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{{Postmodernism}}

'''Russian postmodernism''' refers to the [[culture|cultural]], [[art]]istic, and [[philosophy|philosophical]] condition in [[Russia]] since the downfall of the [[Soviet Union]] and [[dialectical materialism]].  With respect to statements about post-Soviet philosophy or [[sociology]], the term is primarily used by non-Russians to describe the state of [[economic]] and [[political]] uncertainty they observe since the fall of [[communism]] and the way this uncertainty affects Russian identity.  'Postmodernism' is, however, a term often used by Russian [[literary criticism|critics]] to describe contemporary Russian art and [[Russian literature|literature]].<ref name="Epstein95">{{cite book|title=After the Future: The Paradoxes of Postmodernism and Contemporary Russian Culture|last=Epstein|first=Mikhail|authorlink=Mikhail Epstein|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=1995|isbn=0870239732|location=Amherst|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/afterfuturepa00epst/page/19}}</ref><ref name="Epstein2016">{{cite book |surname1=Epstein |given1=Mikhail |authorlink1=Mikhail Epstein |surname2=Genis |given2=Alexander |surname3=Vladiv-Glover |given3=Slobodanka |translator=Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover |title=Russian Postmodernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture |edition=Rev. |place=New York; Oxford |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2016 |orig-year=1999 |url={{Google books|id=vc8tDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=978-1-78238-864-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |surname = Perloff |given = Marjorie |authorlink = Marjorie Perloff |title = Russian Postmodernism: An Oxymoron? |journal = [[Postmodern Culture]] |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/postmodern_culture/v003/3.2perloff.html |date = January 1993 |doi=10.1353/pmc.1993.0018 |s2cid = 144239001|url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="Kahn">{{cite book |surname=Kahn |given=Andrew |surname2=Lipovetsky |given2=Mark |authorlink2=Mark Lipovetsky |surname3=Reyfman |given3=Irina |surname4=Sandler |given4=Stephanie |title=A History of Russian Literature |year=2018 |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url={{Google books|id=7qZTDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9780199663941}} pp. 693–94.</ref>

==Artistic and literary origins==
In art, postmodernism entered the Soviet Union in the 1950s after the end of the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] move toward liberalization with the advent of the Russian [[Conceptual art|conceptualist]] movement.  Beginning as an underground political-artistic move against the use of [[Socialist realism]] as a method of social control and becoming a full-fledged movement with the [[Moscow Conceptualists]], Russian conceptualism used the [[symbol]]ism of Socialist realism against the Soviet government. Its representatives were artists [[Ilya Kabakov]], [[Irina Nakhova]], [[Viktor Pivovarov]], [[Eric Bulatov]], [[Andrei Monastyrski]], [[Komar and Melamid]], poets {{Interlanguage link|Vsevolod Nekrasov|ru|3=Некрасов, Всеволод Николаевич}}, [[Dmitri Prigov]], [[Lev Rubinstein]], Timur Kibirov, and writer [[Vladimir Sorokin]].{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=631–35}}<ref>Schwartz, Leonard (1998). ''Post-modern Moscow Poetry''. New York: Poetry Project Newsletter.</ref>

The members of Lianozovo Group formed in 1958 and named after the small village [[Lianozovo District|Lianozovo]] outside Moscow, were its leader, the artist and poet {{Interlanguage link|Evgenii Kropivnitsky|ru|3=Кропивницкий, Евгений Леонидович}}, the artists {{Interlanguage link|Olga Potapova|ru|3=Потапова, Ольга Ананьевна}}, [[Oscar Rabin (artist)|Oscar Rabin]], [[Lidiya Masterkova|Lidia Masterkova]], [[Vladimir Nemukhin]], Nikolai Vechtomov, and the poets [[Igor Kholin]], Vsevolod Nekrasov, and [[Genrikh Sapgir]].<ref>{{cite book |surname=Tupitsyn |given=Victor |title=The Museological Unconscious: Communal (post)modernism in Russia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tW0YoozNo8C&q=shared%2520search%2520for%2520a%2520new%2520sociocultural%2520identity%2520lianozovo&pg=PA35 |page=35 |year=2009 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-20173-5}}</ref>

The [[Metarealism|Metarealists]], namely metaphysical realists, in the 1970s–90s unofficial postmodern Soviet and Russian poetry, who all used complex metaphors which they called meta-metaphors. Their representatives are Konstantin Kedrov, Elena Katsyuba, [[Elena Shvarts]], Ivan Zhdanov, Vladimir Aristov, Aleksandr Yeryomenko, [[Yuri Arabov]], and [[Alexei Parshchikov]].{{sfn|Epstein|Genis|Vladiv-Glover|2016|pp=169–176|loc=[http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/e.pm.concept.metareal.html Theses on Metarealism and Conceptualism]}}{{sfn|Kahn|Lipovetsky|Reyfman|Sandler|2018|pp=639–41}}

==Members==
; Literature
{{columns-list|
* [[Yuri Arabov]] (1954–2023)
* [[Andrei Bitov]] (1937–2018)
* [[Sergei Dovlatov]] (1941–1990)
* [[Arkadii Dragomoshchenko]] (1946–2012)<ref>{{cite journal |surname = Watten |given = Barrett |authorlink = Barrett Watten |title = Post-Soviet subjectivity in Arkadii Dragomoshchenko and Ilya Kabakov |journal = [[Postmodern Culture]] |volume = 3 |issue = 2 |url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri= |pages = |date = January 1993 |doi=10.1353/pmc.1993.0018 |s2cid = 144239001|url-access = subscription }}
</ref>
* [[Mikhail Elizarov]] (b. 1973)
* [[Dmitry Glukhovsky]] (b. 1979)
* [[Igor Kholin]] (1920–1999)
* [[Eduard Limonov]] (1943–2020)
* [[Vladimir Nabokov]] (1899–1977) 
* [[Alexei Parshchikov]] (1954–2009)
* [[Alexander Prokhanov]] (b. 1938)
* [[Victor Pelevin]] (b. 1962)
* [[Lyudmila Petrushevskaya]] (b. 1938)
* [[Valery Popov (writer)|Valery Popov]] (b. 1939)
* [[Yevgeni Anatolyevich Popov|Yevgeni Popov]] (b. 1946)
* [[Dmitri Prigov|Dmitry Prigov]] (1940–2007)
* [[Lev Rubinstein]] (1947–2024)
* [[Nina Sadur]] (1950–2023)
* [[Genrikh Sapgir]] (1928–1999)
* [[Vladimir Sharov]] (1952–2018)
* [[Elena Shvarts]] (1949–2010)
* [[Sasha Sokolov]] (b. 1943)
* [[Vladimir Sorokin]] (b. 1955)
* [[Tatyana Tolstaya]] (b. 1951)
* [[Venedikt Yerofeyev]] (1938–1990)
* [[Viktor Yerofeyev]] (b. 1947)
}}

==See also==
* [[History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)]]
* [[History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)]]
* [[History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)]]
* [[History of post-Soviet Russia]]
* [[Mark Lipovetsky]]
* [[Modernism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[Russian literature]]
* [[Socialist realism]]
* [[Soviet nonconformist art]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.emory.edu/INTELNET/af.rus.postmodernism.html The Origins and Meaning of Russian Postmodernism], [[Mikhail Epstein]]
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1365 Russian Postmodernism] at [http://www.litencyc.com/ Literary Encyclopedia]

[[Category:Postmodern art]]

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