View source for Roman Bridge of Chaves

{{Short description|Bridge in the river tamega in Chaves city, Portugal}}{{Infobox bridge
| name                = Trajan's Bridge
| native_name         = Ponte de Trajano
| native_name_lang    = 
| official_name       = Ponte de Trajano
| other_name          = Roman Bridge of Chaves
| named_for           = [[Trajan]]
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| image               = Ponte romana Chaves 01.jpg
| caption             = An oblique view of the Roman bridge of Chaves
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| coordinates         = {{coord|41.7383|N|7.4672|W|source:wikidata|display=it}} 
| locale              = [[Vila Real (district)|Vila Real]], [[Terras de Trás-os-Montes]], [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte]], [[Portugal]]
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| width               = {{convert|8.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| built               = 100 CE
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'''Trajan's Bridge''' ({{langx|pt|Ponte de Trajano}}) is a [[Roman bridge]] in the [[freguesia|civil parish]] of [[Santa Maria Maior (Chaves)|Santa Maria Maior]], in the [[concelho|municipality]] of [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]] in the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Norte Region, Portugal|northern]] subregion of [[Terras de Trás-os-Montes]].

==History==
[[File:Acquae Flaviae.jpg|thumb|235px|left|The view of the bridge and the southern margin]]
[[File:Roman bridge.jpg|thumb|235px|left|A downstream view of the bridge]]
[[File:Chaves DSCN0427 (3055099924).jpg|thumb|235px|left|The road top of the bridge]]
[[File:Chaves Ponte de Trajano 302.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Downstream view of the bridge]]
[[File:Chaves DSCN0440 (3054277785).jpg|thumb|235px|left|Upstream view of the bridge]]
The bridge was constructed at the end of the 1st century or beginning of the 2nd century, by [[Roman engineering|engineers]] under the [[Roman emperor|emperor]] [[Trajan]].<ref name=SIPA/> A commemorative column was erected in 104, referring to the bridge's construction by [[Aquae Flaviae|Flavian]] locals, at their cost. The column, now known as the ''Padrão dos Povos'' (''People's Standard'') was erected and dedicated by 10 ''[[civitas]]'' towards the Roman emperors [[Vespasian]], [[Titus]], the emperor's [[Legatus Augusti pro praetore|Legatus Augusti]] and  the procurator of the [[Legio VII Gemina|7th Legion ''Gemina Felix'']].<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3668 |title=Ponte de Trajano (IPA.00002607/PT011703510001) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first1=Isabel |last1=Sereno |first2=Paulo |last2=Amaral |first3=Paula |last3=Noé |year=2009 |accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref>

The bridge was first depicted in the book of [[Duarte d'Armas]] in the 16th century, as seen from the eastern bank, showing 14 arches, interlinked by ''talhamares'' with guards, and on the northern bank some watermills. On 7 December 1514, the first [[foral]] (''charter'') was issued by King D. [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel]] and included a representation of the bridge in its coat-of-arms.<ref name=SIPA/>

In 1548, Spanish Cardinal Luís de Castro, while travelling to [[Santiago de Compostela]], passed through Chaves. While there he copied the inscription on the column that he found in the vegetable gardens of Simão Guedes.<ref name=SIPA/> Similarly, in 1572, Ambróis de Morales while traveling between the Spanish kingdoms encountered a column opposite the bridge, at the home of João Guedes (likely son or grandson of Simão Guedes), and also copied the inscription of the column.<ref name=SIPA/>

From the end of the 16th century and 17th century, the standard was implanted in the north end of the bridge, then re-planted (after it fell), resulting in the break in the inscription.<ref name=SIPA/> In 1711 or 1723, a study by Távora was completed, and the inscription copied and published in his ''Notícias''.<ref name=SIPA/> In 1738, Rodrigo de Sande Vasconcellos, an artillery lieutenant-colonel, ordered the columns removed, placing one in the military square and another as a marker, inscribing some letters that over time became less perceptible (from the reference in the 1758 ''[[Parochial Memories of 1758|Memórias Paroquiais]]'').<ref name=SIPA/>

As Antonio Rodríguez Colmenero indicated, Rodrigo de Sande had ordered not only the decorating of the existing columns, but also ordered the construction of two new twin columns, to be placed on the town-side of the bridge.<ref name=SIPA/>

The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|1 November 1755 earthquake]] caused minimal damage to the site.<ref name=SIPA/> According to a report by António Manuel de Novais Mendonça (prior of Chaves) in the ''Memórias Paroquiais'', dated 27 March 1758, the bridge included 12 arches (while at one time there were 18 arches) and ''large and excellent'' stone blocks.<ref name=SIPA/> This marked the suburbs of Madalena up to Couraças and the bridge was 92 geometric steps long, 3 feet wide. A 1762 drawing of the bridge showed it with 12 arches in 1762, without any decoration and its two columns on the city side of the river.<ref name=SIPA/>

