View source for Rubin Carter

{{Short description|American boxer (1937–2014)}}
{{For|the American Football player of the same name|Rubin Carter (American football)}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Carter Rubin]]}}
{{Infobox person
| citizenship        = {{hlist|United States|Canada}}
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1937|05|06}}
| birth_place        = [[Clifton, New Jersey]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2014|04|20|1937|05|06|mf=yes}}
| death_place        = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
| name               = Rubin Carter
| image              = Rubin Carter boxing (cropped).jpg
| caption            = Carter in 1958
| signature          = Rubin Hurricane Carter signature.png
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list|
* Mae Thelma Basket
* Lisa Peters
}}
| children           = 2
| module             = {{Infobox boxer
| image_size  = 250px
| nickname    = The Hurricane
| height      = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|abbr=on|order=flip}}
| weight      = [[Middleweight]]
| reach       = 72 in<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/box-pro/11387|title=BoxRec: Rubin Carter}}</ref>
| style       = [[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]]
| total       = 40
| wins        = 27
| KO          = 19
| losses      = 12
| draws       = 1
| embed=yes 
}}
}}

'''Rubin''' "'''Hurricane'''" '''Carter''' (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was a black American [[middleweight]] boxer who was wrongfully  <!-- See talk page discussion before removing this --> convicted and imprisoned for [[Murder (United States law)|murder]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter dead at 76|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rubin-hurricane-carter-dead-at-76-1.2616026|access-date=April 21, 2014|newspaper=CBC News|date=April 20, 2014}}</ref> until released following a petition of [[Habeas corpus in the United States|habeas corpus]] after spending 18 years and 4 months in prison.<ref>{{cite web | title=Decision to Free Rubin Carter is Appealed by Prosecutors | work=The New York Times | date=30 March 1986 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/nyregion/decision-to-free-rubin-carter-is-appealed-by-prosecutors.html }}</ref>

In 1966, Carter and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in [[Paterson, New Jersey]], United States. Shortly after the killings at 2:30 am, a car, carrying Carter, Artis, and a third man, was stopped by police outside the bar while its occupants were on their way home from a nearby nightclub. They were allowed to go on their way but, after dropping off the third man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar a second time 45 minutes later. In 1967, they were convicted of all three murders and given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in 1985. Prosecutors appealed to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], but declined to retry the case after the appeal failed.

Carter's autobiography, titled ''The Sixteenth Round'', written while he was in prison, was published in 1974 by [[Viking Press]]. The story inspired the 1975 [[Bob Dylan]] song "[[Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)|Hurricane]]" and the 1999 film ''[[The Hurricane (1999 film)|The Hurricane]]'', starring [[Denzel Washington]] as Carter.  From 1993 to 2005, Carter served as executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed [[Innocence Canada]].

In 2019, the case was the focus of a 13-part [[BBC]] [[podcast]] series, ''[[The Hurricane Tapes]]''. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case notes which were taken during the original investigations and 40 hours of recorded interviews of Carter by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in his 2011 book ''The Eye of the Hurricane''.

== Early life ==
Carter was born in [[Clifton, New Jersey]] in 1937, the fourth of seven children.<ref name="McLaughlin">{{cite web|last=McLaughlin|first=Eliott C.|title=Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter still fighting long after boxing days pass|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/26/rubin.hurricane.carter.book/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303100557/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/26/rubin.hurricane.carter.book/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2011|work=CNN|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> He later admitted to a troubled relationship with his father, a strict disciplinarian. At the age of eleven, he was sentenced to a [[juvenile reformatory]] for assault, having stabbed a man who allegedly had tried to sexually assault him.<ref name="Tel o">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10778176/Rubin-The-Hurricane-Carter-obituary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10778176/Rubin-The-Hurricane-Carter-obituary.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Rubin 'The Hurricane' Carter - obituary|date=21 April 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the [[United States Army]].<ref name="McLaughlin"/> A few months after completing [[basic training]] at [[Fort Jackson (South Carolina)|Fort Jackson]], [[South Carolina]], he was sent to [[West Germany]].<ref name=salon>{{cite web|last=Houston|first=Frank|title=Storm of the century|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/12/24/hurricanecarter/|work=Salon|date=24 December 1999|access-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> While in [[West Germany]], Carter began to box for the Army.<ref name="salon"/> He was discharged in 1956 as unfit for service, after four courts-martial.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/apr/24/the-hurricane-rubin-carter-denzel-washington |title=The Hurricane: the facts of Rubin Carter's life story are beaten to a pulp &#124; Film &#124; The Guardian |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Shortly after his discharge, he returned home to New Jersey, was convicted of two muggings and sent to prison.<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://old.post-gazette.com/regionstate/20000327newsmaker3.asp | title=Newsmaker / Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter: Film of his life a contender}}</ref>

