View source for Rostov-on-Don

{{Short description|City in Rostov Oblast, Russia}}
{{redirect|Rostov}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
| en_name                 = Rostov-on-Don
| ru_name                 = Ростов-на-Дону
| image_skyline           = {{multiple image
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|border = infobox
|total_width = 275
|image1 = Rostov on Don panoramic.png
|caption1 = [[Don (river)|Don River]] embankment
|image2 = Rostov City Hall 2021.jpg
|caption2 = [[Rostov City Hall]]
|image3 = Rostov on Don Cathedral 2021.jpg
|caption3 = [[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral]]
|image4 = Rostov Arena 2021.jpg
|caption4 = [[Rostov Arena]]
|image5 = Gorky Theatre 2021.jpg
|caption5 = {{ill|Gorky Drama Theatre|ru|Ростовский театр драмы имени М. Горького}}
|image6 = Platov Airport 2021.jpg
|caption6 = [[Platov International Airport|Platov Airport]]
}}
| pushpin_map             = Russia Rostov Oblast#European Russia#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location of Rostov-on-Don within Rostov Oblast##Location of Rostov-on-Don within Russia##Location of Rostov-on-Don within Europe
| coordinates             = {{coord|47|13|21|N|39|42|36|E|region:RU-ROS_type:city(1,100,000)|display=inline,title}}
| image_flag              = Rostov-na-Donu flag.svg
| image_coa               = Coat of Arms of Rostov-on-Don.svg
|anthem={{ill|Anthem of Rostov-on-Don|ru|Ростов-город}}| holiday                 = Third Sunday of September
| holiday_ref             = <ref name="Holiday">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;4</ref>
<!-- administrative status -->
| federal_subject         = [[Rostov Oblast]]
| federal_subject_ref     = <ref name="Ref133" />
| adm_inhabloc_jur        = Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]
| adm_inhabloc_jur_ref    = <ref name="Ref133" />
| adm_ctr_of1             = Rostov Oblast
| adm_ctr_of1_ref         = <ref name="AdmCtr1">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;1</ref>
| adm_ctr_of2             = Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
| adm_ctr_of2_ref         = <ref name="Ref133" />
| inhabloc_cat            = City
| inhabloc_cat_ref        = <ref name="Ref133" />
| urban_okrug_jur         = Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug
| urban_okrug_jur_ref     = <ref name="Ref871" />
| mun_admctr_of1          = Rostov-na-Donu Urban Okrug 
| mun_admctr_of1_ref      = <ref name="Ref871" /> 
| leader_title            = Head
| leader_title_ref        = <ref name="HeadLegis">Charter of Rostov-on-Don, Article&nbsp;35.1</ref>
| leader_name             = Zinaida Neyarokhina
| leader_name_ref         = <ref name="HeadNm">Official website of Rostov-on-Don. [http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=28025 Biography of Zinaida Vasilyevna Neyarokhina] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703134936/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=28025 |date=July 3, 2018 }}, the Head of Rostov-on-Don {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| representative_body     = [[Rostov-on-Don City Duma|City Duma]]
| representative_body_ref = <ref name="HeadLegis" />
| area_km2                = 348.5
| area_km2_ref            = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web |title=About the City |url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=6540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912072952/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/?ID=6540 |archive-date=September 12, 2013 |website=Official website of Rostov-on-Don |language=ru |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| pop_2010census          = 1089261
| pop_2010census_rank     = 10th
| pop_2010census_ref      = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
| pop_latest              = 1125000
| pop_latest_date         = January 2017
| pop_latest_ref          = <ref name="2017Est">Rostov Oblast Territorial Branch of the [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service|Federal State Statistics Service]].
[http://rostov.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/rostov/resources/8cc0c50046e82b5ea1feb987789c42f5/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf Cities with Populations of 100,000 and Over] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702032227/http://rostov.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/rostov/resources/8cc0c50046e82b5ea1feb987789c42f5/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.pdf |date=July 2, 2017 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| established_date        = 1749
| established_date_ref    = <ref name="gr" />
| current_cat_date        = 1796
| current_cat_date_ref    = <ref name="gr" />
| postal_codes            = 344000–344002, 344004, 344006, 344007, 344009–344013, 344015, 344016, 344018–344023, 344025, 344029, 344030, 344032–344034, 344037–344039, 344041, 344045, 344048, 344050, 344052, 344055, 344056, 344058, 344064, 344065, 344068, 344069, 344072, 344079, 344082, 344090–344095, 344101, 344103, 344111–344114, 344116, 344700, 344880, 344890, 344899, 344960–344965, 344999, 901078, 995100
| dialing_codes           = 863
| website                 = http://www.rostov-gorod.ru
}}

'''Rostov-on-Don'''{{efn|{{langx|ru|Ростов-на-Дону|Rostov-na-Donu}}, {{IPA|ru|rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu|IPA|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-Ростов-на-Дону.wav}}}} or simply '''Rostov''' is a port city and the [[administrative centre]] of [[Rostov Oblast]] and the [[Southern Federal District]] of [[Russia]]. It lies in the southeastern part of the [[East European Plain]] on the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]], {{convert|32|km|sp=us}} from the [[Sea of Azov]], directly north of the [[North Caucasus]]. The southwestern suburbs of the city lie above the Don [[river delta]]. Rostov-on-Don has a population of over one million people and is an important cultural, educational, economic and logistical centre of [[Southern Russia]].

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Rostov-on-Don}}

===Early history===
From ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants included the [[Scythians|Scythian]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] tribes. It was the site of [[Tanais]], [[colonies in antiquity|an ancient Greek colony]], [[Gazaria (Genoese colonies)|Fort Tana]] under the [[Genoa|Genoese]], and [[Azov#Fortress of Azov|Fort Azak]] in the time of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

In 1749, a custom house was established on the [[Temernik|Temernik River]], a tributary of the Don, by edict of [[Elizabeth of Russia|the Empress Elizabeth]], the daughter of [[Peter the Great]],<ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=380}}</ref> in order to control trade with [[Turkey]]. It was co-located with a [[Fortress of Saint Dimitry of Rostov|fortress]] named for [[Dimitry of Rostov]], a [[metropolitan bishop]] of the old northern town of [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov the Great]]. [[Azov]], a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress, but it remains an important historical center.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Rostov-on-Don |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rostov-on-Don |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509192148/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rostov-on-Don |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=2020-01-29 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |language=ru}}</ref>

In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories]] into the [[History of Russia (1721–96)|Russian Empire]], the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.<ref name=britannica/>

In 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of [[Rostovsky Uyezd]] within [[Novorossiysk Governorate]].<ref name="gr" /> In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don.<ref name="gr" /> During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade centre and communications hub. A [[railway]] connection with [[Kharkiv]] was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to [[Voronezh]] and in 1875 to [[Vladikavkaz]].

Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. [[Coal]] from the [[Donets Basin]] and [[iron ore]] from [[Kryvyi Rih|Krivoy Rog]] supported the establishment of an [[iron foundry]] in 1846. In 1859, the production of [[Steam pump|pumps]] and [[boiler (power generation)|steam boilers]] began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140&nbsp;industrial businesses. The harbour was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of [[wheat]], [[timber]], and [[iron ore]].

