View source for SMS Baden

{{Short description|Battleship of the German Imperial Navy}}
{{for|the earlier ironclad warship|SMS Baden (1880)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R17062, Linienschiff "Baden".jpg
| image_caption = {{lang|de|Baden}}, with her main battery trained to port
}}
|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| country = [[German Empire]]
| flag = {{Shipboxflag|German Empire|naval}}
| name = SMS {{lang|de|Baden}}
| namesake = [[Baden]]
| builder = [[Schichau-Werke]]
| laid_down = 20 December 1913
| launched = 30 October 1915
| commissioned = 14 March 1917
| fate =Sunk as target, 16 August 1921
}}
|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| class = {{sclass|Bayern|battleship}}
| displacement =
* [[Normal displacement|Normal]]: {{cvt|28530|t|LT|lk=on}}
* [[Full-load displacement|Full load]]: {{cvt|32200|t|LT}}
| length = {{convert|180|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[length overall|loa]]
| beam = {{convert|30|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| draft = {{convert|9.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| power =
* 14 × [[water-tube boiler]]s
* {{convert|35000|PS|shp|lk=on}}
| propulsion =
* 3 × [[steam turbine]]s
* 3 × screw [[propeller]]s
| speed = {{convert|21|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{convert|5000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|12|kn}}
| complement =
* 42 officers
* 1,129 enlisted men
| armament =
*  8 × [[38 cm SK L/45 gun|{{convert|38|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns
* 16 × [[15 cm SK L/45|{{convert|15|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns
*  4 × [[8.8&nbsp;cm SK L/45 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns
*  5 × {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
| armor =
* [[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert|170|to|350|mm|abbr=on|1}}
* [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|60|to|100|mm|abbr=on}}
* [[gun turret|Turrets]]: {{cvt|200|to|350|mm}}
* [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|400|mm|1|abbr=on}}
| notes =
}}
}}

'''SMS'''{{efn|name=SMS}} '''{{lang|de|Baden}}''' was a {{sclass|Bayern|battleship|0}} [[dreadnought battleship]] of the German [[Kaiserliche Marine|Imperial Navy]] built during [[World War I]]. Launched in October 1915 and completed in March 1917, she was the last battleship completed for use in the war; two of her [[sister ship|sisters]]—{{SMS|Sachsen|1916|2}} and {{SMS|Württemberg|1917|2}}—were incomplete when the war ended. The ship mounted eight {{convert|38|cm|sp=us|adj=on}} guns in four twin [[gun turret|turrets]], displaced {{convert|32200|MT|sp=us}} at full combat load, and had a top speed of {{convert|21|kn}}. Along with her sister {{SMS|Bayern||2}}, {{lang|de|Baden}} was the largest and most powerfully armed battleship built by the Imperial Navy.

Upon commissioning into the [[High Seas Fleet]], {{lang|de|Baden}} was made the fleet [[flagship]], replacing {{SMS|Friedrich der Grosse|1911|2}}. {{lang|de|Baden}} saw little action during her short career; the only major sortie in April 1918 ended without any combat. Following the German collapse in November 1918, {{lang|de|Baden}} was interned with the majority of the High Seas Fleet at [[Scapa Flow]] by the British [[Royal Navy]]. On 21 June 1919, Rear Admiral [[Ludwig von Reuter]] ordered [[Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow|the scuttling of the fleet]]. However, British sailors in the harbor managed to board {{lang|de|Baden}} and beach her to prevent her sinking. The ship was refloated, thoroughly examined, and eventually sunk in extensive gunnery testing by the Royal Navy in 1921.

== Design ==
{{main|Bayern-class battleship|l1=''Bayern''-class battleship}}
[[File:SMS-Bayern-protection-scheme-EN.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Armor layout for {{lang|de|Bayern}}; the numbers represent the armor thickness in millimeters in each area]]