==Boxing career==
[[File:Rubin Carter 4.jpg|thumb|Carter in 2011]]
After his release from prison in September 1961, Carter became a professional boxer.<ref name="fame" /> At  {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|2|abbr=on}}, Carter was shorter than the average [[middleweight]], but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160&nbsp;lb (70–72.6&nbsp;kg). His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname "Hurricane". After he defeated a number of middleweight contenders—such as [[Florentino Fernández (boxer)|Florentino Fernandez]], [[Holley Mims]], [[Gomeo Brennan]] and [[George Benton]]—the boxing world took notice. ''[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]]'' first listed him as one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July 1963. At the end of 1965, they ranked him as the number five middleweight.<ref>{{harvnb|Hirsch|2000|p=85}}.</ref>

He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two.<ref name=fame/> He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion [[Emile Griffith]] twice in the first round and scoring a [[technical knockout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Emile_Griffith_vs._Rubin_Carter |title= Emile Griffith vs. Rubin Carter |access-date=August 16, 2018 }}</ref> That win resulted in ''The Ring''{{'}}s ranking of Carter as the number three contender for [[Joey Giardello]]'s world middleweight title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future [[heavyweight]] champion [[Jimmy Ellis (boxer)|Jimmy Ellis]]) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a 15-round championship match on December 14. Carter landed a few solid rights to the head in the fourth round that left Giardello staggering, but was unable to follow them up and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges decided unanimously in favor of Giardello.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Joey_Giardello_vs._Rubin_Carter|title=Joey Giardello vs. Rubin Carter |access-date=August 16, 2018 }}</ref>

After that fight, Carter's ranking in ''The Ring'' began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, winning five but losing three of four against contenders [[Luis Manuel Rodríguez]], [[Dick Tiger]], and [[Harry Scott (boxer)|Harry Scott]].<ref name=fame/> Tiger, in particular, floored Carter three times in their match. "It was", Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring".{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} During his visit to London to fight Scott, Carter was involved in an incident in which a shot was fired in his hotel room.<ref>{{cite book|last=Duff|first=Mickey|author-link=Mickey Duff|title=Twenty and Out: A Life in Boxing|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year= 1999|isbn=978-0-00-218926-2}}</ref>

Carter's last fight was on August 5, 1966, against Juan Carlos Rivero. He lost the fight via [[points decision]]. Carter's career ended short with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses and one draw in 40 fights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/11387|title=Rubin Carter|website=boxrec.com}}</ref> He received an honorary championship title belt from the [[World Boxing Council]] in 1993 (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) and was later inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.<ref name=fame>{{cite web|url=http://www.njboxinghof.org/cgi-bin/henryseehof.pl?57|title=Rubin Carter 'Hurricane'|publisher=New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame|access-date=January 24, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114193057/http://www.njboxinghof.org/cgi-bin/henryseehof.pl?57|archive-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref>

==Arrest and conviction==
[[File:Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson,_New_Jersey.jpg|thumbnail|left|Paterson Court House]]
At approximately 2:30&nbsp;a.m. on June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in [[Paterson, New Jersey]] and began shooting.<ref name="supreme" /> The bartender, James Oliver, and a customer, Fred Nauyoks, were killed immediately. Hazel Tanis died in a hospital a month later, having suffered multiple wounds from [[Lead shot|shotgun pellets]]; a third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite a head wound that blinded him in one eye. When questioned, both told police the shooters had been black males, but neither identified Carter or John Artis.<ref>{{harvnb|Hirsch|2000|pp=17, 34}}.</ref>

Ten minutes after the murders, around 2:40 a.m., a police cruiser stopped Carter and Artis in a rental car, returning from a night out at the Nite Spot, a nearby bar. Carter was in the back, with Artis driving and a third man, John Royster, in the passenger seat. The police recognised Carter, a well-known and controversial local figure, but let him go. Minutes later, the same officers solicited a description of the getaway car from two eyewitnesses outside the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter dead at 76|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/rubin-hurricane-carter-dead-at-76/article18071079/|access-date=April 22, 2014|newspaper= The Globe and Mail |date=April 2014}}</ref>

Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse. At the time, he claimed to have discovered the bodies when he entered the bar to buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the opportunity to empty the cash register and encountered the police as he exited. At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a [[shotgun]], the other a [[pistol]], came around the corner.<ref name=time1>{{cite news |title=The Seventeenth Round |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918176,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113155750/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918176,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 13, 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date= March 29, 1976|access-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref> He ran from them and they got into a white car that was [[Double parking|double-parked]] near the Lafayette.<ref name=supreme/>

