View source for Royal Military College, Sandhurst

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Royal Military College, Sandhurst
|image=RMAS18Je6-4685.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=New College Buildings at Sandhurst
|dates=1801–1939
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{army|United Kingdom}}
|type=
|role=Officer training
|size=
|current_commander=
|garrison=[[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]], [[Berkshire]]
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|ceremonial_chief= 
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment= [[List of governors and commandants of Sandhurst]]
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=Governors, commandants
|nickname=
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The '''Royal Military College''' ('''RMC''') was a British [[military academy]] for training [[infantry]] and [[cavalry]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s of the [[British Army|British]] and [[British Indian Army|Indian]] Armies. It was founded in 1801 at [[Great Marlow]] and [[High Wycombe]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], but moved in October 1812 to [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]], [[Berkshire]].

The RMC was reorganised at the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], but some of its units remained operational at Sandhurst and [[Aldershot]]. In 1947, the Royal Military College was merged with the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], to form the present-day all-purpose [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]].

==History==
[[File:Royal Military College Great Marlow, 1810.jpg|thumb|200px|The College at Great Marlow]]
[[File:Royal Military College cricket grounds, Sandhurst, Camberley, Surrey, England, ca. 1895.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The RMC cricket field, c. 1895]]
[[File:RMAS18Je6-4617.jpg|thumb|200px|Old College building at Sandhurst]]

Pre-dating the college, the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], had been established in 1741 to train artillery and engineer officers, but there was no such provision for training infantry and cavalry officers.<ref>Cathy Downes, ''Special Trust and Confidence: The Making of an Officer'' (2013), p. 13</ref>

The Royal Military College was conceived by Colonel [[John Le Marchant (British Army officer, born 1766)|John Le Marchant]], whose scheme for establishing schools for the military instruction of officers at High Wycombe and Great Marlow first met strong resistance on the grounds of cost.<ref name=JSCSC>[https://da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/jscsc-library/artwork/major-general-john-gaspard-le-marchant-1766-1812 Major-General John Gaspard Le Marchant (1766–1812)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323125835/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/jscsc/jscsc-library/artwork/major-general-john-gaspard-le-marchant-1766-1812 |date=2012-03-23 }} at da.mod.uk/colleges (Defence Academy web site)</ref>

There were already some small private military academies for aspiring infantry and cavalry officers in existence, notably one which had been operated at [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] by [[Lewis Lochée]] from about 1770 until he closed the academy in 1790, but none of them had any formal approval by the British government.<ref name=screen>J. E. O. Screen, “The 'Royal Military Academy' of Lewis Lochée“ in ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research''
Vol. 70, No. 283 (Autumn 1992), pp. 143–156</ref>

In 1799, Le Marchant established a [[Royal Military College, High Wycombe|school for staff officers]] at [[High Wycombe]].<ref name=parade>''Sovereign's Parade Programme'' (RMA Sandhurst, April 2012)</ref> In 1801, Parliament voted a grant of £30,000 for his more ambitious proposals,<ref name=JSCSC/> and in 1801 the school for staff officers at High Wycombe became the Senior Department of the new Military College.<ref name=parade/> In 1802, having been appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of the College, Le Marchant opened its Junior Department at a [[Remnantz|large house called Remnantz]] in West Street, [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire|Great Marlow]],<ref>R. H. Thoumine, ''Scientific Soldier, a Life of General Le Marchant, 1766–1812'' (Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 61–79</ref><ref>[http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/town-tour.html Marlow Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112041930/http://www.marlowsociety.org.uk/town-tour.html |date=12 January 2015 }} at marlowsociety.org.uk (Marlow Society web site)</ref> to train gentleman cadets for the infantry and cavalry regiments of the [[British Army]] and for the [[presidency armies]] of [[British India]].<ref name=history>[http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/training/17061.aspx RMAS: The story of Sandhurst] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505015944/http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/training/17061.aspx |date=2012-05-05 }}) at army.mod.uk, accessed 6 July 2009</ref><ref name=parade/> 1802 was the same year as the founding of the [[French Army]]'s [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr|Saint-Cyr]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20071024021429/http://www.st-cyr.terre.defense.gouv.fr/index.php?ID=1010988 Ecoles de Saint-Cyr] at st-cyr.terre.defense.gouv.fr, accessed 6 July 2009</ref> and of [[United States Military Academy|West Point]] in the [[United States]].<ref>[[Stephen Ambrose]], ''Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point'' (Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1966, {{ISBN|0-8018-6293-0}}), p. 22</ref> [[William Harcourt, 3rd Earl Harcourt|General Sir William Harcourt]] was appointed as the first Governor of the Royal Military College at Great Marlow<ref>{{London Gazette | issue=15377 |page=691 | date=20 June 1801}}</ref> and continued in post until 1811.<ref>{{cite ODNB|title=Harcourt, William, third Earl Harcourt (1743–1830)|first=R. N. W.|last=Thomas|id=12248}}</ref>

