View source for Roger le Poer

{{short description|12th-century Chancellor of England}}
{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name               = Roger le Poer
|image              = 
|imagesize          = 
|alt                = 
|caption            = 
|office             = [[Lord Chancellor]]
|term_start         = 1135
|term_end           = June 1139
|predecessor        = [[Robert de Sigello]]
|successor          = [[Philip de Harcourt]]
|relations          = [[Roger of Salisbury]]{{spaced ndash}} father <br /> Matilda of Ramsbury{{spaced ndash}} mother
|birth_date         = likely after 1107
|death_date         = after 1139
}}

'''Roger le Poer'''{{efn|Sometimes '''Roger Pauper'''<ref name=DNB>Kemp "Roger Pauper" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> or '''Roger Poer'''<ref name=DD203/>}} was a medieval [[Lord Chancellor]] from 1135 until 1139 for King [[Stephen of England]]. The son of a powerful bishop, Roger owed his position to his family connections. He lost his office when his father and other relatives lost power. Arrested along with his father, Roger was used to secure the surrender of a castle held by his mother and then disappeared from history.

==Background and early life==
Roger was the son of [[Roger of Salisbury]], Lord Chancellor for King [[Henry I of England]] and [[Bishop of Salisbury]],<ref name=BHOSalis>Greenway "Salisbury: Bishops" ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4''</ref>{{efn|The chronicler [[William of Malmesbury]] calls him the ''nepos'', or "nephew", of Roger of Salisbury, but this is a euphemism used to describe the sons of clerics in the Middle Ages.<ref name=Kealey23>Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' pp. 23–24</ref> William's description of Roger was that he was "a nephew or perhaps even a closer relation" of the elder Roger.<ref name=King>Quoted in King ''King Stephen'' p. 55</ref>}} and Matilda of Ramsbury. It is possible that Roger of Salisbury was married to Matilda prior to his elevation to the episcopate, but this is unlikely.<ref name=Kealey272/> Because their son Roger le Poer was described as "young" in 1139, it is most likely that he was born after his father's consecration as bishop in 1107.<ref name=Kealey23/> A biographer of Roger of Salisbury, Edward Kealey, has argued that Roger le Poer is the same person as Roger, the archdeacon of Berkshire who died in the 1160s. Another possibility, that the younger Roger was the same as Roger of Ramsbury, archdeacon of Wiltshire, is less likely, as it is known that Roger of Ramsbury was not closely related to [[Adelelm (Dean of Lincoln)|Adelelm]], the nephew or son of Roger of Salisbury.<ref name=Kealey272>Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' pp. 272–274</ref> The historian Diana Greenway in the ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'' takes this view.<ref name=ArchBerkBHOSalis>Greenway "Archdeacons: Berkshire" ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 4: Salisbury''</ref>

==Chancellor==
The younger Roger's family was a powerful one in England<ref name=Ruling73>Huscroft ''Ruling England'' p. 73</ref> - not only was his father the Bishop of Salisbury, but he also held the administration of the government in his hands. The older Roger had the powers of the office of [[justiciar]], without having been appointed to that office, as a continuation of the power he had held during the second part of the reign of Henry I.<ref name=Handbook70>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' pp. 70–71</ref> The elder Roger's two nephews{{spaced ndash}} [[Nigel (bishop of Ely)|Nigel]], who was [[Bishop of Ely]] and had previously been [[Lord Treasurer]], and [[Alexander of Lincoln|Alexander]], who was [[Bishop of Lincoln]] - both held important bishoprics,<ref name=Ruling73/> and another nephew or son held the Treasurership from 1136.<ref name=Handbook103>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 103</ref><ref name=Kealey272/> This was Adelelm, who may have been a full brother to Roger le Poer.<ref name=Kealey23/> The family also controlled a number of castles throughout England.<ref name=Kealey272/> [[William of Malmesbury]], a medieval chronicler, claimed that the younger Roger's appointment as chancellor was the price demanded by the elder Roger for the bishop's support of Stephen as king after the death of King Henry I.<ref name=DD203>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' p. 203</ref> Roger served as chancellor from 1135 until 24 June 1139.<ref name=Handbook83>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 83</ref>

Roger travelled with the king, often accompanying him in the royal progresses around England.<ref name=Karn11>Karn "Robert de Sigillo" ''English Historical Review'' p. 11</ref> In late 1136 or 1137, Roger was with the king at a court called at Westminster which heard a complaint by the [[Holy Trinity Priory]] in London that [[Hasculf de Tany]], the [[castellan]] of the [[Tower of London]], had taken land that belonged to the priory. In the end, the priory regained custody of their land.<ref name=King68>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 68–69</ref> In March 1137 Roger was with the king right before the king sailed to Normandy, as the chancellor witnessed a charter of the king just prior to his departure.<ref name=King70>King ''King Stephen'' p. 70 and footnote 159</ref> As chancellor, Roger was a witness on over 60 royal [[writ]]s.<ref name=Kealey272/>

