View source for Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

{{Short description|1859 translations by Edward FitzGerald}}
{{about|the work by Edward FitzGerald|poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam|Omar Khayyam#Poetry}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox book
 | name    = ''Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, the Astronomer-Poet of Persia. Rendered into English Verse''
 | image   = Houghton AC85 M4977 Zz878o - Rubáiyát, cover.jpg
 | caption = Front cover of the first American edition (1878)
 | author = [[Omar Khayyam]]
 | translator = [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]]
 | genre = [[Poetry]]
 | publisher = [[Bernard Quaritch]]
 | pub_date = 1859
 | wikisource = The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
}}
[[File:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by M. V. Dhurandhar.jpg|thumb|A collection of postcards with paintings of the ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'', by [[Indian painting|Indian]] artist [[M. V. Dhurandhar]].]]
The '''''Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám''''' is an 1859 translation from [[Persian language|Persian]] to English by  [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]] of a selection of [[quatrain]]s (''{{lang|ar-Latn|[[ruba'i|rubāʿiyāt]]}}'') attributed to [[Omar Khayyam]] (1048–1131), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of Persia".

Although commercially unsuccessful at first, FitzGerald's work was popularised from 1861 onward by [[Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar)|Whitley Stokes]], and the work came to be greatly admired by the [[Pre-Raphaelites]] in England. FitzGerald had a third edition printed in 1872, which increased interest in the work in the [[United States]]. By the 1880s, the book was extremely popular throughout the English-speaking world, to the extent that numerous "Omar Khayyam clubs" were formed and there was a "{{lang|fr|[[fin de siècle]]}} cult of the Rubaiyat".<ref>{{cite book| title=Persian Poetry in England and America |year=1977 |page=202 |last=Yohannan |first=John D. |publisher=[[Caravan (publishing)|Caravan Books]] |isbn=978-0-88206-006-4}}</ref>

FitzGerald's work has been published in several hundred editions and has inspired similar translation efforts in English, Hindi and in many other languages.

==Sources==
{{see|Omar Khayyam#Poetry}}
[[File:Rubaiyat Morris Burne-Jones Manuscript.jpg|thumb|Calligraphic manuscript page with three of FitzGerald's ''Rubaiyat'' written by [[William Morris]], illustration by [[Edward Burne-Jones]] (1870s).]]
[[File:033-Earth-could-not-answer-nor-the-Seas-that-mourn-q75-829x1159.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Adelaide Hanscom]] (c. 1910).]]

FitzGerald's first source was the Bodleian MS, a transcript of which was given to him in 1856 by his friend [[Edward B. Cowell]], with 158 quatrains <ref>MS. Ouseley 140, copied in 1460 in [[Shiraz]], Persia, 47 folia. This is the oldest securely dated manuscript of Omar Khayyam's poetry. It belonged to [[William Ouseley]] (1767–1842) and was purchased by the Bodleian Library in 1844. </ref> His second source was a transcript of an MS Cowell found in 1857 in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal in Calcutta. <ref>   Juan Cole, [https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/rub%C3%A1iy%C3%A1t-of-omar-khayyam-9780755600519/ The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: A New Translation from the Persian ](London: IB Tauris, 2020), preface.</ref>

FitzGerald completed his first draft in 1857 and sent it to ''[[Fraser's Magazine]]'' in January 1858.
He made a revised draft in January 1859, of which he privately printed 250 copies. This first edition became extremely sought after by the 1890s, when "more than two million copies ha[d] been sold in two hundred editions".<ref>Preface to a [https://books.google.com/books?id=NAtFAQAAIAAJ  facsimile of the first edition] (no year [c. 1900], "from the fine copy owned by Charles Dana Burrage" [1857–1926]).</ref>

[[A. J. Arberry]] in his <i>Romance of the Rubaiyat</i> (London: Allen and Unwin, 1959), gave the Persian sources for each of the 75 quatrains FitzGerald translated in his first edition. He showed that some 40 were loose translations of a single stanza in either the Bodleian or Calcutta manuscripts, while others were "mashed together" from two quatrains.

[[Juan Cole]] is expanding on Arberry's findings in a series of blog entries that also explain the Persian concepts and personalities found in the poetry:  "FitzGerald’s Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Commentary by Juan Cole with Original Persian"<ref>{{cite web
|title="FitzGerald’s Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Commentary by Juan Cole with Original Persian"
|author= Juan Cole 
|url=https://www.juancole.com/fitzgeralds-rubaiyat-commentary}}</ref>

The authenticity of the poetry attributed to Omar Khayyam is highly uncertain. Khayyam was famous during his lifetime not as a poet but as an astronomer and mathematician. The earliest reference to his having written poetry is found in his biography by [[Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani|al-Isfahani]], written 43 years after his death. This view is reinforced by other medieval historians such as [[Shahrazuri]] (1201) and [[Al-Qifti]] (1255). Parts of the ''Rubaiyat'' appear as incidental quotations from Omar in early works of biography and in anthologies. These include works of [[Fakhr al-Din Razi|Razi]] (ca. 1160–1210), [[Najm al-Din Razi|Daya]] (1230), [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Juvayni]] (ca. 1226–1283), and Jajarmi (1340).<ref name="Wine of Wisdom">{{cite book|title=The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam |last=Mehdi |first=Aminrazavi |author-link=Mehdi Aminrazavi |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1-85168-355-0}}</ref>{{rp|92}}<ref name="Ross">Edward Denison Ross, "Omar Khayyam", ''Bulletin of the School Of Oriental Studies'', London Institution (1927)</ref>{{rp|434}} Also, five quatrains assigned to Khayyam in somewhat later sources appear in Zahiri Samarqandi's ''[[Sindbad-Nameh]]'' (before 1160) without attribution.<ref name="Dashti">Ali Dashti (translated by L. P. Elwell-Sutton), ''In Search of Omar Khayyam'', Routledge Library Editions: Iran (2012)</ref>{{rp|34}}

The number of quatrains attributed to him in more recent collections varies from about 1,200 (according to [[Saeed Nafisi]]) to more than 2,000. Sceptical scholars point out that the entire tradition may be [[pseudepigraphic]].<ref name="Dashti" />{{rp|11}}
The extant manuscripts containing collections attributed to Omar are dated much too late to enable a reconstruction of a body of authentic verses.