In January 1809, the [[East India Company]] established its own [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|East India Military Seminary]] at [[Addiscombe]] to train officers for its armies.<ref>''Haileybury College and Addiscombe military seminary'' (1822), p. 10</ref>

In 1812, the College's Junior Department moved from Great Marlow into purpose-built buildings at Sandhurst designed by [[James Wyatt]],<ref>[http://www.berkshirehistory.com/villages/sandhurst.html Sandhurst – Royal Berkshire History] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222005348/http://berkshirehistory.com/villages/sandhurst.html |date=22 February 2017 }}) at berkshirehistory.com</ref> and was soon joined there by the Senior Department, migrating from High Wycombe. In 1858 this became a separate institution, the [[Staff College, Camberley|Staff College]].<ref name=parade/>

On the outbreak of the Second World War, many of the cadets and staff of the Royal Military College were mobilised for active service, but the buildings at Sandhurst remained the home of the RMC's [[Mons Officer Cadet School|161 Infantry Officer Cadet Training Unit]]. In 1942, this unit moved to Mons Barracks, [[Aldershot]], and for the rest of the war the Sandhurst campus was used as a [[Royal Armoured Corps]] Officer Cadet Training Unit.<ref>[http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/training/17061.aspx Training] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505015944/http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/training/17061.aspx |date=2012-05-05 }} at army.mod.uk</ref>

In 1947, a new [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] was formed on the site of the Royal Military College, merging the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich (which had trained officers for the [[Royal Artillery]] and [[Royal Engineers]] from 1741 to 1939) and the Royal Military College (1802 to 1942), with the objective of providing officer training for all arms and services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.war-letters.com/0023/0014.html |title=Facilities in Sandhurst – 1937 |access-date=11 May 2014 |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106195651/http://www.war-letters.com/0023/0014.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Governors and commandants==
{{further|List of governors and commandants of Sandhurst}}

The Royal Military College was originally led by a governor, who was a figurehead, often non-resident, a lieutenant governor, who had actual day-to-day command of the college, and a commandant, who was the officer in charge of the cadets. In 1812, the posts of Lieutenant Governor and Commandant were merged into the role of Commandant. In 1888 the two remaining senior posts, Governor and Commandant, were merged into the single appointment of '''Governor and Commandant''', which in 1902 was retitled as "Commandant".<ref>[http://www.sandhurstcollection.org.uk/Conference.aspx Conference Room] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314063741/http://www.sandhurstcollection.org.uk/Conference.aspx |date=2011-03-14 }} at sandhurstcollection.org.uk (Sandhurst Collection web site)</ref>

==Notable cadets==
{{See also|Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst}}

The most notable cadets of RMC Sandhurst include:

