View source for Romanization of Ukrainian

{{short description|Representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin letters}}
{{Self reference|For the romanization of Ukrainian on the English Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Romanization of Ukrainian]]}}

The '''romanization of Ukrainian''', or '''Latinization of Ukrainian''', is the representation of the [[Ukrainian language]] in [[Latin alphabet|Latin letters]]. Ukrainian is written in its own [[Ukrainian alphabet]], which is based on the [[Cyrillic script]]. [[Romanization]] may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or [[pronunciation]] for non-Ukrainian readers, on computer systems that cannot reproduce Cyrillic characters, or for typists who are not familiar with the Ukrainian [[keyboard layout]]. Methods of romanization include [[transliteration]] (representing written text) and [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] (representing the spoken word).

In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a [[Ukrainian Latin alphabet]], usually based on those used by [[West Slavic languages]], but none have been widely accepted.

==Romanization systems==
[[File:Uzhevych Arras MS-6b.png|thumb|Part of a table of letters of the alphabet for the [[Ruthenian language]], from [[Ivan Uzhevych]]'s ''Hrammatyka Slovenskaja'' (1645). Columns show the letter names printed, in manuscript Cyrillic and Latin, common Cyrillic letterforms, and the Latin transliteration. ([[:Image:Uzhevych Arras MS-7a.png|Part 2]] and [[:Image:Uzhevych Arras MS-7b.png|part 3]].)]]

===Transliteration===
[[Transliteration]] is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another [[writing system]]. [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyckyj]] classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, used in academic and especially linguistic works, and practical systems, used in administration, journalism, in the postal system, in schools, etc.<ref>Rudnyckyj 1948, p. 1.</ref> Scientific transliteration, also called the scholarly system, is used internationally, with very little variation, while the various practical methods of transliteration are adapted to the orthographical conventions of other languages, like English, French, German, etc.

Depending on the purpose of the transliteration it may be necessary to be able to reconstruct the original text, or it may be preferable to have a transliteration which sounds like the original language when read aloud.

====Scientific transliteration====
''[[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic|Scientific transliteration]]'', also called the ''academic'', ''linguistic'', ''international'', or ''scholarly'' system, is most often seen in linguistic publications on Slavic languages. It is purely phonemic, meaning each character represents one meaningful unit of sound, and is based on the [[Croatian Latin alphabet]].<ref>[http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html Transliteration Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213065157/http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html |date=2007-12-13 }} on the website of the University of Arizona Library</ref> Different variations are appropriate to represent the phonology of historical Old Ukrainian (mid 11th–14th centuries) and Middle Ukrainian (15th–18th centuries).<ref>{{cite Q |Q104552122 |pages=21, 40}}</ref>

A variation was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or ''Preußische Instruktionen'' (PI), and widely used in bibliographic cataloguing in Central Europe and Scandinavia. With further modifications it was published by the International Organization for Standardization as recommendation [[ISO/R 9]] in 1954, revised in 1968, and again as an international standard in 1986 and 1995.

Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires [[Unicode]], [[Latin-2]], [[Latin-4]], or [[Latin-7]] encoding. Other Slavic based romanizations occasionally seen are those based on the [[Slovak alphabet]] or the [[Polish alphabet]], which include symbols for palatalized consonants.

====Library of Congress system====
The ''ALA-LC Romanization Tables'' were first discussed by the American Library Association in 1885,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cutter |first=Charles Ammi |author-link=Charles Ammi Cutter |date=1885 |title=Report of the A.L.A. Transliteration Committee, 1885 |journal=Library Journal |volume=10 |pages=302–309}}</ref> and published in 1904 and 1908,<ref>{{cite book |last=Cutter |first=Charles Ammi |title=Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries |publisher=American Library Association and the (British) Library Association |year=1908 |location=Chicago, IL |pages=65–73 |chapter=Report of the A.L.A. Transliteration Committee |author-link=Charles Ammi Cutter}}</ref> including rules for romanizing Church Slavic, the pre-reform Russian alphabet, and Serbo-Croatian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gerych |first=G. |title=Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets |publisher=University of Ottawa |year=1965 |location=Ottawa |type=master's dissertation}}</ref> Revised tables including Ukrainian were published in 1941,<ref>{{cite book |title=A.L.A. Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries |publisher=American Library Association |year=1941 |editor-last=Gjelsness |editor-first=Rudolph |location=Chicago, IL |pages=335–36}}</ref> and remain in use virtually unchanged according to the latest 2011 release.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=ALA-LC Romanization Tables |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref> This system is used to represent bibliographic information by US and Canadian libraries, by the British Library since 1975,<ref name=British_Library>[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/russian/cyrillictranslit/searchcyrillic.html Searching for Cyrillic items in the catalogues of the British Library: guidelines and transliteration tables] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015131451/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/russian/cyrillictranslit/searchcyrillic.html |date=2012-10-15 }} https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150035/https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items |date=2020-07-12 }}</ref> and in North American publications.

