View source for STS-103

{{Short description|1999 American crewed spaceflight to the Hubble Space Telescope}}
{{About|the Space Shuttle mission|the WWII spy training school|Camp X}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-103
| names_list         = [[Space Transportation System]]-103
| image              = STS103-713-048 - Steven Smith and John Grunsfeld repairing Hubble during STS-103 (Retouched).jpg
| image_caption      = Grunsfeld and Smith replacing gyroscopes on ''Hubble'' during the mission's first EVA
| insignia           = STS-103 Patch.svg
| mission_type       = Hubble Space Telescope servicing
| spacecraft         = {{OV|103}}
| operator           = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = <!-- Wikidata -->
| SATCAT             = <!-- Wikidata -->
| mission_duration   = 7 days, 23 hours, 11 minutes, 34 seconds
| distance_travelled = {{convert|5230000|km}}
| launch_mass        = {{convert|112493|kg}}
| landing_mass       = {{convert|95768|kg}}
| crew_size          = 7
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|[[Curtis Brown|Curtis L. Brown Jr.]]|[[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott J. Kelly]]|[[John M. Grunsfeld]]|[[Jean-François Clervoy]]|[[Michael Foale|C. Michael Foale]]|[[Steven Smith (astronaut)|Steven L. Smith]]|[[Claude Nicollier]]}}
| crew_EVAs          = 3
| crew_EVA_duration  = 24&nbsp;hours, 33&nbsp;minutes
| crew_photo         = STS-103 crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right; C. Michael Foale, Claude Nicollier, Scott J. Kelly, Curtis L. Brown Jr., Jean-Francois Clervoy, John M. Grunsfeld and Steven L. Smith
| docking            = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   |docking_type        = capture
   |docking_target      = [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]]
   |capture_date        = {{date and age|1999|12|22}}, 00:34&nbsp;UTC<ref name="MCCSR-05">{{cite web |author1= |date=21 December 1999 |title=STS-103, Mission Control Center Status Report #05 |url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts103/STS-103-05.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154645/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts103/STS-103-05.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Johnson Space Center Mission Status Reports |publisher=[[NASA]] |publication-place=Houston, TX}}</ref>
   |release_date        = {{date and age|1999|12|25}}, 11:03&nbsp;UTC<ref name="MCCSR-14">{{cite web |author1= |date=26 December 1999 |title=STS-103, Mission Control Center Status Report #14 |url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts103/STS-103-14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154625/https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/reports/sts103/STS-103-14.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=Johnson Space Center Mission Status Reports |publisher=[[NASA]] |publication-place=Houston, TX}}</ref>
 }}
| launch_site        = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B|LC-39B]]
| launch_date        = {{Start date text|20 December 1999 00:50:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_date       = {{End date text|28 December 1999 00:01:34|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site       = Kennedy, [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF&nbsp;Runway&nbsp;33]]
| apsis              = gee
| orbit_epoch        = 
| orbit_reference    = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{convert|609|km}}
| orbit_periapsis    = {{convert|563|km}}
| orbit_period       = 96.4 minutes
| orbit_inclination  = 28.45 degrees
| programme          = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[STS-93]] (95)
| next_mission       = [[STS-99]] (97)
| programme2         = [[Hubble Space Telescope#Servicing|Hubble Space Telescope missions]]
| previous_mission2  = [[STS-82]] ({{abbr|SM2|Servicing Mission 2}})
| next_mission2      = [[STS-109]] ({{abbr|SM3B|Servicing Mission 3B}})
}}

'''STS-103''', the 96th launch of the [[Space Shuttle]] and the 27th launch of [[Space Shuttle]] ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', was [[Hubble Space Telescope]] Servicing Mission 3A ('SM3A'). It launched from [[Kennedy Space Center]], Florida, on 19 December 1999 and returned on 27 December 1999 and was the last Shuttle mission of the 1990s. It was the only mission to span through [[Christmas]] after being delayed by 13 days for technical and weather reasons.

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology       = Astronaut
|position1         = Commander
|crew1_up          = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Curtis Brown|Curtis L. Brown Jr.]]
|flights1_up       = Sixth and last
|position2         = Pilot
|crew2_up          = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Kelly (astronaut)|Scott J. Kelly]]
|flights2_up       = First
|position3         = Mission Specialist 1
|crew3_up          = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[John M. Grunsfeld]]
|flights3_up       = Third
|position4         = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
|crew4_up          = {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-François Clervoy]]
|flights4_up       = Third and last
|agency4_up        = [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
|position5         = Mission Specialist 3
|crew5_up          = {{flagicon|USA}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}<!-- Foale wore the US flag on his arm, so it should be listed first --> [[Michael Foale]]
|flights5_up       = Fifth
|position6         = Mission Specialist 4
|crew6_up          = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Steven Smith (astronaut)|Steven L. Smith]]
|flights6_up       = Third
|position7         = Mission Specialist 5
|crew7_up          = {{Flagicon|CHE}} [[Claude Nicollier]]
|flights7_up       = Fourth and last
|agency7_up        = [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
}}

