View source for Roman Missal

{{Short description|Central book of the most widespread Catholic liturgical rite}}
{{about|the Roman Rite liturgical book|the general category|Missal}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
[[File:Missale Romanum.jpg|310px|right|thumb|{{center|2002 edition of the Missale Romanum}}]]
The '''Roman Missal''' ({{langx|la|Missale Romanum}}) is the title of several [[missal]]s used in the celebration of the [[Roman Rite]]. Along with other [[liturgical books of the Roman Rite]], the Roman Missal contains the texts and [[rubric]]s for the celebration of the most common liturgy and [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] of the [[Catholic Church]].

==History==

===Before the Council of Trent (1570)===
Before the high [[Middle Ages]], several books were used at Mass: a [[Sacramentary]] with the [[Catholic prayer|prayer]]s, one or more books for the [[Bible|Scriptural]] readings, and one or more books for the [[antiphon]]s and other chants. Gradually, manuscripts came into being that incorporated parts of more than one of these books, leading finally to versions that were complete in themselves. Such a book was referred to as a ''Missale Plenum''<ref>SILVA,Francisco de Assis Costa da; PACHECO,Marcio de Lima. RITVS ROMANVS ET RITVS PAULUS VI-  Um estudo sobre o Latim utilizado nos Missais Católicos Romanos  de 1000 a 1969. Revista de Filosofia e Teologia do Instituto Cardeal Eugênio Sales</ref> ({{langx|en|"Full Missal"}}).

In 1223 Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] instructed his friars to adopt the form that was in use at the Papal Court (''Rule'', chapter 3). They adapted this missal further to the needs of their largely itinerant apostolate. [[Pope Gregory IX]] considered, but did not put into effect, the idea of extending this missal, as revised by the [[Franciscan]]s, to the whole Western Church; and in 1277 [[Pope Nicholas III]] ordered it to be accepted in all churches in the city of Rome. Its use spread throughout Europe, especially after the invention of the [[Gutenberg press|printing press]]; but the editors introduced variations of their own choosing, some of them substantial. Printing also favoured the spread of other liturgical texts of less certain orthodoxy. The [[Council of Trent]] determined that an end must be put to the resulting disparities.

The chapel missal used during Innocent III's papacy was largely reproduced in the Franciscan Missal, which in turn was adopted by Pope Nicholas for the Roman Missal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jane A. Bernstein |title=Printing Music in Renaissance Rome |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780197669631 |page=67}}</ref> The later Roman Missal of 1474, which replicates the papal chapel missal of the 1200s, "hardly differs at all" from the Tridentine Missal promulgated in 1570.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lauren Pristas |title=Collects of the Roman Missals A Comparative Study of the Sundays in Proper Seasons Before and After the Second Vatican Council |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780567033840 |page=67}}</ref>

The first printed ''Missale Romanum'' (Roman Missal), containing the ''Ordo Missalis secundum consuetudinem Curiae Romanae'' (Order of the Missal in accordance with the custom of the [[Roman Curia]]), was produced in [[Milan]] in 1474.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/missaleromanumm01churgoog|title=Missale romanum Mediolani, 1474|last=Catholic Church|date=1899|publisher=[Printed for the Society by Harrison and sons]|others=unknown library|language=la}}</ref> Almost a whole century passed before the appearance of an edition officially published by order of the [[Holy See]]. During that interval, the 1474 Milanese edition was followed by at least 14 other editions: 10 printed in [[Venice]], 3 in Paris, 1 in [[Lyon]].<ref>Manlio Sodi and Achille Maria Triacca, ''Missale Romanum: Editio Princeps (1570)'' (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998), p. XV</ref> For lack of a controlling authority, these editions differ, sometimes considerably.<ref name=Celinsk/>

Annotations in the hand of [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Gugliemo Sirleto]] in a copy of the 1494 Venetian edition<ref>''Missale secundum morem Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae'' (Missal in line with the use of the Holy Roman Church)</ref> show that it was used for drawing up the 1570 official edition of [[Pope Pius V]]. In substance, this 1494 text is identical with that of the 1474 Milanese edition.<ref name="Celinsk">{{Cite journal|last=Celiński|first=Łukasz|title=Per una rilettura della storia della formazione e dello sviluppo del Messale Romano. Il caso del Messale di Clemente V.|url=https://www.academia.edu/31464425}}</ref>

===From 1570 to the 1960s===
[[File:Missale Romanum Pustet.jpg|thumb|250px|"Missale Romanum": a 1911 printing of the 1884 typical edition]]
Implementing the decision of the Council of Trent, [[Pope Pius V]] promulgated, in the Apostolic Constitution ''[[Quo primum]]'' of 14 July 1570, an edition of the Roman Missal that was mandated for obligatory use throughout the [[Latin Church]] except where there was another liturgical rite that could be proven to have been in use for at least two centuries.

