View source for Rusyn language

{{Short description|East Slavic language}}
{{Distinguish|Pannonian Rusyn|Ruthenian language|Russian language}}
{{Redirect|Carpathian Rusyn|the people|Rusyns}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Rusyn
| nativename       = {{lang|rue|русиньскый язык; руски язик}}<br>{{Transliteration|rue|rusîn'skyj jazyk; ruski jazik}}
| ethnicity        = [[Rusyns]]
| minority         = {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<br>{{flag|Croatia}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<br>{{flag|Czech Republic}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<br>{{flag|Hungary}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|access-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm|archive-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><br/>{{flag|Poland}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mniejszosci.narodowe.mac.gov.pl/download/86/13148/I_RAPORT__Europejska_karta_jezykow_regionalnych_lub_mniejszosciowych.pdf |title= I Raport dla Sekretarza Rady Europy z realizacji przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską postanowień ''Europejskiej karty języków regionalnych lub mniejszościowych'' |access-date=28 April 2019|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701233021/http://mniejszosci.narodowe.mac.gov.pl/download/86/13148/I_RAPORT__Europejska_karta_jezykow_regionalnych_lub_mniejszosciowych.pdf|archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref><br>{{flag|Romania}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<br/>{{flag|Slovakia}}{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}
| speakers         = {{sigfig|70,190|1}}
| date             = 2001–2013
| ref              = e25
| speakers2        = [[Slovakia]] – 38,679<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of population by mother tongue in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021 |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/en/population/basic-results/ |publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121225840/https://www.scitanie.sk/en/population/basic-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Serbia]] – 15,626<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf |title=Final results of the census 2002 |author=Republic of Serbia, Republic Statistical Office |date=24 December 2002 |access-date=16 December 2010 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111312/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br>[[Poland]] – 10,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf|title=Home|publisher=Central Statistical Office of Poland|access-date=22 March 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116214520/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br>[[Ukraine]] – 6,725<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?data1=1&box=5.5W&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&botton=cens_db|title=About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data|author=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|access-date=16 December 2010|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302164007/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?data1=1&box=5.5W&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&botton=cens_db|archive-date=2 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br>[[Croatia]] – 2,337<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |title=Republic of Croatia – Central Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Crostat |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527005051/http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Hungary]] – 1,113<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_8.html |title=1.28 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1900–2001 |year=2001 |publisher=Hungarian Central Statistical Office |access-date=28 February 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120132544/http://www.nepszamlalas2001.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_8.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Czech Republic]] – 777<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30629&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |title=Obyvatelstvo podle věku, mateřského jazyka a pohlaví |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004729/http://vdb.czso.cz/sldbvo/#!stranka=podle-tematu&tu=30629&th=&v=&vo=H4sIAAAAAAAAAFvzloG1uIhBMCuxLFGvtCQzR88jsTjDN7GAlf3WwcNiCReZGZjcGLhy8hNT3BKTS_KLPBk4SzKKUosz8nNSKgrsHRhAgKecA0gKADF3CQNnaLBrUIBjkKNvcSFDHQMDhhqGCqCiYA__cLCiEgZGvxIGdg9_Fz__EMeCEgY2b38XZ89gIIvLxTHEP8wx2NEFJM4ZHOIY5u_t7-MJ1OIP5IdEBkT5OwU5RgH5IUB9fo4ePq4uEPNYw1yDolzhPstJzEvX88wrSU1PLRJ6tGDJ98Z2CyYGRk8G1rLEnNLUiiIGAYQ6v9LcpNSitjVTZbmnPOhmArq34D8QlDDwAG10C_KFWcoe4ugU6uPtWMLA4eni6hcSEAZ0FYe_k3OQmaGJUwUA4lOtR1sBAAA.&vseuzemi=null&void= |url-status=live }}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
| fam3             = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
| fam4             = [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]]
| ancestor4        = [[Old East Slavic language|Old East Slavic]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biggam |first1=Carole P. |title=A Cultural History of Color in the Medieval Age |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |location=London |isbn=9781350193499 |pages=124}}</ref>
| ancestor5        = [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]
| dia1             = [[Lemko dialect|Lemko]]{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=vii}}
| dia2             = Prešov{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=vii}}
| dia3             = [[Transcarpathian dialect|Subcarpathian]]{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=vii}}
| script           = [[Cyrillic script]] ([[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn alphabets]])<br>[[Latin script]] ([[Slovakia]])<ref>{{e21|rue|Rusyn}}</ref>
| nation           = {{flag|Serbia}} (in [[Vojvodina]]){{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN|title=The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia|publisher=Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs|access-date=2012-08-07|archive-date=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303072347/http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN|url-status=live}}</ref>
| iso3             = rue
| glotto           = rusy1239
| glottorefname    = Rusyn
| lingua           = 53-AAA-ec < [[East Slavic languages|53-AAA-e]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc)
| notice           = IPA
| map              = Idioma rusino.PNG
| map2             = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|Rusyn is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}}}
}}

'''Rusyn''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|uː|s|ᵻ|n}} {{respell|ROO|sin}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusyn |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/rusyn_n |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]}}</ref> {{langx|rue|label=Carpathian Rusyn|русиньскый язык|rusîn'skyj jazyk}}; {{langx|rue|label=[[Pannonian Rusyn]]|руски язик|ruski jazik}})<ref name="auto">http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |date=23 May 2018 }}, p. 8.</ref>{{sfn|Plishkova|2009|p=17, 37, 67}} is an [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] language spoken by [[Rusyns]] in parts of [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]], and written in the [[Cyrillic script]].{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=7}} The majority of speakers live in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]], which includes [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] and parts of eastern [[Slovakia]] and south-eastern [[Poland]].{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=3}} There is also a sizeable [[Pannonian Rusyn]] linguistic island in [[Vojvodina]], [[Serbia]],{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=3}} and a Rusyn [[diaspora]] worldwide.{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=267-281}}{{sfn|Kushko|2007|p=111-132}} Under the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]], it is recognized as a protected minority language by [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Poland]] (as Lemko), [[Serbia]], and [[Slovakia]].{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}

The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy.{{sfn|Moser|2016|p=124-139}} Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language<ref>Bernard Comrie, "Slavic Languages," ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'' (1992, Oxford, Vol 3), pp. 452–456.<br>Ethnologue, 16th edition</ref>{{update inline|reason=Possibly outdated considering current status of language in some of these countries.|date=December 2021}} (with its own [[ISO 639-3]] code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref>George Y. Shevelov, "Ukrainian," ''The Slavonic Languages'', ed. Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (1993, Routledge), pp. 947–998.</ref>{{update inline|reason=Possibly outdated considering current status of language in some of these countries.|date=December 2021}}
{{TOC limit|4}}

== Name ==
In the [[English language]], the term ''Rusyn'' is recognized officially by the [[ISO]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rue |title=ISO 639-3: 639 Identifier Documentation: Rusyn (rue) |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720003746/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rue |url-status=live }}</ref> Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from [[exonym]]s such as ''Ruthenian'' or ''Ruthene'' ({{IPAc-en|UK|r|ʊ|ˈ|θ|iː|n}} {{respell|RUUTH|een}}, {{IPAc-en|US|r|uː|ˈ|θ|iː|n}} {{respell|ROO|theen}}),<ref name="OED">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=9A039F62BD5C4C21D51DB48486D2C1DB?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F169178%3FredirectedFrom%3DRuthene|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|website=www.oed.com|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417200758/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=9A039F62BD5C4C21D51DB48486D2C1DB?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F169178%3FredirectedFrom%3DRuthene|url-status=live}}</ref> that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene.{{sfn|Renoff|Reynolds|1975|p=35, 51, 79–80}}

Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as {{langx|rue|label=none|руснацькый язык|rusnac'kyj jazyk|Rusnak language}},{{sfn|Plishkova|2009|p=17, 37, 67}}{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=3-5}} or simply referred to as speaking ''our way'' ({{langx|rue|label=[[Rusyn language#Carpathian Rusyn|Carpathian Rusyn]]|по-нашому|translit=po-nashomu}}).{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=2}}

== Classification ==
The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding the classification of [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and also in neighbouring regions of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]. From those questions, three main theories emerged:{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=276-281}}

* Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of the [[Russian language]]. 
* Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctive [[Ukrainian language]]. 
* A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language.

