View source for SS 433

{{Short description|Binary star system in the constellation Aquila}}
{{Starbox begin
|name=SS 433
}}
{{Starbox image
|image=[[File:W50 medium.jpg|280px]]
|caption=SS 433 at the centre of [[supernova remnant]] [[Westerhout 50|W50]]
|credit=NRAO/AUI/NSF, K. Golap, M. Goss; NASA’s Wide Field Survey Explorer (WISE)
}}
{{Starbox observe
|epoch=[[J2000.0]] ([[International Celestial Reference System|ICRS]])
|constell=[[Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]<ref>{{cite constellation|SS 433}}</ref>
|ra={{RA|19|11|49.56}}<ref name=dr3/>
|dec={{DEC|+04|58|57.8}}<ref name=dr3/>
|appmag_v=13.0 - 17.3<ref name=gcvs/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| class=A7Ib
| variable=[[Eclipsing binary]]<ref name=gcvs>{{cite journal|bibcode=2009yCat....102025S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)|journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S|volume=1|pages=B/GCVS|display-authors=etal|last1=Samus|first1=N. N.|last2=Durlevich|first2=O. V.|year=2009}}</ref>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| prop_mo_ra= −3.027<ref name=dr3/>
| prop_mo_dec= −4.777<ref name=dr3/>
| parallax= 0.1182
| p_error= 0.0233
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=dr3>{{cite Gaia DR3|4293406612283985024}}</ref>
| dist_pc={{val|5500|200|fmt=commas}}<ref name="asym">{{cite journal|last1=Blundell|first1=Katherine M.|author-link1=Katherine Blundell|last2=Bowler|first2=Michael G.|title=Symmetry in the Changing Jets of SS 433 and Its True Distance from Us|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=616|issue=2|year=2004|pages=L159–L162|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/426542|arxiv=astro-ph/0410456|bibcode=2004ApJ...616L.159B|s2cid=11213274}}</ref><ref name=jeffphd>{{cite thesis|degree=DPhil|publisher=University of Oxford|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9f5657b-a122-464f-8c55-db349ba74c4c|title=The remarkable outflows from the galactic microquasar SS433|first= Robert|last=Jeffrey|date=2016|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.730205}}|website=ora.ox.ac.uk}} {{free access}}</ref>
| dist_ly={{val|18,000|700|fmt=commas}}
| absmag_v=
}}
{{Starbox orbit
|reference=<ref name=Cherepashchuk>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slab083|arxiv=2107.09005|bibcode=2021MNRAS.507L..19C|title=Discovery of orbital eccentricity and evidence for orbital period increase of SS433|year=2021|last1=Cherepashchuk|first1=A. M.|last2=Belinski|first2=A. A.|last3=Dodin|first3=A. V.|last4=Postnov|first4=K. A.|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|volume=507|issue=1|pages=L19–L23|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|period_unitless=13.082 d
|eccentricity=0.05 ± 0.01
|inclination=79
}}
{{Starbox catalog
|names=V1343 Aql, [[GAL (astronomical catalogue)|GAL]] 039.7-02.0, [[2MASS]] J19114957+0458578, [[USNO]] 659, 1A 1909+04, [[87GB]] 190920.8+045332, [[NEK (astronomical catalogue)|NEK]] 40.1-02.1, [[List of astronomical catalogues#0-9|3A]] 1909+048, [[GPS]] 1909+049, [[RGB]] J1911+049, BWE 1909+0453, [[GRS (astronomical catalogue)|GRS]] 039.60 -01.80, [[ROSAT|RX]] J1911.7+0459, [[Fourth Cambridge Survey|4C]] 04.66, [[1H (astronomical catalogue)|1H]] 1908+047, [[1RXS]] J191149.7+045857, [[Einstein Observatory|2E]] 1909.3+0453, [[HBHA]] 204-02, [[AAVSO]] 1906+04, [[Einstein Observatory|2E]] 4204, [[INTEGRAL1]] 110, [[TXS]] 1909+048, [[1ES]] 1909+04.8, [[INTREF]] 969, [[4U (astronomical catalogue)|4U]] 1908+05. }}
{{Starbox reference | Simbad=SS+433}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''SS 433''' is a [[microquasar]] or [[eclipsing binary|eclipsing]] [[X-ray binary]] [[stellar system|system]], consisting of a stellar-mass [[black hole]] [[accretion (astrophysics)|accreting]] matter from an [[A-type star|A-type]] [[companion star]].<ref name=Cherepashchuk/><ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=2004ApJ...615..422H|title=Identification of the Mass Donor Star's Spectrum in SS 433|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=615|issue=1|pages=422–431|last1=Hillwig|first1=T. C.|last2=Gies|first2=D. R.|last3=Huang|first3=W.|last4=McSwain|first4=M. V.|last5=Stark|first5=M. A.|last6=Van Der Meer|first6=A.|last7=Kaper|first7=L.|year=2004|doi=10.1086/423927|arxiv=astro-ph/0403634|s2cid=17930915}}</ref> SS 433 is the first discovered microquasar.<ref name="darling" /> It is at the centre of the supernova remnant [[W50 (nebula)|W50]].

