View source for Rubber-tyred metro

{{Short description|Form of rapid transit}}
{{distinguish|Rubber-tyred tram}}
{{Expand German|date=September 2024|topic=transport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
[[File:ST SN5000 20061102 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|5000 series [[Guide rail#Railway guide rail|central rail-guided]] rubber-tyred rolling stock operated by Sapporo City Transportation Bureau, Japan, and built by [[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company]]]]
A '''rubber-tyred metro''' or '''rubber-tired metro''' is a form of [[rapid transit]] system that uses a mix of [[road transport|road]] and [[rail transport|rail]] technology. The vehicles have [[wheel]]s with [[rubber]] [[tire]]s that run on a [[roll way]] inside [[guide bar]]s for traction. Traditional, [[Flange|flanged]] steel wheels running on [[rail tracks]] provide guidance through [[Railroad switch|switches]] and act as backup if tyres fail. Most rubber-tyred trains are purpose-built and designed for the system on which they operate. [[Guided bus]]es are sometimes referred to as '[[tram]]s on tyres', and compared to rubber-tyred metros.<ref name=RailSystem>{{cite web |url=http://www.railsystem.net/rubber-tyred-metro-2/ |title=Rubber-Tyred Metro |work=Rail System |date= |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

==History==
The first idea for rubber-tyred railway vehicles was the work of Scotsman [[Robert William Thomson]], the original inventor of the pneumatic [[tire|tyre]]. In his patent of 1846<ref>{{Cite patent|country= GB |number= 10990|gdate= 10 June 1846}} {{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> he describes his 'Aerial Wheels' as being equally suitable for, "the ground or rail or track on which they run".<ref name="Tompkins, Aerial Wheel" >{{Cite book
 |title=The History of the Pneumatic Tyre
 |chapter=1: Invention
 |last=Tompkins
 |first=Eric
 |year=1981
 |publisher=Dunlop Archive Project
 |isbn=0-903214-14-8
 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofpneumat0000tomp/page/2 2–4]
 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpneumat0000tomp/page/2
 }}</ref> The patent also included a drawing of such a railway, with the weight carried by pneumatic main wheels running on a flat board track and guidance provided by small horizontal steel [[Guide wheel|wheels]] running on the sides of a central vertical [[Guide rail#Railway guide rail|guide rail]].<ref name="Tompkins, Aerial Wheel" /> A similar arrangement was patented by [[Alejandro Goicoechea]], inventor of [[Talgo]], in February 1936, patent ES 141056. In 1973, he built a development of that patent: 'Tren Vertebrado', Patent DE1755198; at Avenida Marítima, in [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]].

During the [[World War II]] German occupation of Paris, the Metro system was used to capacity, with relatively little maintenance performed. At the end of the war, the system was so worn that thought was given as to how to renovate it. Rubber-tyred metro technology was first applied to the [[Paris Métro]], developed by [[Michelin]], which provided the tyres and guidance system, in collaboration with [[Renault]], which provided the vehicles. Starting in 1951, an experimental vehicle, the [[MP 51]], operated on a test track between Porte des Lilas and Pré Saint Gervais, a section of line not open to the public.

[[Paris Métro Line 11|Line 11]] [[Châtelet (Paris Métro)|Châtelet]] – [[Mairie des Lilas (Paris Métro)|Mairie des Lilas]] was the first line to be converted, in 1956, chosen because of its [[grade (slope)|steep grades]]. That was followed by [[Paris Métro Line 1|Line 1]] [[Château de Vincennes (Paris Métro)|Château de Vincennes]] – [[Pont de Neuilly (Paris Métro)|Pont de Neuilly]] in 1964, and [[Paris Métro Line 4|Line 4]] [[Porte d'Orléans (Paris Métro)|Porte d'Orléans]] – [[Porte de Clignancourt (Paris Métro)|Porte de Clignancourt]] in 1967, converted because they had the heaviest traffic load of all Paris Métro lines. Finally, [[Paris Métro Line 6|Line 6]] [[Charles de Gaulle - Étoile (Paris Métro and RER)|Charles de Gaulle – Étoile]] – [[Nation (Paris Métro and RER)|Nation]] was converted in 1974, to reduce [[train noise]] on its many elevated sections. Because of the high cost of converting existing rail-based lines, other lines were not converted, but the new [[Paris Métro Line 14]], which opened in 1998, was built with the rubber-tyred system.