Some corrections to Pope Pius V's text proved necessary, and [[Pope Clement VIII]] replaced it with a new [[Editio typica|typical edition]] of the Roman Missal on 7 July 1604. (In this context, the word "typical" means that the text is the one to which all other printings must conform.) A further revised typical edition was promulgated by [[Pope Urban VIII]] on 2 September 1634.

Beginning in the late seventeenth century, France and neighbouring areas saw a flurry of independent missals published by bishops. Some of these were editions of manuscript missals already existing prior to 1370, but had undergone modifications that in some cases touched on the arbitrary. Later accusations of influence by [[Jansenism]] and [[Gallicanism]] were largely unfounded, as is shown by the fact that the [[Holy See]] did never condemned these books. This historical phenomenon of diocesan missals ended, however, when  [[Abbot Guéranger]] and bishops such as Bishop [[Pierre-Louis Parisis]] of Langres initiated in the nineteenth century a vigorous polemical campaign in favour of a return to the Roman Missal. By 1875 all the French dioceses were using the Roman Missal. In 1884, [[Pope Leo XIII]] promulgated a new typical edition that took account of all the changes introduced since the time of Pope Urban VIII. [[Pope Pius X]] also undertook a revision of the Roman Missal, which was promulgated and declared typical by his successor [[Pope Benedict XV]] on 25 July 1920.

[[File:Nouveau Paroissien Romain (1905).jpg|thumb|310px|A French prayerbook of 1905 containing extracts from the Roman Missal and the Roman Breviary of the time with French translations]]
Though Pope Pius X's revision made few corrections, omissions, and additions to the text of the prayers in the Roman Missal, there were major changes in the rubrics, changes which were not incorporated in the section entitled "''Rubricae generales''", but were instead printed as an additional section under the heading "''Additiones et variationes in rubricis Missalis.''"

Pope Pius XII issued no new typical edition of the Roman Missal, but authorized experimentally in 1951 the replacement of revised  texts for [[Palm Sunday]], [[Maundy Thursday|Holy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], and the [[Easter Vigil]]. After positive reports from the world's bishops, these changes were made universally obligatory in 1955.<ref>Decree ''[http://www.strobertbellarmine.net/forums/viewtopic.php?p=1086#p1086 Maxima redemptionis nostrae mysteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312043149/http://www.strobertbellarmine.net/forums/viewtopic.php?p=1086#p1086 |date=12 March 2011 }}'' (''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]'') 47 (1955) 838-847</ref> The Pope also removed from the Vigil of Pentecost the series of six Old Testament readings, with their accompanying Tracts and Collects, but these continued to be printed until 1962.

Acceding to the wishes of many of the bishops, Pope Pius XII judged it expedient also to reduce the rubrics of the missal to a simpler form, a simplification enacted by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of 23 March 1955. The changes this made in the General Roman Calendar are indicated in [[General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII]].

In the following year, 1956, while preparatory studies were being conducted for a general liturgical reform, Pope Pius XII surveyed the opinions of the bishops on the liturgical improvement of the Roman breviary. After duly weighing the answers of the bishops, he judged that it was time to address the need for a general and systematic revision of the rubrics of the breviary and missal. This question he referred to the special committee of experts appointed to study the general liturgical reform.

His successor, [[Pope John XXIII]], issued a new typical edition of the Roman Missal in [[1962 Roman Missal|1962]]. This incorporated the revised [[Code of Rubrics]] which Pope Pius XII's commission had prepared, and which Pope John XXIII had made obligatory with effect from 1 January 1961. In the Missal, this Code of Rubrics replaced two of the documents in the 1920 edition; and the Pope's motu proprio ''Rubricarum instructum'' took the place of the superseded [[Apostolic constitution]] ''[[Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X|Divino afflatu]]'' of Pope Pius X.

Other notable changes incorporated were the omission of the adjective "''perfidis''" in the [[Good Friday Prayer for the Jews]] and the insertion of the name of [[Saint Joseph]] into the Canon (or Eucharistic Prayer) of the Mass.

===Revision following the Second Vatican Council===
In 1965 and 1967 some changes were officially introduced into the Mass of the Roman Rite in the wake of ''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'', but no new edition of the Roman Missal had been produced to incorporate them. They were reflected in the provisional vernacular translations produced in various countries when the language of the people began to be used in addition to Latin. References sometimes met in an English-language context to "the 1965 Missal" concern these temporary vernacular productions, not the Roman Missal itself. Some countries that had the same language used different translations and varied in the amount of vernacular admitted.

A new edition of the Roman Missal was promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI]] with the [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Missale Romanum (apostolic constitution)|Missale Romanum]]'' of 3 April 1969. The full text of the revised Missal was not published until the following year, and full vernacular translations appeared some years later, but parts of the Missal in Latin were already available since 1964 in non-definitive form, and provisional translations appeared without delay.