In the 1930s, Iranian scholars, notably [[Mohammad-Ali Foroughi]], attempted to reconstruct a core of authentic verses from scattered quotes by authors of the 13th and 14th centuries, ignoring the younger manuscript tradition. After World War II, reconstruction efforts were significantly delayed by two clever forgeries. De Blois (2004) is pessimistic, suggesting that contemporary scholarship has not advanced beyond the situation of the 1930s, when [[Hans Heinrich Schaeder]] commented that the name of Omar Khayyam "is to be struck out from the history of Persian literature".<ref>Francois De Blois, ''Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period'' (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2e55wuzPc3IC&pg=PA307 p. 307].</ref>

A feature of the more recent collections is the lack of linguistic homogeneity and continuity of ideas. [[Sadegh Hedayat]] commented that "if a man had lived for a hundred years and had changed his religion, philosophy, and beliefs twice a day, he could scarcely have given expression to such a range of ideas".<ref name="Dashti"/>{{rp|34}} Hedayat's final verdict was that 14 quatrains could be attributed to Khayyam with certainty.<ref name="Sadeq Hedayat's Learning">{{cite web|last1=Bashiri|first1=Iraj|title=Sadeq Hedayat's Learning|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Fiction/Learning.html|website=Blind Owl|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Various tests have been employed to reduce the quatrains attributable to Omar to about 100.<ref name="Ross" />{{rp|434}} [[Arthur Christensen]] states that "of more than 1,200 ruba'is known to be ascribed to Omar, only 121 could be regarded as reasonably authentic".<ref name="The Cambridge History of Iran" />{{rp|663}} Foroughi accepts 178 quatrains as authentic, while [[Ali Dashti]] accepts 36 of them.<ref name="Ross" />{{rp|96}}

==Scepticism vs. Sufism debate==
The extreme popularity of FitzGerald's work led to a prolonged debate on the correct interpretation of the philosophy behind the poems. FitzGerald emphasized the religious scepticism he found in Omar Khayyam.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Dick|title=FitzGerald, Edward|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fitzgerald-|website=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> In his preface to the ''Rubáiyát'', he describes Omar's philosophy as [[Epicurean]] and claims that Omar was "hated and dreaded by the [[Sufism|Sufis]], whose practice he ridiculed and whose faith amounts to little more than his own when stripped of the Mysticism and formal recognition of [[Islamism]] under which Omar would not hide".<ref>FitzGerald, E. (2010). ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' (p. 12). Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg</ref> [[Richard Nelson Frye]] also emphasizes that Khayyam was despised by a number of prominent contemporary Sufis. These include figures such as [[Shams Tabrizi]], [[Najm al-Din Razi|Najm al-Din Daya]], [[Al-Ghazali]], and [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], who "viewed Khayyam not as a fellow-mystic, but a free-thinking scientist".<ref name="The Cambridge History of Iran">''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Volume 4. Cambridge University Press (1975): Richard Nelson Frye</ref>{{rp|663–664}} The sceptical interpretation is supported by the medieval historian [[Al-Qifti]] ({{circa|1172–1248}}), who in ''The History of Learned Men'' reports that Omar's poems were only outwardly in the Sufi style but were written with an anti-religious agenda. He also mentions that Khayyam was indicted for impiety and went on a [[hajj|pilgrimage]] to avoid punishment.<ref>

<blockquote>"Sufis understood his poems outwardly and considered them to be part of their mystical tradition. In their sessions and gatherings, Khayyam's poems became the subject of conversation and discussion. His poems, however, are inwardly like snakes who bite the [[sharia]] [Islamic law] and are chains and handcuffs placed on religion. Once the people of his time had a taste of his faith, his secrets were revealed. Khayyam was frightened for his life, withdrew from writing, speaking and such like and travelled to [[Mecca]]. Once he arrived in [[Baghdad]], members of a Sufi tradition and believers in primary sciences came to him and courted him. He did not accept them and after performing the pilgrimage returned to his native land, kept his secrets to himself and propagated worshipping and following the people of faith." cited after Aminrazavi (2007){{page needed|date=September 2017}}</blockquote></ref>

Critics of FitzGerald, on the other hand, have accused the translator of misrepresenting the mysticism of Sufi poetry by an overly literal interpretation. Thus, the view of Omar Khayyam as a Sufi was defended by Bjerregaard (1915).<ref>
<blockquote>"The writings of Omar Khayyam are good specimens of [[Sufism]], but are not valued in the West as they ought to be, and the mass of English-speaking people know him only through the poems of [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward Fitzgerald]]. It is unfortunate because Fitzgerald is not faithful to his master and model, and at times he lays words upon the tongue of the Sufi which are blasphemous. Such outrageous language is that of the eighty-first quatrain for instance. Fitzgerald is doubly guilty because he was more of a Sufi than he was willing to admit." C. H. A. Bjerregaard, ''Sufism: Omar Khayyam and E. Fitzgerald'', The Sufi Publishing Society (1915), p. 3</blockquote></ref> Dougan (1991) likewise says that attributing [[hedonism]] to Omar is due to the failings of FitzGerald's translation, arguing that the poetry is to be understood as "deeply esoteric".<ref>"Every line of the Rubaiyat has more meaning than almost anything you could read in Sufi literature". Abdullah Dougan, [http://www.gnosticpress.co.nz/ ''Who is the Potter?''], Gnostic Press 1991 {{ISBN|0-473-01064-X}}</ref> [[Idries Shah]] (1999) similarly says that FitzGerald misunderstood Omar's poetry.<ref>"FitzGerald himself was confused about Omar. Sometimes he thought that he was a Sufi, sometimes not." Idries Shah, ''The Sufis'', Octagon Press (1999), pp. 165–166</ref>

The Sufi interpretation is the view of a minority of scholars.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Aminrazavi|first1=Mehdi|title=Umar Khayyam|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/umar-khayyam/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> [[Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)|Henry Beveridge]] states that "the Sufis have unaccountably pressed this writer [Khayyam] into their service; they explain away some of his blasphemies by forced interpretations, and others they represent as innocent freedoms and reproaches".<ref>Beveridge, H. (1905). XVIII. "Omar Khayyam". ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', 37(3), 521–526.</ref> Aminrazavi (2007) states that "Sufi interpretation of Khayyam is possible only by reading into his Rubaiyat extensively and by stretching the content to fit the classical Sufi doctrine".<ref name="Wine of Wisdom" />{{rp|128}}

