View source for Rubus chamaemorus

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae}}
{{Redirect|Cloudberry|the computer storage solution company|CloudBerry Lab}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rubus chamaemorus, from Tromsø, August 2020.jpeg
| image_caption = Ripe cloudberry
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{Cite iucn|title=''Rubus chamaemorus''|article-number=e.T64323876A67730717|last=Maiz-Tome, L.|year=2016|access-date=29 April 2022|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323876A67730717.en}}</ref>
| genus = Rubus
| parent = Rubus subg. Chamaemorus
| species = chamaemorus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753 not Fisch. ex Ser. 1825
| range_map = Cloudberry distrib.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Rubus chamaemorus''
| range_map_alt = Map of the world, with colored areas indicating the species occurs in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|''Chamaemorus anglica'' <small>Clus. ex Greene</small>
|''Chamaemorus anglicus'' <small>Greene</small>
|''Chamaemorus chamaemorus'' <small>(L.) House</small>
|''Chamaemorus norvegicus'' <small>Greene</small>
|''Chamaemorus norwegica'' <small>Clus. ex Greene</small>
|''Rubus chamaemorus'' var. ''pseudochamaemorus'' <small>(Tolm.) Hulten</small>
|''Rubus nubis'' <small>Gray</small>
|''Rubus pseudochamaemorus'' <small>Tolm.</small>
|''Rubus yessoicus'' <small>Kuntze</small>
}}
}}

'''''Rubus chamaemorus''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the [[rose family]].

A [[herbaceous]] perennial, it produces amber-colored, edible fruit similar to the [[blackberry]]. It is native to cool [[temperate]] regions, [[alpine tundra|alpine]] and [[Arctic tundra]], and [[boreal forest]].

Its English common names include '''cloudberry''',<ref name="BSBI07">{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''Nordic berry''', '''bakeapple''' (in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]), '''knotberry''' and '''knoutberry''' (in England), '''aqpik''' or '''low-bush salmonberry''' (in [[Alaska]] – not to be confused with salmonberry, ''[[Rubus spectabilis]]''),<ref>[http://www.uaf.edu/files/ces/publications-db/catalog/hec/FNH-00108.pdf University of Alaska @ Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Cloudberrries]</ref> '''averin''' or '''evron''' (in [[Scotland]]),<ref name="foodb.ca/00161">{{cite web |title=Cloudberry |url=https://foodb.ca/foods/FOOD00161 |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=[[FooDB]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rapp |first1=Kåre |title=About the Cloudberry |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0022/0001155/1.1/data/1-data/docs/general_info/ecb.htm |access-date=23 October 2022 |website=[[Joint Global Ocean Flux Study]]}}</ref> and '''chicoutai''' amongst English speakers in [[Quebec]].

==Description==

Unlike most ''[[Rubus]]'' species, the cloudberry is [[Dioecy|dioecious]], and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant.<ref name=thiem/>

The cloudberry grows to {{convert|10|–|25|cm|frac=2}} high.<ref name=thiem/> The [[leaves]] alternate between having five and seven soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the white (sometimes reddish-tipped) [[flower]]s form raspberry-sized [[aggregate fruit]]s, which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats.<ref name=thiem/> Consisting of between five and 25 [[drupe]]lets, each fruit is initially pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn.

{{gallery|mode=packed
|Rubus chamaemorus LC0151.jpg|Male flower
|Rubus chamaemorus 0001.jpg|Foliage and fruit in [[Côte-Nord]], Quebec
|Chamaemorus fruit.jpg|Unripe cloudberry
|Cloudberries.jpg|Ripe cloudberries
}}

