View source for Rose Macaulay

{{Short description|English writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = [[Dame]]
| name             = Rose Macaulay
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}}
| image            = Rose macaulay.jpg
| alt              = 
| caption          = Pencil sketch of Rose Macaulay
| pseudonym        = 
| birth_name       = Emilie Rose Macaulay
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1881|8|1|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]], [[Warwickshire]], England
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1958|10|30|1881|8|1|df=y}}
| death_place      = 
| resting_place    = 
| occupation       = 
| language         = 
| nationality      = English 
| citizenship      = United Kingdom
| education        = [[Oxford High School, Oxford|Oxford High School for Girls]]
| alma_mater       = [[Somerville College, Oxford]]
| period           = 
| genre            = <!-- or: | genres = -->
| subject          = <!-- or: | subjects = -->
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = {{plain list|
* ''[[They Were Defeated]]'' (1932)
* ''[[The World My Wilderness]]'' (1950) 
* ''[[The Towers of Trebizond]]'' (1956) }}
| spouse           = <!-- or: | spouses = -->
| partner          = [[Gerald O'Donovan]] ({{circa}} 1918–1942)
| children         = 
| relatives        = 
| awards           = [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] (1956) <br /> [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (1958)
| years_active     = 
}}
'''Dame Emilie Rose Macaulay''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}} (1 August 1881 – 30 October 1958) was an English writer, most noted for her award-winning novel ''[[The Towers of Trebizond]]'', about a small [[Anglo-Catholic]] group crossing [[Turkey]] by [[camel]]. 

The story is seen as a spiritual [[autobiography]], reflecting her own changing and conflicting beliefs. Macaulay's novels were partly influenced by [[Virginia Woolf]]. She also wrote [[biographies]], travelogues and [[poetry]].

==Early years and education==
Macaulay was born in [[Rugby, Warwickshire]] the daughter of [[George Campbell Macaulay]], a [[classical scholar]], and his wife, Grace Mary (née Conybeare). Her father was descended in the [[male-line]] directly from the [[Macaulay family of Lewis]]. She was educated at [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]] for Girls and read Modern History at [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] at [[Oxford University]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Crawford, Alice|title=Paradise Pursued: The Novels of Rose Macaulay|year=1995|publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press|page=17|isbn=9780838635735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgiPY8D02r0C&pg=PA17}}</ref> In 1906 her father, [[George Campbell Macaulay]], moved to Southernwood, a grand house in [[Great Shelford]], near Cambridge. She spent much of her time in the company of the poet [[Rupert Brooke]], a family friend. During the First World War, she worked as a [[Women's Land Army|land girl]] in Shelford. Here she was inspired to write a collection of poems called "On the Land 1916" recalling the hard work and companionship of those days.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ward, Margaret K|title=Great and Little Shelford in old picture postcards|year=1992|publisher=European Library|isbn=9028855041}}</ref>

==Career==
Macaulay began writing her first novel, ''Abbots Verney'' (published 1906), after leaving Somerville and while living with her parents at Ty Isaf, near [[Aberystwyth]], in [[Wales]]. Later novels include ''The Lee Shore'' (1912), ''Potterism'' (1920), ''Dangerous Ages'' (1921), ''Told by an Idiot'' (1923), ''And No Man's Wit'' (1940), ''[[The World My Wilderness]]'' (1950), and ''[[The Towers of Trebizond]]'' (1956). Her non-fiction work includes ''They Went to Portugal'', ''Catchwords and Claptrap'', a biography of [[John Milton]], and ''Pleasure of Ruins''. Macaulay's fiction was influenced by Virginia Woolf and [[Anatole France]].<ref name="k&h">[[Stanley J. Kunitz]] and [[Howard Haycraft]], editors; ''Twentieth Century Authors, A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Literature'', (3rd edition). New York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1950, pp. 865–66.</ref>

Her [[Utopian and dystopian fiction|dystopian]] novel ''What Not'' (1918) deals with [[eugenics]] and misinformation in a fictional version of England. It was first published in 1918, then withdrawn and republished in 1919 with some passages removed.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/dec/10/what-not-lost-feminist-novel-that-anticipated-brave-new-world-finally-finds-its-time What Not: lost feminist novel that anticipated Brave New World finally finds its time]</ref><ref>[https://www.bustle.com/p/rose-macaulays-1918-novel-what-not-might-be-the-original-brave-new-world-so-why-isnt-it-more-widely-read-16440408 The 1918 Novel 'What Not' Is A Dystopian Masterpiece — So Why Isn't It More Widely Read?]</ref>