Modern scholars still defend FitzGerald's "scepticist" reading of the poetry. Sadegh Hedayat (''[[The Blind Owl]]'', 1936) was the most notable modern proponent of Khayyam's philosophy as agnostic scepticism. In his introductory essay to his second edition of the ''Quatrains of the Philosopher Omar Khayyam'' (1922), Hedayat states that "while Khayyam believes in the transmutation and transformation of the human body, he does not believe in a separate soul; if we are lucky, our bodily particles would be used in the making of a jug of wine".<ref>Katouzian, H. (1991). Sadeq Hedayat: ''The life and literature of an Iranian writer'' (p. 138). London: I.B. Tauris</ref> He concludes that "religion has proved incapable of surmounting his inherent fears; thus Khayyam finds himself alone and insecure in a universe about which his knowledge is nil". In his later work (''Khayyam's Quatrains'', 1935), Hedayat further maintains that Khayyam's usage of Sufic terminology such as "wine" is literal, and that "Khayyam took refuge in wine to ward off bitterness and to blunt the cutting edge of his thoughts."<ref name="Sadeq Hedayat's Learning" />

==Editions==

[[Image:Edmund J Sullivan Illustrations to The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam First Version Quatrain-011.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Edmund Joseph Sullivan]] for Quatrain 11 of FitzGerald's First Version.]]
[[File:Edmund J Sullivan Illustrations to The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam First Version Quatrain-012.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Edmund Joseph Sullivan]] for Quatrain 12 of FitzGerald's First Version.]]
[[File:Edmund J Sullivan Illustrations to The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam First Version Quatrain-051.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Edmund Joseph Sullivan]] for Quatrain 51 of FitzGerald's First Version.]]

FitzGerald's text was published in five editions, with substantial revisions:
* 1st edition – 1859 [75 quatrains]
* 2nd edition – 1868 [110 quatrains]
* 3rd edition – 1872 [101 quatrains]
**1878, "first American edition", reprint of the 3rd ed.
* 4th edition – 1879 [101 quatrains]
* 5th edition – 1889 [101 quatrains]

Of the five editions published, four were published under the authorial control of FitzGerald. The fifth edition, which contained only minor changes from the fourth, was edited posthumously on the basis of manuscript revisions FitzGerald had left.

Numerous later editions were published after 1889, notably an edition with illustrations by [[Willy Pogany]] first published in 1909 (George G. Harrap, London). It was issued in numerous revised editions. This edition combined FitzGerald's texts of the 1st and 4th editions and was subtitled "The First and Fourth Renderings in English Verse".

A bibliography of editions compiled in 1929 listed more than 300 separate editions.<ref>Ambrose George Potter, ''A Bibliography of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' (1929).</ref>  Many more have been published since.<ref>Francois De Blois, ''Persian Literature – A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period'' (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=2e55wuzPc3IC&pg=PA312 p. 312].</ref>

Notable editions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include:
[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton, Mifflin & Co.]] (1887, 1888, 1894);
Doxey, At the Sign of the Lark (1898, 1900), illustrations by [[Florence Lundborg]];
The Macmillan Company (1899);
[[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]] (1900) with a commentary by [[Henrietta Batson|H.M. Batson]], and a biographical introduction by E.D. Ross;
Little, Brown, and Company (1900), with the versions of E.H. Whinfield and Justin Huntly McCart;
Bell (1901); Routledge (1904);
Foulis (1905, 1909);
Essex House Press (1905);
Dodge Publishing Company (1905);
Duckworth & Co. (1908);
Hodder and Stoughton (1909), illustrations by [[Edmund Dulac]];
Tauchnitz (1910); 
''[[East Anglian Daily Times]]'' (1909), Centenary celebrations souvenir; 
Warner (1913);
The Roycrofters (1913);
Hodder & Stoughton (1913), illustrations by [[René Bull]];
Dodge Publishing Company (1914), illustrations by [[Adelaide Hanscom]].
Sully and Kleinteich (1920).

Critical editions have been published by Decker (1997)<ref>Christopher Decker (ed.), ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam / a critical edition '', Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia, 1997, 2008.</ref> and by Arberry (2016).<ref>A. J. Arberry (ed.), ''The Romance of the Rubáiyát : Edward Fitzgerald's First Edition reprinted with Introduction and Notes'', Routledge, 2016.</ref>

==Character of translation==
FitzGerald's translation is rhyming and metrical, and rather [[Free translation|free]]. Many of the verses are paraphrased, and some of them cannot be confidently traced to his source material at all.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|last=Fitzgerald|first=Edward|publisher=Rupa & Co.|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7167-439-8|location=New Delhi|pages=132|chapter=Note by W. Aldis Wright}}</ref> Michael Kearney claimed that FitzGerald described his work as "tesselation".<ref>{{cite book
|title=Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám in English verse
|contribution=Biographical Preface
|author1= Omar Khayyam |translator= Edward FitzGerald |contributor=Michael Kearney |year=1888 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin
|url=https://archive.org/details/rubiytomarkhayy00keargoog
|location=New York and Boston | page=[https://archive.org/details/rubiytomarkhayy00keargoog/page/n23 17]}}</ref> To a large extent, the ''Rubaiyat'' can be considered original poetry by FitzGerald loosely based on Omar's quatrains rather than a "translation" in the narrow sense.

FitzGerald was open about the liberties he had taken with his source material:
<blockquote>My translation will interest you from its form, and also in many respects in its detail: very un-literal as it is. Many quatrains are mashed together: and something lost, I doubt, of Omar's simplicity, which is so much a virtue in him. (letter to E. B. Cowell, 9/3/58)</blockquote>

<blockquote>I suppose very few people have ever taken such Pains in Translation as I have: though certainly not to be literal. But at all Costs, a Thing must live: with a transfusion of one's own worse Life if one can't retain the Originals better. Better a live Sparrow than a stuffed Eagle. (letter to E. B. Cowell, 4/27/59)</blockquote>

For comparison, here are two versions of the same quatrain by FitzGerald, from the 1859 and 1889 editions:

