View source for STS-86

{{Short description|1997 American crewed spaceflight to ''Mir''}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = STS-86
| names_list         = [[Space Transportation System]]-86
| image              = STS86 Mir Station.jpg
| image_caption      = View of ''Mir'' from ''Atlantis'', with damage to one of ''Spektr''{{'s}} solar arrays visible
| insignia           = Sts-86-patch.svg
| spacecraft         = {{OV|104}}
| mission_type       = [[Shuttle-Mir program|Shuttle-Mir]]
| operator           = [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID          = <!-- Wikidata -->
| SATCAT             = <!-- Wikidata -->
| orbits_completed   = 170
| distance_travelled = {{convert|7000000|km}}
| mission_duration   = 10 days, 19 hours, 22 minutes, 12 seconds
| launch_mass        = 
| landing_mass       = {{convert|114185|kg}}
| payload_mass       = {{convert|8375|kg}}
| launch_site        = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]], [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A|LC-39A]]
| launch_date        = {{Start date text|26 September 1997, 02:34:19|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_date       = {{End date text|6 October 1997, 21:55|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| landing_site       = Kennedy, [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF&nbsp;Runway&nbsp;15]]
| crew_size          = 7
| crew_members       = {{Unbulleted list|[[James D. Wetherbee]]|[[Michael J. Bloomfield]]|[[Vladimir G. Titov]]|[[Scott E. Parazynski]]|[[Jean-Loup Chrétien]]|[[Wendy B. Lawrence]]}}
| crew_launching     = {{Unbulleted list|[[David A. Wolf]]}}
| crew_landing       = {{Unbulleted list|[[C. Michael Foale]]}}
| crew_photo         = STS-86_crew.jpg
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right – Front row: Bloomfield, Wetherbee, Lawrence; Back row: Chrétien, Parazynski, Titov, Foale. Wolf was not assigned to the mission at the time of this photo
| docking            = {{Infobox spaceflight/Dock
   |docking_target      = [[Mir]]
   |docking_type        = dock
   |docking_port        = [[Mir Docking Module|SO]]&nbsp;starboard
   |docking_date        = 27 September 1997, 19:58 UTC
   |undocking_date      = 3 October 1997, 17:28:15 UTC
   |time_docked         = 5&nbsp;days, 21&nbsp;hours, 30&nbsp;minutes 15&nbsp;seconds
 }}
| apsis              = gee
| orbit_epoch        = 
| orbit_reference    = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis    = {{convert|354|km}}
| orbit_apoapsis     = {{convert|381|km}}
| orbit_period       = 91.9 min
| orbit_inclination  = 51.6 degrees
| programme          = [[Space Shuttle program]]
| previous_mission   = [[STS-85]] (86)
| next_mission       = [[STS-87]] (88)
}}
'''STS-86''' was a [[Space Shuttle]] [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|''Atlantis'']] mission to the ''[[Mir]]'' space station. This was the last ''Atlantis'' mission before it was taken out of service temporarily for maintenance and upgrades, including the [[glass cockpit]].

==Crew==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology       = Astronaut
|position1         = Commander
|crew1_up          ={{flagicon|USA}} [[James D. Wetherbee]]
|flights1_up       = Fourth
|position2         = Pilot
|crew2_up          ={{flagicon|USA}} [[Michael J. Bloomfield]]
|flights2_up       = First
 