In 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlement of [[Armenia]]n refugees from [[Crimea]] at [[Nakhichevan-on-Don]]. The two settlements were separated by a field of wheat. In 1928, the two towns were merged. The former town border lies beneath the Teatralnaya Square of central Rostov-on-Don. By 1928, following the incorporation of the hitherto neighbouring city of Nakhichevan-on-Don, Rostov had become the third-largest city in Russia.

In the early 20th century, epidemics of [[cholera]] during the summer months were not uncommon.

===20th century===
During [[World War I]] Rostov-on-Don was briefly [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk#Territorial cessions in eastern Europe|occupied]] by the [[German Empire]] in 1918.

During the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[White movement|Whites]] and the [[Red Army|Reds]] contested Rostov-on-Don, then the most heavily industrialized city of South Russia. By 1928, the regional government had moved from the old [[Cossacks|Cossack]] capital of [[Novocherkassk]] to Rostov-on-Don.

In the Soviet years, the [[Bolshevik]]s demolished two of Rostov-on-Don's principal landmarks: St.&nbsp;Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1908) and St.&nbsp;George Cathedral (1783–1807).

During [[World War II]], [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] forces occupied Rostov-on-Don, at first from 19/20 November to 2 December 1941,<ref>[[Antony Beevor]], ''Stalingrad'' (1998) Viking Press {{ISBN|9780670870950}}</ref> after attacks by the German [[First Panzer Army]] in the [[Battle of Rostov (1941)|Battle of Rostov]], and then for seven months from 24 July 1942 to 14 February 1943. The town was of strategic importance as a railway junction and a river port accessing the [[Caucasus]], a region rich in oil and minerals. It took ten years to restore the city from the damage during World War II.

In 1942 up to 30,000 Russian Jews were massacred by the German military in Rostov-on-Don at a site called [[Zmievskaya Balka]].

=== 21st century ===
On 19 March 2016, [[Flydubai Flight 981]], a [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-800]] operating from Dubai to Rostov-on-Don in Russia, crashed during a [[go-around]] in inclement weather at [[Rostov-on-Don Airport]], killing all 62 people (55 passengers and 7 crew) on board.

Rostov-on-Don hosted several matches of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].

Rostov-on-Don is the location of the Russian [[Southern Military District]], which includes the [[58th Combined Arms Army]]. As such, it was a key logistical hub during the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and the [[2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Michael N. |first1=Schmitt |title=Was Russia at War with the Wagner Group? |url=https://lieber.westpoint.edu/was-russia-war-wagner-group/ |work=Articles of War |publisher=Lieber Institute, West Point |date=16 June 2023}}</ref>

On 23 June 2023, amid the war, the [[Wagner Group]], a private military company fighting on behalf of the [[Russian Federation]], declared a [[Wagner Group rebellion|rebellion]] against the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defence]] and took control of Rostov-on-Don.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutiny in Russia: Mercenary group Wagner enters Russian city of Rostov, Moscow on high alert |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/russia-ukraine-war/story/russia-mutiny-wagner-takes-control-of-southern-military-district-building-high-alert-moscow-2397248-2023-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624044423/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/russia-ukraine-war/story/russia-mutiny-wagner-takes-control-of-southern-military-district-building-high-alert-moscow-2397248-2023-06-24 |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=India Today |date=June 24, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On June 24, after reaching a negotiated settlement with the Russian government and military, the Wagner Group withdrew from the city.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ynet |date=2023-06-24 |title=Wagner mercenaries pulling out of Rostov-on-Don |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syfoytvon |access-date=2023-06-25}}</ref>

==Government==
[[File:Rostov City Hall, Administration, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|thumb|[[Rostov City Hall|City Duma building]] in central Rostov-on-Don]]

Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is incorporated as '''Rostov-na-Donu [[City of federal subject significance|Urban Okrug]]'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Rostov Oblast|districts]].<ref name="Ref133">Law #340-ZS</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.<ref name="Ref871">Law #238-ZS</ref>

===City districts===
Rostov-on-Don is divided into {{ill|Administrative divisions of Rostov-on-Don|lt=eight city districts|ru|Административное деление Ростова-на-Дону}}:<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2008 |title=Районы города |url=http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?&id=3614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021102132409/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?&id=3614 |archive-date=November 2, 2002 |access-date=July 19, 2013 |website=Rostov-gorod.ru}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! No. || City District  || Population Census
|-
| 1 ||{{ill|Voroshilovsky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Voroshilovsky|ru|Ворошиловский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|213,802
|-
| 2 ||{{ill|Zheleznodorozhny District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Zheleznodorozhny|ru|Железнодорожный район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|102,044
|-
| 3 ||[[Kirovsky City District, Rostov-on-Don|Kirovsky]]||align="right"|65,322
|-
| 4 ||{{ill|Leninsky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Leninsky|ru|Ленинский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|80,240
|-
| 5 ||{{ill|Oktyabrsky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Oktyabrsky|ru|Октябрьский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|165,874
|-
| 6 ||{{ill|Pervomaysky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Pervomaysky|ru|Первомайский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|180,061
|-
| 7 ||{{ill|Proletarsky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Proletarsky|ru|Пролетарский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|120,665
|-
| 8 ||{{ill|Sovetsky District, Rostov-on-Don|lt=Sovetsky|uk|Советский район (Ростов-на-Дону)}}||align="right"|175,725
|}

==Demographics==
The [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 census]] recorded the population of Rostov-on-Don at 1,142,162 making it the [[list of cities and towns in Russia by population|11th most populous city in Russia]].<ref name="2021Census">{{Cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=1 September 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1897|119000|1926|327661|1939|502928|1959|599542|1970|788827|1979|934095|1989|1019305|2002|1068267|2010|1089261|2021|1142162|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (1,066,523) was:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги::Ростовстат<!-- Заголовок добавлен ботом --> |url=http://rostov.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/rostov/ru/census_and_researching/census/national_census_2010/score_2010/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211011510/http://rostov.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/rostov/ru/census_and_researching/census/national_census_2010/score_2010/ |archive-date=2014-12-11 |access-date=2013-05-13}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ethnicity
!Population !! Percentage
|-
| [[Russians]] 
|960,883|| 	90.1%
|-
| [[Armenians]] 
|41,553|| 3.4%
|-
| [[Ukrainians]] 
|16,249|| 1.5%
|-
| [[Azerbaijanis]] 
|6,739|| 0.6%
|-
| [[Tatars]] 
|5,291|| 0.5%
|-
| [[Georgians]] 
|3,960|| 0.4%
|-
| [[Belarusians]] 
|2,874|| 0.3%
|-
| [[Koreans]] 
|2,792|| 0.3%
|-
| Others 
| 26,182|| 2.5%
|}

== Geography ==

=== Climate ===
[[Albert Parry (academic)|Albert Parry]], born in 1901 in Rostov-on-Don, wrote of the summers of his childhood:
:There were sultry days of brassy sun, but also cool evenings on the balconies facing the Don River, with the soft glow of charcoal in the [[samovar]], with the ripe cherries crushed by your spoon against the bottom and sides of your glass of scalding tea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-09 |title=Rostov-on-Don. Jewish Family History Organisation. Accessed 19 July 2012 |url=http://www.jewishfamilyhistory.org/Rostov.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504054131/http://www.jewishfamilyhistory.org/Rostov.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2007 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Jewishfamilyhistory.org}}</ref>

Rostov-on-Don lies in a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021016/http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Schweizerbart.de}}</ref> The winter is moderately cold, with an average January temperature of {{convert|-3.0|C}}. The lowest recorded temperature of {{convert|-31.9|C}} occurred in January 1940.