In addition to bibliographic cataloguing, simplified versions of the Library of Congress system are widely used for romanization in the text of academic and general publications. For notes or bibliographical references, some publications use a version without ligatures, which offers sufficient precision but simplifies the typesetting burden and easing readability. For specialist audiences or those familiar with Slavic languages, a version without ligatures and diacritical marks is sometimes used.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |url=https://www.husj.harvard.edu/files/HURI%20Publications%20Guidelines%20-%20upd%20June%202020.pdf |title=Brief Submission Guidelines |publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Publications Office |year=2019 |isbn= |editor-last= |editor-first= |location= |pages= |quote=Literary, historical, and social sciences texts adhere to the Library of Congress conventions, without ligatures.... We preserve the spelling of ï. To indicate the soft sign we use a slanted prime ... We preserve the Ukrainian apostrophe as a single curly quotation mark.... Omit primes in place-names (except Rusʹ).}}</ref> For broader audiences, a "modified Library of Congress system" is employed for personal, organizational, and place names, omitting all ligatures and diacritics, ignoring the soft sign ь (ʹ), with initial Є- (''I͡E-''), Й- (''Ĭ-''), Ю- ( ''I͡U-''), and Я- (''I͡A-'') represented by ''Ye-'', ''Y-'', ''Yu-'', and ''Ya-'', surnames' terminal -ий (''-yĭ'') and -ій (''-iĭ'') endings simplified to ''-y'', and sometimes with common first names anglicized, for example, Олександр (''Oleksandr'') written as ''Alexander''.

:{|
|- style="text-align:left; "
!Typical Use
!Variation
!Example
|-
| Original Cyrillic text
| –
| [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Ярослав Рудницький]]
|-
| Library catalogue,<br />standalone bibliography&nbsp;&nbsp;
| Strict ALA-LC
| I͡Aroslav Rudnyt͡sʹkyĭ
|-
| Footnote or bibliography
| Without ligatures
| Iaroslav Rudnytsʹkyĭ
|-
| Academic text
| Without ligatures or diacritics&nbsp;&nbsp;
| Iaroslav Rudnytskyi
|-
| Names in general text
| Modified Library of Congress&nbsp;&nbsp;
| [[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Yaroslav Rudnytsky]]
|}

Similar principles were systematically described for Russian by J. Thomas Shaw in 1969,<ref>{{cite Q |Q104518479}}</ref> and since widely adopted. Their application for Ukrainian and multilingual text were described in the 1984 English translation of Kubiiovych's ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''<ref>{{cite Q |Q104635282 |chapter=Explanatory Notes |volume=I (A-F)}}</ref> and in the 1997 translation of Hrushevskyi's ''[[History of Ukraine-Rus{{softsign}}]]'',<ref>{{cite Q |Q104836760 |page=xv |chapter=Editorial Preface |volume=I (From prehistory to the eleventh century)}}</ref> and other sources have referred to these, for example, historian [[Serhii Plokhy]] in several works. However, the details of usage vary, for example, the authors of the ''Historical Dictionary of Ukraine'' render the soft sign ь before о with an ''i'', "thus Khvyliovy, not Khvylovy, as in the ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuhut |first1=Zenon E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Ukraine |last2=Nebesio |first2=Bohdan Y. |last3=Yurkevich |first3=Myroslav |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-8108-5387-6 |location=Lanham, MD |pages=xi |chapter=Note on Transliteration, Terminology, and Dates}}</ref>

Requires Unicode for connecting diacritics, but only plain ASCII characters for a simplified version.

==== British Standard ====
''British Standard 2979:1958 "Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Characters"'',<ref>{{cite Q |Q105693940}}</ref> from [[BSI Group|BSI]], is used by the Oxford University Press.<ref name=Oxford_Style_Manual>''Oxford Style Manual'' (2003), "Slavonic Languages", s 11.41.2, p 350. Oxford University Press.</ref> A variation is used by the British Museum and British Library, but since 1975 their new acquisitions have been catalogued using Library of Congress transliteration.<ref name=British_Library />

In addition to the "British" system, the standard also includes tables for the "International" system for Cyrillic, corresponding to ISO/R 9:1968 (and ISO's recommendation reciprocally has an alternate system corresponding to BSI's).<ref name=":0">{{cite Q |Q104231343 |page=262}}</ref> It also includes tables for romanization of Greek.

====BGN/PCGN====
''[[BGN/PCGN romanization]]'' is a series of standards approved by the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. Pronunciation is intuitive for English-speakers. For Ukrainian, the former BGN/PCGN system was adopted in 1965, but superseded there by the [[Romanization of Ukrainian#Ukrainian National transliteration|Ukrainian National System]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanization of Ukrainian: BGN/PCGN 2019 Agreement |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1057656/ROMANIZATION_UKRAINIAN_Feb22_75_.pdf |website=gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanization of Ukrainian: BGN/PCGN 2019 Agreement |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/geonames/GNSSearch/GNSDocs/romanization/ROMANIZATION_OF_UKRAINIAN.pdf |website=GNS Geographic Names Server}}</ref> A modified version is also mentioned in the Oxford Style Manual.<ref name= Oxford_Style_Manual/>

Requires only ASCII characters if optional separators are not used.

====GOST (1971, 1983)/Derzhstandart (1995, 2021)====
The Soviet Union's [[GOST]], [[COMECON]]'s SEV, and Ukraine's [[Derzhspozhivstandard|Derzhstandart]] are government standards bodies of the former Eurasian communist countries. They published a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian,{{Cn|date=January 2023|reason=What series? Did GOST/SEV publish any standards for romanizing Ukrainian?}} which were replaced by ISO 9:1995. For details, see [[GOST 16876-71]]. 