|position3         = Mission Specialist 1
|crew3_up          ={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir G. Titov]]
|flights3_up       = Fourth and last<!--this does not include Soyuz T-10-1, which failed to reach space-->
|agency3_up        = [[Russian Federal Space Agency|RKA]]
|position4         = Mission Specialist 2<br>Flight Engineer
|crew4_up          ={{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott E. Parazynski]]
|flights4_up       = Second
|position5         = Mission Specialist 3
|crew5_up          ={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Loup Chrétien]]
|flights5_up       = Third and last
|agency5_up        = [[CNES]]
|position6         = Mission Specialist 4
|crew6_up          ={{flagicon|USA}} [[Wendy B. Lawrence]]
|flights6_up       = Second
|position7         = Mission Specialist 5
|crew7_up          ={{flagicon|USA}} [[David A. Wolf]]
|flights7_up       = Second
|expedition7_up    = [[Mir EO-24|EO-24]]
|crew7_down        = {{flagicon|USA}}/{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}<!-- Foale wore the US flag on his arm, so it should be listed first --> [[Michael Foale]]
|flights7_down     = Fourth
|expedition7_down  = [[Mir EO-24|EO-24]]
|notes=[[Wendy B. Lawrence]] was scheduled to replace C. Michael Foale onboard ''Mir''. However, due to concerns about the minimum size restrictions of the Russian MIR [[Orlan space suits|Orlan EVA Spacesuit]], she was replaced by her backup, David Wolf. Wolf was originally scheduled to fly on the STS-89 mission to ''Mir'' and join the Mir 24 crew.
}}

===Spacewalk===
*''''' Parazynski and Titov '''''– EVA 1
*'''EVA 1 Start''': 1 October 1997 – 17:29 UTC
*'''EVA 1 End''': 1 October 1997 – 22:30 UTC
*'''Duration''': 5 hours, 01 minutes

=== Crew seat assignments ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Seat<ref name="spacefacts">{{Cite web |title=STS-86 |url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-86.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520023309/http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-80.htm |archive-date=May 20, 2018 |access-date=January 3, 2018 |publisher=Spacefacts}}</ref>
! Launch
! Landing
|rowspan=8| [[File:Space Shuttle seating plan.svg|150px]]<br />Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.<br />Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.
|-
! 1
|colspan=2| Wetherbee
|-
! 2
|colspan=2| Bloomfield
|-
! 3
|Titov
|Chrétien
|-
! 4
|colspan=2| Parazynski
|-
! 5
|Chrétien
|Titov
|-
! 6
|colspan=2| Lawrence
|-
! 7
|Wolf
|Foale
|}
==Mission highlights==
[[File:STS86 Launch.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of STS-86]]
The seventh ''Mir'' docking mission carried a SPACEHAB double module for the docking with Mir, cargo transfer and an astronaut exchange. The shuttle's previous ''Mir'' missions were [[STS-71]], [[STS-74]], [[STS-76]], [[STS-79]], [[STS-81]] and [[STS-84]].

Highlights of the 10-day mission include five days of docked operations between ''Atlantis'' and ''Mir'' and the exchange of crew members Foale and Wolf to continue a permanent American presence of the Russia complex. A spacewalk is scheduled to retrieve the four Mir Environmental Effects Payloads which were attached to the Mir's docking module by Linda Godwin and Rich Clifford during STS-76 to characterize the environment surrounding the Mir space station. ''Atlantis'' will carry the SPACEHAB double module to support the transfer of logistics and supplies for Mir and the return of experiment hardware and specimens to Earth.

The seventh ''Mir'' docking mission continued the presence of a U.S. astronaut on the Russian [[space station]] with the transfer of physician David A. Wolf to Mir. Wolf became the sixth U.S. astronaut in succession to live on ''Mir'' to continue Phase 1B of the NASA/[[Russian Space Agency]] cooperative effort. However, the difficulties encountered by [[Michael Foale|Foale]] and his predecessor aboard ''Mir'', [[Jerry Linenger]], had resulted in intense political pressure on NASA. The final decision between the termination of NASA crewing of Mir with Foale's departure, or his scheduled replacement by [[David Wolf (astronaut)|David Wolf]] was only made by NASA Administrator [[Daniel Goldin]] the night before the launch of STS-86.