In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]] that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities, the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as ''[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]'' language ({{langx|de|ruthenische Sprache}}, {{langx|hu|Rutén nyelv}}), an archaic and [[exonym]]ic term that remained in use until 1918.{{sfn|Moser|2018|p=87-104}}

== Geographic distribution ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}

In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and the second is represented by [[Pannonian Rusyn]].{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=267-269, 275}}

'''Carpathian Rusyn''' is spoken in:
* the [[Zakarpattia Oblast]] of [[Ukraine]].
* northeastern regions of [[Slovakia]].
* southeastern regions of [[Poland]]. The variety of Rusyn spoken in Poland is generally known as ''[[Lemko dialect|Lemko language]]'' ({{lang|rue|лемківскій язык}}, {{small|romanized:}} {{Transliteration|rue|lemkivskij jazyk}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gavin Baptie (2011): Issues in Rusyn language standardisation, p. 8-9. |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>
* northeastern regions of [[Hungary]].
* northern regions of [[Romania]] (in [[Maramureș]]).

'''[[Pannonian Rusyn]]''' is spoken by the [[Pannonian Rusyns]] in the region of [[Vojvodina]] (in [[Serbia]]), and in a nearby region of [[Slavonia]] (in [[Croatia]]).

In addition to communities in Central and Eastern Europe, Rusyn speakers are found in [[diaspora]] settlements across [[North America]] (notably in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]), [[Western Europe]], and more recently in [[Australia]].<ref>Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 267–281.</ref><ref>Magocsi 2015, p. 222.</ref> In the United States, Carpatho-Rusyn has historically been maintained in religious and cultural institutions, although intergenerational transmission has declined.<ref>Magocsi 2015, p. 222.</ref> Estimates of diaspora speakers are difficult because most national censuses do not count Rusyn separately, often subsuming them under Ukrainian, Russian or Slovak categories.<ref>Pugh 2009, p. 7.</ref>

In Slovakia, where Rusyn is recognized as a minority language, the 2021 census recorded nearly 39,000 speakers,<ref>Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, 2021 census.</ref> although local activists argue that the actual number is higher due to underreporting.<ref>Plishkova 2009, p. 17.</ref> In Serbia’s province of [[Vojvodina]], Pannonian Rusyn has co-official status, with around 15,600 speakers according to the [[2002 Serbian Census|2002 census]].<ref>Republic Statistical Office of Serbia, 2002 census.</ref> Poland records approximately 10,000 Lemko Rusyn speakers,<ref>Central Statistical Office of Poland.</ref> while in Ukraine the 2001 census listed only 6,725 speakers, reflecting the state’s policy of treating Rusyn as a dialect of Ukrainian rather than a distinct language.<ref>State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001 census.</ref><ref>Magocsi & Pop 2005, p. 276–281.</ref>

== Varieties ==

=== {{anchor|Carpathian Rusyn}}Carpathian Rusyn varieties ===
{{see also|Transcarpathian dialect}}
The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Transcarpathia]] and follows the [[Carpathian Mountains]] westward into [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|South-Eastern Poland]] and [[Prešov Region|Eastern Slovakia]], forming an area referred to as [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]. As with any language, all three major [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Rusyn vary with respect to [[phonology]], [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[Syntax (linguistics)|syntax]], and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The [[Dialect continuum|continuum]] of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as [[Lemko dialect|Lemko]] and [[Boyko dialect|Bojko]], and is also generally accepted to end at or with the [[Hutsul dialect|Hutsul]] variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant ... better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] languages, it has also acquired a number of [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=3-4}}

==== Literary languages ====
Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn [[Literary language|literary varieties]] and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=4, 6}}

Some of these earlier grammars include those by {{ill|Dmytro Vyslotsky|rue|Дмитро Вислоцкый}} (''Karpatorusskij bukvar'''{{Efn|{{langx|rue|Карпаторусский букварь}}}}''),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vyslockyj |first1=Dmytryj |year=1931 |location=[[Cleveland]] |language=rue |script-title=ru:Карпаторусский букварь |trans-title=Karpatorusskij bukvar'}}</ref> Vanja Hunjanky'' (1931), [[Metodyj Trochanovskij]] ''(Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol'';{{Efn|{{langx|rue|Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ.}}}} 1935),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trochanovskij |first1=Metodyj |year=1935 |location=[[Lviv]] |language=rue |script-title=ru:Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. |trans-title=Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol. |author-link1=Metodyj Trochanovskij}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bogdan Horbal |year=2005 |editor1-last=Custer |editor1-first=Richard D. |title=The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos |url=http://www.lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society |location=[[Pittsburgh]] |issue=10th Anniversary 2004–2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104045502/http://lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 May 2010 |editor1-link=Richard D. Custer}}</ref> and {{ill|Ivan Haraida|rue|Іван Гарайда}} (1941).{{sfn|Kushko|2007|p=111-132}} Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic fervor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around [[Uzhhorod]], Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard.

{{notelist}}

==== Prešov Rusyn ====
In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taras Kuzio |year=2005 |title=The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction |url=http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism |volume=XXXII |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327140741/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 |access-date=2009-12-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia.

Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages of [[Osadné|Osadne]], [[Hostovice, Snina District|Hostovice]], [[Parihuzovce]], [[Čukalovce]], [[Pčoliné|Pcoline]], [[Pichne]], [[Nechválova Polianka|Nechvalova Polianka]], [[Zubné|Zubne]], [[Nižná Jablonka|Nizna Jablonka]], [[Vyšná Jablonka|Vysna Jablonka]], [[Svetlice]], and [[Zbojné|Zbojne]]). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.{{Sfn|Pugh|2009|p=7}}

Its orthography is largely based on [[Zhelekhivka]],{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet.

==== Lemko Rusyn ====
[[File:Oholoshennia.jpg|thumb|221x221px|An announcement at the Orthodox Church of St. Volodymyr in [[Lemkos|Lemko Rusyn]] language and [[Polish language|Polish]] in [[Krynica-Zdrój]], Poland ]]
In Poland, a standard [[Lemko language|Lemko Rusyn]] grammar and dictionary, {{langx|pl|label=none|Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego||Grammar of the Lemko Language}} ({{langx|rue|Ґраматыка лемківского языка|Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka}}), was published in 2000 by {{ill|Myroslava Khomiak|rue|Мирослава Хомяк}} and {{ill|Henryk Fontansky|rue|Генрик Фонтаньски}}, with a second edition issued in 2004.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=9}}<ref>http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf|date=23 May 2018}}, p. 52.</ref>

==== Subcarpathian Rusyn ====
In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's {{langx|rue|label=none|Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка|Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka}}, serves as the ''de facto'' literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.{{sfn|Magosci|p=87}}{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=10}}

===== Common usage =====
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}

Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or ''yat'''); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in [[Rusyn Wikipedia]] (although parts of the articles are written using other standards).

=== Pannonian Rusyn ===
{{Main|Pannonian Rusyn}}

Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In the [[ISO 639|ISO 639-9 identifier]] application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ {{Langx|sk|východoslovenský}}, {{Langx|rsk|виходнярски|lit=East Slovak|label=Pan. Rusyn}} ],{{Efn-lr|Original text: "Vchodnoslovensky [sic] (віходняски)"}} ... (the speeches of [[Trebišov District|Trebišov]] and [[Prešov District|Prešov]] [districts])."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dulichenko |first=Aleksander D. |date=2020-11-17 |title=SO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-005_rsk.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603072809/https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2021/2021-005_rsk.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-03 |website=SIL International}}</ref>

==== Literary language ====
The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=January 2022}}
{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 30%
| title = The Rusyn Language in History|One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity {{om|on the part of some outside body or bodies.}} A good example is Ukrainian itself {{om|, which fought for recognition (not to mention permission to be used and published) in the 19th century.}} It was not recognized by {{om|, for example, much of}} the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment {{om|for a very long time -}} leading to a continued perception {{om|on the part of many ordinary Russians (especially non-linguists)}} that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian {{om|Russian, or an uneducated 'peasant' language, and the like.}} Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars {{om|to look for the earliest features of what became 'Ukrainian', and therefore by association}} to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian {{om|(this question is examined for East Slavic as a whole in Pugh 1996).}} The desire to see the beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc.
| author = S. M. Pugh
| source = The Rusyn Language, 2009{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=4-5}}
}}