Valentine lived above the bar and heard the shots. Like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car.<ref>{{harvnb|Hirsch|2000|p=37}}.</ref> They reportedly described it as white, with "a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car" and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering.{{sfn|Carter v. Rafferty}} Another neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots and said that, from his window, he saw Alfred Bello running west on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He then heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Valentine initially stated the car had rear lights which lit up completely like butterflies. At the retrial in 1976, she changed this to an accurate description of Carter's car, which had conventional tail-lights with aluminum decoration in a butterfly shape.{{sfn|Wice|2000|p=?}} This aligned with that provided by Bello; the prosecution later suggested the confusion was the result of a misreading of a court transcript by the defense.{{sfn|Carter v. Rafferty}}

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home by Artis; they were stopped again at 3:00 a.m. and ordered to follow the police to the station, where they were arrested. However, variances in descriptions given by Valentine and Bello, the physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, and the timeline provided by the police were key factors in the conviction being overturned in 1985.{{sfn|Kelly|2000}}

Forensics later established the victims were shot by a .32-caliber pistol and a 12-gauge shotgun, although the weapons were never found. There was no forensic evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While gun residue tests were commonly used, DeSimone, the lead detective, later claimed he had insufficient time to bring in an expert to administer the tests. He did arrange for an expert to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed. In 1976, a second report was discovered, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released.{{sfn|Kelly|2000}} Carter and Artis voluntarily appeared before a grand jury, which found there was no case to answer.<ref name="leagle1" /> 
[[File:EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg|thumb|right|East Jersey State Prison, formerly Rahway, where Carter was imprisoned]]
Several months later, Bello changed his story, after the police discovered why he was in the area and his theft from the cash register. He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came forward to claim Carter was the other; based on this, the two were arrested and indicted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/bradley.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20000527162751/http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/bradley.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 27, 2000 |title=Carter Artis arrest report, 1966 |publisher=Hurricane Carter - The Other Side of the Story|access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref> Bello later claimed that in return he was promised the [[United States dollar|US$]]10,500 reward offered for catching the killers, though it was never paid.{{sfn|Raab|1974}}

The rental car had been impounded when Carter and Artis were arrested and retained by police. Five days after their release a detective reported that on searching it again he discovered two unfired rounds, one .32 caliber, the other 12-gauge. Neither matched those retrieved from the victims; the .32 round was brass, rather than copper, while the shotgun shell was an older model, with a different wad and color.<ref name="leagle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.leagle.com/decision/19851154621FSupp533_11085.xml/CARTER%20v.%20RAFFERTY |title=Carter v. Rafferty|work=621 F. Supp. 533, 534 (D.N.J. 1985)|publisher=Leagle.com |access-date=2014-04-22}}</ref>

Asked to account for these differences at the trial, the prosecution produced a second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds. They were unable to explain why, having that evidence, the police released the men, or why the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since the expended rounds retrieved at the scene were also a mixture, the fact that the two rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same caliber as those used in the shootings.{{sfn|Carter v. Rafferty}}

The defense, led by [[Raymond A. Brown]], focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given by eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/pdfs/Valentine--1967-Trial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401162542/http://graphicwitness.com/carter/pdfs/Valentine--1967-Trial.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 1, 2004 |title=Microsoft Word - Valentine 1967 Trial Testi.doc |access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref> He also produced witnesses who confirmed Carter and Artis were still in the Nite Spot at the time of the shootings.<ref name=time1/> The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, with a recommendation of mercy, so that they were not sentenced to death. Judge Samuel Larner imposed three life sentences upon each defendant. Two consecutive life sentences were imposed upon Carter, with the third life sentence to be concurrent with the second life term. As to Artis, the three life terms were concurrent.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/supreme-court/1969/54-n-j-436-0.html| title = State v. Carter, 54 N.J. 436 (1969) 255 A.2d 746, The State of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Rubin Carter and John Artis, Defendants-Appellants, The Supreme Court of New Jersey. Argued June 2, 1969. Decided July 15, 1969. | date = 1969| access-date = September 24, 2025| publisher = justia.com}}</ref>

===Retrial and release===
In 1974, Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter and Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the ring of truth".{{sfn|Hirsch|2000}}

Despite Larner's ruling, [[Madison Avenue]] advertising executive [[George Lois]] organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer [[Muhammad Ali]] lent his support to the campaign (including publicly wishing Carter good luck on his appeal during his appearance on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' in September 1973). [[Bob Dylan]] co-wrote (with [[Jacques Levy]]) and performed a song called "[[Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)|Hurricane]]" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at [[New Jersey State Prison|Trenton State Prison]], where Carter was temporarily an inmate.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bjorner.com/DSN02910%201975%20Rolling%20Thunder%20Revue.htm#DSN03220| title = 1975 rolling Thunder by ellan Revue, 7 December 1975, Trenton Jail| author = Bjorner, Olof| date = October 20, 2015| access-date = June 19, 2019| publisher = bjorner.com}}</ref>

During the hearing on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello and Bradley had lied during the 1967 trial, telling the jurors that they had made only certain narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their trial testimony. A detective taped one interrogation of Bello in 1966, and when it was played during the recantation hearing, defense attorneys argued that the tape revealed promises beyond that to which Bello had testified. If so, prosecutors had either had a [[Brady disclosure|Brady obligation]] to disclose this additional exculpatory evidence, or a duty to disclose that their witnesses had lied on the stand.{{citation needed|date = April 2014}}

Larner denied this second argument as well, but the [[New Jersey Supreme Court]] unanimously held that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced", said Justice Mark Sullivan.<ref name=time1/> The court set aside the original convictions and granted Carter and Artis a new trial.

