the "[[List of Game of the Year awards|game of the year]]" at the 2004 [[Spike Video Game Awards]] and 2005 [[Golden Joystick Awards]].<ref name="Game Developer: Spike Video Game Awards 2004" /><ref name="The Guardian: Golden Joystick Awards 2005" /> ''Grand Theft Auto III'', ''Vice City'', and ''San Andreas'' were bundled as ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy]]'' in 2006.<ref name="IGN: The Trilogy" /> By 2008, they had amassed sales of 14.5&nbsp;million, 17.5&nbsp;million, and 21.5&nbsp;million, respectively.<ref name="Take-Two: Sales" />

=== ''Grand Theft Auto IV'', ''Grand Theft Auto V'', and development collaborations (2004–2013) ===
After ''San Andreas'', Rockstar North began producing ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]''. At the same time, the studio commenced the production of a stealth game called ''[[Agent (video game)|Agent]]'' (codenamed ''Jimmy'' in reference to [[James Bond]]). A game with the same name and concept had previously been cancelled at the sister studio [[Rockstar San Diego]], and Benzies was interested in furthering the idea. The studio was split evenly between the two projects, although ''Grand Theft Auto IV'' was soon prioritised over ''Agent''. Although ''Agent'' was announced for the [[PlayStation 3]] in 2009, its [[trademark]] was [[Abandonment (legal)|abandoned]] in 2018 and the listing was later removed from Rockstar Games's website.<ref name="Eurogamer: Vermeij" /><ref name="RPS: Vermeij" /> Meanwhile, Rockstar North worked closely with [[Rockstar Leeds]] on three ''Grand Theft Auto'' games for [[handheld game console]]s: ''[[Liberty City Stories]]'', ''[[Vice City Stories]]'', and ''[[Chinatown Wars]]''.<ref name="IGN: Liberty City Stories" /><ref name="Eurogamer: Vice City Stories" /><ref name="IGN: Chinatown Wars" />

''Grand Theft Auto IV''{{'}}s production encompassed 220 people at the studio and 1,000 worldwide. Benzies estimated the budget at {{US$|100&nbsp;million|long=no}}.<ref name="The Times: Grand Theft Auto IV budget" /> Upon its April 2008 release, ''Grand Theft Auto IV'' broke the record for the highest revenue for a game within one day at {{US$|310&nbsp;million|long=no}} from 3.6&nbsp;million copies sold.<ref name="LATimes: Grand Theft Auto IV sales" /> At the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards, the game won "game of the year" and earned Rockstar North a nomination for "best studio".<ref name="Ledger-Enquirer: awards" /><ref name="VG247: VGAs 2008" /> The studio continued with two expansion packs—''[[The Lost and Damned]]'' and ''[[The Ballad of Gay Tony]]''{{hsp}}—which were later bundled as ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City]]''.<ref name="MCV: Episodes from Liberty City" /> In the meantime, the studio contributed to Rockstar San Diego's ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]'' in 2010 and [[Team Bondi]]'s ''[[L.A. Noire]]'' in 2011.<ref name="IGN: Unseen Mastermind" /> For ''[[Max Payne 3]]'' in 2012, Rockstar North assisted a number of other Rockstar Games studios collectively credited as "Rockstar Studios".<ref name="Rockstar Games: Max Payne 3" />

Immediately following the completion of ''Grand Theft Auto IV'', Rockstar North began preliminary work on ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''.<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 1" /> Rockstar North's 360 employees formed the core of a worldwide team of 1,000 staff, including several other Rockstar Games studios.<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 2" /> The core development took roughly three years, and the game was released in September 2013.<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 1" /> The game broke the records for the best-selling and highest-grossing video game within one day and the fastest entertainment property to reach {{US$|1&nbsp;billion|long=no}} in revenue at three days.<ref name="Polygon: Grand Theft Auto V records" /><ref name="IGN: Grand Theft Auto V records" /> With continuing sales and the success of its online multiplayer counterpart, ''[[Grand Theft Auto Online]]'', the game grossed an estimated {{US$|6&nbsp;billion|long=no}} by 2018, making it the most profitable entertainment product of all time.<ref name="PC Gamer: Grand Theft Auto V most profitable" /> With 200&nbsp;million copies sold as of March 2024, ''Grand Theft Auto V'' became the [[List of best-selling video games|second-best-selling game ever]], adding to the 425&nbsp;million total sales for the series.<ref name="VGC: Grand Theft Auto V sales" /><ref name="Digital Trends: Grand Theft Auto series sales" />

=== Continued expansion and leadership dispute (2014–present) ===
[[File:Former Rockstar North building, shot from hill.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A modern office building featuring beige stone walls, large glass windows, and multiple terraces with greenery. The photo is taken from an adjacent hill, and leafless trees are visible in the foreground.|From 2004 to 2014, Rockstar North occupied offices at Calton Square, 1 Greenside Row, Edinburgh; at the foot of [[Calton Hill]].<ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish references" /><ref name="MCV: Profile" />]]

In 2014, Rockstar North took over {{convert|75000|sqft|m2}} of office space in Barclay House on Holyrood Road in Edinburgh. The building had been constructed for the previous tenant, the newspaper group ''[[The Scotsman]]'', in 1999.<ref name="The Herald: Barclay House" /> In the same year, the studio began receiving [[tax credit]]s from the newly established Video Games Tax Relief system set up by the [[government of the United Kingdom]]. According to the investigative [[think tank]] TaxWatch UK, the studio had received {{GBP|80&nbsp;million}} by 2020, 37% of the system's total payout, while having not paid any [[corporation tax]] since 2009.<ref name="The Guardian: TaxWatch" /><ref name="GIbiz: TaxWatch" /> In response, Rockstar Games stated that the tax credits had enabled higher investments into the country, while [[The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment]] reported that the system had brought about a fourfold [[return on investment]] for the British economy.<ref name="GIbiz: TaxWatch" />

When Benzies went on a [[sabbatical]] in September 2014, his responsibilities as the [[studio head]] were picked up by Garbut and Rob Nelson, both [[art director]]s for the studio. He did not return, culminating in the announcement of his departure in January 2016.<ref name="Kotaku: Benzies exit" /> On 12 April 2016, Benzies sued Rockstar Games, Take-Two, Sam Houser, and [[Dan Houser]], claiming that the companies had withheld {{US$|150&nbsp;million|long=no}} in [[royalty payment]]s following his departure.<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit start" /><ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit details" /> In the suit, he claimed that the Houser brothers had persuaded him to take a six-month sabbatical and fired his son and several friends during this absence.<ref name="Polygon: Benzies lawsuit" /> As Benzies tried to return after the planned end of his sabbatical in April 2015, his building access had been disabled and the [[office manager]] ordered him off the premises.<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit start" /> The lawsuit stated that the three "Rockstar Principals"—himself and the Houser brothers—had established a [[shell corporation]] to [[Profit sharing|evenly share profits]] and eventually leave Take-Two. Additionally, Benzies accused Sam Houser of having built a sexually charged culture at Rockstar Games and having ineptly handled the [[Development of Red Dead Redemption|development of ''Red Dead Redemption'']].<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit start" />

Take-Two quickly filed a [[counterclaim]] and described Benzies's claims as "entirely without merit and in many instances downright bizarre".<ref name="Polygon: Benzies lawsuit" /><ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit response" /> The claim asserted that, because Benzies had departed Rockstar North without a good cause, he was not entitled to any additional compensation.<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit start" /> The [[New York Supreme Court]] partially dismissed Benzies's lawsuit in April 2018 because the profit-sharing agreement did not guarantee equal pay for the Rockstar Principals, although he remained entitled to some royalties.<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit setback" /> Take-Two later accused Benzies of [[Employee poaching|poaching]] employees from Rockstar North for his newer studio, Royal Circus Games, and argued that the company's name and trademark had been deliberately chosen to have consumers confuse the two entities.<ref name="The Herald: Benzies lawsuit" /><ref name="The Scotsman: Benzies lawsuit" /> Royal Circus Games was renamed [[Build a Rocket Boy]] in October 2018 and, following a confidential [[Settlement (litigation)|settlement]], the case was dismissed on 8 February 2019.<ref name="The Scotsman: Benzies lawsuit" /><ref name="New York: Discontinuance" />

For ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]'', all Rockstar Games studios pooled their resources to act as one team.<ref name="Variety: Red Dead Redemption 2" /> By the time the game was released in October 2018, Rockstar North had grown to 650 employees.<ref name="GQ: Red Dead Redemption 2" /> In July 2021, Rockstar North bought Barclay House, where it had become the sole tenant, for {{GBP|31&nbsp;million}} and the adjacent Holyrood Park House, which it had since occupied parts of, for {{GBP|18.25&nbsp;million}}.<ref name="The Scotsman: Holyrood purchase" /><ref name="Lismore: Holyrood purchase" /> During 2022, the studio grew to occupy an additional {{convert|11577|sqft|m2}} of office space in the latter.<ref name="The Scotsman: Holyrood expansion" />

Rockstar Games fired 31 studio employees on 30 October 2025, citing public discussion and distribution of confidential information.<ref name="GamesRadar+: union" /><ref name="BBC News: union 1" /><ref name="Bloomberg: union 2" /> The [[Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain]] (IWGB) accused the company of [[union busting]], stating these employees were attempting to [[unionise]] with [[labour organiser]]s on [[Discord]].<ref name="Bloomberg: union 2" /><ref name="Bloomberg: union 1" /> Alex Marshall, the president of the IWGB, called the firings "the most blatant and ruthless act of union busting in the history of the games industry".<ref name="Verge: union" /> IWGB-organised protests outside the studio started on 6&nbsp;November and were supported by [[Ross Greer]], the co-leader of the [[Scottish Greens]].<ref name="Aftermath: union" /><ref name="IGN: union" /> Rockstar Games's next release, ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]'', was delayed on the same day. Journalists believed the firings did not cause the delay but could lead to missed deadlines,<ref name="BBC News: union 2" /><ref name="TheGamer: union" /> and a Rockstar North employee said morale was "at rock bottom".<ref name="Polygon: union" /><ref name="Gamepressure: union" /> The IWGB issued [[legal claim]]s against Rockstar Games on 12 November, citing the company's refusal to meet with the union.<ref name="GamesIndustry: union" /> More than 200 employees signed a petition demanding the workers' reinstatement, and [[Christine Jardine]], the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Edinburgh West (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh West]], criticised the firings during a session of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].<ref name="PC Gamer: union" /><ref name="Eurogamer: union" />

== Games developed ==

=== As DMA Design ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|List of games developed by Rockstar North, 1988–2002}}
|-
! scope="col" width="6%"  | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Title
! scope="col" width="40%" | Platform(s)
! scope="col" width="15%" | Publisher(s)
! scope="col" width="15%" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" width="4%"  class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1988
| ''[[Menace (video game)|Menace]]''
| [[Amiga]], [[Atari ST]], [[Commodore 64]], [[MS-DOS]]
| rowspan="12" | [[Psygnosis]]
|
| rowspan="20" {{centred|<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" />}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 1989
| ''[[Ballistix]]''
| Commodore 64, MS-DOS, [[PC Engine]]
| Port development
|-
| ''[[Blood Money (video game)|Blood Money]]''
| Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, Commodore 64
|
|-
| ''[[Shadow of the Beast (1989 video game)|Shadow of the Beast]]''
| Commodore 64, [[PC Engine]]
| Port development
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1991
| ''[[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]]''
| [[3DO]], [[Acorn Archimedes]], Amiga, [[Amiga CD32]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Atari Lynx]], Atari ST, [[CD-i]], [[CDTV]], Commodore 64, [[FM Towns]], [[Game Boy]], [[Game Gear]], [[J2ME]], [[Classic Mac OS|Mac OS]], [[Master System]], [[Mega Drive]], MS-DOS, [[Nintendo Entertainment System]], [[PC-98]], PC Engine, [[SAM Coupé]], [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]], [[X68000]], [[ZX Spectrum]]
|
|-
| ''[[Oh No! More Lemmings]]''
| Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, Mac OS, MS-DOS, SAM Coupé
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 1993
| ''[[Walker (video game)|Walker]]''
| Amiga
|
|-
| ''[[Lemmings 2: The Tribes]]''
| Acorn Archimedes, Amiga, Atari ST, FM Towns, Game Boy, Mega Drive, MS-DOS, Super Nintendo Entertainment System
|
|-
| ''[[Hired Guns]]''
| Amiga, MS-DOS
|
|-
| ''[[Holiday Lemmings 1993]]''
| Amiga, Mac OS, MS-DOS
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 1994
| ''[[All New World of Lemmings]]''
| Amiga, MS-DOS
|
|-
| ''[[Holiday Lemmings 1994]]''
| Amiga, MS-DOS
|
|-
| ''[[Unirally]]''
| Super Nintendo Entertainment System
| [[Nintendo]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto (video game)|Grand Theft Auto]]''
| MS-DOS, [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], [[Windows]]
| [[BMG Interactive]], ASC Games, [[Take-Two Interactive]]
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1998
| ''[[Body Harvest]]''
| [[Nintendo 64]]
| [[Gremlin Interactive]], [[Midway Home Entertainment]]
|
|-
| ''[[Space Station Silicon Valley]]''
| Nintendo 64, PlayStation
| Take-Two Interactive
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 1999
| ''[[Tanktics (1999 video game)|Tanktics]]''
| Windows
| Gremlin Interactive, [[Interplay Entertainment]]
|
|-
| ''[[Wild Metal Country]]''
| [[Dreamcast]], Windows
| Gremlin Interactive, [[Rockstar Games]]
|
|-
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]''
| Dreamcast, PlayStation, Windows
| rowspan="2" | Rockstar Games
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2001
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto III]]''
| [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Fire OS]], [[iOS]], [[macOS]], [[PlayStation 2]], Windows, [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]
|
|}

=== As Rockstar North ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|List of games developed by Rockstar North, 2002–present}}
|-
! scope="col" width="6%"  | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Title
! scope="col" width="40%" | Platform(s)
! scope="col" width="15%" | Publisher(s)
! scope="col" width="15%" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" width="4%"  class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2002
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]''
| Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
| rowspan="16" | Rockstar Games
|
| {{centred|<ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
| ''[[Manhunt (video game)|Manhunt]]''
| PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
|
| {{centred|<ref name="IGN: Manhunt" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2004
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]''
| Android, Fire OS, iOS, macOS, PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation 3]], Windows, [[Windows Phone]], Xbox, [[Xbox 360]]
|
| {{centred|<ref name="Eurogamer: Art of GTA San Andreas" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2005
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]]''
| Android, Fire OS, iOS, PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation Portable]]
| rowspan="2" | Co-developed with [[Rockstar Leeds]]
| {{centred|<ref name="IGN: Liberty City Stories" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2006
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]]''
| PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable
| {{centred|<ref name="Eurogamer: Vice City Stories" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
| ''[[Manhunt 2]]''
| PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, [[Wii]], Windows
| Supportive development for [[Rockstar London]]
| {{centred|<ref name="Ars Technica: Manhunt 2" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]''
| PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
|
| {{centred|<ref name="The Times: Grand Theft Auto IV budget" />}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned]]''
| PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
|
| {{centred|<ref name="MCV: Episodes from Liberty City" />}}
|-
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars]]''
| Android, Fire OS, iOS, [[Nintendo DS]], PlayStation Portable
| Co-developed with Rockstar Leeds
| {{centred|<ref name="IGN: Chinatown Wars" />}}
|-
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]''
| PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
|
| {{centred|<ref name="MCV: Episodes from Liberty City" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| ''[[Red Dead Redemption]]''
| [[Nintendo Switch]], PlayStation 3, [[PlayStation 4]], Windows, Xbox 360
| Supportive development for [[Rockstar San Diego]]
| rowspan="2" {{centred|<ref name="IGN: Unseen Mastermind" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[L.A. Noire]]''
| Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, [[Xbox One]]
| Supportive development for [[Team Bondi]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
| ''[[Max Payne 3]]''
| macOS, PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
| Developed as part of [[Rockstar Studios]]
| {{centred|<ref name="Rockstar Games: Max Payne 3" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto V]]''
| PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, [[PlayStation 5]], Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, [[Xbox Series X/S]]
|
| {{centred|<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 1" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Red Dead Redemption 2]]''
| PlayStation 4, [[Google Stadia|Stadia]], Windows, Xbox One
|
| {{centred|<ref name="Variety: Red Dead Redemption 2" />}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2026
| ''[[Grand Theft Auto VI]]''
| PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S
|
| {{centred|<ref name="Gamepressure: union" />}}
|}