The ''{{ill|Niagovo Postilla|uk|Нягівські повчання}}'', dated to 1758, is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=5}}{{sfn|Rusinko|2003|p=5}}

By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion".{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=4-5}}

The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop of [[Mukachevo]], {{ill|Joseph Decamillis|uk|Йоан-Йосип де Камеліс}} (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the [[University of Trnava]] published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students.{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=84}}

Later, in 1767 [[Maria Theresa]]'s [[Urbarium]] was published throughout the [[Habsburg Empire]] in a variety of languages, including Rusyn.{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=99}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Urbarium of Maria Theresa in the languages of the South Slavic peoples of the Hungarian Kingdom |year=2004 |doi=10.1556/sslav.49.2004.1-2.7|last1=Udvari |first1=István |journal=Studia Slavica |volume=49 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–119 }}</ref>

Finally, under Bishop [[Andriy Bachynskyi]]'s tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the [[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo]], new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of the primer and catechism by {{ill|Ioann Kutka|rue|Йоанн Кутка}} were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from [[Church Slavonic]].{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=101}}

=== 19th century ===

By the 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, a grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic authored by {{ill|Mykhayl Luchkai|rue|Михаил Лучкай}}, ''Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena'', of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on the proper usage of either {{langx|la|label=none|lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis|translation=the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people}} in his ''Praefatio''), he ''did'' include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=5}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DANYLENKO |first1=ANDRII |title=Myxajlo Lučkaj — A Dissident Forerunner of Literary Rusyn? |journal=The Slavonic and East European Review |date=2009 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=201–226 |doi=10.1353/see.2009.0132 |jstor=40650354 |s2cid=152082970 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40650354 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112004054/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40650354 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1847, Greek Catholic priest [[Alexander Dukhnovych]] published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, ''Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh'' (A Reader for Beginners).{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=105}} Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the {{ill|Prešov Literary Society|rue|Пряшовскый литературный сполок}}, in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's ''Virtue is More Important than Riches'' (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled ''Greetings to the Rusyns''.{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|p=145}}

=== 20th century ===

After the [[dissolution of Austria-Hungary]] (1918), the newly proclaimed [[First Hungarian Republic|Hungarian Republic]] recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at the [[Budapest University]].{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=46, 521}}

[[File:Lemko, issue 209, year 1938, page 1.jpg|thumb|Lemko newspaper issued in [[Lviv]] (no 209), from year 1938, with typical Rusyn language features: separation of reflexive pronoun (ся) and words лем, што, котры, уж.]]
By the end of 1919, the region of [[Subcarpathian Ruthenia]] was appended to the newly formed [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak]] state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters.{{sfn|Csernicskó|Fedinec|2015|p=93–113}}

In March 1939, the region proclaimed independence under the name [[Carpatho-Ukraine]], but it was immediately [[Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II|occupied and annexed]] by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the [[Soviet Union]], and incorporated into the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]],{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=495-497}} which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies,{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=73}} using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions ([[Operation Vistula]]),{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=531-532}} and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school.

During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was [[Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|p=75}}

==== Post-Soviet developments ====
[[File:Vojvodina rusyn croatian czech map.png|thumb|200px|right|Official usage of [[Pannonian Rusyn]] in [[Vojvodina]], Serbia]]

After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, [[Serbia]] and [[Croatia]] continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN |title=Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina |publisher=Skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs |access-date=2012-08-07 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303072347/http://www.skupstinavojvodine.gov.rs/?s=aktAPV001&j=EN |url-status=live }}</ref>

Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the [[Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.<ref>{{cite news |author=Іван Гвать |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24433107.html |title=Україна в лещатах російських спецслужб |newspaper=Радіо Свобода |date=25 December 2011 |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |access-date=2012-08-07 |archive-date=5 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605001017/http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/24433107.html |url-status=live }}</ref> These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a [[minority language]] in [[Slovakia]], enjoying the status of an [[official language]] in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensiny.vlada.gov.sk/data/files/418.doc|title=Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín|last=Slovenskej Republiky|first=Národná Rada|year=1999|publisher=Zbierka zákonov|language=sk|access-date=2010-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011131038/http://www.mensiny.vlada.gov.sk/data/files/418.doc|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status = dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Contemporary status ===

Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize [[Rusyns]] as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014.{{sfn|Csernicskó|Fedinec|2016|p=560-582}}

Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (2011), [[Croatia]] (1997), [[Hungary]] (1998), [[Romania]] (2008), [[Poland]] (as Lemko, 2009), [[Serbia]] (2006), and [[Slovakia]] (2002).{{sfn|Council of Europe|2021}}

It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==== ISO 639-9 Identifiers ====
{{Transcluded section|part=y|source=Pannonian Rusyn#ISO 639-3 Identifier}}
The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) has assigned the [[ISO 639-3]] code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 639-3: 639 Identifier Documentation: Rusyn (rue) |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720003746/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rue |archive-date=20 July 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

{{trim|{{#section-h:Pannonian Rusyn|ISO 639-3 Identifier}} }}

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!<small>hard</small>
!<small>soft</small>
!<small>hard</small>
!<small>soft</small>
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|nʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʲ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|dʲ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡sʲ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|d͡z}}
| {{IPA link|d͡zʲ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|sʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| ({{IPA link|ʃʲ}})
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|zʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
| ({{IPA link|ʒʲ}})
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
| {{IPA link|rʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Approximant]]
!<small>[[Lateral approximant|lateral]]</small>
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|lʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Approximant consonant|central]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|w}}){{efn|group=b|The [{{IPA link|w}}] sound only exists within alteration of [{{IPA link|v}}]. However, in the [[Lemko language|Lemko variety]], the [{{IPA link|w}}] sound also represents the non-palatalized L, as is the case with the Polish [[ł]].}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
{{notelist|group=b}}

A soft consonant combination sound [{{IPA|ʃʲt͡ʃʲ}}] exists more among the northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [{{IPA|ʃʲʃʲ}}], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [{{IPA|ʃʲ}}].{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=476}}

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
|
| {{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

* {{IPAslink|ɪ}} and {{IPAslink|ɤ}} tend to be more towards centralized as {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}}, {{IPA|[ɤ̈]}}.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=24}}

== Grammar ==

=== Noun declension ===
{{Missing information|section|Lemko and Subcarpathian declension|date=January 2022}}
[[Declension]] in Rusyn is based on grammatical [[Grammatical number|number]], [[Grammatical gender|gender]], and [[Grammatical case|case]]. [[English plurals|Like English]], only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and [[plural]]. And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses a seven-case system of [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[locative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], and [[vocative]] cases.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=43-44}}

One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into [[animacy|animate and inanimate]] types. While there are no [[suffix]]es ''specific'' to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for ''animates'', the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=43-44}}

==== Grammatical cases ====

As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A ''very general'' summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=43-44}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Cases in Rusyn
|-
!scope="col"| Full name (Rusyn)
!scope="col"| Case
!scope="col"| ''General'' Usage
|-
| номінатів
!scope="row"|[[nominative case|nominative]]
| Subjects
|-
| акузатів
!scope="row"|[[accusative case|accusative]]
| Direct objects
|-
| ґенітів
!scope="row"|[[genitive case|genitive]]
| Possession or belonging (i.e. "of" or [[English possessive |English possessive suffix ''-'s'']])
|-
| датів
!scope="row"|[[dative case|dative]]
| Indirect objects (i.e. "to" or "for")
|-
| локал
!scope="row"|[[locative case|locative]]
| Concerning location. Only used with prepositions such as "in", "on", etc.
|-
| інштрументал
!scope="row"|[[instrumental case|instrumental]]
| Concerning "means by which".
|-
| вокатів
!scope="row"|[[vocative case|vocative]]
| Used to address another.
|}

Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English ''they/them/their/theirs''). Based on ''how'' they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types".
* '''Type I''': feminine nouns ending in '''-а'''/'''-я''' in the nominative singular
* '''Type II''':
** masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular
** neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or '''-o''' in the nominative singular
** neuters ending in '''-e''' or '''-а'''/'''-я''' in the nominative singular
* '''Type III''':
** feminine nouns ending in a ''paired consonant'' ('''-cons.+ь'''),{{efn-lr|name=pairing}} an ''unpaired [[palato-alveolar consonant]]'' ('''-ш''', '''-ч''', '''щ''', '''-ж''', or '''-дж'''),{{efn-lr|name=hushers|Pugh refers to these collectively as "hushers".}} or '''-ов''' in the nominative singular
** the feminine noun {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|мати|maty|mother}} 
* '''Type IV''': neuter nouns ending in '''-а'''/'''-я''' in the nominative singular

==== Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-я ====
This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in '''-а''' (hard) or '''-я''' ([[Palatalization (phonetics)#Slavic languages|soft]]) in the nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the ''archetypal'' feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm.