===Space walks===
*''''' Smith and Grunsfeld ''''' – EVA 1
*'''EVA 1 start''': 22 December 1999 – 18:54 UTC
*'''EVA 1 end''': 23 December 1999 – 03:09 UTC
*'''Duration''': 8 hours, 15 minutes
*''''' Foale and Nicollier ''''' – EVA 2
*'''EVA 2 start''': 23 December 1999 – 19:06 UTC
*'''EVA 2 end''': 24 December 1999 – 03:16 UTC
*'''Duration''': 8 hours, 10 minutes
*''''' Smith and Grunsfeld ''''' – EVA 3
*'''EVA 3 start''': 24 December 1999 – 19:17 UTC
*'''EVA 3 end''': 25 December 1999 – 03:25 UTC
*'''Duration''': 8 hours, 8 minutes

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spaceflight mission report: STS-103 |url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-103.htm |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=www.spacefacts.de}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Brown
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Kelly
|-
! 3
| Grunsfeld
| Foale
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Clervoy
|-
! 5
| Foale
| Grunsfeld
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Smith
|-
! 7
|colspan=2| Nicollier
|}

==Mission highlights==
[[File:Launch of Space Shuttle Dicovery STS-103 Mission (28233337231).jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right|STS-103 launch]]
The primary objective of STS-103 was the [[Hubble Space Telescope#Servicing Mission 3A|Hubble Servicing Mission 3A]].<ref name="STIsummary">{{cite web |last1=Legler |first1=Robert D. |last2=Bennett |first2=Floyd V. |date=1 September 2011 |title=Space Shuttle Missions Summary |url=https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052010/https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program Office |publisher=NASA |pages=119–120 |id=NASA/TM–2011–216142}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> STS-103 had four scheduled Extravehicular Activity (EVA) days where four crew members worked in pairs on alternating days to renew and refurbish the telescope.

NASA officials decided to move up part of the servicing mission that had been scheduled for June 2000 after three of the telescope's six [[gyroscope]]s failed. Three gyroscopes must be working to meet the telescope's very precise pointing requirements, and the telescope's flight rules dictated that NASA consider a "call-up" mission before a fourth gyroscope failed. Four new gyros were installed during the first servicing mission ([[STS-61]]) in December 1993 and all six gyros were working during the second servicing mission ([[STS-82]]) in February 1997. Since then, a gyro failed in 1997, another in 1998 and a third in 1999. The Hubble team believed they understood the cause of the failures, although they could not be certain until the gyros were returned from space. Having fewer than three working gyroscopes would have precluded science observations, although the telescope would have remained safely in orbit until a servicing crew arrived.

Hubble's gyros spin at a constant rate of 19,200 rpm on gas bearings. This wheel is mounted in a sealed cylinder, which floats in a thick fluid. Electricity is carried to the motor by thin wires (approximately the size of a human hair). It is believed that oxygen in the pressurized air used during the assembly process caused the wires to corrode and break. The new gyros were assembled using nitrogen instead of oxygen. Each gyroscope is packaged in a Rate Sensor assembly. The Rate Sensors are packaged in pairs into an assembly called a Rate Sensor Unit (RSU). It is the RSUs that the STS-103's astronauts changed. The RSUs each weigh {{convert|11.0|kg}} and are 12.8 by 10.5 by 8.9&nbsp;inches (325 by 267 by 226&nbsp;mm) in size.

In addition to replacing all six gyroscopes on the December flight, the crew replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and the spacecraft's computer. The new computer reduced the burden of flight software maintenance and significantly lowered costs. The new computer was 20 times faster and had six times the memory of the [[DF-224]] computer previously used on Hubble. It weighs {{convert|32.0|kg}} and is 18.8 by 18 by 13&nbsp;inches (478 by 457 by 330&nbsp;mm) in size. The FGS installed was a refurbished unit that was returned from Servicing Mission 2. It weighs {{convert|217|kg}} and is 5.5 by 4 by 2 feet (1.68 by 1.22 by 0.61 m) in size.

A voltage/temperature improvement kit (VIK) was also installed to protect spacecraft batteries from overcharging and overheating when the spacecraft goes into [[Safe mode (spacecraft)|safe mode]]. The VIK modifies the charge [[cutoff voltage]] to a lower level to prevent battery overcharging and associated overheating. The VIK weighs about {{convert|1.4|kg}}.
[[File:Flag of Mars.svg|thumb|left|200px|The Mars flag]]
The repair mission also installed a new S-Band Single Access Transmitter (SSAT). Hubble has two identical SSATs onboard and can operate with only one. The SSATs send data from Hubble through NASA's Tracking Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) to the ground. The new transmitter replaced one that failed in 1998. The SSAT weighs {{convert|3.9|kg}} and is 14 by 8 by {{frac|2|3|4}} inches (356 by 203 by 70&nbsp;mm).

