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{{Short description|American scientific research institute (founded 1946)}}
{{Distinguish|SRA International}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SRI International
| logo = SRI International logo 2023.svg
| logo_alt = Two squares, one white and one black, next to the acronym "SRI" in a bold font.
| image = SRI International HQ.jpg
| image_caption = SRI International's headquarters in [[Menlo Park, California]]
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1946}}, in [[Menlo Park, California]]
| former_name = Stanford Research Institute (1946–1970)
| founder = Trustees of [[Stanford University]]
| hq_location = {{nowrap|[[Menlo Park, California]], U.S.}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = David Parekh ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| industry = {{unbulleted list|[[Research and development]]}}
| products = 
| services = {{unbulleted list|[[Scientific research]]}}
| revenue = {{US$|410 million|link=yes}} (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/941160950 |title=Tax Filings and Audits by Year |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=[[ProPublica]]|date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| assets = 
| equity = 
| num_employees = 2,100 ({{asof|February 2015|lc=y}})<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.sri.com/about|title=About Us|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-09-01}}</ref>
| subsid = 
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sri.com/}}
}}

'''SRI International''' ('''SRI'''; originally the '''Stanford Research Institute''') is a [[nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] [[scientific research|scientific]] [[research institute]] and organization headquartered in [[Menlo Park, California]], United States. It was established in 1946 by trustees of [[Stanford University]] to serve as a center of innovation to support economic development in the region.

The organization was founded as the Stanford Research Institute in 1946, formally separated from Stanford University in 1970, and became known as SRI International in 1977. SRI performs client-sponsored [[research and development]] for government agencies, commercial businesses, and private foundations. It also licenses its technologies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sri.com/engage/products-solutions#Technologies|title=Products and Solutions: Technologies for License|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2015-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429104440/http://www.sri.com/engage/products-solutions#Technologies|url-status=dead}}</ref> forms strategic partnerships, sells products,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/systems-development-product-realization/|title=Products and Solutions|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2015-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429104440/http://www.sri.com/engage/products-solutions|url-status=dead}}</ref> and creates [[Research spin-off|spin-off]] companies.<ref name="spin">{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/commercialization/ventures/|title=SRI Ventures|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref> SRI's headquarters are located near the Stanford University campus.

SRI's annual revenue in 2014 was approximately $540 million, which tripled from 1998 under the leadership of [[Curtis Carlson]]. In 1998, the organization was on the verge of bankruptcy when Carlson took over as CEO. Over the next sixteen years with Carlson as [[CEO]], the organizational culture of SRI was transformed. SRI tripled in size, became very profitable, and created many world-changing [[innovations]] using the NABC framework. One of its successes was [[Siri]], a personal assistant on  [[iPhone]], which was developed by a company SRI created and then sold to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2015/11/30/how-to-create-an-innovative-culture-the-extraordinary-case-of-sri/?sh=58e82c676ad3/|title=How To Create An Innovative Culture: The Extraordinary Case Of SRI|work=Forbes|access-date=2022-01-29}}</ref> [[William A. Jeffrey]] served as SRI's president and CEO from September 2014 to December 2021, and was succeeded as CEO by David Parekh.

SRI employs about 2,100 people.<ref name="about"/> [[Sarnoff Corporation]], a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI since 1988, was fully integrated into SRI on January 3, 2011.<ref name="Sarnoff integration">{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-completes-integration-sarnoff-corporation|title=SRI International Completes Integration of Sarnoff Corporation|publisher=SRI International|date=2011-01-01|access-date=2002-07-01|archive-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703183127/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-completes-integration-sarnoff-corporation|url-status=dead}}</ref>

SRI's focus areas include biomedical sciences, chemistry and materials, computing, Earth and space systems, economic development, education and learning, energy and [[environmental technology]], security, national defense, sensing, and devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/|title=SRI International|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> SRI has received more than 4,000 [[patent]]s and patent applications worldwide.<ref name="patent_list">{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about-us/ |title=About Us|publisher=SRI International|date=2014-10-20|access-date=2015-02-05}}</ref>

==History==
===Foundation===
In the 1920s, [[Stanford University]] professor [[Robert E. Swain]] proposed creating a research institute in the [[Western United States]]. [[Herbert Hoover]], then a trustee of Stanford University, was also an early proponent of an institute but became less involved with the project after being elected president of the United States. The development of the institute was delayed by the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s and [[World War II]] in the 1940s, with three separate attempts leading to its formation in 1946.<ref name="n1-1">[[SRI International#Nielson|Nielson, p. 1-1]]</ref>

In August 1945, [[Maurice Nelles]], Morlan A. Visel, and Ernest L. Black of [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] made the first attempt to create the institute with the formation of the "Pacific Research Foundation" in Los Angeles.<ref name="nB-1">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. B-1]]</ref> A second attempt was made by [[Henry T. Heald]], then president of the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]].  In 1945, Heald wrote a report recommending a research institute on the West Coast and a close association with Stanford University with an initial grant of $500,000 (equivalent to ${{formatnum:{{roundup|{{Inflation|US-GDP|500000|1945}}|-3}}}} in {{inflation-year|US-GDP}}).<ref name="nB-2">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. B-2]]</ref>{{inflation-fn|US-GDP}}  A third attempt was made by [[Frederick Terman|Fred Terman]], Stanford University's dean of engineering. Terman's proposal followed Heald's but focused on faculty and student research more than contract research.<ref name="nB-2"/>

The [[trustee]]s of Stanford University voted to create the organization in 1946. It was structured so that its goals were aligned with the charter of the university—to advance scientific knowledge and to benefit the public at large, not just the students of Stanford University.<ref name="nB-2"/> The trustees were named as the corporation's [[board of directors|general members]], and elected SRI's directors (later known as presidents); if the organization were dissolved, its assets would return to Stanford University.<ref name="nB-3">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. B-3]]</ref>

Research chemist [[William F. Talbot]] became the institute's first director.<ref name="nB-3"/> Stanford University president [[Donald Tresidder]] instructed Talbot to avoid work that would conflict with the interests of the university, particularly federal contracts that might attract political pressure.<ref name="nB-3"/> The drive to find work and the lack of support from Stanford faculty caused the new research institute to violate this directive six months later through the pursuit of a contract with the [[Office of Naval Research]].<ref name="nB-4">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. B-4]]</ref> This and other issues,  including frustration with Tresidder's micromanagement of the new organization, caused Talbot to repeatedly offer his resignation, which Tresidder eventually accepted.<ref name="f111">[[#Founding|Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, pp. 111–112]]</ref> Talbot was replaced by [[Jesse E. Hobson|Jesse Hobson]], who had previously led the [[Armour Research Foundation]], but the pursuit of contract work remained.<ref name="exploit">{{cite news|url=https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=42971|title=Exploiting a Wonderful Opportunity|first=Rebecca|last=Lowen|work=Stanford Magazine|publisher=Stanford Alumni Association|date=July–August 1997|access-date=2012-09-23|archive-date=2015-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009061712/https://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=42971|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Early history===
[[File:SRI Air Pollution study 1949.jpg|thumb|right|SRI participant Paul Magill discussing the smog on Black Friday in Los Angeles at the first [[National Air Pollution Symposium]] in 1949]]
SRI's first research project investigated whether the [[Parthenium argentatum|guayule]] plant could be used as a source of [[natural rubber]].<ref name="f98">[[#Founding|Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, pp. 98–99]]</ref> During World War II, rubber was imported into the U.S. and was subject to shortages and strict rationing.<ref name="f98"/> From 1942 to 1946, the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) supported a project to create a domestic source of natural rubber. Once the war ended, the United States Congress cut funding for the program; in response, the Office of Naval Research created a grant for the project to continue at SRI, and the USDA staff worked through SRI until Congress reauthorized funding in 1947.<ref name="f98"/>