=== Chemistry ===
Cloudberries are rich in [[vitamin C]] and [[ellagic acid]],<ref name=thiem/> [[citric acid]], [[malic acid]], {{nowrap|[[α-tocopherol]]}}, [[anthocyanin]]s, and the provitamin&nbsp;A [[carotenoid]], {{nowrap|[[β-carotene]]}} in contents that differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure, rainfall, or temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 22083544
| year = 2012
| last1 = Jaakkola
| first1 = M
| title = Chemical composition of ripe fruits of ''Rubus chamaemorus'' L. grown in different habitats
| journal = Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
| volume = 92
| issue = 6
| pages = 1324–30
| last2 = Korpelainen
| first2 = V
| last3 = Hoppula
| first3 = K
| last4 = Virtanen
| first4 = V
| doi = 10.1002/jsfa.4705
| bibcode = 2012JSFA...92.1324J
}}</ref> The [[ellagitannin]]s [[lambertianin&nbsp;C]] and [[sanguiin H-6]] are also present.<ref name=Kahkonen>{{cite journal |title=Antioxidant activity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries |last1=Kähkönen |first1=M |last2=Kylli |first2=P |last3=Ollilainen |first3=V |last4=Salminen |first4=J-P |last5=Heinonen |first5=M| journal=J Agric Food Chem|year=2012|volume=60|issue=5|pages=1167–74|doi=10.1021/jf203431g|pmid=22229937|bibcode=2012JAFC...60.1167K }}</ref> [[Genotype]] of cloudberry variants may also affect [[polyphenol]] composition, particularly for ellagitannins, sanguiin {{Nowrap|H-6}}, anthocyanins and [[quercetin]].<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 21916411
| year = 2011
| last1 = McDougall
| first1 = G. J.
| title = Assessing the influence of genotype and temperature on polyphenol composition in cloudberry (''Rubus chamaemorus'' L.) using a novel mass spectrometric method
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 59
| issue = 20
| pages = 10860–8
| last2 = Martinussen
| first2 = I
| last3 = Junttila
| first3 = O
| last4 = Verrall
| first4 = S
| last5 = Stewart
| first5 = D
| doi = 10.1021/jf202083b
| bibcode = 2011JAFC...5910860M
}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Rubus chamaemorus in the USA.svg|thumb|Cloudberry distribution in the USA<ref>{{cite web |title=Cloudberry |url=https://sierraclub.bc.ca/cloudberry/ |website=[[Sierra Club]] BC |access-date=23 October 2022 |language=en-CA |date=15 December 2016 |quote=Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry. It has toothed leaves, white flowers in June-July and yellow-orange berries that ripen in August-September...You can find cloudberries in Canada, Scandinavia, Greenland, Russia and the US.}}</ref>]]

Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and [[moorland]]s.<ref name=thiem/> In Europe, they grow in the [[Nordic countries]], but are rare in the [[Baltic states]] (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and [[Poland]].<ref name=thiem/> They are present in the English [[Pennines]] and the [[Scottish Highlands]], while a single, fragile site exists in the [[Sperrin Mountains]] of [[Northern Ireland]].<ref name=habitas>{{cite web|url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=3317|title=''Rubus chamaemorus'' - cloudberry|publisher=National Museums, Northern Ireland|date=2011|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> They occur across northern [[Russia]] east towards the [[Pacific Ocean]] as far south as [[Japan]] in the island of [[Hokkaido]].<ref name=thiem/>

In North America, cloudberries grow wild across [[Greenland]], most of northern [[Canada]], [[Alaska]], northern [[Minnesota]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], and [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=thiem/><ref>{{BONAP|ref |genus=Rubus |species=chamaemorus |state=1}}</ref>

Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its [[rhizome]]s, which are up to {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} long and grow about {{convert|10|-|15|cm|abbr=on|frac=2}} below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches.<ref name=thiem/> Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic [[cloning|clone]] of the parent plant.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=K. Rapp
|year=1986
|title=Vegetativ oppformering av molte (''Rubus chamaemorus'' L.)
|journal=Jord og Myr
|volume=10
|pages=1–11
}}</ref> The cloudberry grows in [[bog]]s, [[marsh]]es, [[wet meadow]]s, and [[tundra]], and  at elevations of {{convert|1400|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level in [[Norway]], requiring [[soil ph|acidic]] ground (between 3.5 and 5.0&nbsp;pH).<ref name=thiem/>

==Ecology==
Cloudberry leaves are food for [[caterpillar]]s of several [[Lepidoptera]] species. The larvae of the moth ''[[Coleophora thulea]]'' has no other known food plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coleophora thulea – Plant Parasites of Europe |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/gelechioidea/coleophoridae/coleophora/coleophora-thulea/ |website=bladmineerders.nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Of The Month: September |url=https://professorhedgehogsjournal.uk/2016/09/12/plant-of-the-month-september-2/ |website=Professor Hedgehog's Journal |language=en |date=12 September 2016}}</ref>

==Conservation==
Due to peatland drainage and [[peat]] exploitation, they are considered [[endangered]]<ref name=thiem/> and are under legal protection in Germany's [[Weser]] and [[Elbe]] Valleys.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Cultivation==

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in [[Sweden]], Norway, and [[Finland]]), the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have retailed for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).<ref name="bloomberg-Heiskanen-&-Erkheikki">{{ cite news |author=Ville Heiskanen & Juho Erkheikki |title=Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs (see § "Prices Drop"; ¶ 1) |date=28 July 2005 |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=aFoIHwZwFtyk&refer=europe |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>

Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected [[cultivar]]s have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female), and 'Fjordgull' (female).{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakka |url=https://www.viherpeukalot.fi/lakka |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Viherpeukalot.fi |language=fi}}</ref> The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Uses==
{{Cookbook|Cloudberry}}
{{more citations|section|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Homemade cloudberry jam.jpg|thumb|Cloudberry jam]]
[[File:Leipäjuusto cheese with cloudberry jam.jpg|thumb|[[Bread cheese]] with cloudberry jam]]