=== Cancelled ===
* ''Gore!''<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" />
* ''Cutiepoo''<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" />
* ''Covert''<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />
* ''Zenith''<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />
* ''Kid Kirby''<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />
* ''Attack!''<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />
* ''Clan Wars''<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives" /><ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years" />
* ''Grand Theft Auto: Online Crime World''<ref name="Time Extension: Abandoned" />
* ''Z''<ref name="Eurogamer: Vermeij" /><ref name="RPS: Vermeij" />
* ''[[Agent (video game)|Agent]]''<ref name="Eurogamer: Vermeij" /><ref name="RPS: Vermeij" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Aftermath: union">{{cite web |url=https://aftermath.site/grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-union-protest-rockstar/ |title=Following Firings And ''Grand Theft Auto VI'' Delay, Union Plans To Keep Pressure On Rockstar |first=Nathan |last=Grayson |date=10 November 2025 |website=[[Aftermath (website)|Aftermath]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-date=10 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110183520/https://aftermath.site/grand-theft-auto-vi-delay-union-protest-rockstar/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Albuquerque Journal: Boulder">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/albuquerque-journal-boulder-becoming-a-s/143464506/ |title=Boulder Becoming a Software Center |first=Karen |last=Mitchell |agency=[[Knight-Ridder Newspapers]] |newspaper=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |date=29 April 1997 |page=B2 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212142/https://www.newspapers.com/article/albuquerque-journal-boulder-becoming-a-s/143464506/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Ars Technica: Manhunt 2">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/02/6946/ |title=Manhunt 2 Coming to the PS2, PSP, and... Wii? |first=Ben |last=Kuchera |date=8 February 2007 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033237/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/02/6946/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News: birth pangs">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-63742004 |title=The Birth Pangs of the Grand Theft Auto Franchise |first=Magnus |last=Bennett |date=28 November 2022 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212132438/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-63742004 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News: Dundee hub">{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/8399935.stm |title=How Dundee Became a World Gaming Hub |first=Christopher |last=Sleight |date=7 December 2009 |website=[[BBC News]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901082441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/8399935.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News: union 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' studio accused of 'union busting' after sacking workers |last1=McMahon |first1=Liv |last2=Vallance |first2=Chris |website=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=12 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013202/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9v10rr1meeo |archivedate=12 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC News: union 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2nr219xk0o |title=Why does ''GTA 6'' keep getting delayed? |last=Richardson |first=Tom |website=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2025 |accessdate=8 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233020/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2nr219xk0o |archivedate=7 November 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg: union 1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-31/-grand-theft-auto-studio-accused-of-union-busting-after-firings |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' Studio Accused of Union Busting After Firings |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |last=Schreier |date=31 October 2025 |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 November 2025 |archive-date=31 October 2025 |archive-url=http://archive.today/2025.10.31-194914/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-31/-grand-theft-auto-studio-accused-of-union-busting-after-firings |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Bloomberg: union 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-05/-grand-theft-auto-studio-says-fired-employees-were-leaking-information |title=''Grand Theft Auto'' Studio Says Fired Employees Were Leaking Information |first=Jason |authorlink=Jason Schreier |last=Schreier |date=5 November 2025 |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 November 2025 |archive-date=5 November 2025 |archive-url=http://archive.today/2025.11.05-231608/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-05/-grand-theft-auto-studio-says-fired-employees-were-leaking-information |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Chicago Tribune: Manhunt controversy">{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/11/24/manhunt-the-next-step-in-video-game-violence/ |title='Manhunt,' the next step in video game violence |first1=Eric |last1=Gwinn |first2=Levi |last2=Buchanan |date=24 November 2003 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302102357/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/11/24/manhunt-the-next-step-in-video-game-violence/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Daily Record: AIM for the NET">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-aim-for-the-net/143464597/ |title=Aim for the Net |first=Bob |last=Low |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=4 July 1997 |page=55 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212138/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-aim-for-the-net/143464597/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Daily Record: game and fortune">{{cite web |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-college-flops-game-and-for/143464539/ |title=College Flop's Game and Fortune |first=Colin |last=Calder |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=28 May 1997 |page=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212147/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-college-flops-game-and-for/143464539/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Daily Record: Hollywood CALLS">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-hollywood-calls/143464863/ |title=Hollywood Calls |newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] – Recruitment Record |date=30 July 1998 |page=10 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212149/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-record-hollywood-calls/143464863/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-1-the-vision/0183989 |title=Inside Rockstar North – Part 1: The Vision |first=Michael |last=French |date=3 October 2013 |website=[[Develop (UK magazine)|Develop]] |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005065349/http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-1-the-vision/0183989 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Develop: Inside Rockstar North Part 2">{{cite web |url=http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-2-the-studio/0184061 |title=Inside Rockstar North – Part 2: The Studio |first=Michael |last=French |date=4 October 2013 |website=[[Develop (UK magazine)|Develop]] |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004122711/http://www.develop-online.net/studio-profile/inside-rockstar-north-part-2-the-studio/0184061 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Develop: IP profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.developmag.com/interviews/135/IP-profile-Grand-Theft-Auto |title=IP Profile: Grand Theft Auto |first1=Rick |last1=Gibson |first2=Nick |last2=Gibson |date=5 March 2008 |website=[[Develop (UK magazine)|Develop]] |archive-date=9 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309184934/http://www.developmag.com/interviews/135/IP-profile-Grand-Theft-Auto |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Devil's Thumb: About">{{cite web |url=http://www.devilsthumb.com/aboutus.html |title=About DTE |year=1998 |publisher=Devil's Thumb Entertainment |archive-date=2 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202170806/http://www.devilsthumb.com/aboutus.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Digital Trends: Grand Theft Auto series sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/grand-theft-auto-6-fall-2025-release-date/ |title=Grand Theft Auto 6 Will Launch in Fall 2025 |first=Tomas |last=Franzese |date=16 May 2024 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516221500/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/grand-theft-auto-6-fall-2025-release-date/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Dundee Culture: Nethergate">{{cite web |url=https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/the-history-of-the-wee-pink-nethergate-house-in-dundee |title=The History of the Wee Pink Nethergate House in Dundee |first=Andrew |last=Batchelor |date=28 May 2024 |website=Dundee Culture |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214735/https://www.dundeeculture.com/post/the-history-of-the-wee-pink-nethergate-house-in-dundee |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Edge: Gremlin">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/Edge_Gaming/Edge%20Gaming%20Magazine%20045/page/n9/mode/2up |title=DMA Snatched by Gremlin |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |issue=45 |date=May 1997 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |page=11 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Engadget: Devil's Thumb">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008-09-22-agdc-interview-with-brett-close-ceo-of-curt-schillings-38-stu.html |title=AGDC: Interview with Brett Close, CEO of Curt Schilling's 38 Studios |first=Kevin |last=Kelly |date=22 September 2009 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212149/https://www.engadget.com/web/20240716212149/https://www.engadget.com/2008-09-22-agdc-interview-with-brett-close-ceo-of-curt-schillings-38-stu.html?guccounter=1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Engadget: GTA design docs">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-03-22-race-n-chase-original-gta-design-docs-posted.html |title=Race'n'Chase: Original GTA Design Docs Posted |first=James |last=Ransom-Wiley |date=22 March 2011 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521031114/https://www.engadget.com/2011-03-22-race-n-chase-original-gta-design-docs-posted.