* [[William Denison|Sir William Denison]] (1825–1826), [[Governor of New South Wales]]<ref>C. H. Currey, [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/denison-sir-william-thomas-3394 “Denison, Sir William Thomas (1804–1871)”], in ''[[Australian Dictionary of Biography]]'',  [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/denison-sir-william-thomas-3394 archived] 18 February 2011</ref>
* [[Field Marshal]] [[Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar]] (1840–1841)<ref>Tony Heathcote, ''The British Field Marshals 1736–1997'' (Leo Cooper, 1999, {{ISBN|0-85052-696-5}}), p. 114</ref>
* [[Field Marshal]] [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]] (1850–1851)<ref>Brian Robson, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35768 "Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, first Earl Roberts (1832–1914)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407200047/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35768 |date=7 April 2015 }} ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (Oxford University Press, 2008, online edition, accessed 4 November 2023 {{subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby]] (1861–1862), [[Governor General of Canada]] 
* [[Alfonso XII of Spain|King Alfonso XII of Spain]] (1876)<ref>'Death of the King of Spain' in ''[[The Times]]'', 26 November 1885, p. 7</ref>
* [[Field Marshal]] [[Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer]] (1875–1876)<ref>Ian Finlayson, ''The Battle for Passchendaele: Australian Army Campaigns Series 28'' (2020), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iVblDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 p. 54] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104175023/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iVblDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 |date=4 November 2023 }}</ref>
* [[John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow]] (1878–1879), [[Governor-General of Australia]]<ref>"Hopetoun, 1st Earl of, John Adrian Louis Hope, later 1st Marquess of Linlithgow (1860–1908)" in Barry Jones, ed., ''Dictionary of World Biography'' (9th edition, 2022), p. 438</ref>
* [[Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar]] (1879–1880), Governor-General of Australia 
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Viscount Allenby]] (1881–1882)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25105|date=9 May 1882|page=2157}}</ref>
*[[Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet]] (1882–1883), [[Governor-General of New Zealand]]
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Earl Haig]] (1884–1885)<ref>Gerard De Groot, ''Douglas Haig 1861–1928'' (Unwin Hyman, 1988, {{ISBN|978-0044401926}}), p. 29</ref>
*[[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] (1894)<ref>[[Roy Jenkins]], ''Churchill: a Biography'' (2001, {{ISBN|978-0-374-12354-3}}), p. 20</ref> 
*[[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|Prince Alexander of Teck]] (1894), later the Earl of Athlone, [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa]] and [[Governor General of Canada]]<ref>G. E. Cokayne et al., ''The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant'', vol. XIII (Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000) p. 258</ref>
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Earl Wavell]] (1900–1901), [[Viceroy of India]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27311 |date=7 May 1901 |page=3130 }}</ref>
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Viscount Montgomery of Alamein]] (1903–1904)<ref>Tony Heathcote, ''The British Field Marshals 1736–1997'' (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 1999, {{ISBN|0-85052-696-5}}), p. 213</ref>
*[[Oswald Mosley|Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet]] (1914), [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]<ref>[[Robert Skidelsky]], ''Oswald Mosley'' (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975, {{ISBN|9780030865800}})</ref>
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Kodandera M. Cariappa|Kodandera Madappa Cariappa]] (1918–1919), First native-Indian full General of the [[Indian Army]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General K.M Cariappa Biography – General K.M Cariappa Profile, Childhood, Life, Timeline|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/general-km-cariappa.html|website=I Love India|access-date=13 August 2016|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827122904/http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/general-km-cariappa.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Field Marshal]] [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] (1919), [[Governor General of Australia]]<ref>'Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester' in ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (Oxford University Press, 2007)</ref>
*[[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja|General Maharaj Shri Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]] (1920–1921),  second Indian Commander in Chief of Indian Army
*Thakur [[Nathu Singh Rathore]] (1921–1922), Lieutenant General, Indian Army
* [[Field Marshal]] [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] (1926–1927), [[President of Pakistan]]<ref>Karl J. Newman, ''Pakistan unter Ayub Khan, Bhutto und Zia-ul-Haq'' ({{ISBN|3-8039-0327-0}}), p. 21</ref>
* General [[Iskander Mirza|Iskandar Mirza]], [[President of Pakistan]]
*[[Ian Fleming]] (1927), author, creator of [[James Bond]]<ref>[[Ben Macintyre]], ''For Your Eyes Only'' (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-7475-9527-4}}), p. 33</ref>
*[[David Niven]] (1930), actor, novelist<ref>Eric Pace, [https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/obituaries/david-niven-dead-at-73-witty-actor-won-oscar.html "David Niven Dead at 73"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711193242/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/obituaries/david-niven-dead-at-73-witty-actor-won-oscar.html |date=11 July 2018 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'' [[Obituary]], 30 July 1983, accessed 11 July 2018</ref>
*[[Mohammad Usman]] (1932–1934), Brigadier, Indian Army, "Lion of Naushera"

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Public schools in England}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Military College}}
[[Category:Royal Military College, Sandhurst| ]]
[[Category:1802 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Military academies of the United Kingdom]]