SRI's first economic study was for the United States Air Force. In 1947, the Air Force wanted to determine the expansion potential of the U.S. aircraft industry; SRI found that it would take too long to escalate production in an emergency.<ref name="f108">[[#Founding|Gibson, SRI: The Founding Years, p. 108]]</ref> In 1948, SRI began research and consultation with [[Chevron Corporation]] to develop an artificial substitute for [[tallow]] and [[coconut oil]] in soap production; SRI's investigation confirmed the potential of [[dodecylbenzene]] as a suitable replacement.  Later, [[Procter & Gamble]] used the substance as the basis for [[Tide (brand)|Tide]] laundry [[detergent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/timeline/tide.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130143742/http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/tide.html|archive-date=2006-11-30|title=Tide|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref>

The institute performed much of the early research on [[air pollution]] and the formation of [[ozone]] in the lower atmosphere.<ref name="n9-18">[[#Nielson|Nielson, pp. 9-18 - 9-21]]</ref> SRI sponsored the [[National Air Pollution Symposium|First National Air Pollution Symposium]] in [[Pasadena, California]], in November 1949.<ref name="n9-18"/> Experts gave presentations on pollution research, exchanged ideas and techniques, and stimulated interest in the field. The event was attended by 400 scientists, business executives, and civic leaders from the U.S.<ref name="n9-18"/> SRI co-sponsored subsequent events on the subject.<ref>{{cite book | first = Weldon B. | last = Gibson | author-link = Weldon B. Gibson | title = SRI: The Take-Off Days | publisher = Stanford Research Institute | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-86576-103-2 | location = [[Los Altos, California]] | pages = 48, 55, 149, 168, 181}}</ref>

[[File:SRI ERMA MICR montage.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting|ERMA]] system, which uses [[magnetic ink character recognition]] to process checks, was one of SRI's earliest developments.]]
In April 1953, [[Walt Disney|Walt]] and [[Roy O. Disney|Roy Disney]] hired SRI (and in particular, [[Harrison Price]]) to consult on their proposal for establishing an amusement park in [[Burbank, California]].<ref name="n14-17">[[#Nielson|Nielson, pp. 14–17 - 14-20]]</ref> SRI provided information on location, attendance patterns, and economic feasibility. SRI selected a larger site in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], prepared reports about the operation, provided on-site administrative support for [[Disneyland]], and acted in an advisory role as the park expanded.<ref name="n14-17"/><ref name="disney">{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=business-entertainment#&innovation=disneyland|work=Timeline of Innovations|title=Disneyland|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2013-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525042336/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=business-entertainment#&innovation=disneyland|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/star-studded-celebration-of-disneylands-55th-year/content/?oid=2126184|title=Star-studded celebration of Disneyland's 55th year|first=Leslie|last=Katz|work=[[The San Francisco Examiner]]|date=2010-07-19|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2014-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328050429/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/star-studded-celebration-of-disneylands-55th-year/Content?oid=2126184|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1955, SRI was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/timeline/timeline1.html|title=Timeline of SRI International Innovations: 1940s - 1950s|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129224242/http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/timeline1.html|archive-date=2006-11-29}}</ref>

In 1952, the [[Technicolor SA|Technicolor Corporation]] contracted with SRI to develop a near-instantaneous, electro-optical alternative to the manual timing process during film copying.<ref name="mc39">[[#McLaughlin|McLaughlin, p. 39]]</ref> In 1959, the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] presented the Scientific and Engineering Award jointly to SRI and Technicolor for their work on the design and development of the Technicolor electronic printing timer which greatly benefited the motion picture industry.<ref name="mc40">[[#McLaughlin|McLaughlin, p. 40]]</ref> In 1954, [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] asked SRI to investigate ways of reducing damage during rail freight shipments by mitigating shock to railroad box cars. This investigation led to [[William K. MacCurdy]]'s development of the Hydra-Cushion technology, which remains standard.<ref name="n6-1">[[#Nielson|Nielson, pp. 6-1 - 6-3]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=safety#&innovation=railroad-hydra-cushion|title=Railroad Hydra-Cushion|work=Timeline of Innovations|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2013-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102104455/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=safety#&innovation=railroad-hydra-cushion|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 1950s, SRI worked under the direction of the [[Bank of America]] to develop ERMA ([[Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting]]) and [[magnetic ink character recognition]] (MICR). The ERMA project was led by computer scientist [[Jerre Noe]], SRI's assistant director of engineering at the time.<ref name="n2-8">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. 2-8]]</ref>  As of 2011, MICR remains the industry standard in automated check processing.<ref name="n2-1">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. 2-1]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline/erma-micr|title=Timeline of Innovations: Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-15|archive-date=2013-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511070954/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline/erma-micr|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MICR standard">{{cite web|url=http://definitions.uslegal.com/m/magnetic-ink-character-recognition-line/|title=Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Line Law & Legal Definition|publisher=USLegal|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref> 
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===Rapid expansion===
<!--[[File:SRI Douglas Engelbart 1968.jpg|thumb|right|[[Douglas Engelbart]] practicing for [[The Mother of All Demos]] in 1968]]-->
[[File:SRI Computer Mouse.jpg|thumb|right|The first prototype of a [[computer mouse]], as designed by [[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]]]]
[[Douglas Engelbart]], the founder of SRI's [[Augmentation Research Center]] (ARC), was the primary force behind the design and development of the multi-user [[NLS (computer system)|oN-Line System]] (or NLS), featuring original versions of modern computer-human interface elements including [[Raster graphics|bit-mapped displays]], [[collaborative software|collaboration software]], [[hypertext]], and precursors to the [[graphical user interface]] such as the [[computer mouse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Douglas,Engelbart/|title=Douglas C. Engelbart|work=Hall of Fellows|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|access-date=2012-06-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702234621/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Douglas,Engelbart/|archive-date=2012-07-02}}</ref> As a pioneer of human-computer interaction, Engelbart is arguably SRI's most notable alumnus. He was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] in 2000.<ref name="fore">{{cite news |title= Douglas Engelbart, Foresight Advisor, Is Awarded National Medal of Technology |publisher= [[Foresight Institute]] |work= Foresight Update |date= 2000-12-30 |volume= 43 }}</ref>

[[Bill English (computer engineer)|Bill English]], then chief engineer at ARC, built the first prototype of a computer mouse from Engelbart's design in 1964.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7772399.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|title=How the mouse got its name|date=2008-12-08|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>[[#Bridge|DARPA, pp. 76–77]]</ref>  SRI also developed [[inkjet printing]] (1961) and [[optical disc]] recording (1963).<ref name="mc37">[[#McLaughlin|McLaughlin, p. 37]]</ref> [[Liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) technology was developed at RCA Laboratories in the 1960s, which later became [[Sarnoff Corporation]] in 1988, a wholly owned subsidiary of SRI. Sarnoff was fully integrated into SRI in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ethw.org/Milestones:Liquid_Crystal_Display,_1968 |title=Milestones: Liquid Crystal Display, 1968|work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |access-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>

In the early 1960s, [[Hewitt Crane]] and his colleagues developed the world's first all-magnetic digital computer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=computing-digital#&innovation=all-magnetic-logic-computer|work=Timeline of Innovations|title=All-Magnetic Logic Computer|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702202304/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=computing-digital#&innovation=all-magnetic-logic-computer|url-status=dead}}</ref> based upon extensions to magnetic core memories. The technology was licensed to [[TE Connectivity|AMP Inc.]], who then used it to build specialized computers for controlling tracks in the [[New York City Subway]] and on railroad switching yards.<ref name="Markoff2008"/>

In 1966, SRI's [[Artificial Intelligence Center]] began working on "[[Shakey the robot]]", the first mobile [[robot]] to reason about its actions.<ref>Movie {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/2010/06/16/science/1247468057234/shakey.html|title=Shakey|publisher=Stanford Research Institute|date=1969|quote=In 1966, the Stanford Research Institute created the first mobile robot that could reason about its surroundings.}}</ref> Equipped with a [[video camera|television camera]], a [[Triangulation|triangulating]] [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]], and bump [[sensor]]s, Shakey used software for perception, world-modeling, and acting. The project ended in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline/shakey-robot|title=Shakey|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-17|archive-date=2013-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504120711/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline/shakey-robot|url-status=dead}}</ref> SRI's Artificial Intelligence Center marked its 45th anniversary in 2011.