Summers are warm and humid; July temperatures average {{convert|+23.4|C}}. The city's highest recorded temperature of {{convert|+40.2|C||abbr=}} was reported on 7 July 2020. The mean annual precipitation is {{convert|643|mm|sp=us}}, the average wind speed is 2.7&nbsp;m/s, and the average air humidity is 72%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Архив данных о погоде в Ростове-на-Дону. (in Russian) |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/weather.php?id=34730 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914013814/http://pogoda.ru.net/weather.php?id=34730 |archive-date=September 14, 2007 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Pogoda.ru.net}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Rostov-on-Don (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 15.0
| Feb record high C = 19.8
| Mar record high C = 26.0
| Apr record high C = 33.6
| May record high C = 35.6
| Jun record high C = 38.4
| Jul record high C = 40.2
| Aug record high C = 40.1
| Sep record high C = 38.1
| Oct record high C = 31.0
| Nov record high C = 25.0
| Dec record high C = 18.5
| year record high C = 40.2
| Jan high C = -0.1
| Feb high C = 1.2
| Mar high C = 7.8
| Apr high C = 16.7
| May high C = 22.9
| Jun high C = 27.5
| Jul high C = 30.2
| Aug high C = 29.6
| Sep high C = 23.1
| Oct high C = 15.2
| Nov high C = 6.6
| Dec high C = 1.4
| year high C = 15.2
| Jan mean C = -3.0
| Feb mean C = -2.3
| Mar mean C = 3.1
| Apr mean C = 10.8
| May mean C = 17.0
| Jun mean C = 21.6
| Jul mean C = 24.0
| Aug mean C = 23.3
| Sep mean C = 17.1
| Oct mean C = 10.3
| Nov mean C = 3.1
| Dec mean C = -1.3
| year mean C = 10.3
| Jan low C = -5.2
| Feb low C = -5.0
| Mar low C = -0.3
| Apr low C = 6.1
| May low C = 11.3
| Jun low C = 15.7
| Jul low C = 17.9
| Aug low C = 17.5
| Sep low C = 12.1
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 0.4
| Dec low C = -3.6
| year low C = 6.1
| Jan record low C = -31.9
| Feb record low C = -30.9
| Mar record low C = -28.1
| Apr record low C = -10.4
| May record low C = -4.3
| Jun record low C = -0.1
| Jul record low C = 7.6
| Aug record low C = 2.6
| Sep record low C = -4.6
| Oct record low C = -10.4
| Nov record low C = -25.1
| Dec record low C = -28.5
| year record low C = -31.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 58
| Feb precipitation mm = 48
| Mar precipitation mm = 50
| Apr precipitation mm = 38
| May precipitation mm = 58
| Jun precipitation mm = 59
| Jul precipitation mm = 50
| Aug precipitation mm = 43
| Sep precipitation mm = 43
| Oct precipitation mm = 48
| Nov precipitation mm = 51
| Dec precipitation mm = 58
| year precipitation mm = 604
| Jan snow depth cm = 5
| Feb snow depth cm = 7
| Mar snow depth cm = 4
| Apr snow depth cm = 0
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 0
| Dec snow depth cm = 2
| year snow depth cm = 7
| Jan rain days = 11
| Feb rain days = 10
| Mar rain days = 12
| Apr rain days = 13
| May rain days = 14
| Jun rain days = 13
| Jul rain days = 11
| Aug rain days = 9
| Sep rain days = 10
| Oct rain days = 11
| Nov rain days = 15
| Dec rain days = 13
| year rain days = 142
| Jan snow days = 16
| Feb snow days = 15
| Mar snow days = 9
| Apr snow days = 1
| May snow days = 0.1
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 1
| Nov snow days = 6
| Dec snow days = 14
| year snow days = 62
| Jan humidity = 84
| Feb humidity = 81
| Mar humidity = 76
| Apr humidity = 66
| May humidity = 63
| Jun humidity = 64
| Jul humidity = 61
| Aug humidity = 59
| Sep humidity = 67
| Oct humidity = 75
| Nov humidity = 84
| Dec humidity = 86
| year humidity = 72
| Jan sun = 64
| Feb sun = 82
| Mar sun = 128
| Apr sun = 189
| May sun = 265
| Jun sun = 286
| Jul sun = 314
| Aug sun = 293
| Sep sun = 240
| Oct sun = 159
| Nov sun = 64
| Dec sun = 38
| year sun = 2122
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref>{{Cite web |title=Погода и Климат – Климат Ростова-на-Дону |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34730.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817092448/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/34730.htm |archive-date=August 17, 2013 |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |title=Rostov–Na–Donu (Rostov–on–Don) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/34731.TXT |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029165150/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/34731.TXT |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
| date = August 2010

}}

==Symbols==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Rostov-on-Don.svg|thumb|{{ill|Coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don|ru|Герб Ростова-на-Дону}}]]

In December 1996, Rostov-on-Don adopted a coat of arms, a flag and a mayoral decoration as the symbols of the town. The first coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don was designed in 1811 and approved by the Tsar. In 1904, some changes were made. One lasting oil painting of the coat-of-arms is kept in the regional local history museum but its accuracy and authenticity are uncertain. In June 1996, the Rostov-on-Don [[City Duma]] adopted a variant of the coat-of-arms in which a tower represents the St.&nbsp;Dimitry Rostovsky Fortress. The ancient Russian arms reference the role Rostov played in the defense of Russia's borders. The coat-of-arms adorns the mayor's decoration but all other cases of its use are first considered for approval by the City Duma.