When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft, and juicy, and are rich in [[vitamin&nbsp;C]].<ref name=thiem/> When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor.<ref name="farmflavor/cloudberries">{{cite web |last1=Ogletree |first1=Kelsey |title=What Are Cloudberries? |url=https://farmflavor.com/alaska/alaska-crops-livestock/what-are-cloudberries/ |website=Farm Flavor |access-date=23 October 2022 |date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> They are often made into [[jam]]s, [[juice]]s, tarts, and liqueurs. In Finland, the berries are eaten with heated {{lang|fi|[[leipäjuusto]]}} (a local cheese; the name translates to "bread-cheese"), as well as [[cream]] and [[sugar]]. In Sweden, cloudberries ({{lang|sv|hjortron}}, also known in northern Sweden as ''snattren'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cloudberries – a Swedish delicacy {{!}} Visit Umeå |url=https://visitumea.se/en/hjortron |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=visitumea.se}}</ref> and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream, pancakes, and waffles. Cloudberry ''[[filmjölk]]'' (soured milk) is available in supermarkets.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In Norway, they are often mixed with [[whipped cream]] and sugar to be served as a dessert called {{lang|no|[[moltekrem]]}} (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt—{{lang|no|molte-}} or {{lang|no|multeyoughurt}}—is a supermarket item in Norway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tine.no/merkevarer/tine-yoghurt/produkter/tine-yoghurt-molte|title=TINE Yoghurt Molte|work=TINE.no|access-date=2015-08-15|archive-date=2016-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809121606/http://www.tine.no/merkevarer/tine-yoghurt/produkter/tine-yoghurt-molte}}</ref>

In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada, cloudberries are used to make 'bakeapple pie', jams, jellies, fruit wines, and toppings for cheesecakes and ice cream. They are also frequently included in flavourings for beer, herbal teas, ice cream, alcoholic cocktails, and kombucha. 

[[Arctic]] [[Yupik peoples|Yup'ik]] mix the berries with [[Pinniped|seal]] oil, [[reindeer]] or [[caribou]] fat (which is diced and made fluffy with seal oil) and sugar to make "[[Eskimo]] ice cream" or ''[[akutaq]]''.<ref name=thiem/> The recipes vary by region. Along the [[Yukon River|Yukon]] and [[Kuskokwim River]] areas, white fish ([[Esox|pike]]) along with shortening and sugar are used. The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup'ik.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Due to its high vitamin C content,<ref name=thiem/> the berry is valued both by [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] seafarers and Northern [[indigenous people]]s. Its [[polyphenol]] content, including [[flavonoid]] compounds such as [[ellagic acid]], appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries.<ref name="thiem">{{cite journal|author=Thiem B|year=2003|title=''Rubus chamaemorus'' L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review|journal=Biological Letters|volume=40|issue=1|pages=3–13|url=http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl/biollett_40_1_3_13.pdf}}</ref> Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar, if stored cool.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild berries: cloudberries|url=http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/en/info/berries/wild+berries/cloudberry/|publisher=Arctic Flavours Association|date=2014|access-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915162711/http://www.arctic-flavours.fi/en/info/berries/wild+berries/cloudberry|archive-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels, hand creams' and body lotions.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Alcoholic drinks===
[[File:Mead and cloudberry pakka.jpg|thumb|Bottle of Lakka (Cloudberry) liqueur]]
In [[Nordic countries]], traditional [[liqueur]]s such as {{lang|fi|[[lakkalikööri]]}} (Finland) are made of cloudberry,<ref name="aaflora/roruch">{{cite web |title=Cloudberry - Rubus chamaemorus L. |url=https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/roruch.htm |website=Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago |publisher=[[Canadian Museum of Nature]] |access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref> having a strong taste and high sugar content. In Sweden, cloudberry flavoured gin is produced in limited quantities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=En Värmländsk Jävla Hjortron-Gin Stay True Brewing |url=https://www.systembolaget.se/produkt/sprit/en-varmlandsk-javla-hjortron-gin-3206402/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.systembolaget.se |language=sv}}</ref> Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making ''[[akvavit]]''. In northeastern [[Quebec]], a cloudberry liqueur known as {{lang|fr|chicoutai}} ([[Innu-aimun]] name) is made.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chicoutai |url=http://www.terroirsquebec.com/encyclopedie/chicoutai |language=fr |publisher=terroirsquebec.com |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124011809/http://www.terroirsquebec.com/encyclopedie/chicoutai |archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], cloudberries (called "bakeapples") are used to make fruit wine, bitters, or are brewed into beer.

Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when [[microcapsule|microencapsulated]] using [[maltodextrin]] {{Nowrap|DE5-8}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 18989975
| year = 2008
| last1 = Laine
| first1 = P
| title = Storage stability of microencapsulated cloudberry (''Rubus chamaemorus'') phenolics
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
| volume = 56
| issue = 23
| pages = 11251–61
| last2 = Kylli
| first2 = P
| last3 = Heinonen
| first3 = M
| last4 = Jouppila
| first4 = K
| doi = 10.1021/jf801868h
| bibcode = 2008JAFC...5611251L
}}</ref> At least 14 [[volatile organic compounds|volatile]] compounds, including [[vanillin]], account for the [[aroma]] of cloudberries.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 835340
| year = 1977
| last1 = Pyysalo
| first1 = T
| title = The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (''Rubus chamaemorus'' L.)
| journal = Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung
| volume = 163
| issue = 1
| pages = 25–30
| last2 = Honkanen
| first2 = E
| doi = 10.1007/BF01123552
| s2cid = 29831932
}}</ref>

===Harvesting on public property===
{{see also|Freedom to roam}}

In some northern European countries such as Norway, a common-use policy on non-wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location, but only local residents may transport them from that location.<ref name="berryFAO">{{cite web|last1=Saastamoinen|first1=Olli|title=Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe|url=https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8491/Forest%20policies,%20access%20rights%20and%20non-wood%20forest%20products%20in%20northern%20Europe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|access-date=17 August 2020|website=FAO|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121124052/https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8491/Forest%20policies,%20access%20rights%20and%20non-wood%20forest%20products%20in%20northern%20Europe.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guide to Cloudberries|url=http://mylittlenorway.com/2011/07/guide-to-cloudberries/|website=My Little Norway|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://artikkel.ut.no/dette-har-du-lov-til-a-gjore-pa-tur-ifolge-allemannsretten-1.12450653|title=Dette har du lov til å gjøre på tur|language=no|publisher=UT.no, Norwegian Trekking and NRK|date=2015|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816204026/http://artikkel.ut.no/dette-har-du-lov-til-a-gjore-pa-tur-ifolge-allemannsretten-1.12450653}}</ref> Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many countries.<ref name=berryFAO />

Harvesting unripe cloudberries in Norway was illegal between 1970 and 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart - Lovdata |url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLO/lov/1970-05-06-25 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=lovdata.no}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=Is It Illegal to Pick Unripe Cloudberries in Norway in 2022? All You Need to Know! - The Norway Guide |url=https://thenorwayguide.com/pick-unripe-cloudberries/ |access-date=2022-08-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Many people believe that it is still illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but that law is no longer in effect.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Muurame.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright=.55|Coat of arms of [[Muurame]]]]

==In culture==

The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the [[2&nbsp;euro coin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finnish face of Euro coins: cloudberry, swan and heraldic lion|url=http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/avs/files/euro/092-euro-fi/181297.html|publisher=ec.europa.eu|access-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044606/http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/avs/files/euro/092-euro-fi/181297.html|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The name of the hill {{lang|gd|Beinn nan Oighreag}} in [[Breadalbane, Scotland|Breadalbane]] in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in [[Scottish Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/beinn-nan-oighreag-hill-of-the-cloudberries-1-1168948|title=Beinn nan Oighreag, Hill of the Cloudberries|access-date=7 April 2013|work=Scotsman.com|date=20 May 2008}}</ref> Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicate the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill [in Lancashire] advenceth itselfe up the skie&nbsp;... and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'.<ref>John Howard Nodal, George Milner, A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Part 1, 1875, 84</ref> In [[Norrland]] cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isof.se/matkult/bar-och-frukt/olika-sorters-bar-och-frukt/hjortron.html |title=Hjortron - Institutet för språk och folkminnen |website=www.isof.se |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030111203/https://www.isof.se/matkult/bar-och-frukt/olika-sorters-bar-och-frukt/hjortron.html |archive-date=2020-10-30}} </ref>

<!-- not notable, uncited One of the gnomes in ''[[The Little Grey Men]]'', a 1942 children's book by "BB" ([[Denys Watkins-Pitchford]]), and its sequel, is named Cloudberry. -->
In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], several communities, including Garnish and Forteau, host festivals celebrating the harvest of cloudberries.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |author-link=Thekla Resvoll |last=Resvoll |first=T. R. |date=1929 |title=''Rubus chamaemorus'' L. A morphological - biological study |journal=Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene |volume=67 |pages=55–129}}
*{{cite journal |last=Resvoll |first=T. R. |date=1925 |title=''Rubus chamaemorus'' L. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanze und ihre Verbreitungsmittel |language=de |journal=Veröffentlichungen des Geobotanischen Institutes Rübel in Zürich |volume=3 |pages=224–241}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Rubus chamaemorus}}
*{{PFAF}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q160092}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rubus|chamaemorus]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Finnish cuisine]]
[[Category:Inuit cuisine]]
[[Category:Canadian cuisine]]
[[Category:Norwegian cuisine]]
[[Category:Swedish cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]