Design work on the {{lang|de|Bayern}} class began in 1910 in the context of the [[Anglo-German naval arms race]], with initial discussions focused on the caliber of the [[main battery]]; previous German battleships had carried {{cvt|30.5|cm|0}} guns, but as foreign navies adopted {{cvt|13.5|in|cm|order=flip|0}} and {{cvt|14|in|cm|order=flip|1}} weapons, the German naval command felt the need to respond with larger guns of their own. They considered {{cvt|32|cm|1}}, {{cvt|38|cm|0}}, and {{cvt|40|cm|1}} guns. Admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]], the State Secretary of the {{lang|de|[[Reichsmarineamt]]}} (Imperial Naval Office), was able to use public outcry over the [[Agadir Crisis]] to pressure the {{lang|de|[[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]]}} (Imperial Diet) into appropriating additional funds for the {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}} (Imperial Navy) to offset the additional cost of the larger weapons. The design staff settled on the 38&nbsp;cm caliber since the 40&nbsp;cm was significantly more expensive and the 38&nbsp;cm gun marked a significant improvement over existing German guns.{{sfn|Friedman|p=131}}{{sfn|Dodson|p=97}}{{sfn|Nottelmann|pp=289–293}}

{{lang|de|Baden}} was {{convert|179.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[length at the waterline|long at the waterline]], and {{convert|180|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[length overall|long overall]]. She had a [[draft (hull)|draft]] of between {{convert|9.3|-|9.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. {{lang|de|Baden}} [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|28530|t|LT|sp=us}} at her designed displacement, which did not include a full load of combat supplies, fuel, and other operational necessities; at full combat load, she displaced up to {{convert|32200|t|LT|sp=us}}. {{lang|de|Baden}}{{'}}s displacement was more than {{convert|3000|t|LT|abbr=on}} greater than that of the preceding {{sclass|König|battleship|0}} ships, making her the largest battleship built by the Imperial Navy. {{lang|de|Baden}} was powered by three sets of Schichau [[steam turbine]]s, with steam provided by fourteen [[water-tube boiler]]s, of which eleven were coal-fired and three were [[fuel oil|oil]] burning. The propulsion system was rated at {{convert|35000|PS|shp|lk=on}} and produced a maximum of {{convert|56275|PS|shp}} on trials. Her design speed was {{convert|21|kn}}, but {{lang|de|Baden}} achieved a maximum speed of {{convert|22.1|kn}}. Upon commissioning, she carried a crew of 42 [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] and 1,129 [[enlisted men]].{{sfn|Gröner|pp=27–30}}{{sfn|Staff (''Battleships'')|pp=40, 42}}

The ship was the first German warship armed with eight [[38 cm SK L/45 gun|{{convert|38|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns.{{efn| In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" ({{lang|de|Schnelladekanone}}) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 [[Caliber (artillery)|calibers]], meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in [[Caliber|bore]] diameter.{{sfn|Grießmer|p=177}}}} The main battery guns were arranged in four twin [[gun turret]]s: two [[superfiring]] turrets each fore and aft. Her [[secondary armament]] consisted of sixteen [[15 cm SK L/45|{{convert|15|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns, four [[8.8&nbsp;cm SK L/45 naval gun|{{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} SK L/45]] guns and five 60&nbsp;cm (23.6&nbsp;in) underwater [[torpedo tube]]s, one in the bow and two on each beam. The ship had an [[Belt armor|armored belt]] that was {{convert|170|-|350|mm|abbr=on}} thick and an armored deck that was {{convert|60|-|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick. Her forward [[conning tower]] had {{convert|400|mm|1|abbr=on}} sides, and the main battery turrets had 350&nbsp;mm thick sides and {{convert|200|mm|abbr=on}} thick roofs.{{sfn|Gröner|p=30}}{{sfn|Dodson|p=225}}

== Service history ==
{{lang|de|Baden}} was ordered under the provisional name {{lang|de|Ersatz Wörth}} in 1912,{{sfn|Gröner|p=28}}{{efn|German warships were ordered under provisional names. Additions to the fleet were given a single letter; ships intended to replace older or lost vessels were ordered as "{{lang|de|Ersatz}} (name of the ship to be replaced)".{{sfn|Dodson|pp=8–9}}}} under the fourth and final [[German Naval Laws|Naval Law]], which was passed that year.{{sfn|Herwig|p=81}} Construction began at the [[Schichau-Werke]] dockyard in [[Danzig]] under construction number 913. The ship was [[keel laying|laid down]] on 20 December 1913 and [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 30 October 1915.{{sfn|Goodall|p=13}} Work was delayed considerably by the start of [[World War I]], first by the Russian advance into [[East Prussia]] that threatened the shipyards in Danzig and was checked at the [[Battle of Tannenberg]]. Once work in the yards resumed, resources were diverted to complete the [[battlecruiser]] {{SMS|Lützow||2}} and the ex-Russian [[light cruiser]]s {{SMS|Elbing||2}} and {{SMS|Pillau||2}}. Work on the ship resumed in earnest after those projects were completed, and {{lang|de|Baden}} was ready for [[sea trials]] by 19 October 1916; the tests were conducted between December and January 1917, and the ship was [[ship commissioning|commissioned]] into service on 14 March. {{lang|de|Baden}}{{'}}s two [[sister ship]]s, {{SMS|Sachsen|1916|2}} and {{SMS|Württemberg|1917|2}}, both lay incomplete at the end of World War I and were subsequently scrapped, leaving {{lang|de|Baden}} the last battleship built for the Imperial Navy. Most of her crew, including her captain, [[Victor Harder]], came directly from {{lang|de|Lützow}}, which had been sunk at the [[Battle of Jutland]] in June 1916.{{sfn|Gröner|p=30}}{{sfn|Nottelmann|pp=304–305}}