[[File:SRI Packet Radio Van.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Packet Radio Van]], developed by [[Don Cone]], was the site of the first three-way [[Internetworking|internetworked]] transmission.]]
On October 29, 1969, the first connection on a [[wide area network]] to use [[packet switching]], [[ARPANET]], was established between nodes at [[Leonard Kleinrock]]'s laboratory at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) and Douglas Engelbart's laboratory at SRI using [[Interface Message Processor]]s at both sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Internet-Began-35-Years-Ago-at-5464.aspx|title=Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers|first=Chris|last=Sutton|publisher=UCLA|date=2004-09-14|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref><ref>[[#Bridge|DARPA, pp. 79-83]]</ref> The following year, Engelbart's laboratory installed the first [[TENEX (operating system)|TENEX]] system outside of [[BBN Technologies|BBN]] where it was developed. In addition to SRI and UCLA, [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] and the [[University of Utah]] were part of the original four network nodes. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was connected. In the 1970s, SRI developed packet-switched radio (a precursor to wireless networking),<ref>{{cite book |volume=2|pages=0449–0455|date=1987-10-19| first1 = Mark G. | last1 = Lewis | first2 = J. J. | last2 = Garcia-Luna-Aceves|title=MILCOM 1987 - IEEE Military Communications Conference - Crisis Communications: The Promise and Reality |chapter=Packet-Switching Applique for Tactical VHF Radios |doi=10.1109/MILCOM.1987.4795249|s2cid=44026046}}</ref> [[over-the-horizon radar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/esd/rsed/oth.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220431/http://www.sri.com/esd/rsed/oth.html|archive-date=2011-07-20|title=Over-the-Horizon Radar|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA445505|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201005747/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA445505|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2012|title=Development of Over-the-Horizon Radar in the United States|first=Joseph F.|last=Thomason|publisher=[[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]|date=2005-04-14|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> [[Deafnet]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/work/timeline/telecommunications-tools-deaf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701063704/http://www.sri.com/work/timeline/telecommunications-tools-deaf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 1, 2013|title=Telecommunications Tools for the Deaf|work=Timeline of Innovations|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2300-11386_3-10005323-16.html|title=Deafnet|website=[[CNET]]|date=2010-10-26|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref> vacuum microelectronics, and software-implemented [[fault tolerance]].

The first true [[Internet]] transmission occurred on November 22, 1977, when SRI originated the first connection between three disparate networks. Data flowed seamlessly through the mobile [[Packet Radio Van]] between SRI in Menlo Park, California, and the University of Southern California in Los Angeles via [[University College London]], [[England]], across three types of networks: [[packet radio]], [[satellite]], and the ARPANET.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/Internet-van-helped-drive-evolution-of-the-Web/2100-1033_3-6217511.html|title='Internet van' helped drive evolution of the Web|first=Erica|last=Ogg|work=[[CNET]]|date=2007-11-08|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref>  In 2007, the [[Computer History Museum]] presented a 30th-anniversary celebration of this demonstration, which included several participants from the 1977 event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/hoi/internetworking/|title=Timeline of innovations: Internetworking: The First Three-Network Transmission|date=17 November 1977 |publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> SRI would go on to run the [[InterNIC|Network Information Center]] under the leadership of [[Elizabeth J. Feinler|Jake Feinler]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|title=Elizabeth J. Feinler|work=SRI Alumni Hall of Fame|year=2000|access-date=2012-11-18|archive-date=2013-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140923/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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===Split and diversification===
The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975) was an important issue on college campuses across the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. As a belated response to [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|Vietnam War protesters]] who believed that funding from the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) made the university part of the [[military–industrial complex]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sfplmagsandnews.blogspot.com/2010/06/underground-newspapers-on-microfilm.html|title=Underground Newspapers on Microfilm: Peninsula Observer|work=Herb Caen Magazines and Newspapers Center|publisher=[[San Francisco Public Library]]|date=2010-06-05|access-date=2011-04-18}}</ref> the Stanford Research Institute split from Stanford University in 1970. The organization subsequently changed its name from the Stanford Research Institute to SRI International in 1977.<ref name="about"/><ref name="mc38">[[#McLaughlin|McLaughlin, p. 38]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://dynamics.org/SWOPSI/WEB/les09.ed.html|last=Leslie |first=Stuart W. |title=The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | date=1994-04-15 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | chapter=Chapter 9. The Days of Reckoning: March 4 and April 3 |isbn=978-0231079594}}</ref>

[[File:SRI International 122.17480W 37.png|thumb|right|Aerial image of SRI's Menlo Park campus]]
In 1972, physicists [[Harold E. Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] undertook a series of investigations of psychic phenomena sponsored by the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]], for which they coined the term [[remote viewing]].<ref name=nat251>{{cite journal | last1 = Targ | first1 = R. | last2 = Puthoff | first2 = H. |title=Information transmission under conditions of sensory shielding |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=251 |issue= 5476|pages=602–7 |date=1974-10-18 |doi=10.1038/251602a0 |pmid=4423858| bibcode = 1974Natur.251..602T | s2cid = 4152651 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Puthoff | first1 = H. | last2 = Targ | first2 = R. |title=A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research|journal=[[Proceedings of the IEEE]]|date=March 1976|volume=64|number=3|pages=329–354|doi=10.1109/proc.1976.10113| s2cid = 12688261 }}</ref><ref name="may">{{Cite journal |last=May |first=Edwin C. |date=1996 |title=The American Institutes for Research review of the Department of Defense's STAR GATE program: A commentary |url=https://www.scientificexploration.org/docs/10/jse_10_1_may.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Scientific Exploration]] |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=89–107 |doi= |archive-date=2021-10-17 |access-date=2024-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017221757/https://www.scientificexploration.org/docs/10/jse_10_1_may.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among other activities, the project encompassed the work of consulting "consciousness researchers" including artist/writer [[Ingo Swann]], military intelligence officer [[Joseph McMoneagle]], and psychic/illusionist [[Uri Geller]].<ref name="geller">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/13/nsa-uri-geller-psychic-spy |title=Never mind the NSA: Uri Geller is the real spy story |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |last=Jayanti |first=Vikram |author-link=Vikram Jayanti |date=June 13, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref>  This [[Extrasensory perception|ESP]] work continued with funding from the US intelligence community until Puthoff and Targ left SRI in the mid-1980s.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Scott | first = C. |title=No "remote viewing" |journal=Nature |volume=298 |pages=414 |date=July 29, 1982|doi=10.1038/298414c0 |issue=5873| bibcode = 1982Natur.298..414S | s2cid = 4233306 |doi-access=free }}, {{cite journal | last1 = Marks | first1 = D. | last2 = Scott | first2 = C. |title=Remote viewing exposed |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6053 |pages=444 |date=1986-02-06 |pmid=3945330 |doi=10.1038/319444a0 | bibcode = 1986Natur.319..444M | s2cid = 13642580 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1995-12-11|page=45|url=https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209085903/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 9, 2007|title=The Vision Thing|first=Douglas|last=Waller|access-date=2013-09-20}}</ref> For more information, see [[Parapsychology research at SRI]].