The [[Montreal Metro|first completely rubber-tyred metro system]] was built in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, in 1966. The trains of the [[Santiago Metro|Santiago]] and [[Mexico City Metro]]s are based on those of the [[Paris Métro]]. A few more recent rubber-tyred systems have used automated, driverless trains. One of the first such systems, developed by [[Matra]], opened in 1983 in [[Lille]], and others have since been built in [[Toulouse]] and [[Rennes]]. Paris Metro Line 14 was automated from its beginning (1998), and [[Paris Metro Line 1|Line 1]] was converted to automatic operation in 2007–2011. The first automated rubber-tyred system in [[Kobe]], Japan, opened in February 1981. It is the [[Port Island Line|Port Liner]], linking [[Kobe-Sannomiya Station|Sannomiya railway station]] with Port Island.

==Technology==

===Overview===
[[File:Ligne 1 du métro de Lille Métropole - Garage-atelier des Quatre Cantons (19).JPG|thumb|left|[[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] tracks on the [[Lille Metro]]]]
Trains are usually in the form of [[electric multiple unit]]s. Just as on a conventional railway, the driver does not have to steer, with the system relying on some sort of guideway to direct the train. The type of guideway varies between networks. Most use two parallel [[roll way]]s, each the width of a tyre, which are made of various materials. The Montreal Metro, [[Lille Metro]], [[Toulouse Metro]], and most parts of Santiago Metro use [[precast concrete|concrete]]. The [[Busan Subway Line 4]] employs a [[concrete slab]]. The Paris Métro, Mexico City Metro, and the non-underground section of Santiago Metro, use [[I-beam|H-Shape]]d [[hot rolling|hot rolled steel]], and the [[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] uses flat [[steel]]. The Sapporo system and [[Lille Metro]] use a single central [[Guide rail#Railway guide rail|guide rail]] only.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.urbanrail.net/as/sapp/sapporo.htm |title= Sapporo Subway |website= UrbanRail.Net |access-date= 15 April 2008|url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201618/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/sapp/sapporo.htm |archive-date = 29 April 2008}}</ref>

On some systems, such those in Paris, Montreal, and Mexico City, there is a conventional {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}} [[Track (rail transport)|railway track]] between the roll ways. The [[bogie]]s of the train include [[Wheelset (rail transport)#Special wheelsets|railway wheels]] with longer [[Train wheel#Wheel geometry and flange|flanges]] than normal. These conventional wheels are normally just above the rails, but come into use in the case of a flat tyre, or at [[railroad switch|switches (points)]] and [[Level junction|crossings]]. In Paris these rails were also used to enable mixed traffic, with rubber-tyred and steel-wheeled trains using the same track, particularly during conversion from normal railway track. The [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] system, used in Lille and [[Toulouse Metro|Toulouse]], has other sorts of flat-tyre compensation and switching methods.{{what|date=January 2022}}

On most systems, the electric power is supplied from one of the [[guide bar]]s, which serves as a [[third rail]]. The current is picked up by a separate lateral [[Contact shoe|pickup shoe]]. The return current passes via a [[Contact shoe|return shoe]] to one or both of the conventional [[Rail profile|railway tracks]], which are part of most systems, or to the other guide bar.

[[File:Sapporo subway rollers.jpg|thumb|[[Sapporo Subway]] [[Guide rail#Railway guide rail|guide rail]] and flat steel [[roll way]]s]]
Rubber tyres have higher [[rolling resistance]] than traditional steel railway wheels. There are some advantages and disadvantages to increased rolling resistance, causing them to not be used in certain countries.<ref name=RailSystem />