After her commissioning into the [[High Seas Fleet]], {{lang|de|Baden}} was placed in the role of [[flagship]] for the commander of the fleet, Vice Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]], a position she held until the end of the war.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=81}} At the end of August 1917, {{lang|de|Baden}} took [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] to visit the fortified island of [[Helgoland]]; the ship was escorted by the battlecruiser {{SMS|Derfflinger||2}} and the light cruisers {{SMS|Emden|1916|2}} and {{SMS|Karlsruhe|1916|2}}. After the conclusion of the visit, {{lang|de|Baden}} returned the Kaiser to [[Cuxhaven]].{{sfn|Staff (''Battleships'')|p=43}} The ship struck the sea bottom outside Cuxhaven, though no major damage was done.{{sfn|Staff (''Battleships'')|p=44}} The ship saw little activity for the rest of the year, as significant elements of the fleet were detached for [[Operation Albion]], the assault on the [[Gulf of Riga]]; with the fleet divided, it could not take any offensive action in the [[North Sea]], and so {{lang|de|Baden}} remained idle until the fleet reassembled.{{sfn|Nottelmann|p=306}}

=== Advance of 23 April 1918 ===
[[File:SMS Bayern.jpg|thumb|Recognition drawing of a {{lang|de|Bayern}}-class battleship]]

In late 1917, light forces of the High Seas Fleet began [[interdiction|interdicting]] British convoys to Norway.{{efn|name=coal convoys}} On 17 October the light cruisers {{SMS|Brummer||2}} and {{SMS|Bremse||2}} intercepted one of the convoys, sinking nine of the twelve cargo ships and the two escorting destroyers before turning back to Germany. On 12 December, four German destroyers ambushed a second British convoy of five cargo vessels and two British destroyers. All five transports were sunk, as was one of the destroyers. Following these two raids, Admiral [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]], the commander of the [[Grand Fleet]], detached battleships from the battle fleet to protect the convoys. The German Imperial Navy ({{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}}) was now presented with an opportunity for which it had been waiting the entire war: a portion of the numerically stronger Grand Fleet was separated and could be isolated and destroyed. Hipper planned the operation: the battlecruisers of [[I Scouting Group]], along with light cruisers and destroyers, would attack one of the large convoys, while the rest of the High Seas Fleet would stand by, ready to attack the British [[dreadnought battleship]] squadron.{{sfn|Massie|pp=747–748}}

At 05:00 on 23 April 1918, the German fleet departed from the Schillig [[roadstead]]. Hipper, aboard {{lang|de|Baden}}, ordered wireless transmissions be kept to a minimum, to prevent radio intercepts by British intelligence.{{sfn|Massie|p=748}} At 06:10 the German battlecruisers had reached a position approximately {{convert|60|km|mi|sp=us}} southwest of [[Bergen]] when the battlecruiser {{SMS|Moltke||2}} lost her inner starboard propeller, which severely damaged the ship's engines.{{sfn|Staff (''Battlecruisers'')|p=17}} The crew effected temporary repairs that allowed the ship to steam at {{convert|4|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}, but it was decided to take the ship under tow. Despite this setback, Hipper continued northward. By 14:00, Hipper's force had crossed the convoy route several times but had found nothing. At 14:10, Hipper turned his ships southward. By 18:37, the German fleet had made it back to the defensive minefields surrounding their bases. It was later discovered that the convoy had left port a day later than expected by the German planning staff.{{sfn|Massie|p=748}}