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: almost cancelled">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/how-the-first-grand-theft-auto-was-almost-cancelled |title=How the First Grand Theft Auto Was Almost Cancelled |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |date=16 September 2013 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521233037/https://www.eurogamer.net/how-the-first-grand-theft-auto-was-almost-cancelled |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Art of GTA San Andreas">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/interview-13072004-gtaaarongarbut |title=Rockstar Speaks: The Art of GTA San Andreas |first=Patrick |last=Garratt |date=14 July 2004 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009075924/https://www.eurogamer.net/interview-13072004-gtaaarongarbut |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Christmas Lemmings">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article |title=The 12 Days of Last Christmas |date=21 December 2007 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521213419/https://www.eurogamer.net/the-12-days-of-last-christmas-article |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: not really interesting">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/the-reality-is-were-not-really-interesting |title="The Reality Is We're Not Really Interesting" |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |date=25 November 2014 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521211630/https://www.eurogamer.net/the-reality-is-were-not-really-interesting |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Rockstar Studios rename">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45659 |title=DMA Design Is No More.. |first=Tom |last=Bramwell |date=20 March 2002 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521174330/https://www.eurogamer.net/article-45659 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/rockstars-controversial-dismissal-of-31-employees-is-such-a-big-deal-its-made-its-way-to-uk-parliament |title=Rockstar's controversial dismissal of 31 employees is such a big deal, it's made its way to UK Parliament |first=Dom |last=Peppiatt |date=13 November 2025 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=14 November 2025 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113183735/https://www.eurogamer.net/rockstars-controversial-dismissal-of-31-employees-is-such-a-big-deal-its-made-its-way-to-uk-parliament |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Vermeij">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/ex-rockstar-north-dev-talks-agent-abandoned-zombie-game-in-fascinating-new-blog |title=Ex-Rockstar North Dev Spills on Agent, Abandoned Zombie Game, and More in Fascinating New Blog |first=Matt |last=Wales |date=22 November 2023 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521230909/https://www.eurogamer.net/ex-rockstar-north-dev-talks-agent-abandoned-zombie-game-in-fascinating-new-blog |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Vice City Stories">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/i-vcs-gordonhall |title=Vice Captain |first=Tom |last=Bramwell |date=27 September 2006 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522042026/https://www.eurogamer.net/i-vcs-gordonhall |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Eurogamer: Walker">{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/after-lemmings-was-a-hit-dma-design-declared-war-with-walker |title=After Lemmings Was a Hit, DMA Design Declared War With Walker |first=Graeme |last=Virtue |date=14 September 2014 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529144709/https://www.eurogamer.net/after-lemmings-was-a-hit-dma-design-declared-war-with-walker |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Gamasutra: Catch Up">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php |title=Playing Catch Up: ''GTA/Lemmings''{{'}} Dave Jones |first=Alistair |last=Wallis |date=21 December 2006 |website=[[Gamasutra]] |archive-date=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513153844/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/103142/Playing_Catch_Up_GTALemmings_Dave_Jones.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Game Developer: Philosophy Of Denki">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/interview-the-philosophy-of-denki-games |title=Interview: The Philosophy of Denki Games |first=Christian |last=Nutt |date=29 July 2009 |website=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326132253/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/interview-the-philosophy-of-denki-games |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Game Developer: Spike Video Game Awards 2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/spike-tv-announces-2004-video-game-award-winners |title=Spike TV Announces 2004 Video Game Award Winners |first=David |last=Jenkins |date=15 December 2004 |website=[[Game Developer (website)|Game Developer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110030042/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/spike-tv-announces-2004-video-game-award-winners |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Gamepressure: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |title=Rockstar North morale is said to be exceptionally low, and not necessarily because of another ''GTA 6'' delay |first=Jacob |last=Blazewicz |date=7 November 2025 |website=[[Gamepressure]] |access-date=8 November 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233616/https://www.gamepressure.com/newsroom/rockstar-north-morale-is-said-to-be-exceptionally-low-and-not-nec/z988f3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GamesIndustry: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/union-files-formal-legal-claims-against-rockstar-amid-union-busting-accusations |title=Union files formal legal claims against Rockstar amid union-busting accusations |first=Vikki |last=Blake |date=12 November 2025 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112231758/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/union-files-formal-legal-claims-against-rockstar-amid-union-busting-accusations |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: BMG acquisition">{{cite web |url=http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/12_taketwo/index.html |title=Take 2 Takes BMG |first=Chris |last=Johnston |date=12 March 1998 |website=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=1 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981201222429/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/12_taketwo/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: GTA2 release">{{cite web |url=http://headline.gamespot.com/news/99_10/13_vg_gta/index.html |title=Rockstar's GTA2 Goes Gold |first=Sam |last=Kennedy |date=13 October 1999 |website=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=16 April 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000416145000/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/99_10/13_vg_gta/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: Interplay">{{cite web |url=http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_11/24_pc_iplay/index.html |title=Interplay Nabs More Gremlins |first=Alan |last=Dunkin |date=24 November 1998 |website=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=16 January 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000116054211/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_11/24_pc_iplay/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="GameSpot: San Andreas sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/npd-calls-october-sales-solid/1100-6113108/ |title=NPD Calls October Sales Solid |first=Curt |last=Feldman |date=15 November 2004 |website=[[GameSpot]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808082942/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/npd-calls-october-sales-solid/1100-6113108/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GamesRadar+: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/union-leader-says-fired-gta-6-devs-werent-leaking-rockstar-secrets-they-were-talking-about-working-conditions-on-a-private-discord-they-should-be-legally-protected-to-do-that/ |title=Union leader says fired ''GTA 6'' devs weren't leaking Rockstar secrets, they were talking about working conditions on a private Discord: 'They should be legally protected to do that' |first=Dustin |last=Bailey |date=11 November 2025 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112013207/https://www.gamesradar.com/games/grand-theft-auto/union-leader-says-fired-gta-6-devs-werent-leaking-rockstar-secrets-they-were-talking-about-working-conditions-on-a-private-discord-they-should-be-legally-protected-to-do-that/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit details">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-devs-planned-to-leave-take-two |title=Grand Theft Auto Devs Planned to Leave Take-Two |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=12 April 2016 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521195741/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-devs-planned-to-leave-take-two |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit response">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-benzies-claims-downright-bizarre |title=Rockstar: Benzies' Claims "Downright Bizarre" |first=James |last=Brightman |date=12 April 2016 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521195903/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-benzies-claims-downright-bizarre |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit setback">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/former-gta-producer-suffers-setback-in-usd150m-lawsuit-against-take-two |title=Former GTA Producer Suffers Setback in $150m Lawsuit Against Take Two |first=Ivy |last=Taylor |date=9 April 2018 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521192809/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/former-gta-producer-suffers-setback-in-usd150m-lawsuit-against-take-two |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Benzies lawsuit start">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/leslie-benzies-suing-rockstar-over-usd150-million |title=Leslie Benzies Suing Rockstar Over $150&nbsp;Million |first=Brendan |last=Sinclair |date=12 April 2016 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521195808/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/leslie-benzies-suing-rockstar-over-usd150-million |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Manhunt sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-series-has-sold-66-million-units-to-date |title=Grand Theft Auto series has sold 66&nbsp;million units to date |first=Matt |last=Martin |date=12 March 2008 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=2 March 2025 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302102442/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/grand-theft-auto-series-has-sold-66-million-units-to-date |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: Rise and Fall of Sony">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-part-1 |title=The Rise and Fall of Sony – Part 1 |first=Richard |last=Browne |date=31 May 2012 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522140444/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/the-rise-and-fall-of-sony-part-1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GIbiz: TaxWatch">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-responds-to-claims-it-abuses-tax-relief |title=Rockstar Responds to Claims It Abuses Tax Relief |first=James |last=Batchelor |date=21 January 2020 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521192436/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/rockstar-responds-to-claims-it-abuses-tax-relief |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="GQ: Red Dead Redemption 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/red-dead-redemption-2-interview |title=Red Dead Redemption 2: The Inside Story of the Most Lifelike Video Game Ever |first=Sam |last=White |date=24 October 2018 |website=[[GQ]] |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312080457/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/red-dead-redemption-2-interview |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Hit and Run">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/grandthievestomb0000ande/page/264/mode/2up |title=Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World |first1=Rebecca |last1=Levene |author1-link=Rebecca Levene |first2=Magnus |last2=Anderson |year=2012 |publisher=[[The Quarto Group|Aurum]] |isbn=978-1-84513-704-5 |chapter=Hit and Run |pages=265–286 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: Wandering Creatures">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/grandthievestomb0000ande/page/158/mode/2up |title=Grand Thieves & Tomb Raiders: How British Video Games Conquered the World |first1=Rebecca |last1=Levene |author1-link=Rebecca Levene |first2=Magnus |last2=Anderson |year=2012 |publisher=[[The Quarto Group|Aurum]] |isbn=978-1-84513-704-5 |chapter=Wandering Creatures |pages=156–170 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Gremlin: Interim Results">{{cite web |url=http://www.gremlin.co.uk/interimreport.html |title=Gremlin Group Announces Strong Interim Results |publisher=[[Gremlin Interactive]] |year=1998 |archive-date=4 May 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990504071647/http://www.gremlin.co.uk/interimreport.