===Flag===
[[File:Rnd flag.svg|thumb|right|Flag of Rostov-on-Don]]

The flag of Rostov-on-Don was approved by the Duma on September&nbsp;20, 1864. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries the home guard regiments, which defended the Southern borders of Russia, were raised under this flag.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The "Flag of Rostov" is kept in the town's municipal building under glass. Its length is {{convert|1370|mm|sp=us}} and width, {{convert|850|mm|sp=us}}. The flag is taken out of the building only on [[Victory Day (May 9)|Victory Day]] and Rostov-on-Don Day by a guard of honour.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

In 1870, an oval-shaped mayoral decoration wrought from precious or semi-precious white metal was introduced. On the front is written "Rostov-on-Don" at the top, the Rostov-on-Don coat-of-arms is in the center and the inscription, "Mayor of the City" is written at the bottom. On its reverse side, the day of its adoption, April&nbsp;9, 1996, is recorded. The decoration is worn over the suit on a large chain. The mayor returns the decoration to the Duma on his or her retirement from office.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

The Emblem of the [[Don Cossacks|Don Host Oblast]] was introduced in July&nbsp;5 (18), 1878. The flag of the All Great Don Army was introduced in May 1918 on the "Circle of the Don Saving".{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

==Awards==
*December 1970: [[Order of Lenin]]
*1982: [[Order of the Great Patriotic War]] 1st class
*2008: [[City of Military Glory]] status<ref>{{Cite web |title=Взгляд |url=http://www.vz.ru/news/2008/5/6/165649.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119155825/https://vz.ru/news/2008/5/6/165649.html |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Vz.ru |date=May 6, 2008 }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Rostov-na-Donu Centralny rynok.jpg|thumb|right|[[Central Market (Rostov-on-Don)|Central Market]] near the [[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral|Nativity Cathedral]]]]

===Overview===
[[File:Rostov-on-don skyline.jpg|thumb|View of Rostov-on-Don, May 2007]]

Rostov's favourable geographical position at trading crossroads promotes economic development. The Don River is a major shipping lane connecting southwestern Russia with the north. Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil. It is also an important river port for passengers. The Rostov-on-Don agricultural region produces one-third of Russia's vegetable oil from sunflowers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

===Volga–Don Canal===
With the construction of the [[Volga–Don Canal|Volga-Don Shipping Canal]] in 1952, Rostov-on-Don has become known as a "port of five seas" (reachable from the [[Black Sea]], the [[Sea of Azov]], the [[Caspian Sea]], the [[White Sea]], and the [[Baltic Sea]]). See the article [[Port of Rostov-on-Don]]

===Modern industry===
In modern times, Rostov-on-Don has experienced economic growth. Numerous start-up companies have established headquarters in the city, the median income is increasing, and the city is being transformed into a modern, industrial and technology-rich hub. For instance, Rostov-on-Don is a center for helicopter and farm machinery manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostov-on-Don: Quiet Flows the Don Filatova, Irena. The Moscow Times. Accessed July 19, 2012 |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/rostov-on-don.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707060355/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/rostov-on-don.html |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Themoscowtimes.com}}</ref> The "Tebodin" engineering company opened its fourth office in Rostov-on-Don in June 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tebodin website. Accessed July 20, 2012 |url=http://www.tebodin.com/countries/Russia/en/tebodin_russia/offices/Pages/Rostov-on-Don.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017014721/http://www.tebodin.com/countries/Russia/en/tebodin_russia/offices/Pages/Rostov-on-Don.aspx |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Tebodin.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Transportation===
[[File:Ростов-на-Дону. Здание СКЖД.jpg|thumb|right|[[North Caucasus Railway Administration Building]]]]
[[File:Platov-Aero 20171210165606.jpg|thumb|right|[[Platov International Airport]]]]

Public transport in Rostov-on-Don includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and ''[[marshrutka]]s'' (routed minibus, usually a 17-passenger Mercedes Sprinter). The [[Rostov Metro]] was planned in the early 1990s and later in the 2000s and 2010s. At the end of 2021, the Government of the Rostov Region and the Sinara company signed an agreement on the creation of a high-speed tramway in Rostov-on-Don on a concession basis. This happened at the international forum Transport Week 2021 in Moscow. By signing this agreement, the regional government put an end to the idea of developing the metro in the city in favour of the tram.

[[Platov International Airport]] (IATA code ROV) caters for domestic travel, as well as flights to and from the former C.I.S., Europe, Africa and Asia. It was opened in late 2017 as part of preparations for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grishchenko |first=Nikolay |date=27 March 2017 |script-title=ru:В Ростове аэропорт Платов построят к ЧМ-2018 раньше срока |language=ru |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |url=https://rg.ru/2017/03/27/reg-ufo/v-rostove-aeroport-platov-postroiat-k-chm-2018-ranshe-sroka.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602064131/https://rg.ru/2017/03/27/reg-ufo/v-rostove-aeroport-platov-postroiat-k-chm-2018-ranshe-sroka.html |archive-date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> replacing [[Rostov-on-Don Airport]]. The Bataysk military aerodrome (which is located {{convert|5.0|mi}} northwest of the city center) may be developed into a new airport hub for Southern Russia.{{update inline|date=July 2018}}

The international river port<ref>{{Cite web |title=Riverfleet.ru - Речные порты |url=http://riverfleet.ru/predpr/ports/index.shtm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217090930/http://riverfleet.ru/predpr/ports/index.shtm |archive-date=17 February 2006 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=riverfleet.ru}}</ref> specializes in the packaging and freighting of minerals and timber. Shipping information is published online.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostov-on-Don: Port's Details |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/portdetails.aspx?port_id=2174 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224022658/http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/portdetails.aspx?port_id=2174 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=MarineTraffic.com}}</ref>

The main railway stations in Rostov-on-Don are "[[Rostov-Glavny]]" and "Rostov-Prigorodny". The "St. Petersburg-Rostov-Caucasus" railway crosses the territory of Rostov-on-Don.<ref>{{Cite web |title= транспорт |website=Ростовская область |url=http://www.donland.ru/content/info.asp?partId=77&infoId=664&topicInfoId=664 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011155111/http://www.donland.ru/content/info.asp?partId=77&infoId=664&topicInfoId=664 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref> The [[North Caucasus Railway Administration Building]] is in Rostov-on-Don.

Several highways of federal and regional significance cross Rostov. The M-4 "Don" route passes Rostov to the east and [[Aksay Bridge|crosses the Don River]] in the Aksay city area. The "Rostov-Novoshakhtinsk" starts from the Northern housing block area of the city running north to connect with the M-4 "Don" route between Shakhty and Novoshakhtinsk.
<gallery mode=packed>
LiAZ-5292.60.jpg|New LiAZ-5292 buses
Rostov trolley.jpg|AKSM-321 low-floor trolleybus
Rostov's Tram.jpg|KTM-19 tram
</gallery>

===The Greater Rostov supercity===
[[File:Rostov-on-Don, Russia, city and vicinities, near natural colors, LandSat-5, 2010-06-10.jpg|thumb|Rostov (in center) and vicinities: [[Bataysk]] to the south, [[Azov]] to the south-west, Chaltyr village to the north-west, and [[Novocherkassk]] to the northeast (satellite image by Landsat-5, 2010-06-10)]]

The [[Ministry of Regional Development (Russia)|Ministry of Regional Development of Russia]] has prepared a program to create eight multimillion conglomerate population centers or 'super cities'. The Rostov Oblast will be one of these. "The Greater Rostov" metropolitan area will include the cities of Rostov-on-Don, [[Novocherkassk]], [[Taganrog]], [[Aksay, Rostov Oblast|Aksay]], [[Bataysk]], and [[Azov]].{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}

===Communications===
In 1929, the first automatic telephone exchange in Russia with a capacity of 6,000 numbers commenced in Rostov-on-Don.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Автоматизация телефонной связи |url=http://www.computer-museum.ru/connect/avto_ats.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413005226/http://www.computer-museum.ru/connect/avto_ats.htm |archive-date=April 13, 2001 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Computer-museum.ru}}</ref> Since 2004, standard telephone numbers in Rostov-on-Don have been seven digits in length. Since 2009, city numbers have begun with "2".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-11-30 |title=Ростов-на-Дону перешёл на семизначную нумерацию городских телефонов |url=http://www.sotovik.ru/news/news_7824.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204135151/http://www.sotovik.ru/news/news_7824.html |archive-date=December 4, 2004 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Sotovik.ru}}</ref> The city dialing code is "863".