On 24 May, {{lang|de|Baden}} again steamed to Helgoland, this time to take the commander in chief of the fleet, Admiral [[Reinhard Scheer]], and Grand Duke [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Friedrich von Baden]] to visit the island. Only {{lang|de|Karlsruhe}} joined the ship on this voyage.{{sfn|Staff (''Battleships'')|p=44}} In August, {{lang|de|Baden}} was [[dry dock]]ed for maintenance, and on the 7th of the month, Hipper replaced Scheer as the fleet commander. {{lang|de|Baden}} was refloated on 24 August in preparation for what was to be the last major training exercise of the fleet, conducted on 6 September.{{sfn|Nottelmann|p=306}}

=== Mutiny and Scapa Flow ===
{{main|Wilhelmshaven mutiny}}
[[File:Salvage at Scapa Flow.jpg|left|thumb|Salvage work in progress on {{lang|de|Baden}} at Scapa Flow. The cruiser {{SMS|Frankfurt||2}} is also in view.]]

As the fleet flagship, {{lang|de|Baden}} was to have taken part in a [[Naval order of 24 October 1918|final fleet action]] days before the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]], an operation which envisioned the bulk of the High Seas Fleet sortieing from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet. In order to obtain a better bargaining position for Germany, Admirals Hipper and Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, whatever the cost to the fleet.{{sfn|Tarrant|pp=280–281}} Consequently, on 29 October 1918, the order was given to depart from Wilhelmshaven to consolidate the fleet in the [[Jade Estuary|Jade]] roadstead, with the intention of departing the following morning. However, starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on {{SMS|Thüringen||2}} mutinied.{{sfn|Tarrant|pp=281–282}} Early on the 30th, the crew of {{lang|de|Helgoland}}, which was directly behind {{lang|de|Thüringen}}, joined in the mutiny. Both ships surrendered after two [[torpedo boat]]s arrived and threatened to open fire, and the battleships' crews were taken ashore and incarcerated.{{sfn|New York Times Co.|p=440}} The mood of {{lang|de|Baden}}{{'}}s crew was reported as "dangerous".{{sfn|Tarrant|p=281}} The rebellion then spread ashore; on 3 November, an estimated 20,000 sailors, dock workers, and civilians fought a battle against the authorities in [[Kiel]] in an attempt to secure the release of the jailed mutineers.{{sfn|Schwartz|p=48}} Meanwhile, on 9 November, the Socialists' [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] was hoisted aboard {{lang|de|Baden}}, which finally convinced Hipper and Scheer to abandon the plan.{{sfn|Schwartz|p=48}}{{sfn|Butler|p=212}}

{{lang|de|Baden}} was not originally intended to be surrendered under the terms of the Armistice, but was substituted for the battlecruiser {{lang|de|Mackensen}}, which lay incomplete and could not put to sea.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=81}} As a result, instead of joining the High Seas Fleet when it departed for Scapa Flow on 21 November 1918,{{sfn|Herwig|p=254}} {{lang|de|Baden}} left Germany on 7 January 1919,{{sfn|Staff (''Battleships'')|p=44}} and after arriving, most of her crew were taken off the by the light cruiser {{SMS|Regensburg||2}} to be returned to Germany.{{sfn|Nottelmann|p=308}} The Royal Navy inspected the ship on 9 January, but many of the technical instruments, including gunnery equipment, had been removed before the ship left Germany.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=82}} The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations in Versailles that ultimately produced the [[Versailles Treaty|treaty that ended the war]]. A copy of ''[[The Times]]'' informed Rear Admiral [[Ludwig von Reuter]] that the Armistice was to expire at noon on 21 June 1919, the deadline by which Germany was to have signed the peace treaty. Reuter came to the conclusion that the British intended to seize the German ships after the Armistice expired.{{efn|name=armistice expiry}} To prevent this, he decided to [[scuttling|scuttle]] his ships at the first opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers; at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.{{sfn|Herwig|p=256}}

Many of the men aboard {{lang|de|Baden}} had been selected to help unload a supply ship that morning and so were unavailable to open the [[seacock]]s, leaving the remaining crewmen insufficient for the task. As a result, {{lang|de|Baden}} was the last major warship to begin the scuttling process, and British forces in the harbor managed to secure the ship, cut her anchor chains, and run her aground before she could sink in deeper water.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=81}}{{sfn|Nottelmann|p=308}} Then-[[Lieutenant Commander]] [[Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape|Bruce Fraser]] led the British sailors who boarded {{lang|de|Baden}}.{{sfn|Humble|p=62}} {{lang|de|Baden}} was the only [[capital ship]] not successfully sunk in the scuttling.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=81}} The ship was refloated on 19 July,{{sfn|Nottelmann|p=308}} after which she was towed to the British naval base at [[Invergordon]].{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=82}}

=== British service ===
[[File:SMS Baden towed from Scapa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{lang|de|Baden}} being towed from Scapa Flow|alt=Two small boats pull a larger vessel through calm waters.]]