Social scientist and consumer futurist [[Arnold Mitchell]] created the [[VALS|Values, Attitudes and Lifestyles]] (VALS) [[psychographic]] methodology in the late 1970s to explain changing U.S. values and lifestyles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://strategicbusinessinsights.com/vals/about.shtml|title=About VALS: The VALS Story|publisher=Strategic Business Insights|access-date=2012-04-15}}</ref> VALS was formally inaugurated as an SRI product in 1978 and was called "one of the ten top market research breakthroughs of the 1980s" by ''[[Advertising Age]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://strategicbusinessinsights.com/vals/presurvey.shtml|title=Vals|publisher=Sric-Bi|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref>

Throughout the 1980s, SRI developed [[Zylon]],<ref name="n11-7">[[#Nielson|Nielson, pp. 11-7 - 11-10]]</ref> [[Stealth technology|stealth]] technologies, improvements to [[ultrasound]] imaging,<ref name="mc40"/> two-dimensional laser [[Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy|fluorescence imaging]],<ref name="seaview">{{cite journal|title=The SeaView Security Model|url=https://faculty.nps.edu/dedennin/publications/SeaViewSecurityModel-IEEE.pdf|journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering]]|volume=16|number=6|date=June 1990| first1 = Teresa F. | last1 = Lunt | first2 = Dorothy E. | last2 = Denning | first3 = Roger R. | last3 = Schell | first4 = Mark | last4 = Heckman | first5 = William R. | last5 = Shockley|pages=593–607|publisher=[[IEEE Computer Society]]|doi=10.1109/32.55088}}</ref> and [[many-sorted logic]]. In computing and software, SRI developed a multimedia electronic mail system, a theory of [[Non-interference (security)|non-interference]] in computer security, a [[multilevel security|multilevel secure]] (MLS) [[relational database]] system called Seaview,<ref name="seaview"/> [[LaTeX]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Lamport|first=Leslie|title=LaTeX: A Document Preparation System|year=1986|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=978-0-201-15790-1|url=https://archive.org/details/latex00lesl|access-date=2008-08-01|location=[[Reading, Massachusetts]]}}</ref> [[Open Agent Architecture]] (OAA), a [[network intrusion detection system]], the [[Maude system]], a declarative software language, and PacketHop, a peer-to-peer wireless technology to create scalable ad hoc networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/engage/ventures/packethop|title=Ventures: PacketHop|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-06-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703164229/http://www.sri.com/engage/ventures/packethop|archive-date=2012-07-03}}</ref>  SRI's research in network intrusion detection led to the [[patent infringement]] case ''[[SRI International, Inc. v. Internet Security Systems, Inc.]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.iptoday.com/news-article.asp?id=2961&type=ip|title=SRI International of Menlo Park Wins Patent Battle Over Enterprise Network Intrusion Detection Technology|work=Intellectual Property Today|date=2008-10-24|access-date=2012-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193656/http://www.iptoday.com/news-article.asp?id=2961&type=ip|archive-date=2014-02-01}}</ref> The AI center's robotics research led to Shakey's successor, [[Flakey the robot]], which focused on fuzzy logic.<ref name="flakey">{{cite journal|url=https://www.sri.com/work/publications/fuzzy-controller-flakey-autonomous-mobile-robot|title=A Fuzzy Controller For Flakey, An Autonomous Mobile Robot|date=March 1993|first1=Alessandro|last1=Saffiotti|first2=E.|last2=Ruspini|first3=Kurt G.|last3=Konolige|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2013-03-06|archive-date=2013-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403180911/http://www.sri.com/work/publications/fuzzy-controller-flakey-autonomous-mobile-robot|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="compare">{{cite journal|citeseerx = 10.1.1.87.1641|title=CARMEL vs. Flakey: A Comparison of Two Robots|publisher=[[University of Michigan]] and SRI International |year=1994}}</ref>

In 1986, SRI.com became the [[List of the oldest currently-registered Internet domain names|8th registered]] "[[.com]]" domain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwhois.com/oldest/|title=100 oldest .com domains|publisher=iWhois.com|access-date=2012-07-15|archive-date=2014-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702004611/http://www.iwhois.com/oldest/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  The Artificial Intelligence Center developed the [[Procedural reasoning system|Procedural Reasoning System]] (PRS) in the late 1980s and into the early 1990s. PRS launched the field of [[belief–desire–intention software model|BDI]]-based [[intelligent agent]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ai.sri.com/~prs/|title=PRS-CL: A Procedural Reasoning System|publisher=SRI International|first=Karen L|last=Myers|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref>  In the 1990s, SRI developed a letter sorting system for the [[United States Postal Service]] and several education and economic studies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sri.com/news/releases/09-03-97.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214811/http://www.sri.com/news/releases/09-03-97.html|archive-date=2011-04-20|title=SRI Technology At Core of New U.S. Postal Service Letter Sorting System|date=1997-09-03|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref>

Military-related technologies developed by SRI in the 1990s and 2000s include [[Synthetic aperture radar#Ultra-wideband SAR|ground- and foliage-penetrating radar]], the INCON and REDDE [[command and control]] system for the U.S. military,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=74652436&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch|title=INCON|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|access-date=2012-09-23}}</ref> and IGRS (integrated GPS radio system)—an advanced military personnel and [[vehicle tracking system]]. To train armored combat units during battle exercises, SRI developed the Deployable Force-on-Force Instrumented Range System (DFIRST), which uses [[GPS]] satellites, high-speed wireless communications, and digital terrain map displays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfirst.com/|title=Deployable Force-on-Force Instrumented Range System|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-04-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155941/http://www.dfirst.com/|archive-date=2012-02-11}}</ref>

SRI created the [[Centibots]] in 2003, one of the first and largest teams of coordinated, autonomous mobile robots that explore, map, and survey unknown environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ai.sri.com/centibots/|title=Centibots: The 100 Robots Project|publisher=[[Artificial Intelligence Center]]|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.washington.edu/robotics/centibots/|title=Centibots: The 100 Robots Project|publisher=[[University of Washington]] Computer Science & Engineering: Robotics and State Estimation Lab|access-date=2012-07-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201142718/http://www.cs.washington.edu/robotics/centibots/|archive-date=2013-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2004/01/15/centibot-army-drills-for-action-for-the-military/|title=Centibot army drills for action for the military|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|first=Elise|last=Ackerman|date=2004-01-15|access-date=2012-07-15|archive-date=2011-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112133709/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-01-15/entertainment/0401150016_1_robots-sri-international-computer-scientist|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2003/08/59873?currentPage=all|title=LinuxWorld Opens Hunting Season|first=Michelle|last=Delio|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=2003-08-04|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> It also created [[BotHunter]], a free utility for [[Unix]], which detects [[botnet]] activity within a network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.securityfocus.com/brief/861|title=BotHunter aims to find bots for free|website=www.securityfocus.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bothunter.net/about.html|title=About BotHunter|website=www.bothunter.net}}</ref>

[[File:IraqCommPack.gif|thumb|left|The IraqComm system]]
With DARPA-funded research, SRI contributed to the development of [[speech recognition]] and [[Machine translation|translation]] products<ref>[[#Bridge|DARPA, p. 99]]</ref><ref name="arsspeech">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2006/11/8186/|title=Defense Department funds massive speech recognition and translation program|first=Nate|last=Anderson|website=[[Ars Technica]]|date=2006-11-09|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> and was an active participant in DARPA's [[Global Autonomous Language Exploitation]] (GALE) program.<ref name="arsspeech"/> SRI developed DynaSpeak speech recognition technology, which was used in the handheld VoxTec [[Phraselator]], allowing U.S. soldiers overseas to communicate with local citizens in near real-time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2003/04/07/phraselator/ |title=How do you say "regime change" in Arabic? |access-date=2012-07-01 |last=Mieszkowski |first=Katharine |date=2003-04-07 |work=Salon |pages=2}}</ref>  SRI also created translation software for use in the [[IraqComm]], a device which allows two-way, speech-to-speech machine translation between English and colloquial [[Iraqi Arabic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/emergingtech/iraqcomm-computer-cracks-language-barriers/257|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201134136/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/emergingtech/iraqcomm-computer-cracks-language-barriers/257|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 1, 2013|title=IraqComm computer cracks language barriers|first=Roland|last=Piquepaille|work=[[ZDNet]]|date=2006-06-04|access-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>