===Financial services===
The first commercial bank in the South of Russia, [[Rostovsocbank|Rostovsoсbank]], was opened in Rostov-on-Don. The bank existed from 1989 to 1998,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Открытое акционерное общество Ростовский коммерческий банк социального развития - "Ростовсоцбанк" {{!}} Банк России |url=https://www.cbr.ru/banking_sector/credit/coinfo/?id=600000046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713121845/https://cbr.ru/banking_sector/credit/coinfo/?id=600000046 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.cbr.ru}}</ref> and before the withdrawal of the banking license it made a full return of deposits to all depositors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Гуковский музей шахтерского труда имени Л.И. Микулина » Спасение сбережений земляков |url=https://gukovo-museum.ru/spasenie-sberezhenij-zemljakov-opyt-banka-iz-shahterskogo-monogoroda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724151218/https://gukovo-museum.ru/spasenie-sberezhenij-zemljakov-opyt-banka-iz-shahterskogo-monogoroda/ |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref>  The largest bank in the Rostov region is [[Center-Invest]]. In total, there are about 50 banks and their branches,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Все банки Ростова-на-Дону – справочные данные, рейтинг, сведения о продуктах и услугах. Страница 2 |url=https://mir-procentov.ru/banks/gorod-rostov-na-donu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017130759/http://mir-procentov.ru/banks/gorod-rostov-na-donu/ |archive-date=October 17, 2017 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Мир процентов.RU |language=ru}}</ref> 17% local banks, 80% representative offices of federal banks, and 4% representative offices of foreign banks.

==Education==
Rostov-on-Don hosts higher educational establishments, including universities, academies,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Официальный портал городской Думы и Администрации города Ростова-на-Дону |url=https://rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=864 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102032127/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=864 |archive-date=January 2, 2007 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=Rostov-gorod.ru}}</ref> secondary schools of vocational training including colleges, technical schools, specialized schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Официальный портал городской Думы и Администрации города Ростова-на-Дону |url=https://rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=863 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102032118/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=863 |archive-date=January 2, 2007 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=Rostov-gorod.ru}}</ref> and elementary schools of vocational training including lyceums, professional colleges<ref>{{Cite web |title=Официальный портал городской Думы и Администрации города Ростова-на-Дону |url=https://rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=551 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104110524/http://www.rostov-gorod.ru/index.php?id=551 |archive-date=January 4, 2007 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=Rostov-gorod.ru}}</ref> and schools of general education.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Энциклопедия "Мой город", Ростов-на-Дону |url=http://www.mojgorod.ru/rostovsk_obl/rostovnadon/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020629105805/http://www.mojgorod.ru/rostovsk_obl/rostovnadon/index.html |archive-date=June 29, 2002 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Mojgorod.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

The largest educational establishments in the city include:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Southern Federal University]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-20 |title=Southern Federal University website. Accessed 20 July 2012 |url=http://sfedu.ru/00_eng/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113165415/http://sfedu.ru/00_eng/ |archive-date=January 13, 2013 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Sfedu.ru |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
*[[Don State Technical University]]
*Rostov State University of Economy
*[[Rostov State Transport University]] (The Railway Engineers' University)
*Rostov State University of Civil Engineering
*[[Rostov State Medical University]]
*Rostov State Conservatory named after [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]
*Branch of the Moscow State Academy named after F.F. Ushakov
*Rostov Eparchy Religious College
*Rostov Institute of Advocacy of Entrepreneurs
*Rostov Institute of Foreign Languages
*Rostov International Institute of Economy and Management
*Rostov Juridical Institute of Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
*Rostov Institute of Physical Training and Sports (branch of the Cuban State University of Physical Training, Sports and Tourism)
*Rostov Social & Economic Institute
*Rostov branch of Moscow Institute of Economy, Management and Law
*South-Russian Institute of the Humanities
*North-Caucasian Academy of Public Service
*North-Caucasian Institute of Anthropology and Applied Psychology
*[[Modern University for the Humanities|The Modern University for the Humanities]]
*Russian State University of Trade & Economy
*Institute of Management, Business and Law,
*Rostov Institute of Law of the Russian Juridical Academy of the Russian Federation
*Rostov State Academy of Architecture and Arts,
*Rostov College of Arts named after M.B. Grekov.
{{div col end}}
There is also a French cultural centre (Alliance Francaise),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance Francaise |url=http://www.afrostov.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507154217/http://afrostov.com/ |archive-date=May 7, 2006 |access-date=May 15, 2006 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> a British Council and German Goethe Institute (DAAD and Bosch foundation), and a Korean Cultural Centre.
<gallery mode=packed heights=160>
File:Rostov-on-Don, Southern Federal University, Russia.jpg|[[Southern Federal University]]
File:РГУПС.jpg|[[Rostov State Transport University]]
File:Don state technical university.JPG|Don State Technical University
</gallery>

==Culture==
[[File:Здание Ростовского Государственного Драматического Театра Имени М. Горького 1.jpg|thumbnail|right|Maxim Gorky Academic Drama Theater]]
[[File:TYUZ Rostov.jpg|thumbnail|right|Rostov Regional Academic Theater of the Youth]]
[[File:Petrov Mansion 4.jpg|thumb|right|Rostov Regional Museum of Fine Arts]]
[[File:Музей русско-армянской дружбы.JPG|thumb|right|Museum of Russian & Armenian Friendship]]

The most conspicuous architectural feature of the central part of the city is the [[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] (1860–1887), designed by [[Konstantin Thon]].

===Libraries===
Rostov-on-Don's libraries include:
*The [[Don State Public Library]],
*Central Library named after Maxim Gorky,
*Regional Children's Library named after V.M. Velichkina
*Rostov Regional Special Library for the Blind,
*Scientific Library of the Medical University,
*Central State Children's Library named after Lenin
*Children's Library named after A.S. Pushkin
*Children's Library named after Mayakovsky
*South-Russian Don State Public Library.

===Theaters===
In the Academic Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky works Mikhail Bushnov, who is the national artist of the USSR and an honorary citizen of Rostov-on-Don.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бушнов Михаил Ильич на сайте |url=http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/acter/5220/bio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607203001/http://www.kino-teatr.ru/teatr/acter/5220/bio/ |archive-date=June 7, 2008 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Kino-teatr.ru}}</ref>

*Maxim Gorky Academic Drama Theater
*[[Rostov State Puppet Theatre|Rostov State Puppet Theater]]
*Rostov Regional Academic Theater of the Youth
*[[Rostov Musical Theater]]
*Philharmonic centre
*[[Theatre 18+|Theater 18+]]
*Kim Nazaretov jazz centre

===Museums===
The small collections of the Art Gallery and the Museum of Arts include some works by Repin, Surikov, Perov, Levitan and Aivazovsky as well as modern Rostov artists.