===Advantages===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2024}}
Compared to steel wheel on steel rail, the advantages of rubber-tyred metro systems are:
* Faster [[acceleration]], along with the ability to climb or descend steeper slopes (approximately a [[grade (slope)|gradient]] of 13%) than would be feasible with conventional [[rail tracks]], which would likely need a [[rack railway|rack]] instead.<ref name="RGI10-1974">{{cite journal |last1=Vuchic |first1=Vukan R. |last2=M. Stanger |first2=Richard |title=New transit technologies: an  objective analysis is overdue |journal=Railway Gazette International |date=October 1974 |page=384}}</ref>{{efn|Rubber-tyred wheels have better adhesion than traditional rail wheels. Nonetheless, modern steel-on-steel rolling stock using distributed-traction with a high proportion of powered axles have narrowed the gap to the performance found in rubber-tyred rolling stock.}}
** For example, the rubber-tyred Line 2 of the [[Lausanne Metro]] has grades of up to 12%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/features/metro/story.html?id=c84a8361-0981-403c-b6df-8ce82fc71db2 |title=Sticking with rubber |work=[[Montreal Gazette]] |date=14 September 2005 |access-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517031404/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/features/metro/story.html?id=c84a8361-0981-403c-b6df-8ce82fc71db2 |archive-date=17 May 2012 }}</ref>
* Shorter braking distances, allowing trains to be [[railway signal|signalled]] closer together.
* Quieter rides in open air (both inside and outside the train).<ref name="RGI10-1974"/>
* Greatly reduced rail wear with resulting reduced maintenance costs of those parts.

===Disadvantages===
The higher friction and increased rolling resistance cause disadvantages (compared to steel wheel on steel rail):
* Higher energy consumption.<ref name="RGI10-1974"/>
*Worse ride, when compared with well-maintained steel-on-steel systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harrison|first=Matthew C.|title=SAE Technical Paper Series|date=1 February 1974|chapter=Rubber Tire vs. Steel Wheel Tradeoffs|volume=1|chapter-url=https://www.sae.org/content/740228/|pages=740228|doi=10.4271/740228}}</ref>
* Possibility of tyre blow-outs - not possible in railway wheels.
* Higher cost of maintenance and manufacture.<ref name="RGI10-1974"/>
* Normal operation generates more heat (from friction).
* Weather variance. ''(Applicable only to above-ground installations)''
** Loss of the [[Traction (engineering)|traction]]-advantage in inclement weather (snow and ice).<ref name="RGI10-1974"/>{{efn|In order to reduce weather disruption, the Montreal Metro runs completely underground. On [[Paris Métro Line 6]], upgrades of tyres (as used with cars) and special ribbed tracks have been tried out. The southernmost section of the [[Sapporo Municipal Subway]] [[Namboku Line (Sapporo)|Namboku Line]] is also elevated, but is covered by an aluminum shelter to reduce weather disruption.}}
* Same expense of steel rails for switching purposes, to provide electricity or [[Ground (electricity)|grounding]] to the trains and as a safety backup.{{efn|In effect, there are two systems running in parallel so it is more expensive to build, install and maintain. This is in turn an advantage for conversions to this technology because it can be done with less service disruptions on an existing line, and allows to use more widespread railway components compared to VAL for example.}}
* [[Tire|Tyre]]s that frequently need to be replaced, contrary to rails using steel wheels, which need to be replaced less often.{{efn|Since rubber tyres have higher wear rates, they need more frequent replacement, which makes them more expensive in the long run than steel wheelsets with higher first cost (that may be needed anyway as backup). Rubber tyres for guidance are needed.}}
* Tyres break down during use and turn into particulate matter (dust), which can be hazardous air pollution, also coating surrounding surfaces in dirty rubber dust.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Airborne Particulate Debris from Rubber Tires |last1=Pierson |first1=W. R. |last2=Brachaczek |first2=Wanda W. |journal=[[Rubber Chemistry and Technology]] |date=1 November 1974 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=1275–1299 |doi=10.5254/1.3540499}}</ref>

Although it is a more complex technology, most rubber-tyred metro systems use quite simple techniques, in contrast to [[guided bus]]es. Heat dissipation is an issue as eventually all traction energy consumed by the train&nbsp;—&nbsp;except the electric energy regenerated back into the substation during [[Regenerative brake#Comparison of dynamic and regenerative brakes|electrodynamic braking]]&nbsp;—&nbsp;will end up in losses (mostly heat). In frequently operated tunnels (typical metro operation) the extra heat from rubber tyres is a widespread problem, necessitating ventilation of the tunnels. As a result, some rubber-tyred metro systems do not have air-conditioned trains, as air conditioning would heat the tunnels to temperatures where operation is not possible.