In his apostolic constitution, Pope Paul VI made particular mention of the following significant changes that he had made in the Roman Missal:
* To the single [[Eucharistic Prayer]] of the previous edition (which, with minor alterations, was preserved as the First Eucharistic Prayer) he added three alternative Eucharistic Prayers, increasing also the number of prefaces.
* The rites of the [[Order of Mass]] (in Latin, ''Ordo Missae'') — that is, the largely unvarying part of the liturgy — were "simplified, while due care is taken to preserve their substance." "Elements which, with the passage of time, came to be duplicated, or were added with but little advantage" were eliminated, especially in the rites for the preparation of the bread and wine, the breaking of the bread, and Communion.
* "'Other elements which have suffered injury through accidents of history are now to be restored to the earlier norm of the Holy Fathers' ([https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Sacrosanctum Concilium''], art. 50), for example, the homily (see ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', art. 52) and the 'common prayer' or 'prayer of the faithful' (see ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', art. 53)."<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-vi_apc_19690403_missale-romanum_en.html ''Missale Romanum''.] The internal references to [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Sacrosanctum Concilium''] are to the Constitution of the Second Vatican Council on the Sacred Liturgy.</ref> Paul VI also added the option of "a penitential rite or act of reconciliation with God and the brothers, at the beginning of the Mass", though this was neither an ancient part of the Introductory Rite nor mentioned in ''Sacrosanctum Concilium''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04222a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Confiteor|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>
* He greatly increased the proportion of the Bible read at Mass. Even before Pius XII reduced the proportion further, only 1% of the Old Testament and 16.5% of the New Testament was read at Mass. In Pope Paul's revision, 13.5% of the Old Testament and 71.5% of the New Testament are read.<ref>{{cite web|author=Felix Just, S.J. |url=http://catholic-resources.org/Lectionary/Statistics.htm |title=Lectionary Statistics |publisher=Catholic-resources.org |date=2 January 2009 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> He was able to do this by having more readings at Mass and introducing a three-year cycle of readings on Sundays and a two-year cycle on weekdays.

In addition to these changes, the Pope noted that his revision considerably modified other sections of the Missal, such as the Proper of Seasons, the Proper of Saints, the [[common (liturgy)|Common of Saints]], the Ritual Masses, and the Votive Masses, adding: "In all of these changes, particular care has been taken with the prayers: not only has their number been increased, so that the new texts might better correspond to new needs, but also their text has been restored on the testimony of the most ancient evidences."{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Editions after the Second Vatican Council ===
In 1970, the first typical edition of the Roman Missal (in [[Latin]]) bearing the title ''Missale Romanum ex decreto Sacrosancti Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani II instauratum'' was published, after being formally promulgated by [[Pope Paul VI]] in the previous year. A reprint that corrected misprints appeared in 1971. A second typical edition, with minor changes, followed in 1975. In 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] approved a third typical edition, which appeared in 2002. This third edition added feasts, especially of some recently canonized saints, new prefaces of the Eucharistic Prayers, and additional Masses and prayers for various needs, and it revised and amplified the [[General Instruction of the Roman Missal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/faqs2.shtml|publisher=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|access-date=12 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220143949/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/faqs2.shtml|archive-date=20 December 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2008, under [[Pope Benedict XVI]], an emended reprint of the third edition was issued, correcting misprints and some other mistakes (such as the insertion at the beginning of the [[Apostles' Creed]] of "unum", as in the [[Nicene Creed]]). A supplement gives celebrations, such as that of Saint [[Pio of Pietrelcina]], added to the [[General Roman Calendar]] after the initial printing of the 2002 typical edition.

Three alterations required personal approval by Pope Benedict XVI:
* A change in the order in which a bishop celebrating Mass outside his own diocese mentions the local bishop and himself
* Omission from the Roman Missal of the special Eucharistic Prayers for Masses with Children (which, however, were not thereby suppressed)
* The addition of three alternatives to the standard dismissal at the end of Mass, ''Ite, missa est'' (Go forth, the Mass is ended):
** ''Ite ad Evangelium Domini annuntiandum'' (Go and announce the Gospel of the Lord)
** ''Ite in pace, glorificando vita vestra Dominum'' (Go in peace, glorifying the Lord by your life)
** ''Ite in pace'' (Go in peace)<ref>A full account of the corrections, additions and emendations is given on pages 367-387 of the July–August 2008 issue of ''Notitiae'', the bulletin of the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]. Some much less detailed information may also be found in an [https://archive.today/20120721063040/http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=19635 interview] given by Cardinal [[Francis Arinze]].</ref>