*Museum of Local Lore
*Rostov Regional Museum of Fine Arts
*Museum of Fine Arts on Dmitrovskaya
*Museum of Russian & Armenian Friendship
*Pioneer and Railway Museum and Children's Railway

===Other facilities===
[[File:Кинотеатр Ростов (Ростов-на-Дону).jpg|right|thumb|[[Movie theater]] in Rostov-on-Don]]
Other facilities include seven stadiums, a Palace of Sports, a circus, a zoo<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-19 |title=Ростовский цирк |url=http://cirk.webrostov.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206052316/http://cirk.webrostov.ru/ |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Cirk.webrostov.ru |df=mdy-all}}</ref> botanical gardens and parks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ботанический сад РГУ |url=http://www.rsu.ru/garden/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201234/http://www.rsu.ru/garden/ |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Rsu.ru |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Rostov-on-Don hosts the North Caucasian Science Center and research institutes. 
{{Further|Shenderov House}}

===Religion===
The Administration of Rostov and Novocherkassk [[Eparchy]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] is located in Rostov. Other religious facilities in Rostov-on-Don are the Roman Catholic "Church of the Lord's Supper", the [[Old Believers]]' temple, [[Soldier Synagogue, Rostov-on-Don|a synagogue]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Synagogues and Jewish prayer houses of Rostov-on-Don |url=http://www.jewishfamilyhistory.org/Synagogues%20and%20Jewish%20prayer%20houses%20of%20Rostov.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009165323/http://www.jewishfamilyhistory.org/Synagogues%20and%20Jewish%20prayer%20houses%20of%20Rostov.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2007 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Jewishfamilyhistory.org}}</ref> [[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral Mosque|a mosque]], and the [[Diamond Way Buddhism|Diamond Way]] Buddhist Center of the [[Karma Kagyu]] Tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rostov-on-Don Diamond Way Buddhist Center of the Karma Kagyu Tradition (In Russian) |url=http://rostov.buddhism.ru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203235936/http://rostov.buddhism.ru/ |archive-date=December 3, 2008 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=Rostov.buddhism.ru}}</ref> There are also several Armenian and Greek Orthodox churches in the city, with [[Holy Cross Church, Nakhichevan on Don|one of the Armenian churches]] being the oldest standing building in Rostov. All of the Armenian churches are in the [[Nakhichevan-on-Don]] district of the city.

=== [[Russian Orthodox]] churches ===
[[File:Храм во имя Честной Живоначальной Троицы в городе Ростове-на-Дону.jpg|thumb|The temple of the Holy Trinity in Rostov-on-Don is made in the style of ancient [[Russian architecture]]; its facade is decorated with bright mosaics, and inside is a majestic altar with paintings.]]

* [[Church of the Intercession, Rostov-on-Don|Church of the Intercession]]
* [[Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, Rostov-on-Don|Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church]] (belongs to [[Moscow Patriarchate]])
* [[St. Alexandra's Church, Rostov-on-Don|St. Alexandra's Church]]
* [[Ascension Church, Rostov-on-Don|Ascension Church]]
* [[Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Rostov-on-Don|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
* [[Church of St. John of Kronstadt, Rostov-on-Don]]

=== [[Old Believers]] churches ===
* [[Old Believers Pokrovsky Cathedral, Rostov-on-Don|Old Believers Pokrovsky Cathedral]]

=== [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] ===
* [[Church of the Resurrection, Rostov-on-Don]]

=== Synagogues ===
''See also [[List of synagogues in Russia]] and [[History of the Jews in Rostov-on-Don]]''
* [[Soldier Synagogue, Rostov-on-Don|Soldier Synagogue]], currently home to the Rostov Jewish Community and the only active synagogue in Rostov-on-Don<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Us |url=https://www.jewishrostov.com/visit-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101141836/https://www.jewishrostov.com/visit-us |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=Jewish Rostov |publisher=Jewish Community of Rostov}}</ref>
* [[Main Choral Synagogue (Rostov-on-Don)|Main Choral Synagogue]], no longer in active use as a synagogue
* The Artisans' Synagogue, destroyed by fire during WWII, formerly located at 106 Stanislavskogo St.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artisans' Synagogue in Rostov-on-Don, Russia |url=http://cja.huji.ac.il/browser.php?mode=set&id=26359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101143337/http://cja.huji.ac.il/browser.php?mode=set&id=26359 |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=The Bezalel Narkis Index of Jewish Art |publisher=Center for Jewish Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photograph of: Artisans' Synagogue in Rostov-on-Don. |url=https://www.nli.org.il/en/images/NNL_ARCHIVE_AL700631073/NLI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102015804/https://www.nli.org.il/en/images/NNL_ARCHIVE_AL700631073/NLI |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=National Library of Israel }}</ref>

=== Mosques ===
* [[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral Mosque|Cathedral Mosque]]

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Армянская Апостольская церковь Сурб Хач (Святой Крест) (1792г.) в городе Ростове-на-Дону.jpg|Armenian Apostolic Church of the Holy Cross (built in 1792)
File:Храм Святого Великомученика и целителя Пантелеимона, Ростов-на-Дону.jpg|Orthodox Church of Great-Martyr Panteleimon
File:Храм во имя святителя Демитрия, Митрополита Ростовского (Ростов-на-Дону).jpg|Orthodox Church of Saint Dimitri of Rostov
File:Свято - Георгиевский храм, Ростов-на-Дону.jpg|Orthodox Church of Saint George
File:Pokrov's Square Rostov.jpg|Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos
File:Mosque in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Russia,1.jpg|Cathedral Mosque
</gallery>

===Mass media===

The construction of the Rostov TV centre began in 1956 and was completed on 26 April 1958. The first television program was broadcast on 30 April 1958. Colour television was first broadcast in 1974. Radio transmission began in Rostov-on-Don on October&nbsp;17, 1975. In 2009, there were fourteen FM radio stations in Rostov-on-Don. It is also possibly the home of the [[The Squeaky Wheel|Squeaky Wheel]] [[number station]].

==Sports==
Rostov-on-Don is one of the host cities for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! Founded !! Current league !! League<br />Tier !! Stadium
|-
|[[FC Rostov]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Association football|Football]]
|1930
|[[Russian Premier League|Men's Premier League]]
|1st
|[[Rostov Arena]]
|-
|[[FC SKA Rostov-on-Don|SKA Rostov-on-Don]]
|1937
|[[Russian Professional Football League|Men's Professional Football League]]
|3rd
|[[SKA SKVO Stadium]]
|-
|[[WBC Rostov-Don SFU|Rostov-Don]]
|[[Basketball]]
|2006
|[[Russian Women's Basketball Super League I|Women's Super League]]
|2nd
|Express CSC
|-
|[[Rostov-Don]]
|[[Team handball|Handball]]
|1965
|[[Russian Women's Handball Super League|Woman's Handball Championship]]
|1st
|rowspan="2"| [[Rostov-on-Don Palace of Sports]]<ref name="Sport-Don Rostov">{{Cite web |title=Sport-Don Rostov details - Eurohockey.com |url=https://www.eurohockey.com/arena/1934-sport-don-rostov.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220201223/https://www.eurohockey.com/arena/1934-sport-don-rostov.html |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=Eurohockey.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[HC Rostov]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|2004
|[[Supreme Hockey League Championship|Men's Hockey League]]
|2nd
|}