SS 433's designation comes from the initials of two astronomers at [[Case Western Reserve University]]: [[Nicholas Sanduleak]] and [[Charles Bruce Stephenson]]. It was the 433rd entry in their 1977 catalog of stars with strong emission lines.<ref name="darling">[http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/SS_433.html SS 433], David Darling, entry in ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Science'', accessed on line September 14, 2007.</ref> Its emission lines were studied by [[Mordehai Milgrom]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Milgrom, Mordehai|title=Thomson scattered lines in the spectrum of SS 433 - A powerful tool for studying the system|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=78|issue=3|date=October 1979|pages=L17–L20|bibcode=1979A&A....78L..17M}}</ref>

==Location==

SS 433, also known as V1343 Aquilae, is located in the galactic plane (''l= 39.7° and b= -2.2°'')  at a distance of {{convert|5.5|kpc|ly||lk=on|order=flip}}.

==System==
[[File:Ss433 art big.gif|thumb|left|Artist's impression of SS 433]]
The compact central object is consuming the companion star which rapidly loses mass into an [[accretion disc]] formed around the central object. The accretion disc is subject to extreme heating as it spirals into the primary and this heating causes the accretion disc to give off intense X-rays and opposing jets of hot hydrogen along the axis of rotation, above and below the plane of the accretion disc.  The material in the jets travels at 26% of the [[speed of light]].<ref name="ara" /> The companion star presumably had lower mass than the original primary object and was therefore longer lived.  Estimates for its mass range from 3 to 30<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=2005A&A...437..561C|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041563|title=INTEGRAL observations of SS433: Results of a coordinated campaign|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=437|issue=2|pages=561–573|last1=Cherepashchuk|first1=A. M.|last2=Sunyaev|first2=R. A.|last3=Fabrika|first3=S. N.|last4=Postnov|first4=K. A.|last5=Molkov|first5=S. V.|last6=Barsukova|first6=E. A.|last7=Antokhina|first7=E. A.|last8=Irsmambetova|first8=T. R.|last9=Panchenko|first9=I. E.|last10=Seifina|first10=E. V.|last11=Shakura|first11=N. I.|last12=Timokhin|first12=A. N.|last13=Bikmaev|first13=I. F.|last14=Sakhibullin|first14=N. A.|last15=Aslan|first15=Z.|last16=Khamitov|first16=I.|last17=Pramsky|first17=A. G.|last18=Sholukhova|first18=O.|last19=Gnedin|first19=Yu. N.|last20=Arkharov|first20=A. A.|last21=Larionov|first21=V. M.|year=2005|arxiv=astro-ph/0503352|s2cid=119395465}}</ref> [[solar mass]]es.  The primary and secondary orbit each other at a very close distance in stellar terms, with an orbital period of 13.082 days. Their orbit is very slightly [[orbital eccentricity|eccentric]], and its period is slowly increasing at a rate of about {{val|1.0e-7}} seconds per second, or about 3 seconds per year.<ref name=Cherepashchuk/>