==Similar technologies==
[[Automated guideway transit|Automated driverless systems]] are not exclusively rubber-tyred; many have since been built using conventional rail technology, such as London's [[Docklands Light Railway]], the [[Copenhagen metro]] and Vancouver's [[SkyTrain (Vancouver)|SkyTrain]], the Hong Kong [[Disneyland Resort line]], which uses converted rolling stocks from non-driverless trains, as well as [[AirTrain JFK]], which links [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK Airport]] in [[New York City]] with local subway and commuter trains. Most [[monorail]] manufacturers prefer rubber tyres.

==Different operation systems==

[[File:Metro de Paris - Bogie de MP 55 - 01.jpg|thumb|Paris Métro MP 55 bogie]]
[[File:Gummibereifung der metro.JPG|thumb|Paris Métro MP 73 Bogie]]
[[File:Metro Paris Mp73.svg|thumb|Paris Métro MP 73]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = TVRGeleiding.svg
| width1 = 120
| caption1 = Diagram of guide rail and wheel, Nancy and Caen tram on tyres
| image2 =TranslohrGuideRail.svg
| width2 = 120
| caption2 = Guide rail and wheel diagram, Translohr}}
 
{| class="wikitable"
! scope=col | Feature
! scope=col | Rubber-tyred metro
! scope=col | Rubber-tyred tram
|-
! scope=row | Summary
|Rubber-tyred metros are essentially large, rubber-tired trains that run on specialized guideways with parallel rails and guide rails, designed for high-capacity transit systems like Paris and Montreal.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/en/metros-and-metro-networks-a142.html |website=STRMTG
|title= Metros and metro networks
|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>
|Rubber-tyred trams, such as the Translohr system, are more akin to guided buses or trams on tires, using a single central guiding rail instead of parallel guideways to achieve the same steep-gradient capabilities.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/en/tramways-and-tramway-networks-a141.html |website=STRMTG |title= Tramways and tramway networks |access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | Primary purpose
|High-capacity, high-performance rapid transit.
|Light rail, less intense applications than a metro.
|-
! scope=row | Track/guideway
|Dedicated infrastructure with rollways for rubber tires and a separate steel rail for steel guidance wheels.
|A single, central guiding rail on a concrete track.
|-
! scope=row | Wheel configuration
|Dual wheels: rubber-tyred wheels for traction and braking, and steel wheels with flanges for guidance.
|Primarily rubber tires with a flange that engages the central guiding rail.
|-
! scope=row | System complexity
|Higher mechanical complexity due to multiple wheel types and specialized guideways.
|Also mechanically complex, often using a single guiding rail system.
|-
! scope=row | Vehicle type
|Designed for high-speed metro operations, often purpose-built.
|Can resemble a conventional tram or trolleybus but uses the guiding rail for direction.
|-
! scope=row | Performance and cost
|Better acceleration and braking, able to climb steeper gradients. High energy use, high maintenance for tires and guideway.
|Capable of steeper gradients. Can have higher maintenance and air pollution from tires.
|}

==List of rubber-tyred metro systems==
{{See also|Rubber-tyred tram#Operation systems}}
''This list is for Rubber-tyred metro systems. Not to be confused with [[Rubber-tyred tram]] systems.''