[[Pope John XXIII]]'s 1962 edition of the Roman Missal began a period of aesthetic preference for a reduced number of illustrations in black and white instead of the many brightly coloured pictures previously included. The first post-[[Vatican II]] editions, both in the original Latin and in translation, continued that tendency. The first Latin edition (1970) had in all 12 black-and-white woodcut illustrations by Gian Luigi Uboldi. The 1974 English translation adopted by the United States [[episcopal conference]] appear in several printings. ''Our Sunday Visitor'' printed it with further illustrations by Uboldi, while the printing by ''Catholic Book Publishing'' had woodcuts in colour. The German editions of 1975 and 1984 had no illustrations, thus emphasizing the clarity and beauty of the typography. The French editions of 1974 and 1978 were also without illustrations, while the Italian editions of 1973 and 1983 contained both reproductions of miniatures in an 11th-century manuscript and stylized figures whose appropriateness is doubted by the author of a study on the subject, who also makes a similar observation about the illustrations in the Spanish editions of 1978 and 1988. The minimalist presentation in these editions contrasts strongly with the opulence of United States editions of the period between 2005 and 2011 with their many full-colour reproductions of paintings and other works of art.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.academia.edu/39872139| title = Ralf van Bühren, "Die Bildausstattung des "Missale Romanum" nach dem Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil (1962−1965)", in Hans Peter Neuheuser (editor), ''Liturgische Bücher in der Kulturgeschichte Europas''Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser Hans Peter Neuheuser (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018), pp. 173–181| journal = In: Liturgische Bücher in der Kulturgeschichte Europas (Bibliothek und Wissenschaft, 51), Edited by Hanns Peter Neuheuser, 173-181. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz| date = January 2018| last1 = Bühren| first1 = Ralf van}}</ref>

The first vernacular version of the third edition (2002) of the Vatican II Roman Missal to be published was that in [[Greek language|Greek]]. It appeared in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cen.gr/index.php/catholic-bishops-conference/letters/28-letter-priests| title = Επιστολή της Ι. Συνόδου Ιεραρχίας προς τους Ιερείς (Letter of the Greek Episcopal Conference to Priests 7 September 2006| access-date = 17 June 2019| archive-date = 17 June 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190617205231/http://www.cen.gr/index.php/catholic-bishops-conference/letters/28-letter-priests| url-status = dead}}</ref> The English translation. taking into account the 2008 changes, came into use in 2011. Translations into some other languages took longer: that into Italian was decided on by the [[Episcopal Conference of Italy]] at its November 2018 meeting and was confirmed by the Holy See in the following year, as announced by the conference's president at its 22 May 2019 meeting.  It replaces the 1983 Italian translation of the 1975 second Latin edition. The new text includes changes to the Italian [[Lord's Prayer]] and [[Gloria in excelsis Deo|Gloria]]. In the Lord's Prayer, ''e non c'indurre in tentazione'' ("and lead us not into temptation") becomes ''non abbandonarci alla tentazione'' ("do not abandon us to temptation") and ''come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori'' ("as we forgive our debtors") becomes ''come anche noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori'' ("as we too forgive our debtors"). In the Gloria ''pace in terra agli uomini di buona volontà'' ("peace on earth to people of good will") becomes ''pace in terra agli uomini, amati dal Signore'' ("peace on earth to people, who are loved by the Lord").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.avvenire.it/chiesa/pagine/messale-arriva-il-via-libera |title=Liturgia. Via libera del Papa alla nuova traduzione italiana del Messale |last=Gambassi |first=Giacomo |date=22 May 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |language=it |trans-title=Liturgy. Pope okays new Italian translation of the Missal}}</ref><ref name="ucatholicspeaks">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucatholic.com/news/pope-francis-approves-changes-to-lords-prayer-gloria-of-italian-missal/|title=Pope Francis Approves Changes to Lord's Prayer & Gloria of Italian Missal|last=uCatholic|date=2019-06-03|website=uCatholic|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/cwn/2019/june/pope-francis-officially-approves-change-to-lords-prayer|title=Pope Francis Approves Updated Translation of Lord's Prayer: 'Do Not Let Us Fall Into Temptation'|date=2019-06-04|website=CBN News|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11763/-lead-us-not-into-temptation-falls-out-of-lord-s-prayer|title='Lead us not into temptation' falls out of Lord's Prayer|website=The Tablet|access-date=2019-06-14|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606153323/https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11763/-lead-us-not-into-temptation-falls-out-of-lord-s-prayer|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/francis-approves-revised-translation-of-italian-missal/10234|title=Francis approves revised translation of Italian Missal- La Croix International|website=international.la-croix.com|date=31 May 2019|access-date=2019-06-14|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606000950/https://international.la-croix.com/news/francis-approves-revised-translation-of-italian-missal/10234|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Continued use of earlier editions===
{{main|Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council}}
[[File:Missale romanum1962.JPG|310px|right|thumb|{{center|1962 edition of the Missale Romanum}}]]
In his [[motu proprio]] ''[[Summorum Pontificum]]'' of 7 July 2007, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] stated that the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal was never juridically abrogated and that it may be freely used by any priest of the [[Latin Church]] when celebrating Mass "without a congregation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html|title=Motu Proprio Summorum Pontificum on the "Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970" (July 7, 2007) {{!}} BENEDICT XVI|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> Use of the 1962 edition at Mass with a congregation is allowed, with the permission of the priest in charge of a church, for stable groups attached to this earlier form of the [[Roman Rite]], provided that the priest using it is "qualified to do so and not juridically impeded" (as for instance by suspension). Accordingly, many dioceses schedule regular Masses celebrated using the 1962 edition. Since the main difference between the 1962 Missal and prior editions is the liturgy for Holy Week, the church has permitted [[Tridentine Mass]] parishes to adopt earlier editions of the Roman Missal published just prior to the 1962 edition.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 2021, [[Pope Francis]], motivated by a desire to stave off what he perceived to be growing rejection of the Second Vatican Council developing from groups using the preconciliar rites, issued ''[[Traditionis custodes]]'' to restore the previous status quo of bishops having authority over the celebrations of Mass in the preconciliar Roman Rite. Francis stated in the letter that the current version of the Roman Rite ought to be regarded as the "unique expression of [its] ''[[lex orandi]]''."<ref name="sap_ue">{{cite web |last=Ferrone |first=Rita |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Discerning the Lex Orandi |url=https://crc.blog.fordham.edu/faith-religion/discerning-the-lex-orandi/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Sapientia |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref>