<blockquote>
{|  style="vertical-align: top; role:presentation"
|Quatrain XI (1859)
<poem>
Herewith a Loaf of Bread beneath the Bough,
A Flask of Wine, a Book of Verse—and Thou
Beside me singing in the Wilderness—
And Wilderness is Paradise enow.
</poem>
|style="padding-left: 2em;"|Quatrain XII (1889)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arabiannights.org/rubaiyat/rubaiyat.php3?display?5??9?0?4?3????1 |title=Arabiannights.org |publisher=Arabiannights.org |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630085923/http://www.arabiannights.org/rubaiyat/rubaiyat.php3?display%3F5%3F%3F9%3F0%3F4%3F3%3F%3F%3F%3F1 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<poem>
A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread—and Thou
Beside me singing in the Wilderness—
Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!
</poem>
|}
</blockquote>

This quatrain has a close correspondence in two of the quatrains in the [[Bodleian Library]] ms., numbers 149 and 155. In the literal prose translation of 
[[Edward Heron-Allen]] (1898):<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/rubaiyatbodleian00omar#page/266/mode/2up The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam : being a facsimile of the manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, with a transcript into modern Persian characters. Translated, with an Introd. and notes, and a bibliography, and some sidelights upon Edward Fitzgerald's poem] (1898).</ref>

<blockquote>
{|  style="vertical-align: top; role:presentation"
|No. 149
<poem>I desire a little ruby wine and a book of verses,
Just enough to keep me alive, and half a loaf is needful;
And then, that I and thou should sit in a desolate place
Is better than the kingdom of a sultan. 
</poem>
|style="padding-left: 2em;"|No. 155
<poem>If a loaf of wheaten-bread be forthcoming, 
a gourd of wine, and a thigh-bone of mutton, and then, 
if thou and I be sitting in the wilderness, —
that would be a joy to which no sultan can set bounds.
</poem>
|}
</blockquote>

==Other translations==
{{cleanup section|reason=should become more systematic, perhaps in table form, with fewer random quotations|date=September 2017}}

===English===
[[Multilingual]] edition, published in 1955 by Tahrir Iran Co./Kashani Bros.

Two English editions by [[Edward Henry Whinfield]] (1836–1922) consisted of 253 quatrains in 1882 and 500 in 1883. This translation was fully revised and some cases fully translated anew by Ali Salami and published by Mehrandish Books.

Whinfield's translation is, if possible, even more free than FitzGerald's;{{Dubious|date=November 2020}} Quatrain 84 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above) reads:
<blockquote><poem>
In the sweet spring a grassy bank I sought
And thither wine and a fair [[Houri]] brought;
And, though the people called me graceless dog,
Gave not to [[Paradise]] another thought!
</poem></blockquote>

John Leslie Garner published an English translation of 152 quatrains in 1888. His was also a free, rhyming translation.
Quatrain I. 20 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
Yes, Loved One, when the Laughing Spring is blowing,
With Thee beside me and the Cup o’erflowing,
I pass the day upon this Waving Meadow,
And dream the while, no thought on Heaven bestowing.
</poem></blockquote>

[[Justin Huntly McCarthy]] (1859–1936) (Member of Parliament for [[Newry (UK Parliament constituency)|Newry]]) published prose translations of 466 quatrains in 1889.<ref>Omar Khayyam, ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'', translated by [[Justin Huntly McCarthy]] MP. [London] : D. Nutt, 1889. (Source: [http://library.catalogue.tcd.ie/record=b13332609~S9 Trinity College Dublin Library])</ref>
Quatrain 177 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
In Spring time I love to sit in the meadow with a paramour
perfect as a Houri and goodly jar of wine, and though
I may be blamed for this, yet hold me lower
than a dog if ever I dream of Paradise.
</poem></blockquote>

[[Richard Le Gallienne]] (1866–1947) produced a paraphrase in 1897. Le Gallienne knew no Persian and based his paraphrase on earlier translations, exaggerating earlier translators' choices to make Khayyam appear more irreligious. For instance, he invents a verse in which Khayyam is made to say "the unbeliever knows his Koran best," and rewrites another to describe pious hypocrites as "a maggot-minded, starved, fanatic crew," rather than the original Persian which emphasizes their ignorance of religion. Rather than a symbol for gnostic wisdom, wine becomes a straightforward image of [[libertinism]] for La Gallienne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talib |first1=Adam |editor1-last=Poole |editor1-first=Adrian |title='FitzGerald's Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Popularity and Neglect |date=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |url=https://fount.aucegypt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1762&context=faculty_book_chapters |chapter=Le Gallienne’s Paraphrase and the limits of translation}}</ref> Some example quatrains follow:
<blockquote><poem>
Look not above, there is no answer there;
Pray not, for no one listens to your prayer;
Near is as near to God as any Far,
And Here is just the same deceit as There.
''(#78, on p. 44)''

"Did God set grapes a-growing, do you think,
And at the same time make it sin to drink?
Give thanks to Him who foreordained it thus—
Surely He loves to hear the glasses clink!"
''(#91, p. 48)''
<br/>
</poem></blockquote>

[[Edward Heron-Allen]] (1861–1943) published a prose translation in 1898. He also wrote an introduction to an edition of the translation by [[Frederick Rolfe]] (Baron Corvo) into English from Nicolas's French translation. Below is Quatrain 17 translated by E. H. into English:<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1970-08-01|journal=Notes and Queries|volume=17|issue=8|pages=317–a–317|doi=10.1093/nq/17-8-317a|issn=1471-6941|title=An Anonymous Quatrain}}</ref>

<blockquote><poem>
This worn caravanserai which is called the world
Is the resting-place of the piebald horse of night and day;
It is a pavilion which has been abandoned by a hundred Jamshyds;
It is a palace that is the resting-place of a hundred Bahrams.
</poem></blockquote>

The English novelist and orientalist [[Jessie Cadell]] (1844–1884) consulted various manuscripts of the Rubaiyat with the intention of producing an authoritative edition. Her translation of 150 quatrains was published posthumously in 1899.<ref name=ODNBCadell>{{cite ODNB|last1=Raza|first1=Rosemary Cargill|chapter=Cadell, Jessie Ellen (1844–1884)|date=2004|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/4300}}</ref>

[[Arthur John Arberry|A. J. Arberry]] in 1949 and 1952 produced translations of two putative thirteenth-century manuscripts acquired shortly before by the [[Chester Beatty Library]] and [[Cambridge University Library]]. However, it was soon established that, unbeknown to Arberry or the libraries, the manuscripts were recent forgeries.<ref name="Dashti1971">{{cite book |last1=Dashti |first1=Ali |title=In Search of Omar Khayyam |date=25 February 2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-60851-0 |orig-year=1971 |translator-first=L. P. |translator-last=Elwood-Sutton |series=Routledge Library Editions: Iran |volume=12 |pages=18–19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9aBo271v-IC&pg=PA18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=TLS>{{cite magazine
| last = Irwin
| first = Robert
| author-link = Robert Graham Irwin
| title = Omar Khayyam's Bible for drunkards
| magazine = [[The Times Literary Supplement]]
| url = http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-1947980,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318095036/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-1947980,00.html
|archive-date=18 March 2007 
| access-date = 5 October 2008}}</ref> While Arberry's work had been misguided, it was published in good faith.