After the ship arrived in Invergordon, {{lang|de|Baden}} was carefully examined by Royal Navy technicians. Naval engineers inspected the hull, including the screws, [[bilge keel]]s, and rudders, to determine the water resistance of the hull form. The ship was found to have been approximately as efficient as the British {{sclass|Revenge|battleship|2}}s.{{sfn|Goodall|p=15}} The ship's armor system was extensively investigated; the British team concluded that the ship had not been modified to incorporate the lessons from the Battle of Jutland of 31 May&nbsp;– 1 June 1916.{{sfn|Goodall|pp=16–17}}

The main battery turrets and ammunition magazines were also the subject of intense scrutiny; among the tests conducted was a trial to see how fast the magazines could be flooded—the result was 12 minutes.{{sfn|Goodall|pp=18–19}}{{efn|name=magazine flooding}} The gunnery school [[HMS Excellent (shore establishment)|HMS ''Excellent'']] ran loading trials on the main battery guns. It was found that the guns could be prepared to fire in 23 seconds, 13 seconds faster than in the {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship|2}}<nowiki/>s.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=82}} The ship's watertight bulkhead and underwater protection systems also particularly interested the inspection team; they paid close attention to the ship's pumping and counter-flooding equipment.{{sfn|Goodall|pp=22–24}} Early in the inspection, a dockyard worker was killed and several others injured after a candle ignited fumes in the hull, causing an explosion.{{sfn|Aberdeen Press and Journal}} [[Edmund Abbott]], a Royal Navy lieutenant, was awarded the [[Albert Medal for Lifesaving|Albert Medal]] for his attempts to rescue the injured.{{sfn|Birmingham Daily Gazette}}

[[File:Study of the former German battleship 'Baden', listing and under fire as a gunnery target in 1921 RMG PW1872.jpg|thumb|Painting of ''Baden'' sinking as a target ship, 16 August 1921]]

After the inspection was concluded, it was determined to expend {{lang|de|Baden}} as a gunnery target. In January 1921 the first round of gunnery tests was ordered. The gunners at HMS ''Excellent'' fired the new [[armor-piercing shot and shell|armor-piercing]] (AP) shells that had been introduced after the Battle of Jutland. This round of tests was used to determine the most efficient ratio of explosives in the detonator caps; the shells fired at Jutland had a tendency to fragment when striking heavy armor rather than penetrate. The [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] {{HMS|Terror|I03|6}} moored some {{convert|500|yd|m|abbr=on}} away from {{lang|de|Baden}} to fire her {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} guns from [[point-blank range]]. {{lang|de|Baden}} was made to list to starboard by the removal of coal and armor from the port side, to simulate the effect of a shell striking armor from a plunging angle.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=83}} The forward-most gun turret had by this time been removed. ''Terror'' fired 17 shells of various types into the ship. The Royal Navy concluded after these tests that the new shells were sufficiently powerful to penetrate heavy armor and were much more effective than the previous versions that had been employed at Jutland.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=84}} Following the tests, heavy seas caused the ship to sink in the shallow water; after three months she was again raised and docked for repairs. The ship was readied for a second round of testing by August 1921.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=87}}

The second series of tests was scheduled for 16 August 1921. The monitor {{HMS|Erebus|I02|6}} fired a mix of shell types into {{lang|de|Baden}} with her 15&nbsp;in guns. This time, the shells did not perform as well against {{lang|de|Baden}}{{'}}s heavy armor; one of the AP shells failed to explode and two semi-AP shells appear to have broken up on impact. Six aerial bombs were also detonated on the ship, though they had been placed on board and were detonated remotely. The bombs did not perform as well as had been expected.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=87}} Immediately following the second round of gunnery trials, {{lang|de|Baden}} was scuttled. The ship sank in [[Hurd Deep]] in a depth of approximately 180&nbsp;m (600&nbsp;ft).{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=81}}