It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as {{langx|rue|label=none|сирота|orphan}}. In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is ''maintained''.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=43-49}}
{|class=wikitable
|+Feminine Nouns Ending in -а/-я in the Nominative Singular{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=43-49}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Archetypal Feminine
!colspan="2"|Common/Two-Fold Gender
|-
! Hard !!Soft !! Hard !! Soft
|-
!rowspan="7"|Sg.
!Nominative
|школ'''а''' || земл'''я'''|| старост'''а''' || судц'''я'''
|-
!Accusative
|школ'''у'''
| земл'''ю''' || старост'''у''' || судц'''ю'''
|-
!Genitive
| школ'''ы''' || земл'''ї''' || старост'''ы''' || судц'''ї'''
|-
!Dative
| школ'''ї''' || земл'''ї''' || старост'''ови''' || судц'''ёви'''
|-
!Locative
|школ'''ї''' || земл'''и''' || старост'''ови''' || судц'''ёви'''
|-
!Instrumental
|школ'''ов'''{{efn|name=dec1n1<!--declension 1, note 1-->|'''-ов''' is pronounced as in English ''owe''.}} ||земл'''ёв'''{{efn|name=dec1n1}} ||старост'''ов''' <br /> старост'''ом''' || судц'''ём'''
|-
!Vocative
|школ'''о''' ||земл'''ё''' || старост'''о''' || судц'''ё'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="6"|Pl.
!Nominative
|школ'''ы''' ||земл'''ї''' ||старост'''ове''' <br/> старост'''ы''' ||судц'''ёве''' <br/> судц'''ї'''
|-
!Accusative
|школ'''ы'''||земл'''ї'''||старост'''ів'''||судц'''їв'''
|-
!Genitive
|школ || земль || старост <br/> старост'''ів'''|| судц'''їв'''
|-
!Dative
|школ'''ам''' || земл'''ям''' || старост'''ам''' <br/> старост'''ім''' || судц'''ям''' <br/> судц'''їм'''
|-
!Locative
|школ'''ам''' || земл'''ях''' || старост'''ах''' <br/> старост'''ох''' || судц'''ях'''
|-
!Instrumental
|школ'''ами''' || земл'''ями''' || старост'''ами''' || судц'''ями'''
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|school || earth || elder || judge
|}

{{notelist}}

==== Declension type II: masculines and neuters ====
This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders, hard and soft stems, as well as animate and inanimate beings (for the masculine gender).{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=49-50}}

===== Masculines ending in consonants =====
This declension contains a large amount of identical forms ([[Syncretism (linguistics)|syncretism]]) between cases. Depending on the noun, the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6. For singular animate nouns, there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases, as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases. Similarly, singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=50}}
{|class=wikitable
|+Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative Singular{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=50}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Animate
!colspan="2"|Inanimate
|-
!|Hard
!|Soft
!|Hard
!|Soft
|-
!rowspan="7"|Sg.
!Nominative
|сын
|учітель
|rowspan="2"|стіл
|rowspan="2"|край
|-
!Accusative
|rowspan="2"|сын'''а'''
|rowspan="2"|учітел'''я'''
|-
!Genitive{{efn | group=a | For this declension, nouns may decline with either '''-u''' or '''-a'''. Use of one or the other depends on whether the concept or object is (''very generally'') abstract or tangible in nature. For instance, Pugh provides the following examples for the former: "anger, pain, reason, sugar, tea"; and the following for the latter: "table, nose, knife, et al."}}{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=50}}
|стол'''а'''
|кра'''ю'''
|-
!Dative
|rowspan="2"|сын'''ови'''
|rowspan="2"|учітел'''ёви'''
|стол'''у'''
|кра'''ю'''
|-
!Locative
|стол'''ї'''
|кра'''ю'''
|-
!Instrumental
|сын'''ом'''
|учітел'''ём'''
|стіл'''ом'''
|кра'''ём'''
|-
!Vocative
|сын'''у'''
|учітел'''ю'''
|стол'''е'''
|кра'''ю'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="6"|Pl.
!Nominative
|сын'''ове'''
|учітел'''ї'''
|стол'''ы'''
|кра'''ї'''
|-
!Accusative
|сын'''ів'''
|учітел'''їв'''
|стол'''ы'''
|кра'''ї'''
|-
!Genitive
|сын'''ів'''
|учітел'''їв'''
|стол'''ів'''
|кра'''їв'''
|-
!Dative
|сын'''ам''' <br/> сын'''ім'''
|учітел'''ям''' <br/> учітел'''їм'''
|стол'''ам''' <br/> стол'''ім'''
|кра'''ям''' <br/> кра'''їм'''
|-
!Locative
|сын'''ох''' <br/> сын'''ах'''
|учітел'''ях''' <br/> учітел'''ёх'''
|стол'''ох''' <br/> стол'''ах'''
|кра'''ях''' <br/> кра'''ёх'''
|-
!Instrumental
|сын'''ами'''
|учітел'''ями'''
|стол'''ами'''
|кра'''ями'''
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|son
|teacher
|table
|area, region
|}

{{notelist|group=a}}

===== Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я =====
The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in '''-o''' in the nominative case. Though there are some masculine nouns in this category, these nouns are predominantly neuter.
{|class=wikitable
|+Neuter or Masculine Nouns (with Hard Stems) Ending in -o in the Nominative Singular{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=53-54}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! rowspan="2" |Neuter
|-
!|Inanimate
!|Animate
|-
!rowspan="7"|Sg.
!Nominative
|домиск'''о'''
|дїд'''о'''
|сел'''о'''
|-
!Accusative
|домиск'''о'''
|дїд'''а'''{{efn|This follows the typical masculine animate paradigm where the genitive takes the place of the accusative.}}
|сел'''о'''
|-
!Genitive 
|домиск'''а'''
|дїд'''а'''
|сел'''а'''
|-
!Dative
|домиск'''у'''
|дїд'''ови'''
|сел'''у'''
|-
!Locative{{efn|For the locative case, there are three possible suffixes: '''-ovy''' for animates, '''-i''' for inanimates (either masculine or neuter), and '''-u''' for stems ending in velar or soft consonants.}}
|домиск'''у'''
|дїд'''ови'''
|сел'''ї'''
|-
!Instrumental
|домиск'''ом'''
|дїд'''ом'''
|сел'''ом'''
|-
!Vocative
|домиск'''о'''
|дїд'''у'''
|сел'''о'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="6"|Pl.
!Nominative
|домиск'''а'''
|дїд'''ове'''
|сел'''а'''
|-
!Accusative
|домиск'''а'''
|дїд'''ів'''
|сел'''а'''
|-
!Genitive
|домиск
|дїд'''ів'''
|сел
|-
!Dative
|домиск'''ам'''
|дїд'''ам'''
|сел'''ам'''
|-
!Locative
|домиск'''ах'''/
домиск'''ох'''
|дїд'''ах'''/
дїд'''ох'''
|сел'''ах'''
|-
!Instrumental
|домиск'''ами'''
|дїд'''ами'''
|сел'''ами'''
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|large house, building
|grandfather
|village
|}
{{notelist}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Neuter Nouns (with Soft Stems) Ending in -e and -а/-я in the Nominative Singular{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=54-55}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="2" |Soft in Nominative
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |Hard in Nominative{{efn|Over time, soft consonants before '''-e''' have hardened in Rusyn.}}
|-
!rowspan="6"|Sg.
! Nominative
| услові'''є''' || значін'''я'''{{efn|This suffix changed over time from '''-e''' to '''-a'''.}} || пол'''е''' || сердц'''е'''
|-
! Accusative
| услові'''є''' || значін'''я''' || пол'''е''' || сердц'''е'''
|-
! Genitive
| услові'''я''' || значін'''я''' || пол'''я''' || сердц'''я'''
|-
! Dative
| услові'''ю''' || значін'''ю''' || пол'''ю''' || сердц'''ю'''
|-
! Locative
| услові'''ю'''<br> услові'''ї''' || значін'''ю'''<br> значін'''ї''' || пол'''ю'''<br> пол'''ї''' || сердц'''ю'''<br> сердц'''ї'''
|-
! Instrumental
| услові'''ём''' || значін'''ём''' || пол'''ём''' || сердц'''ём'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
! rowspan="6"|Pl.
! Nominative
| услові'''я''' || значін'''я''' || пол'''я''' || сердц'''я'''
|-
! Accusative
| услові'''я''' || значін'''я''' || пол'''я''' || сердц'''я'''
|-
! Genitive
| условій || значінь || поль || сердець<br> сердць
|-
! Dative
| услові'''ям''' || значін'''ям''' || пол'''ям''' || сердц'''ям'''
|-
! Locative
| услові'''ях''' || значін'''ях''' || пол'''ях''' || сердц'''ях'''
|-
! Instrumental
| услові'''ями''' || значін'''ями''' || пол'''ями''' || сердц'''ями'''
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|condition
|meaning
|field
|heart
|}
{{notelist}}