The 1967 translation of the Rubáiyat by [[Robert Graves]] and [[Omar Ali-Shah]] created a scandal. The authors claimed it was based on a twelfth-century manuscript located in Afghanistan, where it was allegedly utilized as a Sufi teaching document. But the manuscript was never produced, and British experts in Persian literature were easily able to prove that the translation was in fact based on Edward Heron Allen's analysis of possible sources for FitzGerald's work.<ref name=TLS /><ref name="Wine of Wisdom" />{{rp|155}}

Quatrains 11 and 12 (the equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
Should our day's portion be one mancel loaf,
A haunch of [[mutton]] and a gourd of wine
Set for us two alone on the wide plain,
No Sultan's bounty could evoke such joy.

A gourd of red wine and a sheaf of poems —
A bare subsistence, half a loaf, not more —
Supplied us two alone in the free desert:
What Sultan could we envy on his throne?
</poem></blockquote>

[http://oberlin.edu/library/special/bowen.html John Charles Edward Bowen (1909–1989)] was a British poet and translator of Persian poetry. He is best known for his translation of the Rubaiyat, titled ''A New Selection from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.'' Bowen is also credited as being one of the first scholars to question Robert Graves' and Omar Ali-Shah's translation of the Rubaiyat.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001005780|title=Translation or travesty? an enquiry into Robert Graves's version of some Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.|first=John Charles Edward.|last=Bowen|series=Freshet library, no. 2 |date=31 January 1973|publisher=Abbey Press (Berks)|isbn=9780900012327 |via=Hathi Trust}}</ref>

A modern version of 235 quatrains, claiming to be "as literal an English version of the Persian originals as readability and intelligibility permit", was published in 1979 by [[Peter Avery]] and [[John Heath-Stubbs]]. 
Their edition provides two versions of the thematic quatrain, the first (98) considered by the Persian writer [[Sadeq Hedayat]] to be a spurious attribution.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUN5XLzv8lMC&q=asterisk|title=The Ruba'iyat of Omar Khayyam|first=Peter, and John Heath-Stubbs.|last=Avery|series=Penguin Classics|date=1981|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780140443844 |via=Google}}</ref>
<blockquote><poem>
98.
I need a jug of wine and a book of poetry,
Half a loaf for a bite to eat,
Then you and I, seated in a deserted spot,
Will have more wealth than a Sultan's realm.
</poem></blockquote>
<blockquote><poem>
234.
If chance supplied a loaf of white bread,
Two casks of wine and a leg of mutton,
In the corner of a garden with a tulip-cheeked girl,
There'd be enjoyment no Sultan could outdo.
</poem></blockquote>

In 1988, the Rubaiyat was translated by an Iranian for the first time.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Azarang|first=Abd-al Hussein|title=Emami, Karim|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/emami-karim-translator-editor|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|publisher=iranicaonline.org|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> [[Karim Emami]]'s translation of the Rubaiyat was published under the title ''The Wine of Nishapour'' in Paris. ''The Wine of Nishapour'' is the collection of Khayyam's poetry by Shahrokh Golestan, including Golestan's pictures in front of each poem.<ref>Emami, Karim. ''Ups and Downs of Translation'', Tehran, 1988, pp. 134–169</ref>
Example quatrain 160 (equivalent{{dubious|date=September 2017}} to FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his first edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
In spring if a houri-like sweetheart
Gives me a cup of wine on the edge of a green cornfield,
Though to the vulgar this would be blasphemy,
If I mentioned any other Paradise, I'd be worse than a dog.
</poem></blockquote>

In 1991, [[Ahmad Saidi]] (1904–1994) produced an English translation of 165 quatrains grouped into 10 themes. Born and raised in Iran, Saidi went to the United States in 1931 and attended college there. He served as the head of the Persian Publication Desk at the U.S. Office of War Information during World War II, inaugurated the [[Voice of America]] in Iran, and prepared an English-[[Persian language|Persian]] military dictionary for the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. His quatrains include the original Persian verses for reference alongside his English translations. His focus was to faithfully convey, with less poetic license, Khayyam's original religious, mystical, and historic Persian themes, through the verses as well as his extensive annotations. Two example quatrains follow:

Quatrain 16 (equivalent to FitzGerald's quatrain XII in his 5th edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
Ah, would there were a loaf of bread as fare,
A joint of lamb, a jug of vintage rare,
And you and I in wilderness encamped—
No Sultan's pleasure could with ours compare.
</poem></blockquote>

Quatrain 75:
<blockquote><poem>
The sphere upon which mortals come and go,
Has no end nor beginning that we know;
And none there is to tell us in plain truth:
Whence do we come and whither do we go.
</poem></blockquote>

[[Paramahansa Yogananda]] (1893–1952) published an English translation and other translations of 75 quatrains in 1996, with a glossary, spiritual interpretation and practical applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://bookstore.yogananda-srf.org/product/wine-of-the-mystic-2/ |title= Wine of The Mystic|website= bookstore.yogananda-srf.org |access-date=2021-05-22}}</ref>

[[Juan Cole]] published a contemporary English poetic translation, partially in free verse with some blank verse, of the Bodleian manuscript in 2020.  <ref> {{Cite book| url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/rub%C3%A1iy%C3%A1t-of-omar-khayyam-9789361315763/|title=The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: A New Translation from the Persian.|first=Juan|last=Cole| date= 2020 | publisher=IB Tauris (Bloomsbury)|isbn=0470601604 }} </ref>

Quatrain 40:
<blockquote><poem>
Don't blame the stars for virtues or for faults,
or for the joy and grief decreed by fate!
For science holds the planets all to be
A thousand times more helpless than are we.
</poem></blockquote>

In 2022 Akbar Golrang, born in [[Abadan]] in [[Iran]] in 1945, published his English translation of 123 rubaiyat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Omar Khayyam |title=Rubaiyat [Quatrains] |publisher=Sheila Publishing House, 2022 |year=2022 |isbn=9781674875613  |translator=Akbar Golrang |language=en}} A free extract is available at https://www.calameo.com/read/00121935306f0ce1b5db7.</ref>

===German===
[[Adolf Friedrich von Schack]] (1815–1894) published a German translation in 1878.