=== 2018 FIFA World Cup ===
[[File:2018 FIFA World Cup Group A march URU-KSA - Anthems.jpg|thumb|Uruguay–Saudi Arabia match on 20 June 2018]]
In 2018, Rostov-on-Don was one of the Russian cities to host the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]. [[Rostov Arena]] with a capacity of 45,000 spectators was built on the left bank of the Don River, left of the exit from the city via the Voroshilovsky Bridge.
The stadium hosted 5 games of the FIFA World Cup.
* June 17, 21:00, Brazil — Switzerland, Group E
* June 20, 18:00, Uruguay — Saudi Arabia, Group A
* June 23, 18:00, South Korea — Mexico, Group F
* June 26, 21:00, Iceland — Croatia, Group D
* July 2, 21:00, Belgium — Japan, Round of 16
During the FIFA World Cup, Teatralnaya Square served as a venue for the FIFA Fan Fest. The specially arranged area had a capacity of 25,000 people. Fans were able to watch all World Cup games on a big screen. The venue was serviced by food outlets and had several entertainment areas.
In preparation for the FIFA World Cup, the city implemented a large-scale development program. Apart from the new stadium, the city built a camping area for fans arriving for the World Cup, the Southern and Western Bypasses, and new hotels. Reconstruction works were carried out at the bridge crossing over the Don River (expanding the traffic way to 6 lanes), a number of healthcare facilities, and the embankment area. A new airport, Yuzhny, was built.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Rostov-on-Don}}
{{more references needed section|date=May 2023}}
Notable people include [[Olga Spessivtseva]], a ballet dancer, [[Alexander Suvorov]], a military commander, [[Sholom Dovber Schneersohn]], the 5th Lubavitcher Rebbe,<ref>{{cite web | title=Biography of Rabbi Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, the Rebbe Rashab | url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/110470/jewish/Biography-of-Rabbi-Sholom-Dovber-Schneersohn-the-Rebbe-Rashab.htm }}</ref> [[Yelena Produnova]], an artistic gymnast,<ref>[http://rewritingrussiangymnastics.blogspot.com/2015/07/elena-produnova-interview.html?m=1 Elena Produnova - interview] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029182402/http://rewritingrussiangymnastics.blogspot.com/2015/07/elena-produnova-interview.html?m=1 |date=October 29, 2021 }} ''rewritingrussiangymnastics.blogspot.com''. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</ref> [[Yulia Belokobylskaya]], an artistic gymnast, [[Andrei Chikatilo]] (1936–1994), the serial killer, [[Alexander Pechersky]] (1909–1990) a leader of the rebellion at the [[Sobibor extermination camp]], and [[Maria Kharenkova]] another artistic gymnast.

===Writers and poets===
Authors of Rostov-on-Don include [[Anton Chekhov]], [[Mikhail Sholokhov]], [[Yuri Kazarnovsky]], Zakrutkin, Fadeyev, Safronov, Kalinin, [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Sergey Yesenin]], [[Shushanik Kurghinian]], [[Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy]], [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn]], [[Yuri Zhdanov]], and [[Mikael Nalbandian]]. After visiting Rostov in 1831, Pushkin published his poem "The Don". The monument to Pushkin on Pushkin Boulevard is dedicated to these events. Maxim Gorky, worked as a docker in Rostov-on-Don in his youth. [[Vera Panova]] (1905–1973) was a Soviet-era writer. The modern era includes such names as Danil Korezky and [[Tony Vilgotsky]]. A monument to [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], who lived in the city for 18 years and studied mathematics at Rostov University, is being planned by city authorities.

A monument to Anton Chekhov (see [[Chekhov Monument in Rostov-on-Don]]) was erected in 2010.

===Musicians, composers and singers===
Musicians from Rostov-on-Don include violinist [[Efrem Zimbalist]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMDb: Birth Place Matching "Rostov-on-Don, Russia" (Sorted by Popularity Ascending) |url=http://www.imdb.com/search/name/?birth_place=Rostov-on-Don,+Russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221012942/https://www.imdb.com/search/name/?birth_place=Rostov-on-Don,+Russia |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> [[Mikhail Gnessin]], Semyon-Samuel Zaslavsky, Kim Nazaretov, composer Andrey Pashchenko (1885–1972),<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Orlov |first1=Genrikh |last2=Kovnatskaya |first2=Lyudmila |year=2001 |title=Pashchenko, Andrey Filippovich |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026233235/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021004 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=Grove Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.21004 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0}}</ref> film composer [[Nadezhda Simonyan]], [[Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova]] (born 1909), pop music singer [[Irina Allegrova]] (1952), classical conductor and violist [[Yuri Bashmet]], songwriter and disc jockey [[Bogdan Titomir]] (1967), [[Eva Rivas]] (1987), [[Mikhail Puntov]] (1995), the post-punk rock band [[Motorama (band)|Motorama]], rapper [[Basta (rapper)|Basta]], and the rap band [[Kasta]].

===Actors, directors and playwrights===
Actors and playwrights of Rostov-on-Don include Maretskaya, [[Mikhail Shchepkin]], [[Yevgeniya Glushenko]], [[Alexander Kaidanovsky]] (1946–1995), [[Evgeny Shvarts]] (1896–1958), [[Nikolai Sorokin]] (1952–2013), [[Konstantin Lavronenko]] (1961), film and theater director [[Kirill Serebrennikov]] (1969) winner of the Best Actor award at the 2007 [[Cannes Film Festival]], and [[Sergey Zhigunov]] (1963). [[Marion Gering]], noted for his stage and film productions in the United States, was born in the city.

===Architects and artists===
Architects and artists of the city include [[Yevgeny Vuchetich]], [[Seyran Khatlamajyan]], [[Ashot Melkonian]], [[Natalia Duritskaya]], [[Martiros Saryan]] (1880–1972), [[Roman Chatov]] (1900–1987), [[Leonid Eberg]] (1882–1954), and [[Lev Eberg]] (1907–1982).

===Scientists and adventurers===
Scientists and explorers include, doctors N. Bogoraz and S. Fedosov, scientists A. S. Popov, and I. P. Pavlov, [[Georgy Sedov|George Sedov]], the Arctic Sea explorer, [[Yakov Frenkel]] (1894–1952), a solid-state physicist, [[Svyatoslav Fyodorov]] (1927–2000), ophthalmologist, [[Sabina Spielrein]] (1885–1942), psychoanalyst, [[Viktor Brodyanskiy]], chemist, [[Georgy Flerov]], Soviet physicist know for his discovery of [[spontaneous fission]] and is the namesake of element 114, [[flerovium]], and [[Yuri Oganessian]] (a nuclear physicist who is the namesake of [[oganesson]] (element 118)).