Several [[traditionalist Catholic|traditionalist]] fraternities in full communion with the Holy See are authorised to celebrate the Mass exclusively according to the 1962 version of the Missal: such groups include the [[Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter]] (FSSP), the [[Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest]] (ICKSP), the [[Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney]] and the [[Institute of the Good Shepherd]].

The [[Society of Saint Pius X]] (FSSPX), which rejects the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]] and [[Canonical situation of the Society of Saint Pius X|is not in full communion with the Holy See]], exclusively celebrates the Mass according to the 1962 version of the Roman Missal. [[Sedevacantism|Sedevacantist]] and [[Sedeprivationism|sedeprivationist]] groups, which reject the Council and do not recognise the current Pope as valid, also reject the 1962 version of the Missal, seeing it as contaminated by modernism as well and thus only celebrate Mass using the 1920 edition of the Missal. There is a dispute among sedevacantists on the acceptance of the 1955 rubrics of the Paschal Triduum introduced by Pius XII: some groups (such as the [[Society of Saint Pius V]], the [[Donald Sanborn|Roman Catholic Institute]] and the [[Istituto Mater Boni Consilii]]) reject them, believing them to be the first step towards the post-Conciliar liturgical renovations;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanborn |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Sanborn |date=2008 |title=Benedict XVI replaces the Good Friday prayer for the Jews in the '62 Missal |url=https://www.traditionalmass.org/images/articles/GenJews.pdf |journal=MHT Seminary Newsletter |quote=It should be recalled that what occasioned our 1983 split with them was the John XXIII Mass, i.e., the 1962 Missal. The reason why Archbishop Lefebvre insisted that all take this missal, reversing his previous position of permitting the pre-1955 rubrics, was that he was in very serious negotiations with Ratzinger to have his Fraternity absorbed into the Modernist religion. He himself told me personally that the Vatican would never accept that we use the pre-1955 rubrics, and I saw myself the documents regarding the dialogue between him and Ratzinger, in which the 1962 Missal was on the table as the missal which would be approved for use by the Fraternity.[...] In 1983, when the nine priests made a stand over the maintenance of the St. Pius X rubrics of the missal, calendar and breviary, few lay people understood the importance of it. The average lay person cannot distinguish the 1962 traditional Mass from the pre-1955 traditional Mass, which is the one we use. But there are significant differences. Liturgy speaks volumes through gesture and symbolism.}}</ref> others (such as the [[Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen]]) accept them, seeing them as a liturgical change by a valid Pope and, thus, binding to all Catholics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radecki |first=Fr Dominic |year=2016 |title=The Liturgical Changes of Pope Pius XII: May Catholics Reject Laws Promulgated by a Legitimate Pope? |url=https://cmri.org/articles-on-the-traditional-catholic-faith/the-liturgical-changes-of-pope-pius-xii/ |journal=The Reign of Mary |issue=161}}</ref>

For information on the calendars included in pre-69/70 editions (a small part of the full Missal), see [[General Roman Calendar of 1960]], [[General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII]], [[General Roman Calendar of 1954]], and [[Tridentine calendar]].

==Official English translations==
The [[International Commission on English in the Liturgy]] (ICEL) prepared an English translation of the 1970 Roman Missal, which was approved by the individual English-speaking [[episcopal conference]]s and, after being reviewed by the [[Holy See]], was put into effect, beginning with the United States in 1973.