Quatrain 151 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
Gönnt mir, mit dem Liebchen im Gartenrund
Zu weilen bei süßem Rebengetränke,
Und nennt mich schlimmer als einen Hund,
Wenn ferner an's Paradies ich denke!
</poem></blockquote>

[[Friedrich Martin von Bodenstedt|Friedrich Martinus von Bodenstedt]] (1819–1892) published a German translation in 1881. The translation eventually consisted of 395 quatrains.

Quatrain IX, 59 (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote><poem>
Im Frühling mag ich gern im Grüne weilen
Und Einsamkeit mit einer Freundin teilen
Und einem Kruge Wein. Mag man mich schelten:
Ich lasse keinen andern Himmel gelten.
</poem></blockquote>

===French===
The first French translation, of 464 quatrains in prose, was made by J. B. Nicolas, chief interpreter at the French embassy in Persia in 1867.

Prose stanza (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):

<blockquote lang="fr"><poem>
''Au printemps j’aime à m’asseoir au bord d’une prairie, avec une idole semblable à une houri et une cruche de vin, s’il y en a, et bien que tout cela soit généralement blâmé, je veux être pire qu’un chien si jamais je songe au paradis.''
</poem></blockquote>

The best-known version in French is the free verse edition by Franz Toussaint (1879–1955) published in 1924. This translation consisting of 170 [[quatrains]] was done from the original Persian text, while most of the other French translations were themselves translations of FitzGerald's work. The ''Éditions d'art Henri Piazza'' published the book almost unchanged between 1924 and 1979. Toussaint's translation has served as the basis of subsequent translations into other languages, but Toussaint did not live to witness the influence his translation has had.

Quatrain XXV (equivalent of FitzGerald's quatrain XI in his 1st edition, as above):
<blockquote lang="fr"><poem>
''Au printemps, je vais quelquefois m’asseoir à la lisière d’un champ fleuri. Lorsqu’une belle jeune fille m’apporte une coupe de vin, je ne pense guère à mon salut. Si j’avais cette préoccupation, je vaudrais moins qu’un chien.''
</poem></blockquote>

===Russian===
Many [[Russian language|Russian-language]] translations have been undertaken, reflecting the popularity of the ''Rubaiyat'' in [[Russia]] since the late 19th century and the increasingly popular tradition of using it for the purposes of [[bibliomancy]]. The earliest verse translation (by [[Vasily Velichko]]) was published in 1891. The version by Osip Rumer published in 1914 is a translation of FitzGerald's version. Rumer later published a version of 304 rubaiyat translated directly from Persian. A lot of poetic translations (some based on verbatim translations into prose by others) were also written by [[German Plisetsky]], [[Konstantin Bal'mont]], [[Cecilia Banu]], I. I. Tkhorzhevsky ([[:ru:Тхоржевский, Иван Иванович|ru]]), L. Pen'kovsky, and others.