==Observational data==
[[File:SS433LightCurve.png|thumb|A [[Photometric system#Photometric letters|visual band]] [[light curve]] for SS 433, adapted from Watarai & Fukue (2010)<ref name="Watarai"/>]]
The jets from the primary are emitted perpendicular to its [[accretion disk]]. The jets and disk [[precession|precess]] around an axis inclined about 79° to a line between Earth and SS 433. The angle between the jets and the axis is around 20°, and the precessional period is around 162.5 days.<ref name="xxx">{{cite journal|bibcode=2002SSRv..102...23C|title=Observational Manifestations of Precession of Accretion Disk in the SS 433 Binary System|journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=102|issue=1|pages=23–35|last1=Cherepashchuk|first1=Anatol|year=2002|doi=10.1023/a:1021356630889 |s2cid=115604949}}</ref>  Precession means that the jets sometimes point more towards the Earth, and sometimes more away, producing both blue and red [[Doppler shift]]s in the observed visible spectrum.<ref name="ara" /> Also, the precession means that the jets corkscrew through space in an expanding helical spray.<ref>[http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/ss433corkscrew/ Gigantic Cosmic Corkscrew Reveals New Details About Mysterious Microquasar], press release, [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]], October 26, 2004, accessed on line September 14, 2007.</ref>  As they impact the surrounding [[W50 (nebula)|W50 supernova remnant]] clouds, they distort it into an elongated shape.<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1996PASJ...48..819M|title=Interaction of Jets with a Supernova Remnant in the SS 433/W50 System|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=48|pages=819–825|last1=Murata|first1=Kenji|last2=Shibazaki|first2=Noriaki|year=1996|issue=6|doi=10.1093/pasj/48.6.819|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:PIA24574-SS433-ULXray-20210709.jpg|thumb|left|500px|<div align="center">SS 433 - possible [[Ultraluminous X-ray source|ULX ray source]]</div>]]
Observations in 2004 by the [[Very Long Baseline Array]] for 42 consecutive days gave new data and understanding of the action of the jets. It appears that the jets are sometimes impacting material shortly after being created and thus brightening. The material the jets are impacting appears to be replaced some of the time, but not always, leading to variations in the brightening of the jets.<ref>[http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/ss433/ VLBA "Movie" Gives Scientists New Insights On Workings of Mysterious Microquasars], press release, [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]], January 5, 2004. Accessed online September 14, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=2004AAS...20510401S|title=Exploring the Jet Proper Motions of SS433|journal=American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts|volume=205|pages=104.01|last1=Schillemat|first1=K.|last2=Mioduszewski|first2=A.|last3=Dhawan|first3=V.|last4=Rupen|first4=M.|year=2004}}</ref>

The spectrum of SS 433 is affected not just by [[Doppler shift]]s but also by [[special relativity|relativity]]: when the effects of the Doppler shift are subtracted, there is a residual redshift which corresponds to a velocity of about 12,000 [[kilometers]] per [[second]]. This does not represent an actual velocity of the system away from the Earth; rather, it is due to [[time dilation]], which makes moving clocks appear to stationary observers to be ticking more slowly.  In this case, the relativistically moving excited atoms in the jets appear to vibrate more slowly and their radiation thus appears red-shifted.<ref name="ara">{{cite journal|last1=Margon|first1=Bruce|title=Observations of SS 433|journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=22|issue=1|year=1984|pages=507–536|issn=0066-4146|doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002451|bibcode=1984ARA&A..22..507M}}</ref>