==== DSTU 9112:2021 ====
{{Main|DSTU 9112:2021}}
On 1 April 2022, the [[DSTU 9112:2021|"Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" (ДСТУ 9112:2021)]] was approved as [[:uk:Державні стандарти України|State Standard of Ukraine]]. The standard is based on modified [[ISO 9:1995]] standard and was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the [[State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine]]. According to the [[State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine|SSTL]], it could be used in future cooperation between the [[European Union]] and [[Ukraine]], in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation."<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules |date=29 March 2022 |url=https://dntb.gov.ua/news/національний-стандарт-дсту-91122021-кирили |access-date=21 September 2022 |publisher=State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine}}</ref>

The Derzhstandart 1995 system (invented by Maksym Vakulenko) is also mentioned in the DSTU 9112:2021 standard (approved in 2022) as the "B system"; the new standard also includes an "A system" with diacritical marks and some differences from ISO 9:1995: г=ğ, ґ=g, є=je, и=y, і=i, х=x, ь=j, ю=ju, я=ja.

====ISO 9====
[[ISO 9]] is a series of systems from the [[International Organization for Standardization]]. The ISO published editions of its "international system" for romanization of Cyrillic as recommendations (ISO/R 9) in 1954 and 1968, and standards (ISO 9) in 1986 and 1995. This was originally derived from scientific transliteration in 1954 and is meant to be usable by readers of most European languages. The 1968 edition also included an alternative system identical to the British Standard.<ref name=":0" />

The 1995 edition supports most national Cyrillic alphabets in a single transliteration table. It is a pure transliteration system, with each Cyrillic character represented by exactly one unique Latin character, making it reliably reversible, but sacrificing readability and adaptation to individual languages. It considers only [[grapheme]]s and disregards [[phonemic]] differences. So, for example, г ([[He (Cyrillic)|Ukrainian He or Russian Ge]]) is always represented by the transliteration ''g''; ґ ([[Ge with upturn|Ukrainian letter Ge]]) is represented by ''g̀''.

Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode, and a few characters are rarely present in computer fonts, for example g-grave: g̀.

====Ukrainian National transliteration====
This is the official system of Ukraine, also employed by the United Nations and many countries' foreign services. It is currently widely used to represent Ukrainian geographic names, which were almost exclusively romanized from Russian before Ukraine's independence in 1991, and for personal names in passports. It is based on [[English orthography]], and requires only [[ASCII]] characters with no diacritics. It can be considered a variant of the "modified Library of Congress system", but does not simplify the -ий and -ій endings.

Its first version was codified in Decision No. 9 of the Ukrainian Committee on Issues of Legal Terminology on April 19, 1996,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rada.gov.ua/translit |title=Official Ukrainian-English transliteration system adopted by the Ukrainian Legal Terminology Commission (in English) |access-date=2008-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111427/http://www.rada.gov.ua/translit |archive-date=2008-09-26}}</ref><ref name=":3">[http://www.brama.com/art/transliterationu.html Рішення Української Комісії з питань правничої термінології (in Ukrainian)]</ref> stating that the system is binding for the transliteration of Ukrainian names in English in legislative and official acts.

A new official system was introduced for transliteration of Ukrainian personal names in [[Ukrainian passport]]s in 2007.

An updated 2010 version became the system used for transliterating all proper names and was approved as Resolution 55 of the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]], January 27, 2010.<ref name="Decision no. 55">[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/55-2010-п Resolution no. 55] of the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]], January 27, 2010</ref><ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP21_Roma_system_Ukraine%20_engl._.pdf Romanization system in Ukraine], paper presented on East Central and South-East Europe Division of the [[United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names]]</ref> This modified earlier laws and brought together a unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc.

It has been adopted internationally. The 27th session of the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names ([[UNGEGN]]) held in New York 30 July and 10 August 2012 after a report by the [[State Agency of Land Resources of Ukraine]] (now known as Derzhheokadastr: Ukraine State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre) experts<ref>The [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/10th-uncsgn-docs/econf/E_CONF.101_84_Roman_system_Ukraine_eng.pdf document] prepared for the UNGEGN session by Ukrainian Experts.</ref> approved the Ukrainian system of romanization.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNGEGN WGRS. Resolution X/9 |url=http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/res/res_10_9.htm |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=www.eki.ee}}</ref> The BGN/PCGN jointly adopted the system in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Guidance on the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN)/Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) romanization systems |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/romanization-systems |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

Official geographic names are romanized directly from the original Ukrainian and not translated. For example, ''Kyivska oblast'' not ''[[Kyiv Oblast]]'', ''Pivnichnokrymskyi kanal'' not ''[[North Crimean Canal]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Syvak |first1=Nina |last2=Ponomarenko |first2=Valerii |last3=Khodzinska |first3=Olha |last4=Lakeichuk |first4=Iryna |date=2011 |editor-last=Veklych |editor-first=Lesia |others=scientific consultant Iryna Rudenko; reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa; translated by Olha Khodzinska |title=Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/Toponymic%20guidelines%20PDF/Ukraine/Verstka.pdf |access-date=2020-10-06 |website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |publisher=DerzhHeoKadastr and Kartographia |publication-place=Kyiv |isbn=978-966-475-839-7}}</ref>