===Other===
*[[Iosif Vorovich]] (1920–2001), mathematician, academician, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
*[[Andrei Chikatilo]] (1936–94), serial killer
*[[Vladimir Shumeyko]] (1945), political figure
*[[Svetlana Boyko (fencer)|Svetlana Boyko]] (1972), foil [[fencing|fencer]]
*[[Anatoly Morozov (athlete)|Anatoly Morozov]] (1973), professional association football player and coach
*[[Alexei Eremenko]] (1983), Russian-born Finnish professional association football player who currently plays in Kazakhstan
*[[Victoria Lopyreva]] (1983), model and popular television hostess
*[[Oksana Pochepa]] (1984), pop singer and model
*[[Tatiana Kotova]] (1985), beauty pageant titleholder
*[[Ivan Bukavshin]] (1995–2016), chess grandmaster
*[[Igor Eremenko]] (born 1997), Russian ice dancer who defected to the United States

==Tourism==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Central Market (Rostov-on-Don)|Central Market]], local bazaars and fresh fish markets
*Bridges over the Don river and [[Don Embankment]]
*Don River lookout
*[[Holy Cross Church, Nakhichevan on Don|Armenian Holy Cross Church]]
*Rostovchanka statue
*River Steamboat rides
*[[Rostov-on-Don Cathedral|Orthodox Cathedral of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin]]
*[[Pushkinskaya Street (Rostov-on-Don)|Pushkinskaya Street]]
*[[Gorky Park (Rostov-on-Don)|Maxim Gorky Park]]
*Traditional Cossack villages (''[[stanitsa]]s'')
*[[National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve]]
*[[Azov Fortress|Azov ancient fortress]]
*Rostov circus
*Rostov state opera and ballet theatre
*Monastery of St. Jacob
*[[Rostov Zoo]]
*[[Museum of North Caucasus Railway]]
*[[Southern Federal University's botanical garden|Botanical Garden of Southern Federal University]]
*Art Gallery 16th Line
*[[Alexander Column (Rostov-on-Don)|Alexander Column]]
*[[Grigory and Aksinya in a boat (sculpture composition)|Grigory and Aksinya in a boat]]
*[[Park of Aviators]]
*[[October Park]]
*[[Anatoly Sobino Park]]
*[[Monument to Stepan Razin]]{{div col end}}

===Historic buildings===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Argutinsky-Dolgorukov House]]
*[[Bahchisaraytsev House]]
*[[Bostrikiny House]]
*[[Chernov House]]
*[[Chernova House]]
*[[Chirikov House]]
*[[F. N. Solodov House]]
*[[Gavala House]]
*[[Gayrabetov Mansion]]
*[[Gench-Ogluev House]]
*[[Gymnasium №36]]
*[[Ivan Zvorykin House]]
*[[Kechekyan Mansion]]
*[[Kisin House]]
*[[Kostanayev House]]
*[[Kostin House]]
*[[Kramer Mansion]]
*[[Krasilnikov Mansion]]
*[[Kushnarev House]]
*[[Leonidov House]]
*[[Lyakhmayer House]]
*[[Lyceum № 13]]
*[[Main building of Warsaw University (Rostov-on-Don)|Main building of Warsaw University]]
*[[Maksimov House]]
*[[Martyn Brothers House]]
*[[Masalitina House]]
*[[N. A. Semashko City Hospital No. 1]]
*[[North Caucasus Railway Administration Building]]
*[[Paramonov Mansion]]
*[[Paramonov Mill]]
*[[Paramonov Warehouses]]
*[[Petrov Mansion]]
*[[Pivovarova House]]
*[[Popov Mansion]]
*[[Reznichenko House]]
*[[Sariyev House]]
*[[Shirman House]]
*[[Soviet South building]]
*[[Spielrein Mansion]]
*[[Trunov House]]
{{div col end}}

==Twin towns/sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}
Rostov-on-Don is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Отдел внешних связей и межмуниципального сотрудничества |url=https://rostov-gorod.ru/administration/structure/departments-sectors-committees/ovs/action/links/pobratim.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803112429/https://rostov-gorod.ru/administration/structure/departments-sectors-committees/ovs/action/links/pobratim.php |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=2020-04-15 |website=Rostov-gorod.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], Turkey
<!--Cheongju - not twinning-->
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dortmund]], Germany
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Gera]], Germany
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Donetsk]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kajaani]], Finland
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Le Mans]], France
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], United States
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Pleven Municipality|Pleven]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Seville]], Spain
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Volos]], Greece
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yantai]], China
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="170px" heights="120px">
File:Rostov-on-Don, Panorama of Rostov-on-Don and Don River, Russia.jpg|Don River embankment and Old Voroshilovsky Bridge
File:Rostov-on-Don, Quietly Flows the Don, Russia.jpg|Left bank of Don River
File:Rostov-on-Don, Iconic view, Russia.jpg|Don River embankment
File:Rostov-on-Don, Majestic Don River at night, Russia.jpg|Rostov-on-Don at night
File:Rostov-on-Don, Don River at night, Russia.jpg|Voroshilovsky Bridge at night
File:Rostov-on-Don, Don River, Russia.jpg|Barge on Don River
File:Rostov on don 1.jpg|House of P. M. Zaslavskaya
File:Здание Доходного Дома.jpg|Masalitina House
File:Драмматичекий театр М.Горького.JPG|Maxim Gorky theater
File:Цирк, Ростов-на-Дону.jpg|Rostov-on-Don circus
File:Iconic view of Rostov-on-Don, panorama of Rostov-on-Don city centre as seen from Gorky Park, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.jpg|Gorky Park
File:С высоты птичьего полёта, Ростов-на-Дону.jpg|Aerial view of Rostov at night
File:Railway Bridge Rostov.jpg|Railway bridge over the Don at night
File:Казачки Ростова-на-Дону.jpg|Cossacks of Rostov
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|ros|mun|list|rostov-na-donu}}
*{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Ростовская-на-Дону городская Дума|ru_type=Решение|ru_number=267|ru_date=3 декабря 1996 г.|ru_title=Об утверждении положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"|ru_effective_date=31 декабря 1996 г|ru_published_in="Ростов Официальный", №51–52|ru_published_date=1996|ru_url=|ru_amendment_type=Решения|ru_amendment_number=507|ru_amendment_date=13 августа 2013 г|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в Решение Ростовской-на-Дону городской Думы "Об утверждении Положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"|en_entity=Rostov-on-Don City Duma|en_type=Decision|en_number=267|en_date=December&nbsp;3, 1996|en_title=On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don"|en_effective_date=December&nbsp;31, 1996|en_url=|en_amendment_type=Decision|en_amendment_number=507|en_amendment_date=August&nbsp;13, 2013|en_amendment_title=On Amending the Decision of the Rostov-on-Don City Duma "On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don"}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Rostov-on-Don#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Rostov-on-Don}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Rostov-on-Don|b=no|s=no|q=no|n=no|v=no|c=Ростов-на-Дону}}
*[http://www.rostov-gorod.ru Official website of Rostov-on-Don] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Rostov Oblast}}
{{Cities of Military Glory}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rostov-on-Don| ]]
[[Category:1749 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Don Host Oblast]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rostov Oblast]]
[[Category:History of the Don Cossacks]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1749]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Azov Sea]]
[[Category:1740s establishments in the Russian Empire]]