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Herald News: VR-1">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-video-game-developer-exp/143407183/ |title=Video Game Developer Explores Other Ideas |first=Carly |last=Schulaka |newspaper=[[Herald News]] |date=26 October 1999 |page=B6 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212629/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-news-video-game-developer-exp/143407183/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Body Harvest US">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/04/17/gremlin-undecided-about-body-harvest |title=Gremlin Undecided About Body Harvest |date=17 April 1998 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525151007/https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/04/17/gremlin-undecided-about-body-harvest |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Broadband Studios">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/take-two-gets-wide |title=Take Two Gets Wide |date=10 March 2000 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930215412/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/take-two-gets-wide |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Chinatown Wars">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/25/rockstar-leeds-talks-gta-ds |title=Rockstar Leeds Talks GTA DS |first=Craig |last=Harris |date=25 February 2009 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407064704/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/25/rockstar-leeds-talks-gta-ds |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Grand Theft Auto V records">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/20/gta-5-sales-hit-1-billion-in-three-days |title=GTA 5 Sales Hit $1&nbsp;Billion in Three Days |first=Andrew |last=Goldfarb |date=20 September 2013 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627162801/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/09/20/gta-5-sales-hit-1-billion-in-three-days |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Hired Guns">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/10/03/unreal-scores-another-deal |title=Unreal Scores Another Deal |date=3 October 1998 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212629/https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/10/03/unreal-scores-another-deal |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Liberty City Stories">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/14/gta-liberty-city-stories-interview |title=GTA: Liberty City Stories Interview |first=Juan |last=Castro |date=14 October 2005 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619033326/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/10/14/gta-liberty-city-stories-interview |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Manhunt">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/08/22/manhunt-3 |title=Manhunt |first=Douglass C. |last=Perry |date=22 August 2003 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714012111/https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/08/22/manhunt-3 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Manhunt 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/02/manhunt-2-blackballs-rockstar-vienna |title=Manhunt 2 Blackballs Rockstar Vienna |first=Daemon |last=Hatfield |date=2 November 2007 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121231640/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/02/manhunt-2-blackballs-rockstar-vienna |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Rockstar North rename">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-changes-name |title=E3 2002: Rockstar Changes Name |date=24 May 2000 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212722/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/05/24/e3-2002-rockstar-changes-name |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Rockstar Studios rename">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/19/scottish-developer-becomes-rockstar |title=Scottish Developer Becomes Rockstar |date=19 March 2002 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619033259/https://www.ign.com/articles/2002/03/19/scottish-developer-becomes-rockstar |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: San Andreas">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/03/01/grand-theft-auto-san-andreas-announced |title=Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Announced |first=Andrew |last=Burnes |date=1 March 2004 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304214911/https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/03/01/grand-theft-auto-san-andreas-announced |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: The Trilogy">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/11/07/gta-the-trilogy |title=GTA: The Trilogy |first=Hilary |last=Goldstein |date=7 November 2006 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908023050/https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/11/07/gta-the-trilogy |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/grand-theft-employment-protests-outside-take-two-and-rockstar-north-offices-as-fired-staff-deny-leaking-company-secrets |title={{'}}''Grand Theft'' Employment!' – Protests Outside Take-Two and Rockstar North Offices as Fired Staff Deny Leaking Company Secrets |first=Wesley |last=Yin-Poole |date=6 November 2025 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=7 November 2025 |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106213455/https://www.ign.com/articles/grand-theft-employment-protests-outside-take-two-and-rockstar-north-offices-as-fired-staff-deny-leaking-company-secrets |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Unseen Mastermind">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/11/13/grand-theft-auto-5s-unseen-mastermind |title=Grand Theft Auto 5's Unseen Mastermind |first=Alex |last=Simmons |date=12 November 2013 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424100042/https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/11/13/grand-theft-auto-5s-unseen-mastermind |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="IGN: Wild Metal">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/02/02/wild-metal-deployed |title=Wild Metal Deployed |first=Matt |last=White |date=2 February 2000 |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414141957/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/02/02/wild-metal-deployed |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacked: Eating the Hamster">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/36/mode/2up |title=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |title-link=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |first=David |last=Kushner |author-link=David Kushner (writer) |year=2012 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-470-93637-5 |chapter=Eating the Hamster |pages=36–45 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacked: Gouranga!">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/26/mode/2up |title=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |title-link=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |first=David |last=Kushner |author-link=David Kushner (writer) |year=2012 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-470-93637-5 |chapter=Gouranga! |pages=27–35 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacked: Liberty City">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/46/mode/2up |title=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |title-link=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |first=David |last=Kushner |author-link=David Kushner (writer) |year=2012 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-470-93637-5 |chapter=Liberty City |pages=46–54 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacked: Race'n'Chase">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/jackedoutlawstor0000kush/page/20/mode/2up |title=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |title-link=Jacked: The Outlaw Story of Grand Theft Auto |first=David |last=Kushner |author-link=David Kushner (writer) |year=2012 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-470-93637-5 |chapter=Race'n'Chase |pages=20–26 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Kotaku: Benzies exit">{{cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/rockstar-north-boss-leslie-benzies-is-out-after-nearly-1752495562 |title=Rockstar North Boss Leslie Benzies Is Out After Nearly Two Decades |first=Patrick |last=Klepek |date=12 January 2016 |website=[[Kotaku]] |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113021806/http://kotaku.com/rockstar-north-boss-leslie-benzies-is-out-after-nearly-1752495562 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="LATimes: Grand Theft Auto IV sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-08-fi-gta8-story.html |title='Grand Theft Auto IV' steals video game record |first=Alex |last=Pham |date=8 May 2008 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329175129/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-may-08-fi-gta8-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Ledger-Enquirer: awards">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-grand-theft-iv-up-for/143467106/ |title='Grand Theft IV' Up for Awards |first=Derrick J. |last=Lang |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Ledger-Enquirer]] |date=14 November 2008 |page=A15 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716212735/https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-grand-theft-iv-up-for/143467106/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Lismore: Holyrood purchase">{{cite web |url=https://lismore-re.com/lismore-advises-on-18-25m-sale-of-edinburgh-office-to-rockstar-north/ |title=Lismore Advises on £18.25m Sale of Edinburgh Office to Rockstar North |date=12 July 2021 |publisher=Lismore Real Estate Advisors |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210000910/https://lismore-re.com/lismore-advises-on-18-25m-sale-of-edinburgh-office-to-rockstar-north/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MCV: Episodes from Liberty City">{{cite magazine |url=https://mcvuk.com/business-news/gta-the-ballad-of-gay-tony-announced/ |title=GTA: The Ballad of Gay Tony Announced |first=Ben |last=Parfitt |date=26 May 2009 |magazine=[[MCV/Develop]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925071100/https://mcvuk.com/business-news/gta-the-ballad-of-gay-tony-announced/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MCV: Profile">{{cite magazine |url=https://mcvuk.com/development-news/profile-scotlands-rockstar-north/ |title=Profile: Scotland's Rockstar North |first=Will |last=Freeman |date=28 August 2009 |magazine=[[MCV/Develop]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130001709/https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/profile-scotlands-rockstar-north/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MCV: Sam Houser's CV">{{cite magazine |url=https://mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/sam-housers-cv-in-his-own-words/ |title=Sam Houser's CV – in His Own Words |date=11 July 2008 |magazine=[[MCV/Develop]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725065834/http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/sam-houser-s-cv-in-his-own-words/0691 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Modern Dundee">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/moderndundeelife0000scot_z4e0/page/130/mode/2up |title=Modern Dundee: Life in the City Since World War Two |first=Andrew Murray |last=Scott |author-link=Andrew Murray Scott |year=2002 |publisher=Breedon Books |isbn=978-1-85983-331-5 |page=130 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="New Computer Express: Money">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/new-computer-express-24_202005/page/6/mode/2up |title=Money Makes the World Go Round |first=Jason |last=Holborn |magazine=[[New Computer Express]] |issue=24 |date=22 April 1989 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |page=35 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="New York: Discontinuance">{{cite web |url=https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/nyscef/ViewDocument?docIndex=idJ7VgKR6m8lEPirJiLa%2Fg%3D%3D |title=Stipulation of Discontinuance of Action With Prejudice |first=Barry R. |last=Ostrager |date=8 February 2019 |publisher=[[New York Supreme Court]] |via=New York eCourts |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127191136/https://iapps.courts.state.ny.us/nyscef/ViewDocument?docIndex=idJ7VgKR6m8lEPirJiLa%2Fg%3D%3D |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NGen: Gamespotting">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_28/page/n99/mode/2up |title=Gamespotting |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |issue=28 |date=April 1997 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=98–104 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NGen: Hired Guns">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_49/page/n47/mode/2up |title=Hired Guns |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]] |issue=49 |date=January 1999 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=46–47 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Nintendo Life: Kid Kirby">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/06/brand-new-details-on-the-cancelled-snes-kirby-game-have-been-discovered |title=Brand New Details on the Cancelled SNES Kirby Game Have Been Discovered |first=Alana |last=Hagues |date=14 June 2022 |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614131547/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/06/brand-new-details-on-the-cancelled-snes-kirby-game-have-been-discovered |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Nintendo Life: Unirally">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2010/03/feature_the_making_of_unirally |title=Feature: The Making of Unirally |first=Damien |last=McFerran |date=9 March 2010 |website=[[Nintendo Life]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527094352/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2010/03/feature_the_making_of_unirally |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="NWR: Ragin' online GBA">{{cite web |url=https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/4580/ragin-online-gba |title=Ragin' Online GBA |first=Billy |last=Berghammer |date=7 February 2000 |website=Nintendo World Report |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326175858/https://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/4580/ragin-online-gba |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PC Gamer: Grand Theft Auto V most profitable">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gta-5-estimated-to-be-the-most-profitable-entertainment-product-of-all-time/ |title=GTA 5 Estimated to Be the Most Profitable Entertainment Product of All Time |first=Joe |last=Donnelly |date=9 April 2016 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409172025/https://www.pcgamer.com/gta-5-estimated-to-be-the-most-profitable-entertainment-product-of-all-time/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PC Gamer: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rockstar-is-now-under-pressure-from-uk-parliament-as-protests-grow-and-220-employees-demand-fired-workers-be-reinstated/ |title=Rockstar is now under pressure from UK Parliament as protests grow and 220 employees demand fired workers be reinstated |first=Andy |last=Chalk |date=13 November 2025 |website=[[PC Gamer]] |access-date=14 November 2025 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113221203/https://www.pcgamer.com/games/rockstar-is-now-under-pressure-from-uk-parliament-as-protests-grow-and-220-employees-demand-fired-workers-be-reinstated/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="PC Zone: No Stopping GTA">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_83_December_1999/page/n19/mode/2up |title=No Stopping GTA |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |issue=83 |date=December 1999 |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |page=21 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PC Zone: Tanktics">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_78_July_1999/page/n77/mode/2up |title=Tanktics |first=Steve |last=Hill |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |issue=78 |date=July 1999 |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |pages=76–77 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PC Zone: Wild Metal Country">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/PC_Zone_Issue_076_1999-05_Dennis_Publishing_GB/page/n55/mode/2up |title=Say Goodbye to the City, and Head for the... Wild Metal Country |first=Charlie |last=Brooker |magazine=[[PC Zone]] |issue=76 |date=May 1999 |publisher=[[Dennis Publishing]] |pages=56–57 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PCGamesN: making of Lemmings">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-making-of-lemmings |title=The Making of: Lemmings |first=Joe |last=Donnelly |date=21 January 2016 |website=[[PCGamesN]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203114101/https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-making-of-lemmings |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: Benzies lawsuit">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/14/11428072/the-great-grand-theft-auto-lawsuit-explained |title=The Great Grand Theft Auto Lawsuit Explained |first=Colin |last=Campbell |date=14 April 2016 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011516/https://www.polygon.com/2016/4/14/11428072/the-great-grand-theft-auto-lawsuit-explained |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: Grand Theft Auto V records">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2013/10/9/4819272/grand-theft-auto-5-smashes-7-guinness-world-records |title=Grand Theft Auto 5 Smashes 7 Guinness World Records |first=Jenna |last=Pitcher |date=9 October 2013 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009080632/https://www.polygon.com/2013/10/9/4819272/grand-theft-auto-5-smashes-7-guinness-world-records |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Polygon: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |title=As ''GTA 6'' gets delayed, fired Rockstar employees paint a grim picture |first=Patricia |last=Hernandez |date=7 November 2025 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=8 November 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233540/https://www.polygon.com/gta-6-delay-rockstar-employees-protest/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Raze: Cutiepoo">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/RAZE_Issue_01_1990-11_Newsfield_Publishing_GB/page/n7/mode/2up |title=Tribble Trouble |magazine=[[Raze (magazine)|Raze]] |issue=1 |date=November 1990 |publisher=[[Newsfield]] |page=9 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Desert Island Disks">{{cite magazine |title=Desert Island Disks: Mike Dailly |first=Paul |last=Drury |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=152 |date=25 February 2016 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=93–97}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: From the Archives">{{cite magazine |title=From the Archives: DMA Design |first=Darran |last=Jones |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=62 |date=26 March 2009 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=84–91}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto history">{{cite magazine |title=The History of... Grand Theft Auto |first=Stuart |last=Hunt |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=50 |date=24 April 2008 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=46–53}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III making of">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Grand Theft Auto III |first=David |last=Crookes |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=122 |date=8 November 2013 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=58–63}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto III open worlds">{{cite magazine |title=Brave New Open Worlds |first=Paul |last=Walker-Emig |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=200 |date=31 October 2019 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=84–87}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Grand Theft Auto making of">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Grand Theft Auto |first=David |last=Crookes |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=100 |date=1 March 2012 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=80–85}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Hired Guns">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Hired Guns |first=James |last=Churchill |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=138 |date=5 February 2015 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=34–37}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Lemmings">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of... Lemmings 1 and 2 |first=Kim |last=Wild |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=39 |date=21 June 2007 |publisher=[[Imagine Publishing]] |pages=78–83}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: N64 Years">{{cite magazine |title=DMA Design: The Chaotic N64 Years That Led to Rockstar North |first=Robert |last=Zak |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=226 |date=28 October 2021 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=78–83}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Space Station Silicon Valley">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Space Station Silicon Valley |first=Adam |last=Barnes |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=189 |date=27 December 2018 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=82–85}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Vice City">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City |first=Adam |last=Barnes |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=250 |date=1 September 2023 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=80–85}}</ref>