====Romanization for other languages than English====
[[File:Peremyčka, turistické značení.jpg|thumb|Czech transliteration of Ukrainian (Peremyčka, Jasiňa, U Stěpana) in Transcarpathia on the hiking fingerposts installed in 2010. However, the transliteration is not fully consistent – "Ust Corna" instead of "Usť Čorna", "Bliznica" instead of "Blyznycja" etc.]]
Romanization intended for readers of other languages than English is usually transcribed phonetically into the familiar orthography. For example, ''y'', ''kh'', ''ch'', ''sh'', ''shch'' for anglophones may be transcribed ''j'', ''ch'', ''tsch'', ''sch'', ''schtsch'' for German readers (for letters й, х, ч, ш, щ), or it may be rendered in Latin letters according to the normal orthography of another Slavic language, such as Polish or Croatian (such as the established system of scientific transliteration, described above).

Czech and Slovak standard transliteration uses letters with diacritics (ž, š, č, ď, ť, ň, ě) and letters i, y, j, h, ch, c in the local meaning. Diphthong letters are transcribed as two letters (ja, je, ji, ju, šč).<ref>[https://www.lib.cas.cz/space.40/CYRILLIC/UKR.HTM Transliterace ukrajinské cyrilice (Transliteration of the Ukrainian Cyrillic], Library of the Czech Academy of Sciences</ref> Czech transliteration was used, for example, on [[Czech Hiking Markers System|hiking signs]] in Transcarpathia, which was established according to the methodology of the [[Czech Tourist Club|Czech Tourists Club]] – the Ukrainian markers replaced that later with the English transcription.<ref>Otakar Brandos: [https://www.treking.cz/archiv/psani-ukrajinskych-nazvu.htm?full_discussion=true&id_comment=8196 Jak psát ukrajinské názvy], Treking.cz, 8. 12. 2011</ref> However, the fact that Ukraine itself has started to use English transliteration on its documents and boards, also influences the practice in Czech and Slovak, which is also penetrated by English transliteration of Ukrainian.

====Ad hoc romanization====
Users of public-access computers or mobile [[short message service|text messaging services]] sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may include both sound-alike and look-alike letter substitutions. Example: ''YKPAIHCbKA ABTOPKA'' for "УКРАЇНСЬКА АВТОРКА". See also Volapuk encoding.

This system uses the available character set.

====Ukrainian telegraph code====
For telegraph transmission. Each separate Ukrainian letter had a 1:1 equivalence to a Latin letter. Latin Q, W, V, and X are equivalent to Ukrainian Я (or sometimes Щ), В, Ж, Ь. Other letters are transcribed phonetically. This equivalency is used in building the [[KOI8-U]] table.

===Transcription===
{{see also|Ukrainian phonology|Ukrainian alphabet}}

[[Transcription (linguistics)|Transcription]] is the representation of the spoken word. [[Phonological]], or phonemic, transcription represents the [[phoneme]]s, or meaningful sounds of a language, and is useful to describe the general pronunciation of a word. [[Phonetic]] transcription represents every single sound, or [[phone (phonetics)|phone]], and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [ ... ].

; IPA
The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] precisely represents pronunciation. It requires a special Unicode font.

==Conventional romanization of proper names== <!--This section is linked from [[Romanization]]-->
In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives to be read and pronounced naturally by [[English language|anglophones]]. Such transcriptions are also used for the surnames of people of Ukrainian ancestry in English-speaking countries (personal names have often been translated to equivalent or similar English names, e.g., "Alexander" for ''Oleksandr'', "Terry" for ''Taras'').

Typically, such a modified transliteration is based on the [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]], or Library of Congress (in North America), or, less commonly, the British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits [[diacritic]]s and ligatures (tie-bars) from, e.g., ''i͡e'', ''ï'' or ''ĭ'', often simplifies ''-yĭ'' and ''-iĭ'' word endings to "-y", omits romanizing the Ukrainian [[soft sign]] (''ь'') and apostrophe (''[[apostrophe|']]''), and may substitute ''ya, ye, yu, yo'' for ''ia, ie, iu, io'' at the beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the [[English language]] where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the [[Ukrainian language]] it is a letter. Therefore sometimes [[Rus (name)|Rus']] is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for most other names and words.

Conventional transliterations can reflect the history of a person or place. Many well-known spellings are based on transcriptions into another Latin alphabet, such as the German or Polish. Others are transcribed from equivalent names in other languages, for example Ukrainian ''Pavlo'' ("Paul") may be called by the Russian equivalent ''Pavel'', Ukrainian ''[[Kyiv]]'' by the Russian equivalent ''Kiev''.