In medicine and chemistry, SRI developed [[dry powder inhaler|dry-powder drugs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/news/releases/07-01-97.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214814/http://www.sri.com/news/releases/07-01-97.html|title=SRI International Licenses Drug Formulation Process to Dura Pharmaceuticals|archive-date=2011-04-20|publisher=SRI International|date=1997-07-01|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> [[laser photocoagulation]] (a treatment for some eye maladies),<ref>{{cite patent | country = US | number = 3703176 }}</ref> [[remote surgery]] (also known as telerobotic surgery), bio-agent detection using upconverting phosphor technology, the experimental anticancer drugs [[Tirapazamine]] and [[TAS-108]], [[ammonium dinitramide]] (an environmentally benign oxidizer for safe and cost-effective disposal of hazardous materials), the [[electroactive polymer]] ("artificial muscle"), new uses for [[diamagnetic levitation]], and the antimalarial drug [[Halofantrine]].<ref name="mc40"/><ref name="n10-3">[[#Nielson|Nielson, pp. 10-3 - 10-5]]</ref>

SRI performed a study in the 1990s for [[Whirlpool Corporation]] that led to modern [[self-cleaning oven]]s.<ref name="n11-1">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. 11-1]]</ref>  In the 2000s, SRI worked on Pathway Tools software for use in bioinformatics and systems biology to accelerate drug discovery using artificial intelligence and symbolic computing techniques.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bioinformatics.ai.sri.com/ptools/|title=Pathway Tools Information Site|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> The software system generates the [[BioCyc database collection]], SRI's growing collection of [[genomic]] databases used by biologists to visualize genes within a [[chromosome]], complete biochemical pathways, and full [[metabolic]] maps of organisms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biocyc.org/|title=BioCyc|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref>

===Early 21st century===
SRI researchers made the first observation of visible light emitted by oxygen atoms in the night-side [[airglow]] of [[Venus]], offering new insight into the planet's atmosphere.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/news/releases/01-18-01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220107/http://www.sri.com/news/releases/01-18-01.html|archive-date=2011-07-20|title=SRI International Makes First Observation of Atomic Oxygen Emission in the Night Airglow of Venus|publisher=SRI International|date=2001-01-18|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-celebrates-50-years-molecular-physics-discoveries|title=SRI International Celebrates 50 Years of Molecular Physics Discoveries|publisher=SRI International|date=2006-08-06|access-date=2013-07-10|archive-date=2013-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703094207/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-celebrates-50-years-molecular-physics-discoveries|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.291.5503.463|title=Discovery of the Atomic Oxygen Green Line in the Venus Night Airglow|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=2001-01-19|doi=10.1126/science.291.5503.463 |access-date=2012-05-06|last1=Slanger |first1=T. G. |last2=Cosby |first2=P. C. |last3=Huestis |first3=D. L. |last4=Bida |first4=T. A. |volume=291 |issue=5503 |pages=463–465 |pmid=11161195 |bibcode=2001Sci...291..463S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> SRI education researchers conducted the first national evaluation of the growing U.S. [[charter schools]] movement. For the [[World Golf Foundation]], SRI compiled the first-ever estimate of the overall scope of the U.S. [[golf]] industry's goods and services ($62 billion in 2000), providing a framework for monitoring the long-term growth of the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldgolffoundation.org/golf-2020/overview/|title=Golf 20/20 Overview|publisher=[[World Golf Foundation]]|access-date=2012-05-06|archive-date=2012-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524113234/http://www.worldgolffoundation.org/golf-2020/overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/news/releases/11-14-02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220039/http://www.sri.com/news/releases/11-14-02.html|archive-date=2011-07-20|title=U.S. Golf Economy Measures $62 Billion, Says New Report By SRI International for the World Golf Foundation's Golf 20/20 Initiative|publisher=SRI International|date=2002-11-14|access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref> In April 2000, SRI formed Atomic Tangerine, an independent consulting firm designed to bring new technologies and services to market.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sri.com/news/releases/04-19-00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720220123/http://www.sri.com/news/releases/04-19-00.html|archive-date=2011-07-20|title=SRI International Launches Spin-Off Company AtomicTangerine, The First Venture Consulting Firm to Target E-business|publisher=SRI International|date=2000-04-19|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref>

[[File:SRI International Building.jpg|thumb|right|A building on SRI International's campus]]
In 2006, SRI was awarded a $56.9 million contract with the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] to provide preclinical services for the development of drugs and antibodies for [[anti-infective]] treatments for [[avian influenza]], [[SARS]], [[West Nile virus]] and [[hepatitis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aY2JW61kPxuM|title=SRI Wins U.S. Contract to Develop Drugs for Bird Flu|first=John|last=Lauerman|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=2006-11-07|access-date=2012-04-15}}</ref> Also in 2006, SRI selected [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], as the site for a new marine technology research facility targeted at ocean science, the [[maritime industry]] and [[port security]]; the facility is a collaboration with the [[University of South Florida]] College of Marine Science and its Center for Ocean Technology.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-selects-st-petersburg-florida-new-marine-technology-rd-fac|title=SRI International Selects St. Petersburg, Florida for New Marine Technology R&D Facility|publisher=SRI International|date=2006-11-30|access-date=2013-07-10|archive-date=2013-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703093115/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-selects-st-petersburg-florida-new-marine-technology-rd-fac|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/city-breaks-ground-sri-internationals-st-petersburg-facility-0|title=City Breaks Ground on SRI International's St. Petersburg Facility|publisher=SRI International|date=2008-10-30|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703115933/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/city-breaks-ground-sri-internationals-st-petersburg-facility-0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.floridatechnologyjournal.com/sections/tampa-bay/98-news/273-sri-opens-new-research-facility-at-the-port-of-st-petersburg|title=SRI Opens New Research Facility at the Port of St. Petersburg|work=Florida Technology Journal|date=2010-01-11|access-date=2012-05-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712081423/http://www.floridatechnologyjournal.com/sections/tampa-bay/98-news/273-sri-opens-new-research-facility-at-the-port-of-st-petersburg|archive-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> That facility created a new method for underwater [[mass spectrometry]], which has been used to conduct "advanced underwater chemical surveys in oil and gas exploration and production, ocean resource monitoring and protection, and water treatment and management" and was licensed to Spyglass Technologies in March 2014.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/spyglass-technologies-exclusive-license-commercialize-sri-mims|title=Spyglass Technologies Receives Exclusive License to Commercialize SRI International's Underwater Mass Spectrometer|publisher=SRI International|date=2014-03-19|access-date=2014-03-24|archive-date=2014-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325090040/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/spyglass-technologies-exclusive-license-commercialize-sri-mims|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2007, SRI launched a spin-off company, [[Siri Inc.]], which Apple acquired in April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2010/04/28/apple-moves-deeper-into-voice-activated-search-with-siri-buy/|title=Apple Moves Deeper Into Voice-Activated Search With Siri Buy|first=Timothy|last=Hay|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=2010-04-28|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref> In October 2011, Apple announced the Siri personal assistant as an integrated feature of the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iPhone 4S]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/tech/mobile/iphone-siri/|title=Apple's Siri voice assistant based on extensive research|work=[[CNN]]|date=2011-10-04|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref> Siri's technology was born from SRI's work on the DARPA-funded [[CALO]] project, described by SRI as the largest [[artificial intelligence]] project ever launched.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/siri-launches-virtual-personal-assistant-iphone-3gs|title=Siri Launches Virtual Personal Assistant for iPhone 3GS|publisher=SRI International|date=2010-02-05|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703184522/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/siri-launches-virtual-personal-assistant-iphone-3gs|url-status=dead}}</ref> Siri was co-founded in December 2007 by Dag Kittlaus (CEO), [[Adam Cheyer]] (vice president, engineering), and [[Tom Gruber]] (CTO/vice president, design), together with [[Norman Winarsky]] (vice president of SRI Ventures). Investors included [[Menlo Ventures]] and Morgenthaler Ventures.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lardinois|first=Frederic|url=https://readwrite.com/semantic_stealth_startup_siric/|title=Semantic Stealth Startup Siri Raises $8.5 Million|publisher=Readwriteweb.com|date=2008-10-13|access-date=2011-10-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018164509/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/semantic_stealth_startup_siric.php|archive-date=2011-10-18}}</ref>