==Arrest and exile==
In the middle of 1139, rumours were current that the family was going to defect to Stephen's rival for the throne, the [[Empress Matilda]].<ref name=Ruling73/> These rumours appear to have been started by a group of nobles led by twin brothers [[Waleran de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Worcester|Waleran de Beaumont]], the [[Count of Meulan]], and [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester|Robert de Beaumont]], the [[Earl of Leicester]], with [[Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond|Alan of Brittany]].<ref name=Stephen95/> Whether Roger and his family really intended to switch their support to Matilda is unclear, but unlikely.<ref name=Arrest98>Yoshitake "Arrest of the Bishops" ''Journal of Medieval History'' p. 98</ref> In late June, a fight broke out between some of the retainers of Alan and men in the service of Roger's family. This fight was the excuse for the king moving against Roger's family.<ref name=Stephen95>Crouch ''Reign of King Stephen'' pp. 95–98</ref> Both the elder and younger Roger were arrested, along with Alexander, but Nigel escaped.<ref name=Ruling73/> Matilda of Ramsbury, who held out in [[Devizes Castle]] against the king, was persuaded to surrender the castle to Stephen when the king threatened to hang the younger Roger, Matilda's own son, if she did not yield.<ref name=Kealey272/> The younger Roger was restrained with chains and put on a high platform in view of the castle with a noose around his neck.<ref name=Kealey185>Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' pp. 185–187</ref>

The name ''le poer'', or ''pauperus'', means "pauper" and was not given to Roger until after his and his father's fall from power in 1139. It is possible the new name was bestowed because he could have expected to receive a bishopric after his time as chancellor, which did not happen because of his family's disgrace.<ref name=Kealey272/> Another possible reason for the name was to contrast with his father's wealth.<ref name=DNB/> It is unlikely that he was actually poor, as his family was wealthy and powerful.<ref name=Kealey23/>{{efn|Some later historians applied the same name to his father, but this is not a contemporary attestation.<ref name=Kealey23/>}} The historian Francis West described the base of the family's power as "control of the important offices of royal government".<ref name=West24>West ''Justiciarship'' p. 24</ref>

Roger was sent into exile after his family's disgrace.<ref name=Kealey272/> If he is the same person as the archdeacon of Berkshire, he died in the middle of the 1160s,<ref name=Kealey272/> but no other sure information is known about him after his exile.<ref name=DNB/>

==Notes==
{{notelist|60em}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|40em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book |author=Crouch, David |title=The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 |authorlink=David Crouch (historian) |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-582-22657-0 }}
* {{cite book |author1=Fryde, E. B. |author2=Greenway, D. E. |author3=Porter, S. |author4=Roy, I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology |edition=Third revised |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56350-X }}
* {{cite book |author=Greenway, Diana E. |section=Archdeacons: Berkshire |title=Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 |volume=4: Salisbury |section-url=http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=34226 |access-date=2 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1991 }}
* {{cite book |author=Greenway, Diana E. |section=Bishops |title=Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 |volume=4: Salisbury |section-url=http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=34219 |access-date=2 April 2013 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1991 }}
* {{cite book |author=Huscroft, Richard |title=Ruling England 1042–1217 |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=London |year=2005 |isbn=0-582-84882-2 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Karn, Nicholas |title=Robert de Sigillo: An Unruly Head of the Royal Scriptorium in the 1120s and 1130s |journal=[[The English Historical Review]] |volume=CXXIII |issue=502 |date=June 2008 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cen172 |pages=539–553 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kealey, Edward J. |title=Roger of Salisbury, Viceroy of England |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1972 |isbn=0-520-01985-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. |title=Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum |authorlink=Katharine Keats-Rohan |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Ipswich, UK |year=2002 |isbn=0-85115-863-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=King, Edmund |title=King Stephen |series=The English Monarchs Series |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-300-11223-8 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Kemp, B. R. |title=Roger Pauper |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |edition=revised May 2012 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23957 |access-date=2 April 2013 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/23957 |url-access=subscription }} {{ODNBsub}} 
* {{cite book |author=West, Francis |title=The Justiciarship in England 1066–1232 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1966 |location=Cambridge, UK }}
* {{cite journal |author=Yoshitake, Kenji |title=The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences |journal=[[Journal of Medieval History]] |volume=14 |year=1988 |issue=2 |pages=97–114 |doi=10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X }}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Robert de Sigello]]<br />'''(Keeper of the Great Seal)'''}}
{{s-ttl| title=[[Lord Chancellor]] | years=1135–1139 }}
{{s-aft | after=[[Philip de Harcourt]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{House of Blois and Anjou Lord Chancellors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Le Poer, Roger}}
[[Category:Lord chancellors of England]]
[[Category:12th-century English politicians]]