The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč's ''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia'' uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA-LC) system as outlined above for Ukrainian and Russian names—with the exceptions for endings or doubled consonants applying variously to personal and geographic names. For technical reasons, maps in the Encyclopedia follow different conventions. Names of persons are anglicized in the encyclopedia's text but also presented in their original form in the index. Various geographic names are presented in their anglicized, Russian, or both Ukrainian and Polish forms, and appear in several forms in the index. Scientific transliteration is used in linguistics articles. The Encyclopedia's explanation of its transliteration and naming convention occupies 2-1/2 pages.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia, Vol. 1 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1963 |isbn=0-8020-3105-6 |editor=Kubijovyč |editor-first=Volodymyr |editor-link=Volodymyr Kubiyovych |location=Toronto |pages=xxxii–xxxiv}}</ref>

==Tables of romanization systems==
:{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #ccc; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; " summary="Table of Cyrillic Ukrainian letters and their Latin transliterations in several systems."
|+ '''Common systems for romanizing Ukrainian'''
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background:#ccc; "
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Cyrillic
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | British{{Efn|1=British Standard: The character sequence тс = ''t-s'', to distinguish it from ц = ''ts''.
Accents and diacritics may be omitted when back-transliteration is not required.|name=bs|group=table-common}}
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | BGN/PCGN 1965{{Efn|1=BGN/PCGN 1965: The character sequences зг = ''z·h'', кг = ''k·h'', сг = ''s·h'', тс = ''t·s'', and цг = ''ts·h'' may be romanized with midpoints to differentiate them from the digraphs ж = ''zh'', х = ''kh'', ш = ''sh'', ц = ''ts'', and the letter sequence тш = ''tsh''. Superseded by the Ukrainian National system in 2020.|name=bgn|group=table-common}}
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | ALA-LC{{Efn|ALA-LC: When applied strictly, ALA-LC requires the use of the ligature (U+0361), but in practice these are often omitted.|name=ala-lc|group=table-common}}
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | LC without diacritics<ref name=":2" />
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | modified LC{{Efn|1=Modified Library of Congress: used for personal and place names. Initial Є‑ (''I͡E‑''), Й‑ (''Ĭ‑''), Ю‑ (''I͡U‑''), and Я‑ (''I͡A‑'') are rendered as ''Ye‑'', ''Y‑'', ''Yu‑'', and ''Ya‑''. Surname endings ‑ий (''‑yĭ'') and ‑ій (''‑iĭ'') are simplified as ''‑y''. Familiar names may be anglicized, for example, Михайло (''Mykhaĭlo'') = ''Michael'', Олександр (''Oleksandr'') = ''Alexander''. Practices vary.|name=ala-lc-mod|group=table-common}}
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Ukrainian National{{Efn|Ukrainian National system: also “BGN/PCGN 2019”|name=bgn2019|group=table-common}}
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | German dictionary<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Duden |publisher=Dudenverlag |year=2000 |isbn= |edition=22nd |location=Mannheim |pages=}}</ref>
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | French dictionary<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Dictionnaire de la langue française |publisher=Éditions Bordas |year=1976 |isbn= |editor-last=Girodet |editor-first=Jean |location=Paris |pages=}}</ref>
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | [[Swedish Language Council]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Karlsson |editor-first=Ola |title=Svenska skrivregler |series=Språkrådets skrifter; 22 |year=2017 |publisher=Liber |location=Stockholm |edition=4th |isbn=9789147111497 |pages=252–254}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| А а || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a || a
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Б б || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b || b
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| В в || v || v || v || v || v || v || w || v || v
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Г г || h || h || h || h || h || h, gh{{Efn|1=Ukrainian National system: ''gh'' is used in the romanization of зг = ''zgh'', avoiding confusion with ж = ''zh''.|name=ukr-gh|group=table-common}} || h|| h || h
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ґ ґ || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g || g
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Д д || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d || d
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Е е || e || e || e || e || e || e || e || e || e
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Є є || ye || ye || i͡e || ie || ie, ye- || {{not a typo|ie}}, ye-{{Efn|Ukrainian National system: The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.|name=ukr-y|group=table-common}}|| je || {{not a typo|ie}} || je
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ж ж || zh || zh || z͡h || zh || zh || zh || sh || j || zj
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| З з || z || z || z || z || z || z || s || z || z
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| И и || ȳ || y || y || y || y || y || y || y || y
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| І і || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ї ї || yi || yi || ï || ï || i || i, yi-{{Efn|''Yi'' is used at the beginning of words, ''i'' is used in other positions|name=word-yi1|group=table-official}}|| ji|| ï || ji, (formerly) ï
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Й й || [[ĭ]] || y || ĭ || i || i, y- || i, y-{{Efn|Ukrainian National system: The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.|name=ukr-y|group=table-common}}|| j || y || j
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| К к || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k || k
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Л л || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l || l
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| М м || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m || m
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Н н || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n || n
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| О о || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o || o
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| П п || p || p || p || p || p || p || p || p ||&nbsp;p
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Р р || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r || r
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| С с || s || s || s || s || s || s || s, ss || s || s
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Т т || t || t || t || t || t || t || t || t ||&nbsp;t
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| У у || u || u || u || u || u || u || u || ou || u
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ф ф || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f || f
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Х х || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh || ch || kh ||&nbsp;ch
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ц ц || ts || ts || t͡s || ts || ts || ts || z || ts || ts
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ч ч || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch || tsch || tch || tj
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ш ш || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh || sch || ch || sj
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Щ щ || shch || shch || shch || shch || shch || shch || schtsch || chtch || sjtj
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ь ь || {{Hamza}} ''or'' {{softsign}} || {{hamza}} || {{softsign}} || {{softsign}} || || || || ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ю ю || yu || yu || i͡u || iu || iu, yu- || iu, yu-{{Efn|Ukrainian National system: The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.|name=ukr-y|group=table-common}} || ju || iou || ju, iu{{Efn|Used after ''t'', ''s'' and ''z'' to avoid confusion with ''tj'', ''sj'' and ''zj'' |name=swe-iu/ia |group=table-common}}, u{{Efn|Used after ''tj'', ''sj'' and ''zj'' to avoid double ⟨jj⟩. |name=swe-u/a |group=table-common}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Я я || ya || ya || i͡a || ia || ia, ya || ia, ya-{{Efn|Ukrainian National system: The second variant is used at the beginning of a word.|name=ukr-y|group=table-common}} || ja || ia || ja, ia{{Efn|Used after ''t'', ''s'' and ''z'' to avoid confusion with ''tj'', ''sj'' and ''zj'' |name=swe-iu/ia |group=table-common}}, a{{Efn|Used after ''tj'', ''sj'' and ''zj'' to avoid double ⟨jj⟩. |name=swe-u/a |group=table-common}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| {{hamza}} || ˮ<!--U+02EE--> ''or'' {{hardsign}} || ˮ<!--U+02EE--> || || ʼ|| || || || ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc; "
| colspan="10" | Historical letters
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| [[Yer|Ъ ъ]]|| ˮ<!--U+02EE--> ''or'' {{hardsign}} || || || || || || || || ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| [[Yat|Ѣ ѣ]]|| i || || || || || || || || ||
|}