For the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), SRI operates the advanced modular [[incoherent scatter]] radar (AMISR), a novel relocatable atmospheric research facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amisr.com/amisr/|title=Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radar|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-15}}</ref> Other SRI-operated research facilities for the NSF include the [[Arecibo Observatory]] in Puerto Rico and the [[Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility]] in Greenland. In May 2011, SRI was awarded a $42 million contract to operate the Arecibo Observatory from October 1, 2011, to September 30, 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-selected-national-science-foundation-manage-arecibo-observ|title=SRI International Selected by the National Science Foundation to Manage Arecibo Observatory|publisher=SRI International|date=2011-06-02|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703073001/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/sri-international-selected-national-science-foundation-manage-arecibo-observ|url-status=dead}}</ref> The institute also manages the [[Hat Creek Radio Observatory]] in Northern California, home of the [[Allen Telescope Array]].<ref>{{cite web | first=Robert | last=Sanders | title=UC Berkeley passes management of Allen Telescope Array to SRI | url=https://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/04/13/uc-berkeley-passes-management-of-allen-telescope-array-to-sri/ | publisher=UC Berkeley NewsCenter| date=April 13, 2012 | access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

In February 2014, SRI announced a "[[photonics]]-based testing technology called FASTcell" for the detection and characterization of rare circulating tumor cells from blood samples. The test is aimed at cancer-specific biomarkers for breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, and leukemia cancers that circulate in the bloodstream in minute quantities, potentially diagnosing those conditions earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://optics.org/news/5/2/28|title=SRI International launches FASTcell cancer cell screening system|work=Optics|date=2014-02-26|access-date=2014-03-24}}</ref>

In September 2018, the NSF announced that SRI International would be awarded $4.4 million to establish the backbone organization of a national network.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afcea.org/content/nsf-awards-aim-expand-stem-participation|title=NSF Awards Aim to Expand STEM Participation|date=2018-09-12|work=SIGNAL Magazine|access-date=2018-09-14|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2023, [[Xerox]] announced that it would donate [[PARC (company)|PARC]] and its related assets to SRI. As part of the deal, Xerox would keep most of the patent rights inside PARC, and benefit from a preferred research agreement with SRI/PARC.<ref name=donation>{{cite news |last=Savitz |first=Eric J. |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Xerox Gives Legendary PARC Lab to SRI International |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe |newspaper=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230425002458/https://www.barrons.com/amp/articles/xerox-parc-lab-sri-international-e1d46fe |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}<!-- for formatting on wider screens -->

==Description==
[[File:SRI awards by source.png|thumb|right|SRI awards by source<ref name="factsheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.sri.com/sites/default/files/brochures/sri-fact-sheet.pdf|title=SRI Fact Sheet|publisher=SRI International|date=March 2014|access-date=2014-05-17}}</ref>
{{legend|#120A8F|Department of War (63%)}}
{{legend|#D3D3D3|National Institutes of Health (11%)}}
{{legend|#33FFCC|Business and industry (8%)}}
{{legend|#9999FF|US State and Local (6%)}}
{{legend|#990000|US National Science Foundation (6%)}}
{{legend|#009966|US Department of Education (4%)}}
{{legend|#9903d3|Foundations (2%)}}]]

===Employees and financials===
As of February 2015, SRI employs approximately 2,100 people.<ref name="about"/> In 2014, SRI had about $540 million in revenue.<ref name="about"/> In 2013, the [[United States Department of Defense]] consisted of 63% of awards by value; the remainder was composed of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (11%); businesses and industry (8%); other United States agencies (6%); the National Science Foundation (6%); the [[United States Department of Education]] (4%); and foundations (2%).<ref name="factsheet"/>

As of February 2015, approximately 4,000 patents have been granted to SRI International and its employees.<ref name="patent_list"/>

===Facilities===
SRI is primarily based on a {{convert|63|acre|km2 sqmi|2|lk=on|adj=on}} campus located in [[Menlo Park, California]], which is considered part of [[Silicon Valley]]. This campus encompasses {{convert|1300000|sqft|m2|lk=in|sigfig=2}} of office and lab space.<ref name="facil">{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/engage/specialized-facilities|title=Specialized Facilities|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140903/http://www.sri.com/engage/specialized-facilities|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, SRI has a {{convert|254|acre|km2 sqmi|3|adj=on}} campus in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], with {{convert|600000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2}} of research space. There are also offices in [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Tokyo, Japan]]. In total, SRI has {{convert|2300000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2}} of office and laboratory space.<ref name="facil"/>

===Organization===
SRI International is organized into seven units (generally called divisions) focusing on specific subject areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sri.com/about/organization|title=Our Organization|work=SRI |date=June 2009 |publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref>
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:200px;"| Name
! style="width:*;"| Research area
! style="width:70px;" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| Advanced Technology and Systems
| SRI's largest organizational unit manages complex projects for government and commercial clients in areas such as [[chemistry]], [[physics]], and [[materials science]]; [[geospace]] studies and space and [[marine technology]]; [[surveillance]] and [[remote sensing]]; applied [[optics]] and secure circuits; and [[robotics]], [[medical devices]], and [[nanotechnology]]. 
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/organization/atsd-division|title=Advanced Technology and Systems Division|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807233040/http://www.sri.com/about/organization/atsd-division|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Biosciences
| SRI Biosciences works with academic, commercial, foundation, and government clients and partners to bring new medicines to market through [[basic research]], pharmaceutical discovery, [[preclinical development]], and clinical translation. SRI has helped move more than 100 drugs into [[clinical trial]]s.
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/biomedical-sciences/|title=SRI Biosciences|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/sri-boasts-abilities-in-early-and-late-stage-r-d/2549/|last=Potera|first=Carol|title=SRI Boasts Abilities in Early- and Late-Stage R&D|periodical=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News|series=Company Updates|publisher=Mary Ann Liebert|volume=28|issue=14|pages=18|issn=1937-8661|date=2008-08-01|access-date=2014-05-17|archive-date=2014-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518070201/http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/sri-boasts-abilities-in-early-and-late-stage-r-d/2549/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Education
| SRI Education works with government officials, private foundations, and commercial clients to provide research-based analysis and evaluation of programs to identify trends, understand outcomes, and guide [[public policy]] and practice. Focus areas include early learning, [[educational technology]], social and emotional learning, [[teacher quality assessment]]s, college and career readiness, and large-scale [[survey methodology|surveys]].
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/education-learning/|title=SRI Education|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref>
|-
| Global Partnerships
| It comprises three groups: the Center for Science, Technology, and Economic Development, the Center for Innovation Leadership, the Energy Center, and a team focused on R&D programs for international clients.
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/organization/global-partnerships|title=Global Partnerships|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17|archive-date=2015-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825062147/http://www.sri.com/about/organization/global-partnerships|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Information and Computing Sciences
| For its government and commercial clients, this division conducts R&D activities to understand the computational principles underlying human and machine intelligence and create computer-based systems that solve problems. ICS is organized into four laboratories, one of which is SRI's [[Artificial Intelligence Center]]. The division focuses on [[artificial intelligence]], [[speech recognition]], [[natural language processing]], [[bioinformatics]], and [[computer security]]. 
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/research/information-computing-sciences/|title=Information and Computing Sciences|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref>
|-
| Mission Solutions
| Mission Solutions performs technology and services in support [[U.S. government]]-deployed systems. The division focuses on [[information operations]], [[navigation]], and [[survivability]] systems and systems and signal technology.
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/organization/mission-solutions-division|title=Mission Solutions Division|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref>
|-
| Products and Solutions
| This SRI division transitions R&D technology into products for its government and commercial clients. It maintains a portfolio that includes [[biometric]] identification systems, real-time [[video processing]] systems, integrated video and [[sensor]] exploitation solutions, and video test tools. 
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/organization/products-solutions|title=Products and Solutions|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Staff members and alumni==
{{main|List of SRI International people}}