Despite the difficulties of prosecuting a ten-year-old case, Prosecutor [[Burrell Ives Humphreys]] decided to try Carter and Artis again. To ensure, as best he could, that he did not use perjured testimony to obtain a conviction, Humphreys had Bello [[polygraph]]ed—once by Leonard H. Harrelson and a second time by Richard Arther, both well-known and respected experts in the field.  Both men concluded that Bello was telling the truth when he said that he had seen Carter outside the Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported orally that Bello had been inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's 1967 trial testimony wherein he had said that he had been on the street at the time of the shooting. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated that Bello's 1967 testimony had been truthful.<ref name=fed>{{cite web|url=http://openjurist.org/826/f2d/1299/carter-v-j-rafferty-i-artis |title=826 F2d 1299 Carter v. J Rafferty I Artis |date=21 August 1987 |volume=F2d |issue=826 |page=1299 |publisher=OpenJurist |access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref>

===Second conviction and appeal===
During the new trial in 1976, Alfred Bello repeated his 1967 testimony, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he had seen outside the Lafayette Grill. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness.{{citation needed|date = April 2014}}

The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses who identified Carter at the locations he claimed to be when the murders took place.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Maitland|first = Leslie|title = Testimony Supports Rubin Carter's Alibi|newspaper = New York Times|location = New York, NY|date = December 12, 1976|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0081FF93E5812718DDDAB0994DA415B868BF1D3&scp=22&sq=Rubin%20carter&st=cse|access-date = April 17, 2010}}</ref>  Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had led to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as a defense witness. Hogan was asked on cross examination whether any bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure his recantation, which Hogan denied.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Maitland|first = Leslie|title = Rubin Carter Jury Hears Investigator Deny Bribe Offers|newspaper = New York Times|location = New York, NY|date = December 10, 1976|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E12FB3F59157493C2A81789D95F428785F9&scp=33&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse|access-date = April 17, 2010}}</ref> His original handwritten notes on his conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.{{citation needed|date = April 2014}} The defense also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the 1967 testimony of William Marins, who had died in 1973, noting that his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis's and Carter's actual appearances.{{sfn|Wice|2000|p=?}}

The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that [[Passaic County, New Jersey|Passaic County]] prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter.  Prosecutors denied the charge.<ref>{{Cite news|last = Raab|first = Selwyn|title = An Ex-Associate of Rubin Carter Charges 'Pressure' by Prosecution|newspaper = New York Times|location = New York, NY|date = October 14, 1976|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C1EF73F5A167493C6A8178BD95F428785F9&scp=46&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse|access-date = April 17, 2010}}</ref>  After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed the same sentences on both men: a double life sentence for Carter, a single life sentence for Artis.{{citation needed|date = April 2014}}

Artis was released on [[parole]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite news |first= Robert D.|last= McFadden|title=Artis Wins Parole |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B1EFC3E5C0C768DDDAB0994D9484D81 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 15, 1981 |access-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref>  Carter's attorneys continued to appeal. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed his convictions (4–3). Although the justices felt that the prosecutors should have disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the time of the murders) to the defense, only a minority thought this was material. The majority thus concluded that the prosecution had not withheld information the Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.<ref>{{Cite news|last1 = Rhoden|first1 = William|last2 = Levine|first2 = Richard|title = Rubin Carter's Plea Rejected|newspaper = New York Times|location = New York, NY|date = August 22, 1982|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C1FFE3D5C0C718EDDA10894DA484D81&scp=73&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse|access-date = April 17, 2010}}</ref>

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in 1975–1976 she helped raise funds to win a second trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on bail in March 1976. On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat her (Kelley weighed 112 pounds at the time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed hotel bill. The ''Philadelphia Daily News'' reported the alleged beating in a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support for Carter quickly eroded, though Carter denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating that she felt Carter needed help, and saying "I don't want to press charges because jail is not the place for Rubin. He needs treatment. I don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic County Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July 1976 and changed the terms of Carter's bail after determining that the assault had occurred.{{sfn|Wice|2000|p=?}}<ref>{{cite news |title= Woman claims 'Hurricane' movie left out boxer's attack |newspaper= [[The Washington Times]] |date= February 17, 2000 |url= http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2000/feb/17/20000217-010911-1953r/?page=all |access-date= April 20, 2014}}</ref> Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter had married in 1963,<ref name="Tel o"/> divorced him after their second child was born, because she found out that he had been unfaithful to her.<ref name="G o">{{cite web|author=Michael Carlson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/21/rubin-hurricane-carter |title=Guardian obituary |publisher=Theguardian.com |date=1937-05-06 |access-date=2014-04-22}}</ref>