===Other languages===
* '''[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]''': Poet [[Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven]] (1873–1932, author of "[[Die Stem van Suid-Afrika]]") produced the first translation in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]. [[Herman Charles Bosman]] wrote a translation into Afrikaans published in 1948.
* '''[[Albanian language|Albanian]]''': [[Fan Noli]] produced a translation in 1927, the melody and poetics of which are highly regarded.
* '''[[Arabic language|Arabic]]''': The first Arabic translation was made from FitzGerald's English into septets (suba'iyat), by Wadi' al-Bustani in 1911. [[Ahmed Rami (poet)|Ahmed Rami]], a famous late Egyptian poet, translated the work into Arabic.{{year needed|date=September 2017}} His translation was sung by [[Umm Kulthum]].
* '''[[Armenian language|Armenian]]''': [[Armenian people|Armenian]] poet [[Kevork Emin]] has translated several verses of the Rubaiyat.{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''Assyrian''': (see '''Syriac''' below).
* '''[[Belarusian Language|Belarusian]]''': 172 rubaiyat were translated by [[Ryhor Baradulin]] in 1989.
* '''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''':[[Satyendranath Dutta]] Kantichandra Ghosh, [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] (in 1942), [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] (in 1958), [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] (in 1978) and [[Hemendra Kumar Roy]] produced translations into [[Bengali language|Bengali]].{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Catalan language|Catalan]]''': Ramon Vives Pastor published a verse translation (1907) from the Nicolas' French one and the Fitzgerald's; in 2010, two direct translations from the Persian were published: a rhythmic one by Àlex Queraltó, and the other  by Ramon Gaja, in verse and maintaining the original rhyme.
* '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]]''': [[Kerson Huang]] based a Chinese version on FitzGerald's version.{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Cornish language|Cornish]]''': In 1990, Jowann Richards produced a Cornish translation.
* '''[[Czech language|Czech]]''': First Czech translator is [[w:cs:Josef Štýbr|Josef Štýbr]]. At first he translated from English (from FitzGerald's "translations") (1922), after that from original language (1931). Translation from the original can be found on [[s:cs:Čtyřverší Omara Chajjáma|Czech wikisource]] (770 poems). Subsequent translators are mentioned [[s:cs:Autor:Omar Chajjám|here]].
* '''[[Dutch language|Dutch]]''': The poet [[J. H. Leopold]] (1865–1925) rendered a number of rubaiyat into Dutch.
* '''[[Estonian language|Estonian]]''': [[Haljand Udam]] produced an [[Estonian language|Estonian]] translation.{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Ethiopian language|Amharic]]''': [[መልከዐ ዑመር or Melk'ea Umer]] translated by Prof. Tesfaye Gessesse in 1986 E.C
* '''[[Finnish language|Finnish]]''': the first translations were made by Toivo Lyy in 1929. More recently [[Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila]] (1999 and 2008) and Kiamars Baghban with [[Leevi Lehto]] (2009) have translated Khayyam into Finnish.
* '''[[Galician language|Galician]]''': Xabier Correa Corredoira published a [[Galician language|Galician]] translation in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturagalega.org/lg3/novidade.php?Cod_prdccn=1919 |title=Web of the Galician Culture Council |publisher=Culturagalega.org |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>
* '''[[Greek language|Greek]]''': Christos Marketis translated 120 rubaiyat into Greek in 1975.
* '''[[Hindi]]''': [[Maithili Sharan Gupt]] and [[Harivanshrai Bachchan]] translated the book into Hindi in 1959.
* '''[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]''': The earliest translation in Hungarian consisted of a few stanzas taken from the French version of Nicolas, by Béla Erődi in 1919–20. Lőrinc Szabó finalized his translation of the FitzGerald version in 1943.
* '''[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]''': Eyjólfur J. Melan translated the Rubaiyat in 1921 (Ferhendur Omars Khayyam), the same year as [[Einar Benediktsson]] (Ferhendur tjaldarans), Magnús Ásgeirsson translated the Rubaiyat in 1935. Jochum M. Eggertsson (Skuggi) published a translation in 1946 and Helgi Hálfdánarson in 1953. All translations are of FitzGerald's version, Helgi translated from the newer version.
* '''[[Irish language|Irish]]''': [[Tadhg Ó Donnchadha]] (Torna) translated the Rubaiyat from English into Irish in 1920.
* '''[[Italian language|Italian]]''': [[Francesco Gabrieli]] produced an Italian translation (''Le Rubaiyyàt di Omar Khayyàm'') in 1944. A. Zazzaretta produced a translation in 1960, and Alessandro Bausani produced another translation in 1965.
* '''[[Japanese language|Japanese]]''': In 1910, Kakise Hikozo translated 110 poems from the 5th edition of FitzGerald's translation.<ref name="ogawa" /> The first translation from Persian into the [[classical Japanese language]] was made by a linguist, Shigeru Araki, in 1920.<ref name="ogawa" /> Among various other translations, Ogawa highly evaluates Ryo Mori's ([[:ja:森亮]]), produced in 1931.<ref name="ogawa" /> In [[Japan]], until 1949, more than 10 poets and/or scholars made translations into [[Japanese language|Japanese]].<ref name="ogawa">Omar Khayyam. ''Rubaiyat''. Translated by {{Nihongo|Ryosaku Ogawa|小川亮作|Ogawa Ryosaku}}. [[Iwanami Shoten]], 1949 (revised ed. in 1979), pp.&nbsp;167–73. {{ISBN|978-4003278314}}.</ref> The first complete translation from Persian into the modern Japanese language was made by Ryosaku Ogawa in 1949, which is still popular and has been published from [[Iwanami Shoten]] (it is now in the public domain and also freely available from [[Aozora Bunko]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000288/card1760.html |title=図書カード：ルバイヤート |publisher=Aozora.gr.jp |date=21 July 2006 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Historically, the first attempt was six poems translated by [[Kambara Ariake]] in 1908.<ref name="ogawa" />  
* '''[[Jèrriais]]''':  Fraînque Le Maistre produced a Jèrriais version (based on FitzGerald's 1st edition) during the [[German occupation of the Channel Islands]] (1940–1945).
* '''[[Kannada language|Kannada]]''': [[D. V. Gundappa]] translated the work into Kannada as a collection of poems titled ''Umarana Osage'' in 1952.
* '''[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]''': The [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] poet Hajar translated the Rubaiyat in his ''Chwar Parchakani Xayam''.{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Latvian language|Latvian]]''': It was translated into Latvian by Andrejs Kurcijs in 1970.
* '''[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]''': [[G. Sankara Kurup]] produced a translation into Malayalam (1932). [[Thirunalloor Karunakaran]] translated the Rubaiyat in 1989.
* '''[[Odia language|Odia]]''': Gopal Chandra Kanungo illustrated and translated the FitzGerald's book into Odia in 1954. [[Devdas Chhotray]] adapted Edward FitzGerald's work into [[Odia language|Odia]] and recorded it in musical form in 2011. [[Radha Mohan Gadanayak]] also translated the Rubaiyat into Odia in the 1950s or 1960s.<ref name="Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam">{{cite web | url=http://odiabookbazar.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=5666 | title=Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam | publisher=Odia Book Bazar | date=2015 | access-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref> Nandakishore Satapathy and Haraprasad Das translated the book in 2007 and 2008.
* '''[[Polish language|Polish]]''': Several collections of ''Rubaiyat'' have appeared, including ones by Professor [[Andrzej Gawroński]] (1933, 1969),  regarded as the best.
* '''[[Romanian language|Romanian]]''': In 2015 it was translated into Romanian for the first time by orientalist philologist Gheorghe Iorga.
* '''[[Sanskrit]]''': Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das (1864–1945) translated the original Persian quatrains and Edward FitzGerald's English translations into Sanskrit and pure-Telugu. Pandit Narayana Das claimed his translation was more literal than that of FitzGerald. (See [[Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu]].)
* '''[[Scots language|Scots]]''': [[Scotland|Scottish]] poet [[Rab Wilson]] published a Scots version in 2004.
* '''[[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]''': The first translation of nine short poems into Serbo-Croatian was published in 1920, and was the work of [[Safvet beg Bašagić]]. In 1932, [[Jelena Skerlić Ćorović]] re-published these nine, alongside 75 more poems. In 1964, noted [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] Fehim Bajraktarević published his translation of the Rubaiyat.<ref name="Rubaije Omera Hajjama"/>
* '''[[Slovene language|Slovene]]''': The first translator into Slovene was [[Alojz Gradnik]], his translation being published in 1955. It was translated again by Slovene translator and poet [[Bert Pribac]] in 2007 from the French Toussaint edition.<ref name="Rubaije Omera Hajjama">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mullasadra.com/knjige/RUBAIJE.html |title=Rubaije Omera Hajjama |website=mullasadra.com |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006021150if_/http://www.mullasadra.com/knjige/RUBAIJE.html | archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=9 March 2021 }}</ref>
* Spanish language. The General Eduardo Hay translated the Rubaiyat into Spanish. The third edition was published in 1938. Title: Rúbaiyát de Omar Khayyam, versión de Eduardo Hay.
* '''[[Neo-Aramaic languages|Sureth]]''': The [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] author Eshaya Elisha Khinno translated the Rubaiyat into [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Sureth]] (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic) in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meltha.dk/page-32.htm |title=Logo |publisher=Meltha.dk |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJafcQAACAAJ |title=Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam: A Translation Into Assyrian Language Plus Other ... – Omar Khayyam, Eshaya Elisha Khinno – Google Books |access-date=11 April 2013|isbn=9780646543147 |last1=Khayyam |first1=Omar |last2=Khinno |first2=Eshaya Elisha |year=2012 }}</ref>
* '''[[Swahili language|Swahili]]''': [[Robert Bin Shaaban]] produced a version in Swahili (dated 1948, published 1952).
* '''[[Swedish language|Swedish]]''': [[Eric Hermelin]] translated the Rubaiyat into Swedish in 1928.
* '''[[Syriac language|Syriac]]''': The [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] journalist and poet [[Naum Faiq]] translated the Rubaiyat into the Syriac.{{year needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]''': Poet and linguist [[Ildefonso Santos]] published his Tagalog translation in 1953.
* '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''': [[Duvvoori Ramireddy]] translated the Rubaiyat into Telugu in 1935. Srimadajjada Adibhatla Narayana Das (1864–1945) translated the original Persian quatrains and Edward FitzGerald's English translations into Sanskrit and pure Telugu.
* '''[[Thai language|Thai]]'''. At least four versions exist in Thai. These translations were made from the text of FitzGerald. Their respective authors are HRH Prince Narathip Prapanpong, Rainan Aroonrungsee (pen name: Naan Gitirungsi), Pimarn Jamjarus (pen name: Kaen Sungkeet), and Suriyachat Chaimongkol.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* '''[[Welsh language|Welsh]]''': [[John Morris-Jones|Sir John Morris-Jones]] translated directly from Persian into Welsh in 1928. [[Thomas Ifor Rees]] produced a Welsh translation, published in [[Mexico City]] in 1939.
* '''[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]''': Hồ Thượng Tuy translated from English into [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (from FitzGerald's 1st edition) in 1990. Nguyễn Viết Thắng produced a Vietnamese translation of 487 rubaiyat, translated from English and Russian in 1995 and published in [[Hanoi]] in 2003.