The authority for the [[episcopal conference]]s, with the consent of the Holy See, to decide on such translations was granted by the Second Vatican Council.<ref>"It is for the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned in Art. 22, 2, to decide whether, and to what extent, the vernacular language is to be used; their decrees are to be approved, that is, confirmed, by the Apostolic See. And, whenever it seems to be called for, this authority is to consult with bishops of neighbouring regions which have the same language. Translations from the Latin text into the mother tongue intended for use in the liturgy must be approved by the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned above" ([https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', Second Vatican Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, art. 36, 3-4).]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1K.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law, canon 455 |publisher=Intratext.com |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

ICEL prepared a greatly altered English translation, and presented it for the consent of the Holy See in 1998. The Holy See withheld its consent and informed ICEL that the Latin text of the Missal, which must be the basis of translations into other languages, was being revised, making irrelevant a translation based on what would no longer be the official text of the Roman Missal.
 
On 28 March 2001, the Holy See issued the Instruction ''[[Liturgiam Authenticam]]'', which included the requirement that in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." This was a departure from the principle of [[dynamic equivalence|functional equivalence]] promoted in [[ICEL]] translations after the Second Vatican Council.

In the following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin, which had already been promulgated in 2000, was released. These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because the previous one was at some points an adaptation rather than strictly a translation. An example is the rendering of the response "''Et cum spiritu tuo''" (literally, "And with your spirit") as "And also with you." Accordingly, the International Commission on English in the Liturgy prepared, with some hesitancy on the part of the bishops, a new English translation of the Roman Missal, the completed form of which received the approval of the Holy See in April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icelweb.org/news.htm |title=News |publisher=Icelweb.org |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

On 19 July 2001, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments established an international committee of English-speaking bishops, called the Vox Clara Committee, "to advise that Dicastery in its responsibilities related to the translation of liturgical texts in the English language and to strengthen effective cooperation with the Conferences of Bishops".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20021119_press-release-vox-clara_en.html|title=Press Release|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> On the occasion of the meeting of the committee in Rome in April 2002, Pope John Paul II sent them a message emphasizing that "fidelity to the rites and texts of the Liturgy is of paramount importance for the Church and Christian life" and charging the committee to ensure that "the texts of the Roman Rite are accurately translated in accordance with the norms of the Instruction ''Liturgiam authenticam''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/0502VoxClara.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020505122241/http://www.adoremus.org/0502VoxClara.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2002 |author=Helen Hull Hitchcock |title=''Vox Clara'' committee to assure fidelity, accuracy |publisher=Adoremusweb.org |access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref> ''Liturgiam authenticam'' also took from the Bishops' conferences the power to make its own translations and instituted a papal commission, Vox Clara, to revise the Bishops' work. In 2008 it made an estimated 10,000 changes to the ICEL's proposed text. By 2017 Pope Francis had formed a commission to review and evaluate ''Liturgiam authenticam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/revisiting-liturgiam-authenticam-part-i-vox-clara|title=Revisiting Liturgiam Authenticam, Part I: Vox Clara {{!}} Commonweal Magazine|website=www.commonwealmagazine.org|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/revisiting-liturgiam-authenticam-update|title=Revisiting 'Liturgiam Authenticam': An Update {{!}} Commonweal Magazine|website=www.commonwealmagazine.org|access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

The work of making a new translation of the Roman Missal was completed in time to enable the national episcopal conference in most English-speaking countries to put it into use from the first Sunday of Advent (27 November) 2011.

As well as translating "Et cum spiritu tuo" as "And with your spirit", which some scholars suggest refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit the priest received at ordination,<ref>{{cite web | url= http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_notes.shtml | title= Frequently Asked Questions | work= Notes on the New Translation of the Missale Romanum, editio typica tertia | publisher= [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date= 27 November 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111126075124/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_notes.shtml | archive-date= 26 November 2011 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> in the [[Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed]] "[[consubstantial]] with the Father" was used as a translation of "consubstantialem Patri" (in [[Greek language|Greek]] "[[ὁμοούσιον]] τῷ Πατρί"),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/consubstantial.shtml | title= Frequently Asked Questions | work= In the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed | publisher= [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date= 27 November 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111124041129/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/consubstantial.shtml | archive-date= 24 November 2011 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> instead of "of one Being with the Father" (or, in the United States only, "one in Being with the Father"), and the [[Latin language|Latin]] phrase ''qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum'', formerly translated as "It will be shed for you and ''for all'' so that sins may be forgiven", was translated literally as "which will be poured out for you and ''for many'' for the forgiveness of sins" (see [[Pro multis]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_sixquestions.shtml | title=Frequently Asked Questions | work=Six Questions on the Translation of Pro Multis as "For Many" | publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date=27 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206102820/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_sixquestions.shtml | archive-date=6 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

This new official translation of the entire Order of Mass is available on the website of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf |title=Order of Mass |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055319/http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which also provides a comparison between the new text of the people's parts and that hitherto in use in the United States (where the version of the Nicene Creed was slightly different from that in other English-speaking countries).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/samples-people.shtml |title=Changes in the People's Parts |publisher=Usccb.org |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150522/http://usccb.org/romanmissal/samples-people.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Pope Benedict XVI]] remarked: "Many will find it hard to adjust to unfamiliar texts after nearly forty years of continuous use of the previous translation. The change will need to be introduced with due sensitivity, and the opportunity for [[catechesis]] that it presents will need to be firmly grasped. I pray that in this way any risk of confusion or bewilderment will be averted, and the change will serve instead as a springboard for a renewal and a deepening of Eucharistic devotion all over the English-speaking world."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2010/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100428_vox-clara-committee_en.html |title=To Members and Consultors of the Vox Clara Committee, 28 April 2010 |publisher=Vatican.va |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