==== Declension type III: other feminines ====
All nouns in this type are feminine. The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case: a ''paired consonant'' ('''-cons.+ь'''),{{efn-lr|name=pairing|The terms "paired" and "unpaired" refer to a consonant's use with the ''soft sign'', the letter '''ь'''. Consonants that can be palatalized with the soft sign are referred to as "paired consonants", as in the case of '''н/нь'''. Others that are inherently hard or soft and never appear with '''ь''' are referred to as "unpaired consonants", as in the cases of the letters '''к''' or '''ч'''.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=33}}}} an ''unpaired [[palato-alveolar consonant]]'' ('''-ш''', '''-ч''', '''щ''', '''-ж''', or '''-дж'''),{{efn-lr|name=hushers}} or the suffix '''-ов'''. Additionally, the noun {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|мати|maty|mother}} is also part of this type.
{|class=wikitable
|+Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and 'Mati'{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=57-59}}
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | !! Paired Cons.!! colspan="2" | Palato-Alveolar Cons. !! -ов !! мати
|-
!rowspan="6"|Sg.
! Nominative
| тїнь || ніч || мыш || церков || мати/ матїрь
|-
! Accusative
| тїнь || ніч || мыш || церков || матїрь
|-
! Genitive
| тїн'''и''' || ноч'''і''' || мыш'''ы''' || церкв'''и''' || матер'''и'''
|-
! Dative
| тїн'''и''' || ноч'''і''' || мыш'''і''' || церкв'''и''' || матер'''и'''
|-
! Locative
| тїн'''и''' || ноч'''і''' || мыш'''і''' || церкв'''и''' || матер'''и'''
|-
! Instrumental{{efn|The declension for all feminine nouns in the instrumental case is the same ('''-ов''') across all declension types.}}
| тїн'''ёв''' || ноч'''ов''' || мыш'''ов''' || церков'''лёв''' || матїр'''ёв'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
! rowspan="6"|Pl.
! Nominative
| тїн'''и''' || ноч'''і''' || мыш'''ы''' || церкв'''и''' || матер'''и'''
|-
! Accusative
| тїн'''и''' || ноч'''і''' || мыш'''ы''' || церкв'''и''' || матер'''и'''
|-
! Genitive
| тїн'''ей''' || ноч'''ей''' || мыш'''ей''' || церкв'''ей''' || матер'''ей'''
|-
! Dative
| тїн'''ям''' || ноч'''ам''' || мыш'''ам''' || церкв'''ам''' || матер'''ям'''
|-
! Locative
| тїн'''ях''' || ноч'''ах''' || мыш'''ах''' || церкв'''ах''' || матер'''ях'''
|-
! Instrumental
| тїн'''ями''' || ноч'''ами''' || мыш'''ами''' || церкв'''ами''' || матер'''ями'''
|-
! colspan="2" | English
| shadow || night || mouse || church || mother
|}
{{notelist}}

==== Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-я ====
This declension paradigm is used very rarely. It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns. This paradigm can be identified by the '''-a''' suffix in the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the appearance of the [[affix]] '''-t-''' between the stem and suffix in other cases. There is ''no variation'' in this paradigm: all nouns decline in an identical manner.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=60}}

Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans. However, this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns which ''historically'' declined differently (e.g. {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|вымя|vŷmja|udder}} and {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|горня|hornja|cup, mug}}), now decline according to this paradigm instead.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=60}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Neuter Nouns Ending in '''-a''' and '''-я'''{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=60-61}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
|-
!rowspan="6"|Sg.
! Nominative
| гуся || гача || вымя/ вымня
|-
! Accusative
| гуся || гача || вымя/ вымня
|-
! Genitive
| гуся'''ти''' || гача'''ти''' || вымя'''ти'''/ вымня'''ти'''
|-
! Dative
| гуся'''ти''' || гача'''ти''' || вымя'''ти'''/ вымня'''ти'''
|-
! Locative
| гуся'''ти''' || гача'''ти''' || вымя'''ти'''/ вымня'''ти'''
|-
! Instrumental
| гуся'''тём''' || гача'''тём''' || вымя'''тём'''/ вымня'''тём'''
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
! rowspan="6"|Pl.
! Nominative
| гуся'''та''' || гача'''та''' || вымя'''та'''/ вымня'''та'''
|-
! Accusative
| гуся'''та''' || гача'''та''' || вымя'''та'''/ вымня'''та'''
|-
! Genitive
| гуся'''та''' || гача'''та''' || вымя'''та'''/ вымня'''та'''
|-
! Dative
| гуся'''там''' || гача'''там''' || вымя'''там'''/ вымня'''там'''
|-
! Locative
| гуся'''тах''' || гача'''тах''' || вымя'''тах'''/ вымня'''тах'''
|-
! Instrumental
| гуся'''тами''' || гача'''тами''' || вымя'''тами'''/ вымня'''тами'''
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| gosling || colt, foal || udder
|}
{{notelist}}

=== Verbal conjugation ===
{{Missing information|section|Lemko and Subcarpathian conjugation|date=January 2022}}
Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the [[Marker (linguistics)|"stem-marker"]] that appears during conjugation. The [[infinitive]] verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is no ''general'' system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e. '''-ути''', '''-овати''', '''-нути''', etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=110}}

==== Conjugation type I ====
'''Type I''' may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are the ''vowel+j'' stem-markers: '''-uj-''', '''-ij-''', '''-yj-''', etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant, '''-j-''', is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g. ''бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty''.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111}}

===== UJ stem markers =====
The '''-uj-''' set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers '''-ova-''' or '''-uj-''' in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111}}
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -UJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=111-113}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|-OVA-
!colspan="1"|-UTY
|-
!|Hard !! Soft !! Hard 
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| бісїд'''ова́'''ти || оно́вл'''ёва'''ти || ч'''ути''' 
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| бісїду́ю || оно́влюю || чу́ю 
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бісїду́єш || оно́влюєш || чу́єш 
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бісїду́є || оно́влює || чу́є 
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бісїду́єме || оно́влюєме || чу́єме 
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бісїду́єте || оно́влюєте || чу́єте 
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| бісїду́ють || оно́влюють || чу́ють 
|-
!colspan="2"|English
|to speak
|to renew
|to hear
|}

===== IJ stem markers =====

Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e. {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|зеленый|zelenŷj|green}} → {{langx|rue|label=none|translit-std=BGN/PCGN|зеленї́ти|zelenjity|to (turn) green}}. In the infinitive, these verbs are ''identical'' to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=114}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -IJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=114}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| зеленї́ти || молодїти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| зеленї́ю || молодїю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| зеленї́єш || молодїєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| зеленї́є || молодїє
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| зеленї́єме || молодїєме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| зеленї́єте || молодїєте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| зеленї́ють || молодїють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to turn green
| to grow young
|}

===== YJ stem markers =====

There are very few verbs in this category, but the members that do belong to it, tend to be commonly used.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -YJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| ви́ти || пи́ти{{efn | There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb пити. The first is the codified variant; the second variant is found regularly in common speech.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115}}}}
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| ви́ю || пи́ю, пю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| ви́єш || пи́єш, пєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| ви́є || пи́є, пє
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| ви́єме || пи́єме, пємє́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| виєте || пи́єте, пєтє́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| виють || пи́ють, пють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to wind
| to drink
|}
{{notelist}}

===== ЫJ stem markers =====

This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115-116}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -ЫJ- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=115-116}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| кры́ти || шы́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| кры́ю || шы́ю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| кры́єш || шы́єш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| кры́є || шы́є
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| кры́єме || шы́єме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| кры́єте || шы́єте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| кры́ють || шы́ють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to cover
| to sew
|}

===== AJ stem markers =====
The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic.