The most important finding of the trials on {{lang|de|Baden}} was that the {{convert|7|in|cm|adj=on}} thick medium armor was completely useless against large-caliber shells. As a result, the British navy adopted the "[[All or nothing (armor)|all or nothing]]" armor pioneered by the [[United States Navy]].{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=90}} The "all or nothing" armor theory consisted of protecting the ship's vitals with extremely heavy armor, while leaving the rest of the ship completely unprotected.{{sfn|Brown|p=19}} This system was used on Britain's first post-war class of battleships, the {{sclass|Nelson|battleship|4}}.{{sfn|Schleihauf|p=90}}

== Notes ==

===Footnotes===

{{notelist
| notes =

{{efn
| name = SMS
| "SMS" stands for "{{lang|de|[[Seiner Majestät Schiff]]}}", or "His Majesty's Ship".
}}

{{efn
| name = coal convoys
| Britain had promised to ship {{convert|250000|ST}} of coal to Norway every month. See: {{harvnb|Massie|p=747}}.
}}

{{efn
| name = armistice expiry
| By this time, the Armistice had been extended to 23 June, though there is some contention as to whether Reuter was aware of this. Admiral [[Sydney Fremantle]] stated that he informed Reuter on the evening of the 20th, though Reuter claims he was unaware of the development. For Fremantle's claim, see {{harvnb|Bennett|p=307}}. For Reuter's statement, see {{harvnb|Herwig|p=256}}.
}}

{{efn
| name = magazine flooding
| In case of an ammunition fire, magazines were fitted to be flooded so as to prevent a catastrophic explosion.
}}