[[File:SRI_Curtis_R_Carlson_2010_cropped.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|[[Curtis Carlson]]]]
[[File:Douglas Engelbart in 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|[[Douglas Engelbart]]]]
<!--[[File:Marissa Mayer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|[[Marissa Mayer]]]]-->
SRI has had a chief executive of some form since its establishment. Before the split with Stanford University, the position was known as the director; after the split, it is known as the company's president and CEO. SRI has had nine so far, including William F. Talbot (1946–1947),<ref name="exploit"/> Jesse E. Hobson (1947–1955),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-previous-years#Hobson|title=Alumni Hall of Fame: Previous Years: J. E. Hobson|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701143346/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-previous-years#Hobson|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[E. Finley Carter]] (1956–1963),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethw.org/E._Finley_Carter|title=E. Finley Carter|work=IEEE Global History Network|publisher=[[IEEE]]|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> [[Charles Anderson (businessman)|Charles Anderson]] (1968–1979),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/charles-anderson-obituary?id=22839733|title=Charles Anderson|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=2009-04-21|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> [[William F. Miller]] (1979–1990),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/users/wmiller|title=Faculty Profiles: William F. Miller|publisher=[[Stanford Graduate School of Business]]|access-date=2012-09-23}}</ref> [[James J. Tietjen]] (1990–1993),<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dean+Emeritus+of+Stevens+Institute+of+Technology+Dr.+James+J.+Tietjen...-a067440327|title=Dean Emeritus of Stevens Institute of Technology Dr. James J. Tietjen Joins SynQuest Board|publisher=The Free Library by Farlex|date=2000-11-30|access-date=2012-04-01|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082732/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dean+Emeritus+of+Stevens+Institute+of+Technology+Dr.+James+J.+Tietjen...-a067440327|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[William P. Sommers]] (1993–1998)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/william-sommers-obituary?id=25271050|title=Dr. William P. "Bill" Sommers|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=2007-01-10|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> [[Curtis Carlson]] (1998–2014).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/people/curtis-r-carlson|title=Our People: Curtis R. Carlson|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703154821/http://www.sri.com/about/people/curtis-r-carlson|url-status=dead}}</ref>  More recently, the role was split into two. The current CEO is David Parekh<ref>{{cite web |title=David Parekh |date=2 December 2021 |url=https://www.sri.com/bios/david-parekh/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |publisher=SRI International}}</ref> and the president is Manish Kothari (formerly president of SRI Ventures).

SRI also has had a board of directors since its inception, which has both guided and provided opportunities for the organization. The current board of directors includes [[Samuel Armacost]] (Chairman of the Board Emeritus), [[Mariann Byerwalter]] (chairman), William A. Jeffrey, [[Charles A. Holloway]] (vice-chairman), [[Vern Clark]], [[Robert L. Joss]], [[Leslie F. Kenne]], [[Henry Kressel]], [[David Liddle]], [[Philip J. Quigley]], Wendell Wierenga and [[John J. Young Jr.|John J. Young Jr]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about-us/our-people/|title=Our People: Board of Directors|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2014-10-02}}</ref>

Its notable researchers include [[Elmer Robinson (meteorologist)]], co-author of the 1968 SRI report to the [[American Petroleum Institute]] (API) on the risks of fossil fuel burning to the global climate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-oil-industry-was-warned-about-climate-change-in-1968/|newspaper=Vice News|title=The Oil Industry Was Warned About Climate Change in 1968|date=15 April 2016|access-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> Many notable researchers were involved with the Augmentation Research Center. These include Douglas Engelbart, the developer of the modern GUI;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/1968Demo.html|title=The Demo|work=Science and Technology in the Making: MouseSite|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|access-date=2012-04-01|archive-date=2019-12-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191212132517/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/MouseSite/1968Demo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[William English (computer engineer)|William English]], the inventor of the mouse;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://computerhistory.org/events/lectures/mouse_10172001/english/index.shtml|title=Bill English|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]|access-date=2012-04-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025645/http://www.computerhistory.org/events/lectures/mouse_10172001/english/index.shtml|archive-date=2012-01-04}}</ref> [[Jeff Rulifson]], the primary developer of the NLS;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2006#Rulifson|title=Alumni Hall of Fame 2006: Johns Frederick (Jeff) Rulifson|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701192553/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2006#Rulifson|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elizabeth J. Feinler, who ran the Network Information Center;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|title=Alumni Hall of Fame 2000: Elizabeth J. Feinler|year=2000|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140923/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[David Maynard (programmer)|David Maynard]], who would help found [[Electronic Arts]].<ref>{{moby developer|id=183|name=David Maynard|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref>

The Artificial Intelligence Center has also produced a large number of notable alumni, many of whom contributed to Shakey the robot;<ref name="quest">{{cite book|url=https://ai.stanford.edu/~nilsson/QAI/qai.pdf|title=The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements|first=Nils J.|last=Nilsson|author-link=Nils John Nilsson|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|year=2010}}</ref> these include project manager [[Charles Rosen (scientist)|Charles Rosen]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Buchanan|first=Wyatt|date=2002-12-20|url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Charles-Rosen-expert-on-robots-co-founder-of-2710439.php|title=Charles Rosen -- expert on robots, co-founder of winery|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=2012-07-01}}</ref> as well as [[Nils John Nilsson|Nils Nilsson]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zeng | first1 = Daniel | doi = 10.1109/MIS.2011.64 | title = AI's Hall of Fame | url = https://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf | journal = [[IEEE Intelligent Systems]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 5–15 | year = 2011 | bibcode = 2011IISys..26d...5Z | access-date = 2015-09-04 | archive-date = 2011-12-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111216235804/http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Bertram Raphael]],<ref name="quest"/> [[Richard O. Duda]],<ref name="hart">{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2008#Hart|title=Alumni Hall of Fame 2008: Peter E. Hart|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003233714/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2008#Hart|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Peter E. Hart]],<ref name="hart"/> [[Richard Fikes]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ai.sri.com/pubs/files/tn055-fikes71.pdf|title=Monitored Execution of Robot Plans Produced by STRIPS|first=Richard E|last=Fikes|date=April 1971|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> and [[Richard Waldinger]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archived.ai.sri.com/people/waldinge.html|title=Dr. Richard J. Waldinger|publisher=[[Artificial Intelligence Center]]|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> AI researcher [[Gary Hendrix]] went on to found [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hendrix_Gary/Hendrix_Gary.oral_history.2004.102657945.pdf|title=Oral History of Gary Hendrix|publisher=Computer History Museum|date=2004-11-19|last=Spicer|first=Dag|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref><ref name="mc100">[[#McLaughlin|McLaughlin, p. 100]]</ref> Former [[Yahoo!]] President and CEO [[Marissa Mayer]] performed a research internship at the Center in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/marissa-mayer-20902689|title=Marissa Mayer Biography|publisher=Biography.com|access-date=2015-07-08|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209125552/https://www.biography.com/people/marissa-mayer-20902689|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CALO project (and its spin-off, [[Siri (software)|Siri]]) also produced notable names including [[C. Raymond Perrault]] and Adam Cheyer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/international-joint-conferences-artificial-intelligence-honors-sris-raymond-|title=International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Honors SRI's Raymond Perrault with Donald E. Walker Distinguished Service Award|publisher=SRI International|date=2011-07-18|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703071451/http://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/international-joint-conferences-artificial-intelligence-honors-sris-raymond-|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/bang/2011/1116/1224307627049.html|title=iRobot|first=Marie|last=Boran|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=2011-11-16|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref>