In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect.

In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=118-120}}

====== A(J) stem markers ======

While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=116-118}}

This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=117}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -A(J)- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=116-118}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2"|-ATY
!colspan="1"|-ЫVA-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| чі́т'''а́ти''' || м'''а́ти''' || одкр'''ыва́'''ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| чі́там  || мам  || одкры́вам
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| чі́таш  || маш  || одкры́ваш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| чі́тать || мать || одкры́вать
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| чіта́ме  || ма́ме  || одкрыва́ме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| чіта́те  || ма́те  || одкрыва́те
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| чіта́ють || ма́ють || одкрыва́ють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to read
| to have
| to discover
|}

===== AVA stem markers =====

This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=120}}

{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -AVA- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=120}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
! -AVA- !! -AJ- !! -AVA- !! -AJ-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="2" | дава́ти || colspan="2" | узнава́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| да́вам || даю́ || узна́вам || узнаю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| даваш || даєш || узнаваш || узнаєш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| давать || дає || узнавать || узнає
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| даваме || даме || узнаваме || узнаме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| давате || дате || узнавате || узнате
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| давають || дають || узнавають || узнають
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| colspan="2" | to give || colspan="2" | 
|}

===== A stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -A- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=122}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| писа́ти || указа́ти || скака́ти || посла́ти || насы́пати
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| пи́шу   || ука́жу   || ска́чу   || по́шлю   || насы́плю
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| пи́шеш  || ука́жеш  || ска́чеш  || по́шлеш  || насы́плеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| пи́ше   || ука́же   || ска́че   || по́шле   || насы́пле
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| пи́шеме || ука́жеме || ска́чеме || по́шлеме || насы́племе
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| пи́шете || ука́жете || ска́чете || по́шлете || насы́плете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| пи́шуть || ука́жуть || ска́чуть || по́шлють || насы́плють
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to write
| to show
| to hop or jump
| to send
| to strew
|}

===== NU stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with -NU- Stem Marker{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=123}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| верну́ти || привы́кнути
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| ве́рну  || привы́кну
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| ве́рнеш || привы́кнеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| ве́рне  || привы́кне
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| ве́рнеме || привы́кнеме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| ве́рнете || привы́кнете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| ве́рнуть || привы́кнуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to return || to become accustomed to
|}

===== Non-syllabic stem markers =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs with Non-Syllabic Stem Markers{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=124-126}}
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2" | CCV-ty > CVC- || CCV-ty > CVCC- || colspan="2" | CV-ty > CC- || CVC-ty > CC- || CCV-ty > CC-
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| colspan="1" | бра́ти || взяти́ || жа́ти || зачати́ || вы́няти || де́рти || рва́ти 
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| беру́  || во́зьму  || жну  || за́чну  || вы́йму || дру || рву
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бере́ш || во́зьмеш || жнеш || за́чнеш || вы́ймеш || дреш || рвеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бере́  || во́зьме  || жне  || за́чне  || вы́йме || дре || рве
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бере́ме || во́зьмем  || жнеме́ || за́чнеме || вы́ймеме || дреме́ || рвеме́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бере́те || во́зьмете || жнете́ || за́чнете || вы́ймете || дрете́ || рвете́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| беру́ть || во́зьмуть || жнуть || за́чнуть || вы́ймуть || друть || рвуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to take || to take || to reap || to begin || to draw or pull out || to thrash or whip || to tear 
|}

===== Consonant stems =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in Consonants{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=125-129}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| не́сти || ве́сти || течі́ || мочі́ || іти́ || лячі́
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| не́су  || ве́ду  || течу́  || мо́жу  || іду́  || ля́жу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| не́сеш || ве́деш || тече́ш || мо́жеш || іде́ш || ля́жеш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| не́се  || ве́де  || тече́  || мо́же  || іде́  || ля́же
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| не́семе || ве́деме || течеме́ || мо́жеме || ідеме́ || ля́жеме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| не́сете || ве́дете || течете́ || мо́жете || ідете́ || ля́жете
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| не́суть || ве́дуть || течу́ть || мо́жуть || іду́ть || ля́жуть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to carry || to lead || to flow || to be able || to go || to lie down
|}

==== Conjugation type II ====

===== Y-type I =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Y(1) Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=129}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| говори́ти || пили́ти || глушы́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| гово́рю   || пи́лю   || глу́шу 
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| гово́риш  || пи́лиш  || глу́шыш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| гово́рить || пи́лить || глу́шыть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| гово́риме || пилиме́ || глу́шыме <!-- in the book it is "глушым" but that seems to be a typo because in the next sentence after the table it is written "Cf. also [...], грі́шыме, which conjugate in the exact same way." -->
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| гово́рите || пилите́ || глу́шыте
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| гово́рять || пиля́ть || глу́шать
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to say or speak || to saw (wood) || to muffle, stifle or make quiet
|}

===== Y-type II =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Y(2) Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=133-134}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| вози́ти || гаси́ти || гати́ти || пусти́ти || ходи́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| во́жу   || га́шу   || га́чу   || пу́щу    || хо́джу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| во́зиш  || га́сиш  || га́тиш  || пу́стиш  || хо́диш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| во́зить || га́сить || га́тить || пу́стить || хо́дить
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| во́зиме || га́симе || га́тиме || пу́стиме || хо́диме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| во́зите || га́сите || га́тите || пу́стите || хо́дите
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| во́зять || га́тять || га́тять || пу́стять || хо́дять
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to take by vehicle || to put out or extinguish || to erect a dam or barrier || to admit or allow in || to go or walk
|}

===== I-type =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of І-Type Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=132=133}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| трубі́ти || шелесті́ти || вертї́ти || летї́ти || свистї́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| трублю́  || шелещу́    || верчу   || лечу́   || сви́щу
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| труби́ш  || шелести́ш  || вертиш  || лети́ш  || сви́стиш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| труби́ть || шелести́ть || вертить || лети́ть || сви́стить
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)8
| трубиме́ || шелестиме́ || вертиме || летиме́ || свистиме́ 
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| трубите́ || шелестите́ || вертите || летите́ || свистите́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| трубля́ть|| шелестя́ть || вертять || летя́ть || свистя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to trumpet || to rustle || to drill or turn || to fly || to whistle
|}

===== Palato-alveolar stems =====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of 'Palato-Alveolar'-А Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=133}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| бурча́ти || вереща́ти || лежа́ти || крича́ти || боя́ти ся || стоя́ти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| бурчу́   || вере́щу   || лежу́   || кричу́   || бою́ ся   || стою́
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| бурчі́ш  || вере́щіш  || лежы́ш  || кричі́ш  || бої́ш ся  || стої́ш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| бурчі́ть || вере́щіть || лежы́ть || кричі́ть || бої́ть ся || стої́ть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| бурчі́ме || вере́щіме || лежыме́ || кричіме́ || боїме́ ся || стої́ме
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| бурчі́те || вере́щіте || лежыте́ || кричіте́ || боїте́ ся || стої́те
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| бурча́ть || вере́щать || лежа́ть || крича́ть || боя́ть ся || стоя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to mutter || to screech or squeal || to lie on something || to scream || to fear
|to stand
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====
{|class=wikitable
|+Conjugation of Irregular Verbs{{sfn|Pugh|2009|p=135}}
|-
!colspan="2" | Infinitive
| ї́сти || дати́ || бы́ти || пові́сти
|-
!rowspan="3"|Sg.
!1st Person (I)
| їм || дам || єм || пові́м
|-
!2nd Person (you)
| їш || даш || єсь || пові́ш
|-
!3rd Person (he, she, it)
| їсть || дасть || є || пові́сть
|- <!--------- PLURAL ------------>
!rowspan="3"|Pl.
!1st Person (we)
| їме́ || даме́ || сьме || повіме́
|-
!2nd Person (you all)
| їсте́ || дате́, дасте́ || сьте || повісте́
|-
!3rd Person (they)
| їдя́ть || даду́ть || суть || повідя́ть
|-
!colspan="2"|English
| to eat || to give || to be || to tell
|}