A spare solid state recorder was also installed to allow efficient handling of high-volume data. Prior to the second servicing mission, Hubble used three 1970s-style reel-to-reel tape recorders. During the second servicing mission, one of these mechanical recorders was replaced with a digital solid state recorder. During this mission a second mechanical recorder was replaced by a second solid state recorder. The new recorder could hold approximately 10 times as much data as the old unit (12 gigabytes instead of 1.2 gigabytes). The recorder weighs {{convert|11.3|kg}} and is 12 by 9 by 7&nbsp;inches in size.

Finally, the EVA crew replaced the telescope's outer insulation that had degraded. The insulation is necessary to control the internal temperature on the Hubble. The New Outer Blanket Layer (NOBL) and Shell/Shield Replacement Fabric (SSRF) help protect Hubble from the harsh environment of space. It protects the telescope from the severe and rapid temperature changes it experiences during each 90 minute orbit as it moves from sunlight to darkness.

STS-103 also carried hundreds of thousands of student signatures as part of the Student Signatures in Space (S3) program. The unique project provided elementary schools (selected on a rotating basis) with special posters to be autographed by students, then scanned onto disks and carried aboard a NASA Space Shuttle mission.

It was the ''Discovery's'' last solo spaceflight. All later missions by Discovery were [[International Space Station]] missions.

Astronaut John Grunsfeld, who was one of the mission specialists on this mission, brought a "[[Flag of Mars|Planet Mars Flag]]" aboard ''Discovery''.

{{LaunchAttempt
| date1           = 19991216 21:18:00
| result1         = Scrubbed
| reason1         = Technical
| decision_date1  = 19991216 16:30
| decision_clock1 = −06:00:00 hold
| weathergo1      = 90
| notes1          = Concern about fuel line welds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harwood |first1=William |title=External tank weld issue appears resolved |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/STS-103_Archive.txt |access-date=30 August 2009 |publisher=CBS News |date=15 December 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024435/http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/STS-103_Archive.txt |archive-date=4 March 2016 |format=TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>
| date2           = 19991217 20:47:00
| result2         = Scrubbed
| reason2         = Weather
| decision_date2  = 19991217 20:52:00
| decision_clock2 = −00:09:00 hold
| weathergo2      = 20
| notes2          = Low cloud ceiling and rain.<ref name="STIsummary" />
| date3           = 19991218 20:21:00
| result3         = Scrubbed
| reason3         = Weather
| decision_date3  = 19991218 12:30
| decision_clock3 = −06:00:00 hold
| weathergo3      = 20
| notes3          = Lightning in KSC area.<ref name="STIsummary" />
| date4           = 19991219 19:50:00
| result4         = Success
| reason4         = 
| weathergo4      = 60
}}

== Wake-up calls ==
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the [[Gemini program]], which was first used to wake up a flight crew during [[Apollo 15]].<ref name="chronology">
{{cite news
| first = Colin
| last = Fries
| title = Chronology of Wakeup Calls
| date = 25 June 2007
| publisher = NASA
| url = https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf
| access-date = 13 August 2007
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100605034025/http://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf
| archive-date = 5 June 2010
| df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.<ref name="chronology" /><ref name="wakeup">
{{cite web |author= |date=11 May 2009 |title=STS-103 Wakeup Calls |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-103/html/ndexpage.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000229170806/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/audio/shuttle/sts-103/html/ndexpage.html |archive-date=29 February 2000 |access-date=31 July 2009 |publisher=NASA}}
</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Flight day
! Song
! Artist/composer
|-
| Day 2
| "[[Takin' Care of Business (song)|Takin' Care of Business]]"
| [[Bachman–Turner Overdrive]]
|-
| Day 3
| "[[Tracks (Bruce Springsteen album)|Rendezvous]]"
| [[Bruce Springsteen]]
|-
| Day 4
| "Hucklebuck"
| [[Beau Jocque|Beau Jocque and the Zydeco Hi-Rollers]]
|-
| Day 6
| "[[Magic Carpet Ride (Steppenwolf song)|Magic Carpet Ride]]"
| [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]]
|-
| Day 7
| "[[I'll Be Home for Christmas]]"
| [[Bing Crosby]]
|-
| Day 8
| "We're So Good Together"
| [[Reba McEntire]]
|-
| Day 9
| "[[The Cup of Life]]"
| [[Ricky Martin]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[List of human spaceflights]]
*[[List of Space Shuttle missions]]
*[[Outline of space science]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-103/mission-sts-103.html NASA mission summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815184911/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-103/mission-sts-103.html |date=15 August 2011 }}
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle96.htm STS-103 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207014632/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle96.htm |date=7 December 2013 }}

{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}
{{Hubble Space Telescope}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1999}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1999]]
[[Category:Hubble Space Telescope servicing missions]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]
[[Category:December 1999]]
[[Category:1999 in Florida]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 2009]]