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width=125px|Country/Region
!width=175px|City/Region
!width=250px|System
!width=225px|Technology
!width=150px|Year opened
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Montreal]]
|[[Montreal Metro]]
|[[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[MR-73]] ([[Montreal Metro Green Line|Green]], [[Montreal Metro Blue Line|Blue]], [[Montreal Metro Yellow Line|Yellow]])<br />[[Alstom]]/[[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] [[MPM-10]] ([[Montreal Metro Orange Line|Orange]], [[Montreal Metro Green Line|Green]])
|1966
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|[[Santiago]]
|[[Santiago Metro]] (Lines [[Santiago Metro Line 1|1]], [[Santiago Metro Line 2|2]], and [[Santiago Metro Line 5|5]])
|[[Alstom]] NS-74 ([[Santiago Metro Line 5|5]])<br />[[Concarril]] NS-88 ([[Santiago Metro Line 2|2]])<br />[[Alstom]] [[NS 93|NS-93]] ([[Santiago Metro Line 1|1]], [[Santiago Metro Line 5|5]])<br />[[Alstom]] NS-04 ([[Santiago Metro Line 2|2]])<br />[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] NS-07 ([[Santiago Metro Line 1|1]])<br />[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] NS-12 ([[Santiago Metro Line 1|1]])<br />[[Alstom]] NS-16 ([[Santiago Metro Line 2|2]], [[Santiago Metro Line 5|5]])
|1975
|-
|rowspan=3|{{nowrap|{{flag|China}} }}
|[[Chongqing]]
|[[Bishan SkyShuttle]]
|[[BYD Company#SkyShuttle Rubber-tyred tram|BYD Skyshuttle]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-29|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=BYD Company#SkyShuttle Rubber-tyred tram|reason= The anchor (SkyShuttle Rubber-tyred tram) [[Special:Diff/1177714846|has been deleted]].}}
|2021
|-
|[[Guangzhou]]
|[[Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]]
|2010
|-
|[[Shanghai]]
|[[Shanghai Metro]] ([[Pujiang line]])
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM]] 300
|2018
|-
|rowspan=8|{{flag|France}}
|[[Lille]]
|[[Lille Metro]]
|[[VAL 206|Matra VAL206]]<br />[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]]
|1983
|-
|[[Lyon]]
|[[Lyon Metro]] (Lines [[Lyon Metro Line A|A]], [[Lyon Metro Line B|B]], and [[Lyon Metro Line D|D]])
|[[Alstom]] [[MPL 75]] ([[Lyon Metro Line A|A]], [[Lyon Metro Line B|B]])<br />[[Alstom]] [[MPL 85]] ([[Lyon Metro Line D|D]])
|1978
|-
|[[Marseille]]
|[[Marseille Metro]]
|[[Alstom]] [[MPM 76]]
|1977
|-
|[[Paris]]
|[[Paris Métro]] (Lines [[Paris Métro Line 1|1]], [[Paris Métro Line 4|4]], [[Paris Métro Line 6|6]], [[Paris Métro Line 11|11]], and [[Paris Métro Line 14|14]])
|[[Michelin]] / [[Alstom]], {{track gauge|sg|disp=1}} between [[Rollway]]s
|1958{{efn|The system opened in 1901, but was not converted to a rubber-tyred system until 1958.}}
|-
|Paris ([[Orly Airport]])
|[[Orlyval]]
|[[VAL 206|Matra VAL206]]
|1991
|-
|Paris ([[Charles de Gaulle Airport]])
|[[CDGVAL]]
|[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]]
|2007
|-
|[[Rennes]]
|[[Rennes Metro]]
|[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]] (A)
[[Véhicule Automatique Léger#NeoVal|Siemens Cityval]] (B)
|2002
|-
|[[Toulouse]]
|[[Toulouse Metro]]
|[[VAL 206|Matra VAL206]]<br />[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]]
|1993
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flag|Germany}}
|[[Frankfurt Airport]]
|[[SkyLine (Frankfurt)|SkyLine]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] (as Adtranz CX-100)
|1994
|-
|[[Munich Airport]]
|
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM]] 300
|2015
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|[[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport]]
|[[Soekarno–Hatta Airport Skytrain]]
|[[Woojin Industrial Systems|Woojin]]
|2017
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|{{sort|Hong Kong|[[Hong Kong]] ([[Chek Lap Kok Airport]])}}
|[[Hong Kong International Airport Automated People Mover|Automated People Mover]]
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]] [[Crystal Mover]]<br />[[Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries|Ishikawajima-Harima]]
|1998 <br /> 2007 (Phase II)
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|[[Turin]]
|[[Metrotorino]]
|[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]]
|2006
|-
|rowspan=10|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Hiroshima]]
|[[Hiroshima Rapid Transit]] ([[Astram Line]])
|[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company|Kawasaki]]<br />[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]]<br />[[Niigata Transys]]
|1994
|-
|[[Kobe]]
|[[Kobe New Transit]] ([[Port Island Line]] / [[Rokkō Island Line]])
|[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company|Kawasaki]]
|1981 (Port Island Line) <br /> 1990 (Rokkō Island Line)
|-
|[[Osaka]]
|[[Nankō Port Town Line]]
|[[Niigata Transys]]
|1981
|-
|[[Saitama (city)|Saitama]]
|[[New Shuttle]]
|
|1983
|-
|[[Sapporo]]
|[[Sapporo Municipal Subway]]
|[[Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company|Kawasaki]]
|1971
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Tokyo]]
|[[Yurikamome]]
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]]<br />[[Niigata Transys]]<br />[[Nippon Sharyo]]<br />[[Tokyu Car Corporation|Tokyu]]
|1995