== {{anchor|Alphabet}} Orthography ==

Each of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] alphabet. The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the [[Prešov]] Standard, with notes on other varieties. The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties, [[Lemko Region|Lemko]] Rusyn and [[Zakarpattia Oblast|Subcarpathian]] Rusyn, differ from the Prešov Standard in lacking [[ё]] and [[ї]]. For the [[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian Rusyn]] alphabet, see {{section link|Pannonian Rusyn language|Alphabet}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

[[Romanization]] (transliteration) is given according to [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rusyn / Carpatho-Rusyn (ALA-LC Romanization Tables)|url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/rusyn.pdf|access-date=2010-10-10|website=The Library of Congress|archive-date=23 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823205714/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/rusyn.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> BGN/PCGN,<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 2017|title=Romanization of Rusyn: BGN/PCGN 2016 System|url=https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20RUSYN.pdf|access-date=2020-10-10|website=NGA GEOnet Names Server|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026045117/https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20RUSYN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> generic European,{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} ISO/R9 1968 (IDS),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2001|title=IDS G: Transliterationstabellen 4. Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete|url=https://www.informationsverbund.ch/fileadmin/shared/kids/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf|access-date=2020-10-15|website=Informationsverbund Deutchschweiz (IDS)|edition=Version 15.10.01|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301180846/https://www.informationsverbund.ch/fileadmin/shared/kids/kids_deutsch/kapg4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[ISO 9]].

{|class="wikitable" 
|+ Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets<ref>{{Cite thesis |url=http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |author=Gavin Baptie |degree=MPhil|title=Issues In Rusyn Language Standardisation |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095552/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf |url-status=live |year=2011|institution=University of Glasgow}}</ref>

<!-- First Heading Row -->
    !rowspan="2"|Capital !!rowspan="2"| Small !!rowspan="2"| Name !!colspan="5"| Romanization !!rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]
    |-
    <!-- Second Heading Row -->
    ! ALA   !! BGN  !! Euro !! IDS  !! ISO
    |-
    <!-- 
    CONTENT
    ! Cap   !! Small!! Name

    ! Romanizations ...                     !! Pronunciation 
    ! ALA   !! BGN  !! Euro !! IDS  !! ISO  !! ...
    -->
    | [[А]] || а    || a    
    | a     || a    || a    || a    || a    || {{IPAslink|a|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Б]] || б    || бы
    | b     || b    || b    || b    || b    || {{IPAslink|b|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[В]] || в    || вы
    | v     || v    || v    || v    || v    || {{IPAslink|v|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Г]] || г    || гы
    | h     || h    || h    || h    || ǧ    || {{IPAslink|ɦ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ґ]] || ґ    || ґы
    | g     || g    || g    || g    || g    || {{IPAslink|ɡ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Д]] || д    || ды
    | d     || d    || d    || d    || d    || {{IPAslink|d|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Е]] || е    || e
    | e     || e    || e    || e    || e    || {{IPAslink|ɛ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Є]] || є    || є
    | i͡e   || je   || je/'e    || je   || ê    || {{IPAslink|je, ʲe|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ё]] {{ref label|a|a|1}}{{ref label|b|b|1}}  || ё    || ё
    | ë     || jo   || jo/'o    || jo || ô    || {{IPAslink|jo, ʲo|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ж]] || ж    || жы
    | z͡h   || ž    || ž    || ž    || ž    || {{IPAslink|ʒ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[З]] || з    || зы
    | z     || z    || z    || z    || z    || {{IPAslink|z|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[І]] {{ref label|b|b|2}} || і    || i
    | i     || i    || i    || i    || ì    || {{IPAslink|i|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ї]] {{ref label|a|a|2}} || ї    || ї
    | ï     || ji   || ji/'i    || ï    || ï    || {{IPA|/ji, ʲi/}}
    |-
    | [[И]] {{ref label|c|c|1}} || и    || и
    | i/y   || y    || î    || i    || i    || {{IPAslink|ɪ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ы]] {{ref label|b|b|3}} || ы    || ы
    | ŷ     || y    || y    || y/ŷ  || y    || {{IPAslink|ɨ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Й]] || й    || йы
    | ĭ     || j    || j    || j    || j    || {{IPAslink|j|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[К]] || к    || кы
    | k     || k    || k    || k    || k    || {{IPAslink|k|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Л]] || л    || лы
    | l     || l    || l    || l    || l    || {{IPAslink|l|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[М]] || м    || мы
    | m     || m    || m    || m    || m    || {{IPAslink|m|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Н]] || н    || ны
    | n     || n    || n    || n    || n    || {{IPAslink|n|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[О]] {{ref label|d|d|1}}{{ref label|e|e|1}} || о    || o
    | o     || o    || o    || o    || o    || {{IPAslink|ɔ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[П]] || п    || пы
    | p     || p    || p    || p    || p    || {{IPAslink|p|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Р]] || р    || ры
    | r     || r    || r    || r    || r    || {{IPAslink|r|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[С]] || с    || сы
    | s     || s    || s    || s    || s    || {{IPAslink|s|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Т]] || т    || ты
    | t     || t    || t    || t    || t    || {{IPAslink|t|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[У]] {{ref label|d|d|2}}{{ref label|e|e|2}} || у    || у
    | u     || u    || u    || u    || u    || {{IPAslink|u|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ф]] || ф    || фы
    | f     || f    || f    || f    || f    || {{IPAslink|f|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Х]] || х    || хы
    | k͡h   || ch   || ch   || ch   || h    || {{IPAslink|x|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ц]] || ц    || цы
    | t͡s   || c    || c    || c    || c    || {{IPAslink|t͡s|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ч]] || ч    || чы
    | ch    || č    || č    || č    || č    || {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Ш]] || ш    || шы
    | s͡h    || š    || š    || š    || š    || {{IPAslink|ʃ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    | [[Щ]] || щ    || щы
    | shch  || šč   || šč   || šč   || ŝ    || {{IPA|/ʃt͡ʃ/}}
    |-
    | [[Ю]] || ю    || ю
    | і͡u   || ju   || ju/'u    || ju   || û    || {{IPA|/ju, ʲu/|}}
    |-
    | [[Я]] || я    || я
    | i͡a   || ja   || ja/'a    || ja   || â    || /{{IPA|ja, ʲa}}/
    |-
    | [[Ь]] {{ref label|f|f|1}} || ь    || мнягкый знак <br/> ({{langx|en|soft sign}}) <br/> or ірь
    | ′     || ’    || '    || ′    || ′    || {{IPAslink|ʲ|audio=yes}}
    |-
    |[[Ъ]] {{ref label|b|b|4}}{{ref label|g|g|1}}|| ъ   || твердый знак (ір)
    | ″     || ’    || "    || –    || ″    ||  
|}