In the 19th century, the column was located in the central part of the bridge, in front of the commemorative marker. On 6 December 1878, the [[Luís I of Portugal|king]] suggested an enlargement of the bridge.<ref name=SIPA/> There is an 1880 inscription in the oval cartouche, quoting the last time it was remodelled, the pillar construction and the placement of the commemorative marker.<ref name=SIPA/> It was likely at this point that there stone guards for grates in iron.<ref name=SIPA/>

At the time of the establishment of the Portuguese Republic, the two end columns were decorated, one with the [[Coat of arms of Portugal|Portuguese royal coat-of-arms]] and crown, and the other with [[Fleuron (architecture)|fleuron]], later placed in the Museum of Chaves.<ref name=SIPA/> In September 1913, João Francisco Alves Carneiro de Lamadarcos was given permission to construct a metallic passageway over the bridge and the first floor of his house, part of the Hotel Comércio.<ref name=SIPA/>

On 26 February 1914, the District Director of Public Works deliberated on the repair of the bridge's staircase, which was in an advanced state of ruin. Approval was granted on 16 March to proceed with repairs.<ref name=SIPA/>

During the 1940s, the city council constructed a long, narrow wall along the right margin of the river, resulting in the suffocating of four more arches, in addition to four already covered on the right and two others on the left margin, buried under premises.<ref name=SIPA/> These four arches were already cut, following the earthenworks completed by the ''Junta Autónoma de Hidráulica Agrícola'', while the other four were occupied by warehouses, which by 1942 were being used for local commercial establishments.<ref name=SIPA/>

In 1956, a [[desilting]] project was begun along the length of the Tâmega River by the ''Direcção Hidráulica'' (''Hydraulic Directorate'') at a cost of 249.989$00, which included the construction of new accesses to the bridge.<ref name=SIPA/> The ''Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Hidráulicos'' (''Directorate-General for Hydraulic Services'') on 22 August 1959 referred to the need to desilt the river and of expanding the width of the river. Following from this analysis, a commission was created to study the matter further by the DGSU, with representation by various institutions and municipal bodies.<ref name=SIPA/> A new project was devised to enlarge the river, thereby alleviating three arches and desilting the river banks, while also allowing for improvement of the weir of Poldras, protection of the riverbank and burying the old mouth of the Rivelas river.<ref name=SIPA/> The project was approved on 4 July 1961, by the ministry.<ref name=SIPA/>

A project to improve the riverbank along the Tâmega River was initiated in 1962, in a phased approach, concluding in 1964.<ref name=SIPA/> During the course of this project, various excavations were undertaken along the river, unearthing damage to the footings of 7 pillars of the 8 arches.<ref name=SIPA/> The excavations also unearthed vestiges of the old stonework that had existed on the bridge before the construction of the lane way between Braga and Astorga.<ref name=SIPA/>

In 1967, work to the footings was undertaken by the ''Comissão Regional de Turismo de Chaves'' (''Chaves Regional Commission of Tourism''),<ref name=SIPA/> along with clearing of vegetation along the riverbanks and painting of the iron grating.

In the summer of 1980, during the dredging of the river, workers discovered a bulk of the bridge nearby and a cylindrical column, similar to the ''Padrão dos Povos''.<ref name=SIPA/> The epigraphic differences in the column and the wear made reading the complete text difficult, owing to the erosion caused by being submerged in the water.<ref name=SIPA/>

On 1 June 1992, the bridge was placed under the responsibility of the ''Instituto Português do Património Arquitetónico'' (''Portuguese Institute of Architectural Patrimony''), by Decree 106F/92 (Diário da República, Série 1A, 126).

In 2001, {{convert|50|m|ft}} of Roman pavement stone was discovered in the riverbank of the local neighborhood of Madalena. These large slabs served as an oblique ramp.<ref name=SIPA/> This path was used in the dry season, at the beginning of the 20th century, by farmers crossing the river to cool their animals and wagon wheels.<ref name=SIPA/>

The bridge was illuminated from 1970. A study that included the protection zones for the walls, keep tower, bastion, Fort of ''São Francisco'' and Trajan bridge was begun in 1972.<ref name=SIPA/> The ''Comissão Administrativa da Câmara'' (''Administrative Commission'') requested intervention to desilt the river in 1974. During the sequence of this petition, the ''Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Hidráulicos'' proposed unobstructing the river, resulting in a project to remodel the drainage system and sewage treatment station.<ref name=SIPA/> It was at this time that the municipal government began working on the bridge, without the approval or intervention of the IPPC or DGEMN.<ref name=SIPA/> Between 1981 and 1982, there were works to consolidate the talhamares and removal of their slabs. The IPPAR began clearing the cracks and improving the illumination.<ref name=SIPA/>