===Federal court action===
In 1985, Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of [[habeas corpus]] in federal court.  Later that year, Judge [[H. Lee Sarokin]] of the [[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey]] granted the writ, noting that the prosecution had been "predicated upon an appeal to racism rather than reason, and concealment rather than disclosure", and set aside the convictions.<ref name="leagle1"/>  Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985.<ref name=supreme/>

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court of Appeals]] and filed a motion with the court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal.<ref>''Carter v. Rafferty'', 826 F.2d 1299 (3rd Cir. 1987)</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Court Urged to Return Rubin Carter to Prison |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D6153BF933A15751C1A963948260&scp=38&sq |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency = Associated Press|date=December 20, 1985 |access-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref> The court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Court Refuses to Order Rubin Carter Back to Prison |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5071FF839580C7A8DDDA80894DE484D81&scp|agency=Associated Press | work= The New York Times |date=January 19, 1986 |access-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref>

The prosecutors appealed to the [[United States Supreme Court]], which declined to hear the case.<ref name=supreme>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court Refuses to Revive Hurricane Carter's Murder Case |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DC1E3EF931A25752C0A96E948260&scp |work=The New York Times |date=January 12, 1988 |access-date=January 24, 2009 | first=Selwyn | last=Raab}}</ref><ref>''Carter v. Rafferty'', 484 U.S. 1011 (1988)</ref>

Prosecutors therefore could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, but decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments in 1988. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone", said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting [[Passaic County]] Prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially motivated crime theory{{what?|date=December 2024}} due to the federal court rulings.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jersey Ends Move to Retry Rubin Carter |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF1E3CF933A15751C0A96E948260 |work=The New York Times |date=February 20, 1988 |access-date=January 24, 2009 | first=Selwyn | last=Raab}}</ref>  A judge granted the motion to dismiss, bringing an end to the legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/27/nyregion/judge-drops-murder-charges-in-the-hurricane-carter-case.html?ref=rubincarter |title=Judge Drops Murder Charges in the Hurricane Carter Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 27, 1988 |access-date=April 8, 2011}}</ref>

==Post-release==
According to a [[Maclean's]] article published in 1999, after his release, Carter lived in the Toronto commune with his advocates. He was married to Lisa Peters for six years but claimed the marriage was never consummated. He felt the commune was "another prison."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hurricane-carter-saga | title=Hurricane Carter Saga }}</ref> 

He became a Canadian citizen,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/04/20/rubin_hurricane_carter_dead_at_76.html|title=Rubin "Hurricane" Carter dead at 76|date=20 April 2014|work=thestar.com}}</ref> and was executive director of the [[Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted]] (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment to a judgeship of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian [[Guy Paul Morin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://injusticebusters.org/04/Carter_Rubin.shtml |title=Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter continues to stand for what is right |publisher=Injusticebusters.org |date=August 13, 2004 |access-date=April 20, 2014}}</ref> who served over eighteen months in prison for rape and murder until exonerated by DNA evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/11/world/queensville-journal-jailed-in-killing-he-s-guilty-only-of-being-a-misfit.html|title=Queensville Journal; Jailed in Killing, He's Guilty Only of Being a Misfit|last=Farnsworth|first=Clyde H.|date=April 11, 1995|work=The New York Times|page=4|access-date=May 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309042234/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/11/world/queensville-journal-jailed-in-killing-he-s-guilty-only-of-being-a-misfit.html|archive-date=March 9, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1996, Carter, then 59, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his thirties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0D91139F937A25757C0A960958260 |title=World News Briefs; American Boxer May Sue Toronto Police for Arrest |date=April 14, 1996 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 8, 2009}}</ref>

Carter often served as a [[Motivational speaking|motivational speaker]]. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from [[York University]] (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and one from [[Griffith University]] (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the [[Innocence Project]]. Carter received the Abolition Award from [[Death Penalty Focus]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deathpenalty.org/awards/ | title = Death Penalty Focus Awards Records|date= January 2024}}</ref>