}}

===Citations===

{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book
  | last = Bennett
  | first = Geoffrey
  | author-link = Geoffrey Bennett (historian)
  | year = 2005
  | title = Naval Battles of the First World War
  | publisher = Pen & Sword Military Classics
  | location = Barnsley
  | isbn = 978-1-84415-300-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Bennett}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Brown
  | first = David Keith
  | year = 2006
  | orig-year = 2000
  | title = Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development, 1923–1945
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-59114-602-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Brown}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Butler
  | first = Daniel Allen
  | year = 2006
  | title = Distant Victory: The Battle of Jutland and the Allied Triumph in the First World War
  | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
  | location = Westport
  | isbn = 978-0-275-99073-2
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Butler}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Dodson
  | first = Aidan
  | author-link = Aidan Dodson
  | year = 2016
  | title = The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918
  | publisher = Seaforth Publishing
  | location = Barnsley
  | isbn = 978-1-84832-229-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Dodson}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Friedman
  |first=Norman
  |title=Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory
  |year=2011
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |isbn= 978-1-84832-100-7
  |ref={{sfnRef|Friedman}}
  }}
* {{cite news
  |title=Gallant rescues: Naval officers awarded the Albert Medal
  |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000669/19200313/129/0005
  |work=Birmingham Daily Gazette
  |date=13 March 1920
  |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]
  |url-access=subscription
  |ref={{sfnref|Birmingham Daily Gazette}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  | last = Goodall
  | first = Stanley Vernon
  | year = 1921
  | title = The Ex-German Battleship ''Baden''
  | journal = Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects
  | location = London
  | volume = LXIII
  | pages = 13–32
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Goodall}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Grießmer
  | first = Axel
  | year = 1999
  | language = de
  | title = Die Linienschiffe der Kaiserlichen Marine: 1906–1918; Konstruktionen zwischen Rüstungskonkurrenz und Flottengesetz
  | trans-title = The Battleships of the Imperial Navy: 1906–1918; Constructions between Arms Competition and Fleet Laws
  | publisher = Bernard & Graefe Verlag
  | location = Bonn
  | isbn = 978-3-7637-5985-9
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Grießmer}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Gröner
  | first = Erich
  | author-link=Erich Gröner
  | year = 1990
  | title = German Warships: 1815–1945
  | volume = I: Major Surface Vessels
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Gröner}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Herwig
  | first = Holger
  | year = 1998
  | orig-year = 1980
  | title = "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918
  | publisher = Humanity Books
  | location = Amherst
  | isbn = 978-1-57392-286-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Herwig}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Hildebrand
  |first1=Hans H.
  |last2=Röhr
  |first2=Albert
  |last3=Steinmetz
  |first3=Hans-Otto
  | title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart
  | trans-title=The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present
  | volume = 2
  |year=1993
  |location=Ratingen
  |publisher=Mundus Verlag
  |isbn=978-3-7822-0210-7
  |ref={{sfnRef|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz}}
  |name-list-style=amp
  | language = de
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last=Humble
  |first=Richard
  |title=Fraser of North Cape: The Life of Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fraser, 1887–1981
  |url=https://archive.org/details/fraserofnorthcap0000humb
  |url-access=registration
  |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul
  |year=1983
  |location=London
  |isbn=978-0-7100-9555-8
  |ref={{sfnRef|Humble}}
  }}
* {{cite news
  |title=Killed by an explosion on the Baden: Tain fatal inquiry
  |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000576/19190911/058/0004
  |work=[[Aberdeen Press and Journal]]
  |date=11 September 1919
  |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]
  |url-access=subscription
  |ref={{sfnref|Aberdeen Press and Journal}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Massie
  | first = Robert K.
  | author-link = Robert K. Massie
  | year = 2003
  | title = [[Castles of Steel|Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea]]
  | publisher = Ballantine Books
  | location = New York
  | isbn = 978-0-345-40878-5
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Massie}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | author = New York Times Co.
  | year = 1919
  | title = The New York Times Current History: Jan.–March, 1919
  | location = New York
  | publisher = The New York Times Company
  | ref = {{sfnRef|New York Times Co.}}
  }}
* {{cite journal
  |last=Nottelmann
  |first=Dirk
  |title=From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy, 1864–1918: Part XA, "Lost Ambitions"
  |journal=Warship International
  |volume=56
  |number=4
  |location=Toledo
  |publisher=International Naval Research Organization
  |issn=0043-0374
  |date=December 2019
  |ref={{sfnRef|Nottelmann}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Schleihauf
  | first = William
  | year = 2007
  | chapter = The Baden Trials
  | title = Warship 2007
  | editor-last = Preston
  | editor-first = Antony
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-1-84486-041-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Schleihauf}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Schwartz
  | first = Stephen
  | year = 1986
  | title = Brotherhood of the Sea: A History of the Sailors' Union of the Pacific, 1885–1985
  | publisher = Transaction Publishers
  | location = New Brunswick
  | isbn = 978-0-88738-121-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Schwartz}}
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofsea00schw
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Staff
  | first = Gary
  | year = 2006
  | title = German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918
  | publisher = Osprey Books
  | location = Oxford
  | isbn = 978-1-84603-009-3
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Staff (''Battlecruisers'')}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Staff
  | first = Gary
  | year = 2010
  | title = German Battleships: 1914–1918
  | volume = 2: Kaiser, König And Bayern Classes
  | publisher = Osprey Books
  | location = Oxford
  | isbn = 978-1-84603-468-8
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Staff (''Battleships'')}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Tarrant
  | first = V. E.
  | year = 2001
  | orig-year = 1995
  | title = Jutland: The German Perspective
  | publisher = Cassell Military Paperbacks
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-304-35848-9
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Tarrant}}
  }}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Dodson
  | first1 = Aidan
  | last2 = Cant
  | first2 = Serena
  | title = Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars
  | year = 2020
  | publisher = Seaforth Publishing
  | location = Barnsley
  | isbn = 978-1-5267-4198-1
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Marder
  | first = Arthur J.
  | author-link = Arthur Marder
  | year = 1970
  | title = From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Volume 5 1918–1919: Victory and Aftermath
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | location = London
  | isbn = 978-0-19-215187-2
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Marder}}
  }}
* {{cite book
  |last1=Nottelmann
  |first1=Dirk
  |last2=Sullivan
  |first2=David M.
  |year=2023
  |title=From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Battleship, 1864–1918
  |location=Warwick
  |publisher=Helion & Company
  |isbn=978-1-804511-84-8
  |name-list-style=amp
  |ref={{sfnref|Nottelmann & Sullivan}}
  }}

{{Bayern class battleship}}
{{1919 shipwrecks}}
{{1921 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|49|49|42|N|2|23|21|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baden (1915)}}
[[Category:1915 ships]]
[[Category:Bayern-class battleships]]
[[Category:Ships sunk as targets]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1919]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1921]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the English Channel]]
[[Category:World War I battleships of Germany]]
[[Category:Ships built in Danzig]]
[[Category:World War I warships scuttled at Scapa Flow]]
[[Category:Ships built by Schichau]]