{{Notelist|group=table-international}}

:{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #ccc; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; " summary="Table of Cyrillic Ukrainian letters and their Latin transliterations in several systems."
|+ '''International systems for romanizing Ukrainian'''
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background:#ccc; "
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Cyrillic
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Scientific ({{Tooltip|OUk|Old Ukrainian, 11th–14th c.}})<ref name=":1">{{cite Q |Q105081119 |pages=21}}</ref>
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Scientific ({{Tooltip|MUk|Middle Ukrainian, 15th–18th c.}})<ref name=":1" />
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Scientific{{Efn|Scientific transliteration: Where two transliterations appear, the first is according to the traditional system, and the second according to [[ISO/R 9:1968]].|name=scientific|group=table-international}}<ref name=":1" />
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | Prussian Instr.<ref>{{cite Q |Q104231343 |pages=260–62}}</ref>
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | ISO 1954
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | ISO 1968 basic
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | ISO 1968 Ukr. var.
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " scope="col" | ISO 1995
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| А а
|a
|a|| a
|a
|a
|a
|a|| a
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Б б
|b
|b|| b
|b
|b
|b
|b|| b
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| В в
|v
|v|| v
|v
|v
|v
|v|| v
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Г г
|g
|h|| h
|h
|g
|g
|h|| g
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ґ ґ
|
|g|| g
|ġ
|ġ
|g
|g|| g̀
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Д д
|d
|d|| d
|d
|d
|d
|d|| d
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Е е
|e
|e|| e
|e
|e
|e
|e|| e
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Є є
|
| || je
|je
|je
|je
|je|| ê
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ж ж
|ž
|ž|| ž
|ž
|ž
|ž
|ž|| ž
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| З з
|z
|z|| z
|z
|z
|z
|z|| z
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| И и
|i
|y|| y
|i
|i
|i
|y|| i
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| І і
|i
|y|| i
|ī
|i
|ī
|i|| ì
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ї ї
|
| || ji
|
|ji
|ï
|ï|| ï
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Й й
|
|j|| j
|j
|j
|j
|j|| j
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| К к
|k
|k|| k
|k
|k
|k
|k|| k
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Л л
|l
|l|| l
|l
|l
|l
|l|| l
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| М м
|m
|m|| m
|m
|m
|m
|m|| m
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Н н
|n
|n|| n
|n
|n
|n
|n|| n
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| О о
|o
|o|| o
|o
|o
|o
|o|| o
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| П п
|p
|p|| p
|p
|p
|p
|p|| p
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Р р
|r
|r|| r
|r
|r
|r
|r|| r
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| С с
|s
|s|| s
|s
|s
|s
|s|| s
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Т т
|t
|t|| t
|t
|t
|t
|t|| t
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| У у
|u
|u|| u
|u
|u
|u
|u|| u
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ф ф
|f
|f|| f
|f
|f
|f
|f|| f
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Х х
|x
|x|| x
|ch
|h
|h
|ch|| h
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ц ц
|c
|c|| c
|c
|c
|c
|c|| c
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ч ч
|č
|č|| č
|č
|č
|č
|č|| č
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ш ш
|š
|š|| š
|š
|š
|š
|š|| š
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Щ щ
|šč
|šč|| šč
|šč
|šč
|šč
|šč|| ŝ
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ь ь
|ь
|{{Hamza}}|| {{Hamza}}
|{{softsign}}
|{{Hamza}}
|{{softsign}}
|{{softsign}}|| {{softsign}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ю ю
|ju
|ju|| ju
|ju
|ju
|ju
|ju|| û
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Я я
|ja
|ja|| ja
|ja
|ja
|ja
|ja|| â
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| {{hamza}}
|
| ||
|
|{{hardsign}}, {{hamza}}
|{{hardsign}}
|{{hardsign}}|| {{hamza}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc; "
| colspan="9" | Historical letters
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| [[Yer|Ъ ъ]]
|ъ
|ʺ||
|_
|{{hardsign}}
|{{hardsign}}
| ||
|-style="vertical-align:top; "
|[[Yery|Ы ы]]
|y
|y̌
|
|y
|y
|y
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| [[Yat|Ѣ ѣ]]
|i
|i||
|i
|i
|i
| ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[E iotified|Ѥ ѥ]]
|je
|je
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[Little Yus|Ѧ ѧ]]
|ę
|ę
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[Little Yus iotified|Ѩ ѩ]]
|ję
|ję
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
|[[Big Yus|Ѫ ѫ]]
|ǫ
|ǫ
|
|ă
|ȧ
|ʺ̣
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
|[[Big Yus iotified|Ѭ ѭ]]
|jǫ
|jǫ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
|[[Ksi (Cyrillic letter)|Ѯ ѯ]]
|ks
|ks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ ѱ]]
|ps
|ps
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[Fita|Ѳ ѳ]]
|th
|th
|
|ḟ
|ḟ
|ḟ
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
|[[Izhitsa|Ѵ ѵ]]
|
|
|
|ẏ
|ẏ
|ẏ
|
|
|-
|[[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ ѡ]]
|o
|o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