==Prostate cancer and death==
In March 2012, while attending the International Justice Conference in [[Burswood, Western Australia]], Carter revealed that he had terminal [[prostate cancer]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/wrongly-convicted-boxers-cancer-battle/story-e6frg13u-1226295939420 |title=Wrongly convicted boxer's cancer battle |date=March 10, 2012 |work=Perth Now News |access-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref>  At the time, doctors gave him between three and six months to live. Beginning shortly after that time, John Artis lived with and cared for Carter,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/rubin-hurricane-carter-faces-a-lonely-last-fight-against-cancer/article17734346/|title=Rubin (Hurricane) Carter faces a lonely last fight against cancer |date=March 31, 2014 |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref> and on April 20, 2014, he confirmed that Carter, at the age of 76, had died of his illness.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/rubin-hurricane-carter-dead-at-76/article18071079/ |title=Rubin "Hurricane" Carter has died at 76 |date=April 20, 2014 |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=April 20, 2014}}</ref> He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were scattered in part over [[Cape Cod]] and in part at a horse farm in Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=hurricane+rubin+carter+cape+cod&pg=PA122 |title = Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed|isbn = 9781476625997|last1 = Wilson|first1 = Scott|date = 19 August 2016| publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.necn.com/news/national-international/boxer-rubin-hurricane-carter-dies-at-76-symbol-of-racial-injustice/1930734/ |title = Boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter Dies at 76| date=20 April 2014 }}</ref>

In the months leading up to his death, Carter had worked for the exoneration of [[David McCallum (wrongful conviction)|David McCallum]], a [[Brooklyn]] man who had been incarcerated since 1985 on charges of murder.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/sports/rubin-hurricane-carter-fearsome-boxer-dies-at-76.html?_r=0 | title=Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Boxer Found Wrongly Convicted, Dies at 76 | work=The New York Times | date=April 20, 2014 | access-date=April 22, 2014}}</ref> Two months before his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an opinion piece in the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', in which he asked for an independent review of McCallum's conviction. "I request only that McCallum be granted a full hearing by the Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, now under the auspices of the new district attorney, Ken Thompson. Knowing what I do, I am certain that when the facts are brought to light, Thompson will recommend his immediate release ... Just as my own verdict 'was predicated on racism rather than reason and on concealment rather than disclosure', as Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/hurricane-carter-dying-article-1.1621747 |title=Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish |date=February 21, 2014 |work=The NY Daily News |access-date=April 22, 2014}}</ref> On October 15, 2014, McCallum was exonerated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/wrongly-imprisoned-for-29-years-man-goes-free-in-brooklyn-1413420015?mod=e2fb |title=Exonerated and Set Free After 29 Years |date=October 15, 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 16, 2014}}</ref>
John Artis died of an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] on November 7, 2021, at the age of 75.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/nyregion/john-artis-dead.html|title = John Artis, Convicted with Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Dies at 75|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 12 November 2021|last1 = Roberts|first1 = Sam}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Carter's story inspired:
* The 1975 [[Bob Dylan]] song "[[Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)|Hurricane]]", which proclaimed that Carter was innocent. Carter appeared as himself in Dylan's 1978 movie ''[[Renaldo and Clara]].''<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A03EFD71330E631A25755C2A9679C946990D6CF|title=Renaldo Clara (1978) 'Renaldo and Clara,' Film by Bob Dylan:Rolling Thunder|author=Maslin, Janet|author-link=Janet Maslin|date=January 26, 1978}}</ref> In the 2019 film ''[[Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese]]'', Dylan talked about his involvement with the Carter case and Carter was also interviewed in the film, describing his relationship with Dylan.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/rolling-thunder-revue-reviewed-martin-scorseses-slippery-chronicle-of-bob-dylan-in-concert| title = "Rolling Thunder Revue," Reviewed: Martin Scorsese's Slippery Chronicle of Bob Dylan in Concert
| author = Brody, Richard| date = June 14, 2019| access-date = June 19, 2019|newspaper = The New Yorker}}</ref>
* [[Norman Jewison]]'s 1999 feature film ''[[The Hurricane (1999 film)|The Hurricane]]'', starring [[Denzel Washington]] in the lead role as Carter. The film is about Rubin Carter's accusation, trials, and time spent in prison. Carter later discussed at a lecture how he fell in love with Washington's portrayal of him during auditions for ''The Hurricane'', noting that boxer [[Marvelous Marvin Hagler]] and actors [[Wesley Snipes]] and [[Samuel L. Jackson]] all vied for the role.<ref>Parmar, Raj. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707063620/http://3morerounds.com/columns/dare-to-dream-rubin-%E2%80%9Churricane%E2%80%9D-carter-shares-his-thoughts/ "Dare To Dream: Rubin "Hurricane" Carter Shares His Thoughts"], 3MoreRounds.com, February 22, 2011</ref> For his performance as Carter, Washington won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]] at the [[57th Golden Globe Awards]]. Washington was also nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his performance as Carter at the [[72nd Academy Awards]].