|-
|[[Nippori-Toneri Liner]]
|[[Niigata Transys]]
|2008
|-
|[[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]] / [[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]
|[[Seibu Yamaguchi Line]]
|[[Niigata Transys]]
|1985
|-
|[[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]]
|[[Yamaman Yūkarigaoka Line]]
|[[Nippon Sharyo]]
|1982
|-
|[[Yokohama]]
|[[Kanazawa Seaside Line]]
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]]<br />[[Niigata Transys]]<br />[[Nippon Sharyo]]<br />[[Tokyu Car Corporation|Tokyu]]
|1989
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|Republic of Korea}}
|[[Busan]]
|[[Busan Subway]] [[Busan Subway Line 4|Line 4]]
|[[Automated guideway transit|K-AGT]] ([[Woojin Industrial Systems|Woojin]])
|2011
|-
|[[Uijeongbu]], Gyeonggi-do
|[[U Line]]
|[[VAL 208|Siemens VAL208]]
|2012
|-
|[[Seoul]]
|[[Sillim Line]]
|[[Automated guideway transit|K-AGT]] ([[Woojin Industrial Systems|Woojin]])
|2022
|-
|{{flag|Macau}}
|[[Taipa]], Cotai
|[[Macau Light Rapid Transit]]
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]] [[Crystal Mover]]
|2019
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]
|[[Aerotrain (KLIA)|Aerotrain]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] (as Adtranz CX-100)
|1998
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|[[Mexico City]]
|[[Mexico City Metro]] (All lines except [[Mexico City Metro Line A|A]] & [[Mexico City Metro Line 12|12]])
|[[Michelin]], {{track gauge|sg}} between [[Rollway]]s
|1969
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[Singapore]]
|[[Light Rail Transit (Singapore)|Light Rail Transit]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] ([[Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801|C801]] [as Adtranz CX-100] and [[Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801A|C801A]]) and future [[Bombardier Innovia APM 300R C801B|APM 300R (C801B)]]<br />[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]] [[Crystal Mover]] ([[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810|C810]] and [[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810A|C810A]])
|1999
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|[[Lausanne]]
|[[Lausanne Metro#Line M2|Lausanne Metro Line M2]]
|[[Alstom]] [[MP 89]]
|2008
|-
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap| {{flag|Taiwan}} }}
|[[Taipei]]
|[[Taipei Metro]] [[Wenhu line|Brown Line]]
|[[Taipei Metro VAL256|Matra/GEC Alsthom VAL 256]]<br />Bombardier [[Innovia APM 256]]
|1996
|-
|[[Taoyuan Airport]]
|[[Taoyuan International Airport Skytrain]]
|[[Niigata Transys]]
|2018
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|[[Bangkok]]
|[[Gold Line (Bangkok)|Gold Line]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM]] 300
|2020
|-
|{{flag|UAE}}
|[[Dubai International Airport]]
|[[Dubai International Airport Automated People Mover]]
|[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries|Mitsubishi]] [[Crystal Mover]] (Terminal 3)<br />Bombardier [[Innovia APM]] 300 (Terminal 1)
|2013
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[Gatwick Airport]]
|[[Gatwick Airport Terminal-Rail Shuttle|Terminal-Rail Shuttle]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] (Replaced C-100s)
|1988
|-
|[[Stansted]], Essex ([[Stansted Airport]])
|[[Stansted Airport Transit System]]
|Westinghouse/[[Adtranz C-100]]<br />[[Innovia APM 100|Adtranz/Bombardier CX-100]]
|1991
|-
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 200]]
|2008
|-
| rowspan="10" |{{flag|United States}}
|[[Chicago]], Illinois ([[O'Hare International Airport|O'Hare]])
|[[Airport Transit System]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 256]] (Replaced VAL256s in 2019)
|1993–2018 (VAL), 2021 (Innovia)
|-
|[[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]], Texas ([[DFW Airport]])
|[[DFW Skylink]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 200]]
|2007
|-
|[[Denver]], Colorado ([[Denver International Airport|DEN Airport]])
|[[Denver International Airport Automated Guideway Transit System|Automated Guideway Transit System]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]]
|1995
|-
|[[Houston]], Texas ([[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]])
|[[Skyway (George Bush Intercontinental Airport)|Skyway]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] (as Adtranz CX-100)
|1999
|-
|[[Miami]], Florida
|[[Metromover]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] (Replaced C-100s late 2014)
|1986
|-
|[[Phoenix, Arizona]] ([[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport|Sky Harbor International Airport]])
|[[PHX Sky Train]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 200]]
|2013
|-
|[[San Francisco]], California ([[San Francisco International Airport|SFO Airport]])
|[[AirTrain (SFO)]]
|Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]]
|2003
|-
|[[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL)]]
|[[The Plane Train]]
|Westinghouse C-100/Bombardier [[Innovia APM 100]] 
|1980
|-
|[[Washington, D.C.]] ([[Dulles International Airport]])
|[[AeroTrain (Washington Dulles International Airport)|AeroTrain]]
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries [[Crystal Mover]]
|2010
|}