In 2001, the Chaves city council began archeological prospecting during the remodelling work in the historic centre of Chaves.<ref name=SIPA/>

Under the ''Polis'' program, in 2008, there was work to repair and improve the bridge, along with improving the riverbanks near the bridge.<ref name=SIPA/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Ponte romana Chaves 02.jpg|thumb|170px|The placement of marker on the middle bridge]]
[[File:Chaves DSCN0432 (3055105346).jpg|thumb|170px|The commemorative marker on the top of the bridge]]
The bridge is situated over the Tâmega River, integrated into the urban space, addorsed on the left margin along the barrio of Madalena. On the right margin, are 4 arches on the riverbank, constructed in the middle of the 20th century, with western staircase. Over the four arches is a metallic laneway between the buildings constructed in the east.<ref name=SIPA/>

The flattop bridge is {{convert|140|m|ft}} long, with face of regular padding over 16 visible arches and cushioned staves.<ref name=SIPA/>

The two arches are on the left margin, next to the barrio of Madalena, are higher than the others and four on the right bank are covered by warehouses, torn by slatted rectangular openings.<ref name=SIPA/> Upstream, the bridge is enhanced by eight slightly-staggered prismatic talhamares, of substantially different size and height. Each structure, its ashlar stones serve as the fulcrum arches, while others appear only to addorse the bridge structure.<ref name=SIPA/>

Halfway between the sixth and seventh arch there are (both on the upstream and downstream) an advanced semicircular pillar structure (oval masonry cartouche), inscribed with the date 1880.<ref name=SIPA/> On the floor is a limited cornice, on which stand two cylindrical, monolithic landmarks, designated amount ''Padrão dos Povos'', that celebrates the construction of the bridge.<ref name=SIPA/> Between the fourth and fifth arches, instead of a talhamare, there is another semicircular pillar composed of two staggered bodies, both finished in cornice.<ref name=SIPA/> Meanwhile, in the sixth talhamare is another pillar of the same size.<ref name=SIPA/> The bridge flattop is covered in parallel slabs of granite, with lateral laneways in cement. Outwardly the bridge structure is marked by stone cornice and with regular intervals there are semi-circular gargoyles to drain water, in regular intervals. The feature also includes an iron grate.<ref name=SIPA/>

The ''Padrão dos Povos'' has the following inscription:<ref name=SIPA/>
: IMP(eratori) CAES(ari) VE[SP(asiano) AVG(vsto) PONT(ifici)] / MAX(imo) TRIB(unicia) POT(estate) [XX P(atri) P(atriae) CO(n)S(uli) IX] / IMP(eratori) VESP(asiano) CAES(ari) AV[G(usti) F(ilio) PONT(ifici) TRIB(unicia) POT(estate)] / VIII IMP(eratori) XIIII CO(n)[S(uli) VI / [...] / C(aio) CALPETANO RA[NTIO QVIRINALI] / VAL(erio) FESTO LEG(ato) A[VG(usti) PR(o) PR(aetore)] / D(ecio) CORNELIO MA[ECIANO LEG(ato) AVG(usti)] / L(ucio) ARRVNTIO MAX[IMO PROC(uratori) AVG(usti)] / LEG(ioni) VII GEM(inae) [FEL(ici)] / CIVITATES [X] AQVIFLAVIEN[SES AOBRIGENS(es)] / BIBALI COEL[ERNI EQVAESI] / INTERAMIC[I LIMICI NAEBISOCI] / QVARQVE[R]NI TA[MAGANI]

: Emperor Caesar Vespasian Augustus, Pontifex maximus, with Tribunal Power ten times, Emperor twenty times. Father of the fatherland, Consul nine times and son of Emperor Vespasian Caesar Augustus, Pontifex, exercising the Tribunal Power eight times, Emperor 14 times, Consul six... legatus Augusti pro praetore Gaius Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis Valerius Festus, legatus Augusti Decius Cornelius Mecianus, procurator Augusti of the  Legion VII Gemina Felix Lucius Arruntius Maximus, along with ten more nations, the Aquaflaviensis, Aobrigenses, Biballi, Coelerni, Equaesi, Interamici, Limici, Naebisoci, Quaquerni, Tamagani.