==See also==
* [[Somerton Man]]
* {{slink|Ubi sunt#Persian poetry}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

*William Mason, Sandra Martin, ''The Art of Omar Khayyam: Illustrating FitzGerald's Rubaiyat'' (2007).

==Further reading==

{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |title= The Romance of the Rubaiyat 
 |last=Arberry
|first=A.J.
|year=2018
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1138210370}}

* {{cite book |title=The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
 |last=Cole
|first=Juan
|year=2020
|publisher=IB Tauris
|isbn=978-0470601600}}

* {{cite book |title=
Edward FitzGerald’s Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: A Famous Poem and Its Influence
 |last1=Martin
|first1=William
| last2=Mason
| first2=Sandra
|year=2013
|publisher=Anthem
|isbn=978-1783080717}}

* {{cite book |title=FitzGerald’s Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám: Popularity and Neglect
 |last1=Poole
|first1=Adrian
|year=2012
|publisher=Anthem
|isbn=978-0857287700}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Sharifian |first1=Farzad |title=Cultural Linguistics and Poetry: The Case of Khayyām's ''Rubā'iyyāt'' |journal=[[International Journal of Persian Literature]] |date=2020 |volume=5 |pages=21–39 |doi=10.5325/intejperslite.5.0021|s2cid=229230872 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam}}
{{Wikisource|Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (Le Gallienne)}}

;FitzGerald
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/omar-khayyam/the-rubaiyat-of-omar-khayyam/edward-fitzgerald}}
* [[Project Gutenberg]]: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/246 etext#246] (translation by Edward FitzGerald) 
* {{librivox book|dtitle=The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám|stitle=Rubaiyat|author=Omar Khayyam}}
* {{FadedPage|id=20080404|name=The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám}}
* [https://www.omarkhayyamnederland.com/e-library/fitzgerald/original-editions/index.html Bibliography of editions (omarkhayyamnederland.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154702/https://www.omarkhayyamnederland.com/e-library/fitzgerald/original-editions/index.html |date=18 September 2017 }}
* [https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=ti%3Arubaiyat+au%3AOmar+au%3AEdward&qt=results_page List of editions] ([[WorldCat]])
* [https://archive.org/details/TheRubaiyatOfOmarKhayyam-FirstVersion-Illustrated ''The illustrated Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám''], translated by Edward Fitzgerald, at [[Internet Archive]].

;Other 
*[https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/242448  Database of manuscripts of the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám] (cam.ac.uk)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070318095036/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-1947980,00.html Graves and Ali-Shah.]
* [http://www.okonlife.com/poems/ ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam''] a collection of rubaiyat in [[Persian language|Persian]], accompanied by several translations into English and German.
* [http://members.iinet.net.au/~ploke/Omar/compare.html A comparison between] the translations by Heron-Allen and Talbot.
* Syracuse University's [https://web.archive.org/web/20080915214650/http://library.syr.edu/information/spcollections/ Special Collections Research Center] has in its Rare Books holdings more than 300 different editions of the ''Rubaiyat''
* The [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/books/holdings/khayyam/ Harry Ransom Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615065950/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/collections/books/holdings/khayyam/ |date=15 June 2011 }} at the University of Texas at Austin holds over 1,500 items related to the ''Rubaiyat'', including two copies of the first edition, hundreds of editions, translations, and parodies, several Persian manuscripts containing rubaiyat, and ephemera, manuscripts and correspondence documenting the phenomenon of "Omariana"
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231424/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Robaiyat Toussaint's Translation (French)]}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XSb-bk44gI Quatrain XXV ('Why, all the Saints and Sages who discuss'd...'), set to music]
* [https://www.calameo.com/read/00121935306f0ce1b5db7 A free extract from Akbar Golrang's translation]

{{Persian literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubaiyat Of Omar Khayyam}}
[[Category:1859 books]]
[[Category:Poems in Persian]]
[[Category:Omar Khayyam]]
[[Category:1859 poems]]
[[Category:1872 poems]]
[[Category:1889 poems]]
[[Category:Victorian culture]]
[[Category:Fin de siècle]]
[[Category:Orientalism]]