{{Notelist|group=table-international}}

:{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #ccc; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; "
|+ '''Ukrainian official systems for romanizing Ukrainian'''
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background:#ccc; "
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | Cyrillic
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | GOST 1971
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | GOST 1986
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | Derzhstandart 1995
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | National 1996<ref name=":3" />
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | Passport 2004
! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | Passport 2007<ref>[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=858-2007-%EF Decision no. 858] of the [[Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine]], July 26, 2007</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023|reason=No translit table on URL}}

! style="width:8em; font-weight:normal; " | National 2010<ref name="Decision no. 55"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| А а || a || a || a || a || a || a || a
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Б б || b || b || b || b || b || b || b
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| В в || v || v || v || v || v, w || v || v
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Г г || g || g || gh || h, gh{{Efn|''gh'' is used in the romanization of зг (''zgh''), avoiding confusion with ж (''zh'').|name=gh|group=table-official}}|| h, g || g || h, gh{{Efn|''gh'' is used in the romanization of зг (''zgh''), avoiding confusion with ж (''zh'').|name=gh|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ґ ґ || || || g || g || g, h || g || g
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Д д || d || d || d || d || d || d || d
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Е е || e || e || e || e || e || e || e
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Є є || je || je || je || {{not a typo|ie}}, ye-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| {{not a typo|ie}}, ye-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| {{not a typo|ie}} || {{not a typo|ie}}, ye-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ж ж || zh || ž || zh || zh{{Efn|1=National (1996) system: transliteration can be rendered in a simplified form. Doubled consonants ж, х, ц, ч, ш are simplified, for example Запоріжжя = ''Zaporizhia''. Apostrophe and soft sign are omitted, but always render ьо = ''{{'}}o'' and ьї = ''{{'}}i''.|name=|group=}}|| zh, j || zh || zh
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| З з || z || z || z || z || z || z || z
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| И и || i || i || y || y || y || y || y
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| І i || i || i || i || i || i || i || i
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ї ї || ji || i || ji || i, yi-{{Efn|''Yi'' is used at the beginning of words, ''i'' is used in other positions|name=word-yi|group=table-official}}|| i, yi-{{Efn|''Yi'' is used at the beginning of words, ''i'' is used in other positions|name=word-yi|group=table-official}}|| i || i, yi-{{Efn|''Yi'' is used at the beginning of words, ''i'' is used in other positions|name=word-yi|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Й й || j || j || j{{Efn|Word-initially, after vowels or after the apostrophe.|name=word-iva|group=table-official}}|| i, y-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| i, y-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| i || i, y-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| К к || k || k || k || k || k, c || k || k
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Л л || l || l || l || l || l || l || l
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| М м || m || m || m || m || m || m || m
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Н н || n || n || n || n || n || n || n
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| О о || o || o || o || o || o || o || o
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| П п || p || p || p || p || p || p || p
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Р р || r || r || r || r || r || r || r
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| С с || s || s || s || s || s || s || s
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Т т || t || t || t || t || t || t || t
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| У у || u || u || u || u || u || u || u
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ф ф || f || f || f || f || f || f || f
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Х х || kh || h || kh || kh || kh || kh || kh
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ц ц || c || c || c || ts || ts || ts || ts
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ч ч || ch || č || ch || ch || ch || ch || ch
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Ш ш || sh || š || sh || sh || sh || sh || sh
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| Щ щ || shh || šč || shh || sch || shch || shch || shch
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ь ь || {{softsign}} || {{softsign}} || j{{Efn|After consonants.|name=after-c|group=table-official}}|| {{hamza}} || {{softsign}} || ||
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Ю ю || ju || ju || ju || iu, yu-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| iu, yu-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| iu || iu, yu-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; "
| Я я || ja || ja || ja || ia, ya-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| ia, ya-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}|| ia || ia, ya-{{Efn|The second transliteration is used word-initially.|name=word-i|group=table-official}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee; "
| {{hamza}} || * || {{hardsign}} || {{hamza}}{{Efn|1=Apostrophe is used before iotated ''ja'', ''ju'', ''je'', ''ji'', ''jo'', and to distinguish the combination ьа (''j'a'') in compound words from я (''ja''), for example, Волиньавто = ''Volynj'avto''.|name=apos|group=table-official}}|| ˮ<!--U+02EE--> || || ||
|}