The commemorative column has the following inscription:<ref name=SIPA/> 
: IMP(eratori) CAES(ari) NERVA / TRAIANO AVG(usto) GER(manico) / DACICO PONT(ifici) MAX(imo) / TRIB(unitia) POT(estate) CO(n)S(ule) V P(atri) P(atriae) / AQVIFLAVIENSES / PONTEM LAPIDEVM / DE SVO F(aciendum) C(uravit)

: Emperor Cesar Nerva Trajan Augustus Germanicus, Dacicus, Pontifex maximus, with tribunicia potestas, consul 15 times, father of the fatherland; the people of Aquae Flaviae raised this bridge at their own cost.

== See also ==
* [[List of Roman bridges]]
* [[Roman architecture]]
* [[Roman engineering]]
* [[List of bridges in Portugal]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Abreu |first=Thomé de Távora |contribution=Notícias Geográficas de Trás-os-Montes, ms. 221 da BNL, transcrição de Júlio Montalvão Machado |title=Revista Aquae Flaviae |location=Chaves, Portugal |year=1989 |pages=13–14, 17–18 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Aires |first=Firmino |contribution=Incursões Autárquicas I - 1860-1890 |title=Revista Aquae Flaviae |location=Chaves, Portugal |year=1994 |volume=12 |pages=11–81 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Alarcão |first=Jorge de |title=Roman Portugal |publisher=Warminster |year=1988 |volume=2 |pages=6–7 |issue=1/116 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Argote |first=D. Jerónimo Contador de |title=Memórias para a História Eclesiástica do Arcebispado de Braga, Primaz das Hespanhas |location=Lisbon, Portugal 1732, tomo I |pages=282–285, 302–311 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Barros |first=João de |title=Geographia d'Entre-Douro e Minho e Tras-os-Montes |location=Porto, Portugal |year=1919 |pages=88–95 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last1=Capela |first1=José Viriato |last2=Borralheiro |first2=Rogério |last3=Matos |first3=Henrique |title=As Freguesias do Distrito de Vila Real nas Memórias Paroquiais de 1758. Memórias, História e Património |location=Braga, Portugal |year=2006 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Capella |first=M. Martins |title=Miliários do Conventus Bracaraugustanus em Portugal |location=Porto, Portugal |year=1895 |pages=120 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Cardozo |first=Mário |title=Algumas inscrições lusitano-romanas da região de Chaves |location=Chaves, Portugal |year=1943 |pages=40–41, 45–48 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |contribution=Chaves Escavações põem a descoberto calçada romana |title=A Capital |date=10 May 2001 |pages=20 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Colmenero |first=Antonio Rodríguez |title=Aquvae Flaviae: I. Fontes espigráficas da Gallaecia meridional interior, s.l. |year=1997 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Colmenero |first=Antonio Rodríguez |title=Aquvae Flaviae: II. O tecido urbanístico da cidade romana. s.l. |year=1997 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Hubner |first=Emil |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Berlin: 1869 |volume=II, n.º 2477 e 2478 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |editor=Ministério das Obras Públicas |title=Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1952|location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1953 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |editor=Ministério das Obras Públicas |title=Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1956|location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1957 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Pinto |first= Direcção de Paulo Mendes |title=Pontes Romanas de Portugal. Inventário de Património: s.l. |year=1998 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Ribeiro |first=Aníbal Soares |title=Pontes Antigas Classificadas |location=Porto, Portugal |year=1998 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Colmenero |first=Antonio Rodríguez |title=Galicia Meridional Romana |location=Bilbao, Spain |year=1977 |pages=84–91 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Silva |first=Armando C. F. |title=Novos dados sobre a organização social castreja, Portugalia |location=Porto, Portugal |year=1981 |edition=Nova Série. 2-3 |pages=90–92 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last1=Teixeira |first1=Ricardo |last2=Amaral |first2=Paulo |title=Levantamento Arqueológico do Concelho de Chaves, relatórios anuais de atividades |location=Chaves, Portugal |year=1985 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Tranoy |first=Alain |title=La Galice Romaine. Recherches sur le nord-ouest de la péninsule ibérique dans l'Antiquité |location=Paris, France |year=1981 |pages=61, 332–333 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Verdelho |first=Pedro |title=A Herança Céltica e romana |location=Porto, Portugal |year=1993 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Citation |last=O’Connor |first=Colin |title=Roman Bridges |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |page=115 (SP39) |isbn=0-521-39326-4}}

== External links ==
* {{Structurae|id=20001270|title=Roman Bridge (Chaves)}}

{{Roman bridges|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Roman bridges in Portugal|Chaves]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in the 2nd century]]
[[Category:National monuments in Vila Real District]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chaves, Portugal]]
[[Category:Listed bridges in Portugal]]