The plan to introduce the new English translation of the missal was not without critics. Over 22,000 electronic signatures, some of them anonymous, were collected on a web petition to ask the Bishops, Cardinals and the Pope to reconsider the new translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatifwejustsaidwait.org/signatures.aspx |title=What If We Just Said Wait? |publisher=WhatIfWeJustSaidWait.org |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120190208/http://www.whatifwejustsaidwait.org/signatures.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At the time there was open dissent from one parish in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stleoparish.org/pdf/Archbishop%20Letter%20042011.pdf |title=St. Leo Parish Council |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812164734/http://www.stleoparish.org/pdf/Archbishop%20Letter%20042011.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference]] (Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland) put into effect the changes in the people's parts of the revised English translation of the [[Order of Mass]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bisdomoudtshoorn.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308120509/http://www.bisdomoudtshoorn.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=51|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-08|title=A pastoral response to the faithful with regard to the new English Language Mass translations :: bisdomoudtshoorn.org ::|date=2009-03-08|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> from 28 November 2008, when the Missal as a whole was not yet available. Protests were voiced on grounds of content<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/liturgical-anger/ |title= Liturgical Anger| author=Gunther Simmermacher |date= 24 December 2008|publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/harmful-text-changes/ |title=Letter |author= Fr John Conversett MCCJ |date=24 December 2008 |publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/mass-translations-a-missed-opportunity/Judith Coyle IHM. Mass translations: A missed opportunity] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and because it meant that Southern Africa was thus out of line with other English-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=208&Itemid=100|title=Pastoral Response to the New English Translation Text for Mass|last=Risi|first=Edward|date=3 February 2009|publisher=South African Bishops Conference|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085140/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=208&Itemid=100|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> One bishop claimed that the English-speaking conferences should have withstood the Holy See's insistence on a more literal translation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scross.co.za/2009/01/why-the-liturgical-anger-is-fair/ |title=Letter |author= Bishop Dowling |date=18 January 2009 |publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> However, when in February 2009 the Holy See declared that the change should have awaited completion of work on the Missal, the bishops conference appealed, with the result that those parishes that had adopted the new translation were directed to continue using it, while those that had not were told to await further instructions before doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238&Itemid=100|title=Clarification on the Implementation of the New English Mass Translation in South Africa|last=Brennan|first=Vincent|date=5 March 2009|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205091933/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238&Itemid=100|archive-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In view of the foreseen opposition to making changes, the various English-speaking episcopal conferences arranged catechesis on the Mass and the Missal, and made information available also on the Internet.<ref>[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Missal/Resources/IntroductionFAQ.shtml England and Wales]; [http://www.catholic.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1893&Itemid=436 Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812191525/http://www.catholic.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1893&Itemid=436 |date=12 August 2011 }}; [http://catholic.org.nz/ms/dsp-default.cfm?loadref=176&pid=C9F2B42F-B3C8-569A-74B5BAAD927FF5F1 New Zealand]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200017/http://catholic.org.nz/ms/dsp-default.cfm?loadref=176&pid=C9F2B42F-B3C8-569A-74B5BAAD927FF5F1 |date=24 July 2011 }} [http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/ United States.]</ref> Other initiatives included the [[Catholic News Agency]] publishing a series of ten articles on the revised translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/columns.php?sub_id=24 |title=Preparing the way for the Roman Missal – 3rd Edition |publisher=CatholicNewsAgency.com |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201052028/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/columns.php?sub_id=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines]] revised the 41-year-old liturgy with an English version of the Roman Missal, and later translated it in the [[vernacular]] to several [[Filipino language|native languages]] in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Manila Archdiocese starts seminars for new translation of Roman Missal|url= https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/244743/manila-archdiocese-starts-seminars-for-new-translation-of-roman-missal/story/|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[GMA Integrated News]] |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aning|first1= Jerome |title=Church revises Roman Missal|url= https://globalnation.inquirer.net/19401/church-revises-roman-missal|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> For instance,  in 2024, the [[w:en: Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Malolos|Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]] uses the [[w:en: Tagalog_language| Tagalog language]] Roman Missal entitled "Ang Aklat ng Mabuting Balita."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sandigan|url=https://dioceseofmalolos.ph/ |accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher= [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]]|date=January 1, 2024}}</ref>