=== Usage notes ===

{{ Ordered list 
| list_style_type=lower-alpha
| {{note label|a|a|1}}{{note label|a|a|2}} Not used in Lemko.
| {{note label|b|b|1}}{{note label|b|b|2}}{{note label|b|b|3}}{{note label|b|b|4}} Not used in Pannonian Rusyn.
| {{note label|c|c|1}} The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after з, like the Ukrainian alphabet.
According to ALA–LC romanization, it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise.
| {{note label|d|d|1}}{{note label|d|d|2}} In Ukraine, the letters [[о̄]] and [[ӯ]] are also used.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Кушницькый|first=Мигаль|date=May 27, 2020|title=Carpatho-Rusyn Phonetics ep3 – О/Ō {{!}} Карпаторусинська фонетика №3|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfc5AXqv7Ys&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=3|website=YouTube|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028092204/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfc5AXqv7Ys&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=3|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Кушницькый|first=Мигаль|date=May 1, 2020|title=Carpatho-Rusyn phonetics. Ep#2 – і, ї, ӯ {{!}} Карпаторусинська фонетика. Другый епізод|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO7dRV-cv90&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=2|website=YouTube|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO7dRV-cv90&list=PLWYGLRSUwpVGDYVP6P7VNuOv1CYsAFRee&index=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ruegrammatica|url=https://www.rueportal.eu/grammatica/grammar/azbuka/|website=rueportal.eu|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221713/https://www.rueportal.eu/grammatica/grammar/azbuka/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{note label|e|e|1}}{{note label|e|e|2}}  The letters [[о̂]] and [[ӱ]] are used formally.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ecolinguist|date=March 16, 2020|title=Carpatho Rusyn Language {{!}} Can Ukrainian speakers understand? {{!}} #1{{!}} feat. @myhal-k|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOzQFN5GBjA|website=Youtube}}</ref>
| {{note label|f|f|1}} "Soft Sign": marks the preceding consonant as palatalized (soft) 
| {{note label|g|g|1}} "Hard Sign": marks the preceding consonant as unpalatalized (hard).
| Until World War II, the letter [[Yat|ѣ]] (їть or ''yat''') was used, and was pronounced {{IPA|/ji, ʲi/}} or {{IPAslink|i|audio=yes}}.
}}

=== Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet ===

The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the [[Ukrainian alphabet]] plus [[ё]], [[ы]], and [[ъ]].

The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of [[ї]], plus ы and ъ.

The [[Pannonian Rusyn language#Writing system|Pannonian Rusyn alphabet]] has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except [[і]].

=== Alphabetical order ===

The Rusyn alphabets all place [[ь]] after [[я]], as the [[Ukrainian alphabet]] did until 1990. The vast majority of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabets]] place ь before [[э]] (if present), [[ю]], and я.

The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place [[ъ]] at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after [[щ]]. They also place [[ы]] before [[й]], while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after [[ш]], щ (if present), and ъ (if present).

In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, [[і]] and [[ї]] come before [[и]], and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the [[Pannonian Rusyn language#Writing system|Pannonian Rusyn alphabet]] (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї.

=== Comparision to other Slavic languages ===
Some differences between Rusyn and other Slavic languages written in Cyrillic script:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!English
!Rusyn
!Ukrainian
!Russian
!Serbian
|-
|what
|што
|що
|что
|шта
|-
|only
|лем
|тільки
|только
|само
|-
|very
|барз
|дуже
|очень
|веома
|-
|yet
|іщы
|ще
|еще
|још
|-
|except
|окрем
|окрім
|кроме
|осим
|-
|in order to
|жебы
|щоб
|чтобы
|да би
|-
|we could
|могли сме
|ми могли б
|мы могли бы
|могли бисмо
|}

== Sample text ==

{|class="wikitable" width="80%"
|+ <!-- Поређење текста на кодификованим варијантама русинског језика / Основне речи и изрази -->
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|
{{flagicon|POL}} '''Lemko Rusyn'''<br>
Того року одбыла ся уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитал староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомины давных часив, Габури, родини і традициі были не лем на стрічи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно-суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує».<br>
<br>
{{flagicon|SVK}} '''Prešov Rusyn'''<br>
Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющік. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.» <br>
<br>
{{flagicon|SRB}} '''Pannonian Rusyn'''<br>
Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує».<br>
<br>
{{flagicon|UKR}} '''Subcarpathian Rusyn'''<br>
Того года ся удбыла друга встріча габурськых родаку, котрых на селищному урядови в Габурови 8. юла 2006, на руднуй земли поздоровив староста села М. Ющік. Слова ид души, дякы ай гордости за поширіня доброї славы свойого села, поздоровліня довго невидженых родаку, нагадованя за давні часы, Габуры, родины ай традіцій мали місто не лем на встрічі родаку, айбо и на ціле двадньовному културно-сполочинському тай шпортовному сятови, котроє удбывало из имньом «Габура співат ай занимат ся шпортом»..<br>
<br>
{{flagicon|UKR}} '''Ukrainian'''<br>
Того року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, яких на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющік. Щирі слова подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави свого села, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомини давніх часів, Габури, родини та традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків, але й на дводенному культурно-суспільному та спортивному святі, яке відбувалося під назвою «Габура співає та займається спортом».<br>
<br>
{{flagicon|GBR}} '''English'''<br>
That year, the second meeting of fellow countrymen from Gabura took place, and the village headman M. Yushchik welcomed them to their native land at the Village Government in Gabura on July 8, 2006. Sincere words of gratitude and pride for spreading the good fame of their village, greetings from fellow countrymen who had not been seen for a long time, memories of old times, Gabura, family and traditions took place not only at the meeting of fellow countrymen, but also at a two-day cultural, social and sports festival, which was held under the title "Gabura sings and does sports."
|}

== See also ==
* [[Alexander Duchnovič's Theatre]]
* [[Eastern Slovak dialects]]
* [[Petro Trochanowski]], contemporary Rusyn poet
* [[Metodyj Trochanovskij]], Lemko Grammarian
* [[Iazychie]]
* Rusyn [https://www.lem.fm/minecraft-mozh-baviti-uzh-i-po-rusinsky/ was added] to [[Minecraft]]''[[Minecraft]]'' as an interface language option

=== Newspapers ===
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2017}}
* ''[[Amerikansky Russky Viestnik]]'' (defunct)
*''[[Besida]]'', a Lemko journal
*''[[Karpatska Rus']]''
* {{ill|Lem.fm|rue|Радіо Лем.фм}},<ref>{{Cite web|title=Хыжа {{!}} lem.fm – Радийо Руской Бурсы|url=http://lem.fm/|access-date=2018-06-03|website=lem.fm – Радийо Руской Бурсы|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519235820/http://www.lem.fm/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gorlice, Poland
* ''[[Lemko (Philadelphia)|Lemko]]'', Philadelphia, US (defunct)
* ''{{ill|Narodny Novynky|rue|Народны Новинкы}}''
* ''Podkarpatská Rus'' (Подкарпатська Русь)
* ''{{ill|Ruske Slovo|uk|Руске Слово (тижневик)}}'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Руске слово|url=https://www.ruskeslovo.com/|website=Руске слово|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226234517/https://www.ruskeslovo.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ruski Krstur, Serbia
*''Rusnatsi u Shvetse'' (Руснаци у Швеце)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rdsa.tripod.com/hlasnjik.htm/ |title=Rusnaci u svece |publisher=tripod.lycos.com |access-date=2017-03-07 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308134651/http://rdsa.tripod.com/hlasnjik.htm/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Rusynska besida'' (Русинська бесіда)

== Notes ==
<!-- Use for article-wide footnotes. Use with {{efn-lr}} (lowercase roman characters)-->
{{notelist-lr}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=rue}}
{{InterWiki|code=rsk}}
{{Incubator|rue|wiktionary|language=Rusyn}}
{{commons category|Rusyn language}}
* [http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en_jazyk.html#Language_of_Carpatho-Rusyn_ The World Academy of Rusyn Culture: 'Language of Carpatho-Rusyn']
* [https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/Додаток:Русинсько-український_словник Rusyn-Ukrainian Dictionary]
* [http://lemkowski.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl/?sem=1&topic=1 Lemko-Rusyn Language Course (in Polish and Lemko)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080309101713/http://www.dzvoni.netfirms.com/index_files/english1.html Rusyn Greco Catholic Church in Novi Sad (Vojvodina-Serbia)]
* [https://www.rusyn.fm/ Rusyn FM - Rusyn internet radio]

{{Navbox_Rusyns}}
{{Slavic languages}}
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{{Languages of Slovakia}}
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[[Category:Rusyns]]
[[Category:Rusyn language]]
[[Category:East Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Ruthenian language]]
[[Category:Rusyn culture]]
[[Category:Languages of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Languages of Poland]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]