==Professional boxing record==
{{BoxingRecordSummary
|ko-wins=19
|ko-losses=1
|dec-wins=8
|dec-losses=11
|dq-wins=
|dq-losses=
|draws=1
|nc=
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
|-
|40
|{{no2}}Loss
|{{nowrap|27–12–1}}
|align=left| Juan Carlos Rivero
|PTS
|10
|Aug 6, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Rosario, Argentina}}
|
|-
|39
|{{draw}}Draw
|27–11–1
|align=left| [[Wilbert McClure]]
|MD
|10
|Mar 8, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Sports Arena, Toledo, Ohio, US}}
|
|-
|38
|{{yes2}}Win
|27–11
|align=left| Ernest Burford
|KO
|8 (10)
|Feb 26, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa}}
|
|-
|37
|{{no2}}Loss
|26–11
|align=left| Stan Harrington
|UD
|10
|Jan 25, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US}}
|
|-
|36
|{{no2}}Loss
|26–10
|align=left| Johnny Morris
|SD
|10
|Jan 18, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US}}
|
|-
|35
|{{yes2}}Win
|26–9
|align=left| [[Wilbert McClure]]
|SD
|10
|Jan 8, 1966
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US}}
|
|-
|34
|{{yes2}}Win
|25–9
|align=left| Joe N'Gidi
|TKO
|2 (10)
|Sep 18, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa}}
|
|-
|33
|{{no2}}Loss
|24–9
|align=left| [[Luis Manuel Rodríguez]]
|UD
|10
|Aug 26, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US}}
|
|-
|32
|{{yes2}}Win
|24–8
|align=left| Fate Davis
|TKO
|1 (10), {{small|1:26}}
|Jul 14, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Armory, Akron, Ohio, US}}
|
|-
|31
|{{no2}}Loss
|23–8
|align=left| [[Dick Tiger]]
|UD
|10
|May 20, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|30
|{{yes2}}Win
|23–7
|align=left| Johnny Torres
|TKO
|8 (10), {{small|1:38}}
|Apr 30, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Armory, Paterson, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|29
|{{no2}}Loss
|22–7
|align=left| [[Harry Scott (boxer)|Harry Scott]]
|PTS
|10
|Apr 20, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England}}
|
|-
|28
|{{yes2}}Win
|22–6
|align=left| [[Harry Scott (boxer)|Harry Scott]]
|TKO
|9 (10)
|Mar 9, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England}}
|
|-
|27
|{{yes2}}Win
|21–6
|align=left| Fabio Bettini
|KO
|10 (10)
|Feb 22, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Palais des Sports, Paris, France}}
|
|-
|26
|{{no2}}Loss
|20–6
|align=left| [[Luis Manuel Rodríguez]]
|UD
|10
|Feb 12, 1965
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|25
|{{no2}}Loss
|20–5
|align=left| [[Joey Giardello]]
|UD
|15
|Dec 14, 1964
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US}}
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|For [[List of WBA world champions#Middleweight|WBA]], [[List of WBC world champions#Middleweight|WBC]], and [[List of The Ring world champions#Middleweight|''The Ring'' middleweight titles]]}}
|-
|24
|{{yes2}}Win
|20–4
|align=left| Clarence James
|TKO
|1 (10), {{small|1:54}}
|Jun 24, 1964
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US}}
|
|-
|23
|{{yes2}}Win
|19–4
|align=left| [[Jimmy Ellis (boxer)|Jimmy Ellis]]
|UD
|10
|Feb 28, 1964
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|22
|{{yes2}}Win
|18–4
|align=left| [[Emile Griffith]]
|TKO
|1 (10), {{small|2:13}}
|Dec 20, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US}}
|
|-
|21
|{{no2}}Loss
|17–4
|align=left| [[Joey Archer]]
|SD
|10
|Oct 25, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|20
|{{yes2}}Win
|17–3
|align=left| Farid Salim
|UD
|10
|Sep 14, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US}}
|
|-
|19
|{{yes2}}Win
|16–3
|align=left| [[George Benton]]
|SD
|10
|May 25, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|18
|{{no2}}Loss
|15–3
|align=left| Jose Gonzalez
|TKO
|6 (10)
|Mar 30, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|17
|{{yes2}}Win
|15–2
|align=left| [[Gomeo Brennan]]
|UD
|10
|Feb 2, 1963
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|16
|{{yes2}}Win
|14–2
|align=left| [[Holley Mims]]
|UD
|10
|Dec 22, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}Win
|13–2
|align=left| [[Florentino Fernández (boxer)|Florentino Fernández]]
|KO
|1 (10), {{small|1:09}}
|Oct 27, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}Win
|12–2
|align=left| Mel Collins
|TKO
|5 (10), {{small|0:42}}
|Oct 8, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|13
|{{yes2}}Win
|11–2
|align=left| Ernest Burford
|TKO
|2 (10), {{small|2:17}}
|Aug 4, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|12
|{{no2}}Loss
|10–2
|align=left| Ernest Burford
|UD
|8
|Jun 23, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}Win
|10–1
|align=left| Sugar Boy Nando
|TKO
|3 (10), {{small|2:07}}
|May 21, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}Win
|9–1
|align=left| Walter Daniels
|TKO
|2 (10), {{small|2:03}}
|Apr 30, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}Win
|8–1
|align=left| Johnny Tucker
|TKO
|1 (8), {{small|1:05}}
|Apr 16, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US}}
|
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}Win
|7–1
|align=left| Jimmy McMillan
|KO
|3 (6)
|Mar 16, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}Win
|6–1
|align=left| Felix Santiago
|KO
|1 (8), {{small|1:38}}
|Feb 28, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|State Garden, Union City, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}Win
|5–1
|align=left| Tommy Settles
|KO
|1 (6)
|Feb 14, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|State Garden, Union City, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|5
|{{no2}}Loss
|4–1
|align=left| Herschel Jacobs
|PTS
|6
|Jan 19, 1962
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
|align=left| Herschel Jacobs
|PTS
|4
|Nov 17, 1961
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US}}
|
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
|align=left| Frank Nelson
|TKO
|1 (4)
|Oct 24, 1961
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US}}
|
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
|align=left| Joey Cooper
|KO
|2 (4)
|Oct 11, 1961
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|American Legion Arena, Reading, Pennsylvania, US}}
|
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
|align=left| Pike Reed
|SD
|4
|Sep 22, 1961
|style="text-align:left;"|{{small|Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Stadium, Annapolis, Maryland, US}}
|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of wrongful convictions in the United States]]
* [[Romeo Phillion]]
* [[Steve Hearon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