Several SRI projects produced notable researchers and engineers long before computing was mainstream. Early employee [[Paul M. Cook]] founded [[Raychem]].<ref name="oral">{{cite book|first=  James J. |last=Bohning|title=Paul M. Cook, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James J. Bohning at San Carlos, California on 2 April 1992 |date=2 April 1992 |url=https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/cook_pm_0105_suppl.pdf|place=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=[[Chemical Heritage Foundation]] }}</ref> William K. MacCurdy developed the Hydra-Cushion freight car for Southern Pacific in 1954;<ref name="n6-1"/> Hewitt Crane and Jerre Noe were instrumental in the development of Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting;<ref name="Markoff2008">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/21/us/21crane.html|title=Hewitt D. Crane, 81, Early Computer Engineer, Is Dead|first=John|last=Markoff|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2008-06-21|access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> Harrison Price helped [[The Walt Disney Company]] design Disneyland;<ref name="disney"/> [[James C. Bliss]] developed the [[Optacon]];<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bliss|first=James C.|title=Contributors|journal=IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics|issue=2|pages=107–108|date=June 1966|volume=HFE-7| doi=10.1109/THFE.1966.232331}}</ref> and [[Robert Weitbrecht]] invented the first [[telecommunications device for the deaf]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://twu.edu/dsc/weibrechti.htm|title=Robert H. Weitbrecht|work=Deaf Scientist Corner|publisher=[[Texas Women's University]]|access-date=2012-03-25|archive-date=2018-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121184133/https://www.twu.edu/dsc/weibrechti.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/us/23marsters.html|title=James Marsters, Deaf Inventor, Dies at 85|first=Dennis|last=Hevesi|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2009-08-22|access-date=2012-03-25}}</ref>

==Spin-off companies==
[[File:Laproscopic Surgery Robot.jpg|thumb|upright=0.45|[[Intuitive Surgical]]'s robotic surgery system, the [[da Vinci Surgical System]]]]
{{main|List of SRI International spin-offs}}

Working with investment and [[venture capital]] firms, SRI and its former employees have launched more than 60 spin-off ventures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/commercialization/ventures/|title=SRI Ventures|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref> in a wide range of fields, including [[Siri]] (acquired by Apple), Tempo AI (acquired by [[Salesforce.com]]), Redwood Robotics (acquired by [[Google]]), [[Desti]] (acquired by [[Here (company)|HERE]]), [[GrabIt|Grabit]], Kasisto, Passio, Artificial Muscle, Inc. (acquired by [[Bayer MaterialScience]]), [[Nuance Communications]], [[Intuitive Surgical]], Ravenswood Solutions, and [[Orchid Cellmark]].<ref name="spin"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/publication/all-additive-organic-electronics-using-jet-printing-and-its-application-to-flexible-paper-like-displays/|title=Alphabetical List|date=August 2013 |publisher=SRI International|access-date=2015-07-08}}</ref><ref name="nSpin">[[#Nielson|Nielson, p. F1-F4]]</ref>

Some former SRI staff members have also established new companies. In engineering and analysis, for example, notable companies formed by SRI alums include [[Weitbrecht Communications]],<ref>{{cite book|title=A phone of our own: the deaf insurrection against Ma Bell|first=Harry G|last=Lang|url=https://archive.org/details/phoneofourown00harr|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/phoneofourown00harr/page/96 96]|quote=Weitbrecht Communications stanford SRI.|year=2000|publisher=[[Gallaudet University Press]]|isbn=978-1-56368-090-8|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]}}</ref> [[Exponent (consulting firm)|Exponent]] and [[Raychem]].<ref name="nSpin"/> Companies in the area of legal, policy and business analysis include [[FICO|Fair Isaac Corporation]], [[Global Business Network]] and [[Institute for the Future]].<ref name="nSpin"/>

Research in computing and computer science-related areas led to the development of many companies, including Symantec, the [[Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute]], [[E-Trade]], and [[Verbatim Corporation]]. Wireless technologies spawned [[Firetide]] and venture capital firm enVia Partners.<ref name="nSpin"/> Health systems research inspired [[Telesensory Systems]].<ref name="nSpin"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/engage/ventures/biotechmedical|title=Ventures: Biotech/Medical|publisher=SRI International|access-date=2012-07-01|archive-date=2013-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201141205/http://www.sri.com/engage/ventures/biotechmedical|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal-inline|San Francisco Bay Area}}
* [[List of R&D laboratories]]
* [[The Mother of All Demos]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book | last = Nielson | first = Donald | title = A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century | publisher = SRI International | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-9745208-1-0 | location = [[Menlo Park, California]] | ref=Nielson}}
* {{cite book | first = Weldon B. | last = Gibson | author-link = Weldon B. Gibson | title = SRI: The Founding Years | publisher = Stanford Research Institute | year = 1980 | isbn = 978-0-913232-80-4 | location = [[Los Altos, California]] | ref=Founding }}
* {{cite book| first1 = John R. | last1 = McLaughlin | first2 = Leigh A. | last2 = Weimers | first3 = Wardell V. | last3 = Winslow|title=Silicon Valley: 110 Year Renaissance|publisher=Santa Clara Valley Historical Association|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9649217-4-0| location = [[Palo Alto, California]] | ref =McLaughlin}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.darpa.mil/About/History/First_50_Years.aspx#DARPA:%2050%20Years%20of%20Bridging%20the%20Gap|title=DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging The Gap|publisher=[[DARPA]]|year=2008|ref=Bridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506103713/http://www.darpa.mil/About/History/First_50_Years.aspx#DARPA:%2050%20Years%20of%20Bridging%20the%20Gap|archive-date=2011-05-06}}

==Further reading==
===SRI history===
* {{cite book | last1 = Carlson | first1 = Curtis R. | first2 = William W. | last2 = Wilmot | author-link1 = Curtis Carlson | title = Innovation: The Five Disciplines for Creating What Customers Want | publisher = [[Crown Publishing Group]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-307-33669-9 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | url = https://archive.org/details/innovation00curt }}
* {{cite book | last = Lento | first = Thomas V | title = Inventing the Future: 60 Years of Innovation at Sarnoff | year = 2006 | publisher = [[Sarnoff Corporation]] | isbn = 978-0-9785463-0-4 | location = [[Princeton, New Jersey]] }}
* {{cite book | first = Weldon B. | last = Gibson | author-link = Weldon B. Gibson | title = SRI: The Take-Off Days | publisher = Stanford Research Institute | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-86576-103-2 | location = [[Los Altos, California]] }}

===Specific topics===
* {{cite book | last1 = Crane | first1 = Hewitt | author-link=Hewitt Crane | first2 = Edwin | last2 = Kinderman | first3 = Ripudaman | last3 = Malhotra | title = A Cubic Mile of Oil | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] USA | date=June 2010 | isbn=978-0-19-532554-6 | location = [[Oxford, New York]] | title-link = Cubic mile of oil }}
* {{cite book | last = Markoff | first = John | author-link = John Markoff | title = What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry | publisher = [[Viking Press|Viking Adult]] | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-670-03382-9 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | title-link = What the Dormouse Said }}
* {{cite book | last = Hafner | first = Katie | author-link = Katie Hafner | title = Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (with Matthew Lyon) | url = https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | year = 1996 | isbn = 978-0-684-83267-8 | location = [[New York City|New York]] }}
* {{cite book | last = Bowden | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Bowden | title = WORM: The First Digital World War | trans-title = about the [[Conficker]] computer worm | publisher = [[Atlantic Monthly Press]] | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8021-1983-4 | location = [[New York City|New York]] | url = https://archive.org/details/wormfirstdigital00bowd_0 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|SRI International}}

* [https://www.sri.com/ SRI International website]

{{SRI International Presidents}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:SRI International| ]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Menlo Park, California]]
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[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Defense companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1946]]
[[Category:Research institutes in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Stanford University research institutes]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in California]]