===Under construction===
{|class="wikitable"
!width=125px|Country/Region
!width=150px|City/Region
!width=250px|System
|-
|{{flag|Republic of Korea}}
|[[Busan]]
|[[Busan Metro Line 5]]
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[Los Angeles]], California ([[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX Airport]])
|[[LAX Automated People Mover]]
|-
|}

===Proposed systems===
{|class="wikitable"
!width=125px|Country/Region
!width=150px|City/Region
!width=250px|System
|-
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}
|[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]
|Melbourne MCT{{Citation needed|reason=What project or proposed line is "Melbourne MCT"? |date = October 2025}}
|}

===Defunct systems===
{|class="wikitable"
!Country/Region
!City/Region
!System
!Technology
!Year opened
!Year closed
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Laon]]
|[[Poma 2000]] 
|[[Cable car (railway)|Cable-driven]]
|1989
|2016
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|[[Komaki, Aichi|Komaki]]
|[[Peachliner]]
|[[Nippon Sharyo]] 
|1991
|2006
|}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Budd–Michelin rubber-tired rail cars]]
* [[Flat tire]]
* [[Guided bus]]
* [[Bogie#Hybrid systems|Hybrid systems]]
* [[Medium-capacity rail system]]
* [[Micheline (railcar)]]
* [[Outline of tires]]
* [[Railway electrification system#Rubber-tyred systems|Railway electrification system]]
* [[Rubber-tyred tram]]s
* [[Tire]] (also spelled ''tyre'')
* [[Toronto Zoo Domain Ride]]
* [[Tünel]] – a rubber-tyred funicular in Istanbul, Turkey
* [[Véhicule Automatique Léger|VAL]] (Véhicule Automatique Léger)
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Bindi, A. & Lefeuvre, D. (1990). ''{{lang|fr|Le Métro de Paris: Histoire d'hier à demain,}}'' Rennes: Ouest-France. {{ISBN|2-7373-0204-8}}. {{in lang|fr}}
* Gaillard, M. (1991). ''{{lang|fr|Du Madeleine-Bastille à Météor: Histoire des transports Parisiens,}}'' Amiens: Martelle. {{ISBN|2-87890-013-8}}. {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.emdx.org/rail/metro/principeE.html Marc Dufour's "The principle behind the rubber-tired metro".] (''English'')

==External links==
* [https://infovisual.info/transport Visual dictionary]
** [http://www.infovisual.info/05/050_en.html TRUCK (bogie)] 
* [http://railsystem.net/rubber-tyred-metro-2/ Rail system]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030815044443/http://juts.janes.com/public/juts/index.shtml (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]


{{Public transport}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rubber-Tyred Metro}}
[[Category:Rubber-tyred metros|*]]
[[Category:Scottish inventions]]