In September 2018, A. U. Abeysekara et al. published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' details of investigations using the [[High Altitude Water Cherenkov Experiment|High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray (HAWC) Observatory]] in [[Mexico]]. They reported teraelectronvolt γ-ray observations exceeding 25[[TeV]] of the SS 433/W50 system that spatially resolve the lobes, and consistent with a single population of electrons with energies extending to at least hundreds of teraelectronvolts in a magnetic field of about 16 micro[[gauss]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0565-5|pmid=30283106|title=Very-high-energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433|journal=Nature|volume=562|issue=7725|pages=82–85|year=2018|last1=Abeysekara|first1=A. U.|last2=Albert|first2=A.|last3=Alfaro|first3=R.|last4=Alvarez|first4=C.|last5=Álvarez|first5=J. D.|last6=Arceo|first6=R.|last7=Arteaga-Velázquez|first7=J. C.|last8=Avila Rojas|first8=D.|last9=Ayala Solares|first9=H. A.|last10=Belmont-Moreno|first10=E.|last11=Benzvi|first11=S. Y.|last12=Brisbois|first12=C.|last13=Caballero-Mora|first13=K. S.|last14=Capistrán|first14=T.|last15=Carramiñana|first15=A.|last16=Casanova|first16=S.|last17=Castillo|first17=M.|last18=Cotti|first18=U.|last19=Cotzomi|first19=J.|last20=Coutiño De León|first20=S.|last21=De León|first21=C.|last22=de la Fuente|first22=E.|last23=Díaz-Vélez|first23=J. C.|last24=Dichiara|first24=S.|last25=Dingus|first25=B. L.|author25-link= Brenda Dingus |last26=Duvernois|first26=M. A.|last27=Ellsworth|first27=R. W.|last28=Engel|first28=K.|last29=Espinoza|first29=C.|last30=Fang|first30=K.|display-authors=29|arxiv=1810.01892|bibcode=2018Natur.562...82A|s2cid=52918329}}</ref><ref name="2018-10-04_SD">[http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Scientists_discover_new_nursery_for_superpowered_photons_999.html Scientists discover new nursery for superpowered photons], [[Space Daily]], 2018-10-04</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{in popular culture|section|date=May 2024}}
In ''[[SNL]]'' season&nbsp;4 (1979), [[Father Guido Sarducci]] mentions SS&nbsp;433.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Father Guido Sarducci |department=Weekend update |series=[[SNL|Saturday Night Live]] |website=[[YouTube]] |medium=video |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWBhsiBMOIo&t=124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712071714/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWBhsiBMOIo&gl=US&hl=en |via=archive.org |archive-date=2019-07-12 |df=dmy-all }} alt.: {{webarchive |url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/lWBhsiBMOIo |via=Ghostarchive |date=2021-12-05 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In the ''Seven Wonders of The World'' documentary series, [[Arthur C. Clarke]] mentions SS&nbsp;433 as one of his "seven wonders of the universe".<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Arthur C. Clarke: Seven Wonders of the World |people=[[Arthur C. Clarke|Clarke, A.C.]] (writer / presenter) |medium=video |lang=en |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2022-10-29 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNWL855ibMA |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In his novel ''[[House of Suns]],'' [[Alastair Reynolds]] describes a fictional star in the [[Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda galaxy]] as "a close cousin" to SS&nbsp;433.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Alastair |date=2020-04-21 |title=House of Suns |publisher=Orbit |isbn=978-0-316-46261-7 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4y9DwAAQBAJ&dq=alastair+reynolds+%22ss433%22+%22house+of+suns%22&pg=PT519 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[High-mass X-ray binary]]
* [[Ultraluminous X-ray source]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em|refs=

<ref name="Watarai">{{cite journal |last1=Watarai |first1=Ken-ya |last2=Fukue |first2=Jun |title=Optical Light Curves of Luminous Eclipsing Black Hole X-Ray Binaries |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |date=25 April 2010 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=467–474 |doi=10.1093/pasj/62.2.467 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1002.3463 }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* [http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinPreview?-c=19+11+49.56%2B04+58+57.6&ident=V*+V1343+Aql&submit=Aladin+previewer Image SS 433]
* [https://www.desy.de/news/news_search/index_eng.html?openDirectAnchor=1887 Strange gamma-ray heartbeat puzzles scientists] - article with video at [[DESY]] News
{{Sky|19|11|49.56|+|04|58|57.6|18000}}

{{Stars of Aquila}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SS 433}}
[[Category:Stellar black holes]]
[[Category:Aquila (constellation)]]
[[Category:Microquasars]]
[[Category:Eclipsing binaries]]
[[Category:Objects with variable star designations|Aquilae, V1343]]
[[Category:A-type supergiants]]