<ref name="Retro Gamer: Walker">{{cite magazine |title=The Making of: Walker |first=Mike |last=Bevan |magazine=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=149 |date=27 November 2015 |publisher=[[Future Publishing]] |pages=70–73}}</ref>

<ref name="Rockstar Games: Max Payne 3">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/ak14o88381o725/asked-answered-max-payne-3-la-noire-red-dead-and-more.html |title=Asked & Answered: Max Payne 3, L.A. Noire, Red Dead and More |date=5 October 2011 |publisher=[[Rockstar Games]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508015825/https://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/ak14o88381o725/asked-answered-max-payne-3-la-noire-red-dead-and-more.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RPS: Manhunt">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/manhunt-made-us-feel-icky |title="Manhunt Made Us Feel Icky" |first=John |last=Walker |date=27 July 2007 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529083306/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/manhunt-made-us-feel-icky |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="RPS: Vermeij">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-once-planned-a-zombie-island-survival-game-using-gta-vice-city-code-but-it-was-too-depressing |title=Rockstar Once Planned a Zombie Island Survival Game Using GTA: Vice City Code, but It Was Too "Depressing" |first=Edwin |last=Evans-Thirlwell |date=21 November 2023 |website=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126115002/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/rockstar-once-planned-a-zombie-island-survival-game-using-gta-vice-city-code-but-it-was-too-depressing |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 1">{{cite web |url=https://scottishgames.net/2012/06/27/steve-hammonds-manual-override/ |title=Steve Hammond's Manual Override |first=Steve |last=Hammond |date=27 June 2012 |website=The Scottish Games Network |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205075958/https://scottishgames.net/2012/06/27/steve-hammonds-manual-override/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Scottish Games: Manual Override 2">{{cite web |url=https://scottishgames.net/2012/09/13/steve-hammonds-manual-override-developer-hell/ |title=Steve Hammond's Manual Override – Developer Hell |first=Steve |last=Hammond |date=13 September 2012 |website=The Scottish Games Network |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921195145/https://scottishgames.net/2012/09/13/steve-hammonds-manual-override-developer-hell/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Steve Hammond: GTA Q&A">{{cite web |url=https://www.stevehammond.org/dmadesign/gta.html |title=GTA Q&A |first=Steve |last=Hammond |via=stevehammond.org |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524000333/https://www.stevehammond.org/dmadesign/gta.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Take-Two Interactive: 10-K 2000">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/000089155400000145/0000891554-00-000145.txt |title=Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 1999 |publisher=[[Take-Two Interactive]] |date=27 January 2000 |via=[[EDGAR]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213801/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/000089155400000145/0000891554-00-000145.txt |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Take-Two: Acquisition">{{cite press release |url=http://www.take2games.com/public/news/article.jhtml?articleid=171 |title=Take-Two Interactive Software Announces the Acquisition of DMA Design, Ltd. |publisher=[[Take-Two Interactive]] |date=29 September 1999 |archive-date=4 June 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000604032703/http://www.take2games.com/public/news/article.jhtml?articleid=171 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Take-Two: Sales">{{cite web |url=http://taketwovalue.com/documents/TTWO_Value.pdf#page=12 |title=Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Recommendation of the Board of Directors to Reject Electronic Arts Inc.'s Tender Offer March 2008 |date=26 March 2008 |publisher=[[Take-Two Interactive]] |page=12 |archive-date=8 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408234728/http://taketwovalue.com/documents/TTWO_Value.pdf#page=12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="The Courier: where are they now">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/4837660/grand-theft-auto-dundee-dma-design-creators/ |title=Grand Theft Auto's Dundee Masterminds – Where Are They Now? |first=Ben |last=MacDonald |date=2 January 2024 |website=[[The Courier (Dundee)|The Courier]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105182041/https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/4837660/grand-theft-auto-dundee-dma-design-creators/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Daily Telegraph: Gremlin financials">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-shearer-in-gremlins/143464732/ |title=Shearer in Gremlin's Stocking |first=Miranda |last=Carr |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=13 November 1997 |page=39 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213208/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-shearer-in-gremlins/143464732/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Daily Telegraph: Gremlin float">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-gremlin-games-pair-t/143464668/ |title=Gremlin Games Pair to Sell a £6m Stake |first=Rebecca |last=Barrow |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=28 May 1997 |page=29 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213324/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-telegraph-gremlin-games-pair-t/143464668/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Games Machine: Menace release">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-11/page/n13/mode/2up |title=Menace/Psygnosis |magazine=[[The Games Machine]] |issue=11 |date=October 1988 |publisher=[[Newsfield]] |page=14 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="The Games Machine: Menace review">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/thegamesmachine-13/page/n75/mode/2up |title=Menace Spring Again... |magazine=[[The Games Machine]] |issue=13 |date=December 1988 |publisher=[[Newsfield]] |page=76 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="The Great British Dream Factory">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPBBwAAQBAJ |title=The Great British Dream Factory: The Strange History of Our National Imagination |first=Dominic |last=Sandbrook |author-link=Dominic Sandbrook |year=2015 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-197931-1 |pages=163–168 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213405/https://books.google.com/books?id=IlPBBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: cyber takeovers">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-lara-croft-falls-victim-to/143466264/ |title=Lara Croft Falls Victim to the French as UK Loses Out in Cyber Takeovers |first1=John |last1=Cassy |first2=Jack |last2=Schofield |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 July 2000 |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213911/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-lara-croft-falls-victim-to/143466264/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: Golden Joystick Awards 2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/nov/10/games.guardianweeklytechnologysection1 |title=Golden Joystick awards: Winners and losers |first=Mike |last=Anderiesz |date=10 November 2005 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=20 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920051223/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/nov/10/games.guardianweeklytechnologysection1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: How we made">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/18/how-we-made-grand-theft-auto |title=How We Made ... Grand Theft Auto |first=Keith |last=Stuart |date=18 May 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729194600/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/18/how-we-made-grand-theft-auto |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: N-Gage">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-prepare-to-n-gage/143466898/ |title=Prepare to N-Gage |first=Steve |last=Boxer |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2003 |page=20 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213915/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-prepare-to-n-gage/143466898/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: Take two">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-take-two/143466206/ |title=Take Two |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 October 1999 |page=online{{!}}7 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716213930/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-take-two/143466206/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Guardian: TaxWatch">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/29/grand-theft-auto-maker-uk-corporation-tax-rockstar-north-games |title=Grand Theft Auto Maker Has Paid No UK Corporation Tax in 10 Years – Report |first=Keza |last=MacDonald |date=29 July 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222005841/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jul/29/grand-theft-auto-maker-uk-corporation-tax-rockstar-north-games |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: active interest">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12099252.businesses-take-active-interest/ |title=Businesses Take Active Interest |date=6 July 1995 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214024/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12099252.businesses-take-active-interest/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: Barclay House">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.scotsman-group-seeks-new-headquarters-rockstar-prepares-move-barclay-house/ |title=Scotsman Group Seeks New Headquarters as Rockstar Prepares to Move Into Barclay House |first=Colin |last=Donald |date=22 December 2013 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204191330/https://www.heraldscotland.com/business_hq/13137464.scotsman-group-seeks-new-headquarters-rockstar-prepares-move-barclay-house/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: Benzies lawsuit">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17340954.first-game-courtroom/ |title=First the Game, Then the Courtroom |first=David |last=Leask |date=7 January 2019 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214025/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17340954.first-game-courtroom/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: BMG deal">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12127803.ex-timex-tycoon-expands-factory/ |title=Ex-Timex Tycoon Expands Factory |date=28 March 1995 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214030/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12127803.ex-timex-tycoon-expands-factory/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: DMA pulls out">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12199524.dma-pulls-out-of-jute-city/ |title=DMA Pulls Out of Jute City |first=Kristy |last=Dorsey |date=22 March 2000 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214035/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12199524.dma-pulls-out-of-jute-city/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: DMA to expand">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12225058.dma-to-expand/ |title=DMA to Expand |date=16 March 2000 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214209/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12225058.dma-to-expand/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: Liaison">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12313999.games-firm-in-15m-legal-action/ |title=Games Firm in £1.5m Legal Action |date=30 July 1997 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214213/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12313999.games-firm-in-15m-legal-action/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: play for the future">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12395600.making-a-play-for-the-future-dave-jones-creator-of-notorious-grand-theft-auto-his-dream-is-of-massive-multiplayer-online-gaming-finds-kristy-dorsey/ |title=Making a Play for the Future |first=Kristy |last=Dorsey |date=19 March 2005 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214339/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12395600.making-a-play-for-the-future-dave-jones-creator-of-notorious-grand-theft-auto-his-dream-is-of-massive-multiplayer-online-gaming-finds-kristy-dorsey/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: quite some game">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12106933.thats-quite-some-game-boy/ |title=That's Quite Some Game, Boy |first=Jennifer |last=Cunningham |date=20 May 1995 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214226/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12106933.thats-quite-some-game-boy/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: Scottish roots">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/23913934.grand-theft-auto-scottish-roots-ahead-sixth-game/ |title=Grand Theft Auto and Its Scottish Roots Ahead of Sixth Game |first=Gabriel |last=McKay |date=12 November 2023 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227121007/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/homenews/23913934.grand-theft-auto-scottish-roots-ahead-sixth-game/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Herald: winning game plan">{{cite web |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12579660.the-whizz-kid-with-a-winning-game-plan/ |title=The Whizz-Kid With a Winning Game Plan |first=David |last=Ogilvy |date=19 November 1992 |website=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214238/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12579660.the-whizz-kid-with-a-winning-game-plan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Independent: Gremlin public">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/gremlin-sets-out-its-stall-to-double-profits-1263895.html |title=Gremlin Sets Out Its Stall to Double Profits |first=Cathy |last=Newman |date=27 May 1997 |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708032833/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/gremlin-sets-out-its-stall-to-double-profits-1263895.