During [[World War I]] Macaulay worked in the [[British propaganda during World War I|British Propaganda Department]], after some time as a nurse and later as a civil servant in the [[War Office]]. She pursued a romantic affair with [[Gerald O'Donovan]], a writer and former Jesuit priest, whom she met in 1918; the relationship lasted until his death, in 1942.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/may/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview32?INTCMP=SRCH Profile], guardian.co.uk; 31 May 2003; accessed 25 July 2015.</ref> During the interwar period she was a sponsor of the pacifist [[Peace Pledge Union]]; however, she resigned from the PPU and later recanted her pacifism in 1940.<ref>Martin Ceadel, ''Semi-Detached Idealists:The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945''. Oxford University Press, 2000; {{ISBN|0199241171}} (p. 361).</ref> In the same period, she found new audiences through broadcasts on the BBC, and as a [[columnist]] in journals such as ''[[The Spectator]]'', [[The Listener (magazine)|''The Listener'']], and ''[[Time and Tide (magazine)|Time and Tide]].'' In January 1941, Macaulay wrote: "The pageant of life is enormously enriched by the presence of so many foreigners in our midst...the uniforms of Polish soldiers mingle with those of the Czechs, Norwegians, Dutch and Free French...And not only foreigners. Driving in the country, you are continually hailed by the rich accents of young men in battle-dress from Alberta and Montreal, who seldom know where they are, and always want to go somewhere else. They are as a rule enormously charming".{{sfn|Webster|2018|p=138}} 

Her London flat was destroyed in [[the Blitz]], and she had to rebuild her life and library from scratch, as documented in the semi-autobiographical short story, ''Miss Anstruther's Letters'', which was published in 1942.

[[File:Rose Macaulay blue plaque, Hinde Street, London.JPG|thumbnail|The blue plaque on Hinde House at 11–14 [[Hinde Street]] where Macaulay lived from 1941 until her death<ref name=Will>Williams, George G. Assisted by Marian and Geoffrey Williams. (1973) ''Guide to Literary London''. London: [[Batsford]], p. 285; {{ISBN|0713401419}}</ref><ref name=EncylLon>{{cite book|author1=Hibbert, Christopher|author1-link=Christopher Hibbert|author2=Ben Weinreb|author3=John Keay|author4=Julia Keay|title=The London Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&pg=PA402|year=2010|location=London|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-73878-2|page=402}}</ref>]]
''[[The Towers of Trebizond]]'', her final novel, is generally regarded as her masterpiece. Strongly autobiographical, it treats with wistful humour and deep sadness the attractions of [[mysticism|mystical]] Christianity, and the irremediable conflict between adulterous love and the demands of the Christian faith. For this work, she received the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaffer |first1=Brian W. |title=The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Fiction, vol 1 |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester |isbn=978-1405192446 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=am1PhEWMqdIC&dq=The+Towers+of+Trebizond+james+tait&pg=PA242 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2022}}
Macaulay was never a simple believer in "[[mere Christianity]]", and her writings reveal a more complex, mystical sense of the Divine. That said, she did not return to the [[Anglican]] church until 1953; she had been an ardent [[secularism|secularist]] before and, while religious themes pervade her novels, previous to her conversion she often treats Christianity satirically, for instance in ''Going Abroad'' and ''The World My Wilderness''.

Macaulay never married. She was created a [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) on 31 December 1957 in the 1958 New Year Honours<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/41268/supplements/10 ''London Gazette'' notice of Macaulay's damehood]</ref> and died ten months later, on 30 October 1958, aged 77. She was an active [[feminist]] throughout her life.<ref name="k&h"/>

==Works==
'''Fiction:'''
* ''Abbots Verney'' (1906) John Murray
* ''The Furnace'' (1907) John Murray
* ''The Secret River'' (1909) John Murray
* ''The Valley Captives'' (1911) John Murray
* ''Views and Vagabonds'' (1912) John Murray 
* ''The Lee Shore'' (1913) Hodder & Stoughton
* ''The Making of a Bigot'' (c 1914) Hodder & Stoughton
* ''Non-Combatants and Others'' (1916) Hodder & Stoughton
* ''What Not: A Prophetic Comedy'' (1918)
* ''Potterism'' (1920) William Collins
* ''Dangerous Ages'' (1921) William Collins
* ''Mystery At Geneva: An Improbable Tale of Singular Happenings'' (1922) William Collins
* ''Told by an Idiot'' (1923) William Collins
* ''Orphan Island'' (1924) William Collins
* ''Crewe Train'' (1926) William Collins
* ''Keeping Up Appearances'' (1928) William Collins
* ''Staying with Relations'' (1930) William Collins
* ''[[They Were Defeated]]'' (1932) William Collins
* ''Going Abroad'' (1934) William Collins
* ''I Would Be Private'' (1937) William Collins
* ''And No Man's Wit'' (1940) William Collins
* ''[[The World My Wilderness]]'' (1950) William Collins
* ''[[The Towers of Trebizond]]'' (1956) William Collins

'''Poetry:'''
* ''The Two Blind Countries'' (1914) Sidgwick & Jackson
* ''Picnic: July 1917'', with guns in France audible<ref>{{cite web |url =https://alburyhistory.org.uk/attachments/File/Picnic%20-%20July%201917%20by%20Rose%20Macaulay.pdf |title=The poem 'Picnic: July 2017' and comment in the book 'In the Shadow of the Great War, Surrey 1914 - 1922', by Albury History Society |access-date=7 November 2023}}</ref>
* ''Three Days'' (1919) Constable
* ''Misfortunes'', with engravings by [[Stanley Morison]] (1930)