* {{Cite web |last=Bos, Carole D. |title=Rubin "Hurricane" Carter |url=http://www.lawbuzz.com/justice/hurricane/hurricane.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117052959/http://www.lawbuzz.com/justice/hurricane/hurricane.htm |archive-date=2007-01-17 |access-date=2021-09-01}}
* {{cite book|first1=Rubin|last1=Carter|title=Eye of the Hurricane: My Path from Darkness to Freedom|isbn=978-1-56976-568-5|year=2011|publisher=Lawrence Hill|location=Chicago}}
* {{cite book|first1=Sam|last1=Chaiton|first2=Terry|last2=Swinton|title=Lazarus and the Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter|isbn=0-312-25397-4|year=2000|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/classic/biography/s/Carter_Hurricane.html|title=Sportscentury Biography|work=Hurricane found peace at storm's center|author=Flatter, Ron  |access-date=January 20, 2007}}
* {{cite book|first1=James|last1=Hirsch|title=Hurricane: The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter|isbn=0-395-97985-4|year=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company}}
* {{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Mike |title=Doubts, errors, unknowns still haunt the case of 'Hurricane' Carter, John Artis |url=https://eu.northjersey.com/story/news/columnists/mike-kelly/2019/06/17/rubin-carter-john-artis-what-really-happened-night/1419996001/ |agency=[[The Record (North Jersey)]] |date=March 26, 2000}}
* {{cite news |last1=Raab |first1=Selwyn |title=Two in Court Recant 1967 Testimony That Helped Convict Carter and Artis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/30/archives/two-in-court-recant-1967-testimony-that-helped-convict-carter-and.html |access-date=April 24, 2020 |work=New York Times |date=October 30, 1974}}
* {{cite book|last=Wice|first=Paul B|title=Rubin "Hurricane" Carter and the American Justice System|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8135-2864-9}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/brief/2-Statement-of-Facts.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030625031001/http://graphicwitness.com/carter/brief/2-Statement-of-Facts.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 25, 2003 |title=Carter v. Rafferty|access-date=2014-04-24 |ref={{sfnref|Carter v. Rafferty}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{boxrec|id=11387}}
*{{IMDb name|0141918}}
*{{C-SPAN|59400}}
{{Authority control}}
{{USC Scripter Awards — Film}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Rubin}}
[[Category:Rubin Carter]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American sportsmen]]
[[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]]
[[Category:African-American boxers]]
[[Category:American convicts who became writers]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:American expatriates in West Germany]]
[[Category:American male boxers]]
[[Category:American military personnel stationed in Germany]]
[[Category:American people convicted of assault]]
[[Category:American people convicted of robbery]]
[[Category:American people wrongfully convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Boxers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Boxers from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian people of African-American descent]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Ontario]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in Canada]]
[[Category:Middleweight boxers]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]
[[Category:Overturned convictions in the United States]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New Jersey]]
[[Category:Prison writings]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey]]
[[Category:Sportspeople convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American sportspeople convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Clifton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of New Jersey]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]