{{Notelist|group=table-official}}

==See also==
*[[Belarusian alphabet]]
*[[Cyrillic alphabets]]
*[[Cyrillic script]]
*[[Faux Cyrillic]]
*[[Greek alphabet]]
*[[Macedonian alphabet]]
*[[Montenegrin alphabet]]
*[[Romanization of Belarusian]]
*[[Romanization of Bulgarian]]
*[[Romanization of Greek]]
*[[Romanization of Macedonian]]
*[[Romanization of Russian]]
*[[Ukrainian alphabet]]
*[[Ukrainian Latin alphabet]]
*[[Russian alphabet]]
*[[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic]]
*[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Clara Beetle ed. (1949), ''[https://archive.org/details/alacatalogingrul007642mbp A.L.A. Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries]'', Chicago: American Library Association, p 246.
*''British Standard 2979 : 1958'', London: British Standards Institution.
*[[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]], and William Bright, eds. (1996). ''The World's Writing Systems'', pp.&nbsp;700, 702, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-507993-0}}.
*G. Gerych (1965), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022144515/http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/en/handle/10393/22477 Transliteration of Cyrillic Alphabets]'', masters thesis, Ottawa: University of Ottawa.
*Maryniak, K. (2008), '[https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/af0f0b29-bad7-4dfa-b079-693e170b46b4 Короткий огляд систем транслітерації з української на англійську мову]' (Brief Overview of Transliteration Systems from Ukrainian to English), ''Західньоканадський збірник — Collected Papers on Ukrainian Life in Western Canada'', Part Five, Edmonton–Ostroh: Shevchenko Scientific Society in Canada, pp.&nbsp;478–84.
*[[Jaroslav Rudnyckyj|Rudnyc'kyj, Jaroslav B.]] (1948). ''Чужомовні транслітерації українських назв: Iнтернаціональна, англійська, французька, німецька, еспанська й португальська'' (Foreign transliterations of Ukrainian names: The international, English, French, German, Spanish and Portuguese), Augsburg: Iнститут родо- й знаменознавства.
*[[United States Board on Geographic Names|U.S. Board on Geographic Names]], Foreign Names Committee Staff (1994). ''Romanization Systems and Roman-Script Spelling Conventions'', p.&nbsp;105.

==External links==
*[https://czo.gov.ua/en/translit English transliteration] by the Central Certification Authority of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, whether by letters (e.g. in passport number) and by words
*[https://dmsu.gov.ua/services/transliteration.html English transliteration] by the State Migration Service of Ukraine
*[http://translit.kh.ua/ Standard Ukrainian Transliteration] — multistandard bidirectional online transliteration (BGN/PCGN, scholarly, national, ISO 9, ALA-LC, etc.) (in Ukrainian)
*[http://www.cesty.in/transliteration2 Ukrainian Transliteration]—online Ukrainian transliteration
*[https://translit.cc/ua/ Ukrainian Translit]—online Ukrainian transliteration service (non-standard system)
*[http://litopys.org.ua/links/intrans.htm Ukrainian-Latin and Latin-Ukrainian]—online transliterator (non-standard system)
*[http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html Transliteration history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213065157/http://intranet.library.arizona.edu/users/brewerm/sil/lib/transhist.html |date=2007-12-13 }}—history of the transliteration of Slavic languages into Latin alphabets
*[https://www.netzum-sorglos.de/software/lingua-translit/ Lingua::Translit] [[Perl]] module covering a variety of writing systems. Transliteration according to several standards (e.g. [[ISO 9]] and [[DIN 1460]]).

===Transliteration systems===
*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/ Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts] A collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. PDF reference charts for many languages' transliteration systems. [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Ukrainian.pdf Ukrainian PDF]
*[https://hostmaster.ua/docs/ Latin transliteration]—transliteration systems used for national Ukrainian domain names (in Ukrainian)
*[http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/uk/cardnpd?docid=83944443 Decision No. 858] affecting transliteration of names passports (2007) (Ukrainian)
*[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/ Working Group on Romanization Systems], under the United Nations Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names.
**[http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_uk.pdf Ukrainian (PDF)]
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html ALA-LC Romanization Tables] Scanned text of the 1997 edition of the ''ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts''. [https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/ukrainia.pdf Ukrainian PDF]
*[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Ukrainian.pdf BGN/PCGN 1965 Romanization System for Ukrainian] at geonames.nga.mil
*[https://tarnawsky.artsci.utoronto.ca/courses/translit-table.html Cyrillic Transliteration Table (Ukrainian and Russian)], based on both International Linguistic and ALA-LC systems
*[http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/biloust/UkrIPA.pdf Ukrainian language in the International Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF, in Ukrainian)

{{Romanization}}
{{Ukrainian language}}

[[Category:Romanization|Ukrainian]]
[[Category:Romanization of Cyrillic|Ukrainian]]
[[Category:Ukrainian orthography]]