'''Non-fiction:'''

* ''A Casual Commentary'' (1925) Methuen
* ''Some Religious Elements in English Literature'' (1931) Hogarth
* ''Milton'' (1934) Duckworth
* ''Personal Pleasures'' (1935) Gollancz
* ''The Minor Pleasures of Life'' (1936) Gollancz
* ''An Open Letter'' (1937) Peace Pledge Union
* ''The Writings of E.M. Forster'' (1938) Hogarth
* ''Life Among the English'' (1942) William Collins
* ''Southey in Portugal'' (1945) Nicholson & Watson
* ''They Went to Portugal'' (1946) Jonathan Cape
* ''Evelyn Waugh'' (1946) Horizon
* ''Fabled Shore: From the Pyrenees to Portugal By Road'' (1949) Hamish Hamilton
* ''Pleasure of Ruins'' (1953) Thames & Hudson
* ''Coming to London'' (1957) Phoenix House
* ''Letters to a Friend 1950–1952'' (1961) William Collins. (edited by [[Constance Babington Smith]])
* ''Last Letters to a Friend 1952–1958'' (1962) William Collins. (edited by Constance Babington Smith)
* ''Letters to a Sister'' (1964) William Collins. (edited by Constance Babington Smith)
* ''They Went to Portugal Too'' (1990) (The second part of ''They Went to Portugal'', not published with the 1946 edition because of paper restrictions.) Carcanet

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Babington Smith | author-link = Constance Babington Smith | first = Constance | year = 1972 | title = Rose Macaulay | publisher = Collins | location = London | isbn = 0-00-211720-7}}
* {{cite book | last = Bensen | first = Alice R. | year = 1969 | title = Rose Macaulay | url = https://archive.org/details/rosemacaulay0000bens | url-access = registration | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = New York}}
* {{cite book | last = Crawford | first = Alice | year = 1995 | title = Paradise Pursued: The Novels of Rose Macaulay | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Madison, N.J. | isbn = 0-8386-3573-3 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/paradisepursuedn00craw }}
* {{cite book | last = Emery | first = Jane | year = 1991 | title = Rose Macaulay: A Writer's Life | url = https://archive.org/details/rosemacaulaywrit0000emer | url-access = registration | publisher = J. Murray | location = London | isbn = 0-7195-4768-7}}
* {{cite journal | first = Gloria G. | last = Fromm |date=October 1986 | title = The Worldly and Unworldly Fortunes of Rose Macaulay | journal = The New Criterion | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 38–44}}
* Hein, David. "Faith and Doubt in Rose Macaulay's ''The Towers of Trebizond''." ''Anglican Theological Review'' 88 (2006): 47–68. Abstract: http://www.anglicantheologicalreview.org/read/article/508/
* Hein, David. "Rose Macaulay: A Voice from the Edge." In David Hein and Edward Henderson, eds., ''C. S. Lewis and Friends: Faith and the Power of Imagination'', 93–115. London: SPCK; Eugene, OR: Cascade, 2011.
* {{cite book | last = LeFanu | first = Sarah | author-link = Sarah LeFanu | year = 2003 | title =  Rose Macaulay | publisher = Virago | location = London}}
* {{cite journal | first = Judith | last = Moore | date = 15 November 1978 | title = Rose Macaulay: A Model for Christian Feminists | journal = Christian Century | volume = 95 | issue = 37 | pages = 1098–1101}}
* {{cite book | last = Passty | first = Jeanette N. | year = 1988 | title = Eros and Androgyny: The Legacy of Rose Macaulay | publisher = Associated University Presses | location = London and Toronto | isbn = 0-8386-3284-X}}
* Martin Ferguson Smith (ed),'' Dearest Jean: Rose Macaulay’s letters to a cousin'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2011).
* {{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=Wendy |title=Mixing It Diversity in World War Two Britain |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191054600}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|s=Author:Emilie Rose Macaulay|d=Q528576|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|c=Category:Rose_Macaulay|wikt=no}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rose-macaulay}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3869| name=Rose Macaulay}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Macaulay, Rose (Emilie Rose)|name=Rose Macaulay|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rose Macaulay}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1859}}
* {{OL author|4322660A}}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* Profile of Rose on [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002193607/https://sites.google.com/site/greatshelfordcommunitywebsite/home/village-people Great Shelford website] where she lived some of her life

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macaulay, Rose}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Anglo-Catholic writers]]
[[Category:British women in World War I]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:English satirists]]
[[Category:English satirical novelists]]
[[Category:Female nurses in World War I]]
[[Category:James Tait Black Memorial Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Macaulay family (Lewis)|Rose]]
[[Category:People educated at Oxford High School, England]]
[[Category:People from Rugby, Warwickshire]]
[[Category:World War I nurses]]
[[Category:Writers from Warwickshire]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]