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The One: Profile">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/The_One_Issue_040/page/2000/mode/2up |title=The One Profile: David Jones |first=Laurence |last=Scotford |magazine=[[The One (magazine)|The One]] |issue=40 |date=January 1992 |publisher=[[EMAP]] |page=24 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Benzies lawsuit">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/regions/grand-theft-auto-pioneer-accused-of-poaching-staff-in-court-battle-2512695 |title=Grand Theft Auto Pioneer Accused of Poaching Staff in Court Battle |first=Martyn |last=McLaughlin |date=5 January 2019 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214450/https://www.scotsman.com/regions/grand-theft-auto-pioneer-accused-of-poaching-staff-in-court-battle-2512695 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Holyrood expansion">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/contrasting-fortunes-for-edinburgh-and-glasgow-office-markets-in-2022-after-end-of-year-flurry-4046153 |title=Contrasting Fortunes for Edinburgh and Glasgow Office Markets in 2022 After End-of-Year Flurry |first=Scott |last=Reid |date=1 March 2023 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001065028/https://www.scotsman.com/business/contrasting-fortunes-for-edinburgh-and-glasgow-office-markets-in-2022-after-end-of-year-flurry-4046153 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Holyrood purchase">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/pandemic-dents-commprop-investment-but-reasons-for-optimism-emerging-3318262 |title=Pandemic Dents Commercial Property Investment in Scotland but 'Reasons for Optimism' Emerging |first=Scott |last=Reid |date=22 July 2021 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129101123/https://www.scotsman.com/business/pandemic-dents-commprop-investment-but-reasons-for-optimism-emerging-3318262 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Inside the minds">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/the-perfect-crime-inside-the-minds-of-the-scottish-creators-of-grand-theft-auto-2473026 |title=The Perfect Crime: Inside the Minds of the Scottish Creators of Grand Theft Auto |first=Martyn |last=McLaughlin |date=11 March 2012 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214445/https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/the-perfect-crime-inside-the-minds-of-the-scottish-creators-of-grand-theft-auto-2473026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish legends">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/we-were-basically-the-big-bang-theory-but-30-years-ago-the-dundee-developers-who-became-scottish-video-game-legends-with-lemmings-3147464 |title='We Were Basically The Big Bang Theory but 30 Years Ago': The Dundee Developers Who Became Scottish Video Game Legends With Lemmings |first=Liv |last=McMahon |date=28 February 2021 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308150821/https://www.scotsman.com/news/people/we-were-basically-the-big-bang-theory-but-30-years-ago-the-dundee-developers-who-became-scottish-video-game-legends-with-lemmings-3147464 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Scotsman: Scottish references">{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/grand-theft-autos-scottish-references-and-easter-eggs-606030 |title=Grand Theft Auto's Scottish References and Easter Eggs |date=31 January 2017 |website=[[The Scotsman]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606003642/https://www.scotsman.com/news/grand-theft-autos-scottish-references-and-easter-eggs-606030 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times: Four geeks">{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-100-tech/hardware-profile/article/four-geeks-meet-and-form-worlds-richest-entertainment-franchise-77vn36fj0pd |title=Four Geeks Meet — and Form World's Richest Entertainment Franchise |first=Marc |last=Horne |date=2 December 2015 |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214458/https://www.thetimes.com/article/four-geeks-meet-and-form-worlds-richest-entertainment-franchise-77vn36fj0pd |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times: Grand Theft Auto IV budget">{{cite web |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/grand-theft-auto-producer-is-godfather-of-gaming-qhgtk0d3d8h |title=Grand Theft Auto Producer Is Godfather of Gaming |first=Gillian |last=Bowditch |date=27 April 2008 |website=[[The Times]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214458/https://www.thetimes.com/article/grand-theft-auto-producer-is-godfather-of-gaming-qhgtk0d3d8h |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="TheGamer: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-6-gta-vi-delay-reportedly-prevent-cyberpunk-2077-launch/ |title=''Grand Theft Auto 6'' Delay Is Reportedly All About Polishing To 'Prevent A ''Cyberpunk'' Scenario' |first=James |last=Lucas |date=7 November 2025 |website=[[TheGamer]] |access-date=8 November 2025 |archive-date=7 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107233136/https://www.thegamer.com/grand-theft-auto-6-gta-vi-delay-reportedly-prevent-cyberpunk-2077-launch/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Time Extension: Abandoned">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeextension.com/features/best-of-2024-the-gta-games-ports-and-expansions-we-never-got-to-play |title=The GTA Games, Ports and Expansions We Never Got to Play |first=Jack |last=Yarwood |date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Time Extension]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122181500/https://www.timeextension.com/features/best-of-2024-the-gta-games-ports-and-expansions-we-never-got-to-play |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Time Extension: Logo">{{cite web |url=https://www.timeextension.com/news/2024/01/random-the-creator-of-the-dma-design-logo-reflects-on-its-legacy-30-years-later |title=Random: The Creator of the DMA Design Logo Reflects on Its Legacy 30 Years Later |first=Jack |last=Yarwood |date=25 January 2024 |website=[[Time Extension]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203850/https://www.timeextension.com/news/2024/01/random-the-creator-of-the-dma-design-logo-reflects-on-its-legacy-30-years-later |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety: Red Dead Redemption 2">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/red-dead-redemption-2-narrative-interview-1202992401/ |title=The Story Behind the Story of 'Red Dead Redemption 2' |first=Brian |last=Crecente |date=24 October 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713095526/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/red-dead-redemption-2-narrative-interview-1202992401/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VentureBeat: Gamelab">{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/games/grand-theft-auto-creator-dave-jones-you-never-know-when-youve-got-a-hit-idea/view-all/ |title=Grand Theft Auto Creator Dave Jones: You Never Know When You've Got a Hit Idea |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |author-link=Dean Takahashi |date=9 July 2018 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716214503/https://venturebeat.com/games/grand-theft-auto-creator-dave-jones-you-never-know-when-youve-got-a-hit-idea/view-all/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Verge: union">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/811999/gta-vi-rockstar-games-union-busting |title=''GTA VI'' developer accused of union busting in mass firings |last=Bonifield |first=Stevie |website=[[The Verge]] |date=31 October 2025 |accessdate=13 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031225223/https://www.theverge.com/news/811999/gta-vi-rockstar-games-union-busting |archivedate=31 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VG247: Plaque">{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/lemmings-celebrates-20th-birthday-with-commemorative-plaque |title=Lemmings Celebrates 20th Birthday With Commemorative Plaque |first=Brenna |last=Hillier |date=15 February 2011 |website=[[VG247]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521223136/https://www.vg247.com/lemmings-celebrates-20th-birthday-with-commemorative-plaque |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VG247: VGAs 2008">{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/vga-2008-the-winners |title=VGA 2008 – The Winners |first=Patrick |last=Garratt |date=15 December 2008 |website=[[VG247]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522051421/https://www.vg247.com/vga-2008-the-winners |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VGC: Grand Theft Auto V sales">{{cite web |url=https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-5-has-surpassed-200-million-copies-sold-according-to-take-two/ |title=GTA 5 Has Surpassed 200&nbsp;Million Copies Sold, According to Take Two |first=Jordan |last=Middler |date=16 May 2024 |website=[[Video Games Chronicle]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527003812/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/gta-5-has-surpassed-200-million-copies-sold-according-to-take-two/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VR-1: Devil's Thumb">{{cite press release |url=http://www.vr1.com/about/press/aquires/dtacquire.html |title=Online Game Developer VR-1, Inc. Acquires Two Console Game Developers to Expand Into the Online Console Game Market |publisher=VR-1 |date=4 March 1999 |archive-date=30 September 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990930034748/http://www.vr1.com/about/press/aquires/dtacquire.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Wireframe: chaotic origins">{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/Wireframe51/page/28/mode/2up |title="It Was a Mess": The Chaotic Origins of Grand Theft Auto |first=Jack |last=Yarwood |magazine=Wireframe |issue=51 |date=3 June 2021 |publisher=[[Raspberry Pi Foundation]] |pages=28–33 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WSJ: San Andreas budget">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110243451698593254 |title=Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games |first1=Marcelo |last1=Prince |first2=Peter |last2=Roth |date=21 December 2004 |website=[[Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200210052050/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110243451698593254 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

{{Portal bar|Companies|Video games}}
{{Rockstar North}}
{{Rockstar Games}}
{{Take-Two Interactive}}
{{Nintendo developers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1988 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:1997 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:1999 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Golden Joystick Award winners]]
[[Category:Grand Theft Auto]]
[[Category:Rockstar Games subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Scottish brands]]
[[Category:Software companies of Scotland]]
[[Category:Take-Two Interactive divisions and subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Video game companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Video game companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]