== Pope Francis' approach ==
On 9 September 2017 Pope Francis issued the motu proprio ''Magnum Principium'' ("The Great Principle") which allowed local bishops' conferences more authority over translation of liturgical documents. The motu proprio "grants the episcopal conferences the faculty to judge the worth and coherence of one or another phrase in the translations from the original."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-corrects-sarah-liturgical-translations-not-be-imposed-vatican|title=Francis corrects Sarah: Liturgical translations not to be 'imposed' from Vatican|last=McElwee|first=Joshua J.|date=October 22, 2017|website=National Catholic Reporter|access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> The role of the Vatican is also modified in accord with the decree of Vatican II,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|title=Sacrosanctum Concilium, 39,40|date=December 4, 1963|access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> to confirming texts already prepared by bishops' conferences, rather than "recognition" in the strict sense of Canon Law no. 838.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adoremus.org/2018/01/14/q-current-status-translation-document-liturgiam-authenticam/|title=What is the current status of the translation document Liturgiam Authenticam?|last=Carstens|first=Christopher|date=January 4, 2018|website=Adoremus|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226091021/https://adoremus.org/2018/01/14/q-current-status-translation-document-liturgiam-authenticam/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pontifical]]
* ''[[Missale Romanum Glagolitice]]''
* [[Customary (liturgy)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last = Goldhead Group | first = The| title = New Translation of the English Roman Missal: A Comprehensive Guide and Explanation | publisher = Lulu | location = Minneapolis | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-557-86206-1}} An exploration of the changes to the English Roman Missal affecting English speaking Catholics as of the First Sunday of Advent in 2011.

==External links==

===Online texts of editions of the Roman Missal===
{{Commons category|Missals}}

====Full texts of the ''Missale Romanum''====
* [https://media.musicasacra.com/books/latin_missal2002.pdf 2002 third typical Vatican II edition of the Roman Missal]
*[https://archive.org/details/Roman-Missal-Third-Edition/mode/2up English Translation According to the Third Typical Edition], 2011, for use in the [[List of Catholic dioceses in the United States|dioceses of the United States of America]], approved by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
* [http://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf 1962 typical edition of the Roman Missal scanned in black and white (musicasacra.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134246/http://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [http://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/romanmissal_classical.pdf 1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal, with feasts updated to the late 1920s (musicasacra.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331115122/http://media.musicasacra.com/pdf/romanmissal_classical.pdf |date=31 March 2013 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YOtZKUW7ZYIC&dq=missale&pg=PP6 Missale Romanum published by Pustet, 1894 (1884 typical edition)]
* [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_E7sPAAAAIAAJ <!-- quote=missale romanum. --> Roman Missal, published by Pustet, 1862 (1634 typical edition, updated to 1862)]
* [http://www.cattoliciromani.com/16-liturgia/41137-messali-puntamenti-a-file-pdf-disponibili-in-rete List of links to on-line reproductions of Latin manuscripts and printed editions from c. 1100 to 2002 and old translations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605153851/http://www.cattoliciromani.com/16-liturgia/41137-messali-puntamenti-a-file-pdf-disponibili-in-rete |date=5 June 2017 }}

====Texts of Roman Rite missals earlier than the 1570 Roman Missal====
* [https://archive.org/stream/missaleromanumm01churgoog#page/n229/mode/2up ''Missale Romanum. Mediolani. 1474''. Robert Lippe (editor), Henry Bradshaw Society, London 1899, vol. 1]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808215135/http://bibliotecadigital.rah.es/dgbrah/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=33 Manuscript missal of before 1225 in the Real Academia de la Historia, Spain (Biblioteca Digital)]
* [http://www.fatimamovement.com/Missale-Romanum-1225-scans-0001-0025.php Manuscript missal of before 1225 in the Real Academia de la Historia, Spain (Fatimamovement.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810165646/http://www.fatimamovement.com/Missale-Romanum-1225-scans-0001-0025.php |date=10 August 2014 }}

====Partial texts====
* [http://www.universalis.com/n-orderofmass.htm Order of Mass (2011 translation) as a web page and downloadable in ePub and Kindle formats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412042834/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/tutorial/ordo-missae-0.html Ordo Missae of the 1962 Roman Missal] with an English translation and audio of the (Latin) text
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809153647/http://www.cam.org.au/Portals/0/Documents/girm_australia_acbc_200707031933.pdf General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 2002] English translation, but with adaptations for Australia
* [http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/general-instruction-of-the-roman-missal/index.cfm General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 2002] English translation, but with adaptations for the United States of America
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202235839/http://www.catholic-ew.org.uk/liturgyframe.htm General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 2002] English translation, but with adaptations for England and Wales{{dead link|date=May 2018}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070823093341/http://www.salesianer.de/liturgie/igmr2002.htm General Instruction of the Roman Missal of 2002] Latin text, free from adaptations for particular countries
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121101124024/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0262r.htm Promulgation of the Roman Missal Revised by Decree of the Second Vatican Council], 1969
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412042637/http://www.sanctamissa.org/en/rubrics/ English translation of the Rubrics of the 1962 Roman Missal]

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