Foale returned to Earth after spending 145 days in space, 134 of them aboard ''Mir''. His estimated mileage logged was 58 million miles (93&nbsp;million kilometers), making his the second longest U.S. space flight, behind Shannon Lucid's record of 188 days. His stay was marred by [[Mir#Accidents|a collision on 25 June between a Progress resupply vehicle and the station's Spektr module]], damaging a radiator and one of four solar arrays on Spektr. The mishap occurred while Mir 23 Commander [[Vasili Tsibliev]] was guiding the Progress capsule to a manual docking and depressurized the station. The crew sealed the hatch to the leaking Spektr module, leaving inside Foale's personal effects and several NASA science experiments, and repressurized the remaining modules.

An internal space walk by Tsibliev and Mir 23 Flight Engineer [[Aleksandr Lazutkin]] was planned to reconnect power cables to the three undamaged solar arrays, but during a routine medical exam 13 July Tsibliev was found to have an irregular heartbeat. Foale then began training for the space walk, but during one of the training exercises a power cable was inadvertently disconnected, leaving the station without power. On 21 July, it was announced that the internal space walk would not be conducted by the Mir 23 crew but their successors on Mir 24. On 30 July, NASA announced that Wendy Lawrence, originally assigned to succeed Foale on Mir, was being replaced by Wolf. The change was deemed necessary to allow Wolf to act as a backup crew member for the space walks planned over the next several months to repair Spektr. Unlike Wolf, Lawrence could not fit in the Orlan suit that is used for Russian space walks and she did not undergo space walk training.

Following their arrival at the station 7 August, Mir 24 Commander [[Anatoly Solovyev]] and Flight Engineer [[Pavel Vinogradov]] conducted the internal space walk inside the depressurized Spektr module 22 August, reconnecting 11 power cables from the Spektr's solar arrays to a new custom-made hatch for the Spektr. During the space walk, Foale remained inside the Soyuz capsule attached to Mir, in constant communication with the cosmonauts as well as ground controllers.

On 5 September, Foale and Solovyev conducted a six-hour external extravehicular activity to survey damage outside Spektr and to try to pinpoint where the breach of the module's hull occurred. Two undamaged arrays were manually repositioned to better gather solar energy, and a radiation device left previously by Jerry Linenger was retrieved.

The docking of ''Atlantis'' and ''Mir'' took place at 3:58&nbsp;pm EDT, 27 September, with the two mission commanders opening the spacecraft hatches at 5:45&nbsp;pm Wolf officially joined the Mir 24 at noon EDT, 28 September. At the same time, Foale became a member of the STS-86 crew and began moving his personal belongings back into ''Atlantis''. Wolf will be replaced by the seventh and last U.S. astronaut to transfer to Mir, Andrew S. W. Thomas, when the [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|orbiter ''Endeavour'']] docks with the Russian space station during the [[STS-89]] mission in January 1998.

First joint U.S.-Russian extravehicular activity during a Shuttle mission, which was also the 39th in the Space Shuttle program, was conducted by Titov and Parazynski. During the five-hour, one-minute space walk on 1 October, the pair affixed a 121-pound ({{convert|55|kg}}) Solar Array Cap to the docking module for future use by Mir crew members to seal off the suspected leak in Spektr's hull. Parazynski and Titov also retrieved four Mir Environmental Effects Payloads (MEEPS) from the outside of Mir and tested several components of the Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue (SAFER) jet packs. The space walk began at 1:29&nbsp;pm EDT and ended at 6:30&nbsp;pm

[[Image:STS86 Landing.jpg|right|thumb|''Atlantis'' lands on Runway 15 of the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility at the end of the STS-86 mission.]]

During the six days of docked operations, the joint Mir 24 and STS-86 crews transferred more than four tons of material from the SPACEHAB Double Module to ''Mir'', including approximately {{convert|771|kg}} of water, experiment hardware for International Space Station Risk Mitigation experiments to monitor the Mir for crew health and safety, a gyrodyne, batteries, three air pressurization units with breathing air, an attitude control computer and many other logistics items. The new motion control computer replaced one that had experienced problems in recent months. The crew also moved experiment samples and hardware and an old Elektron oxygen generator to Atlantis for return to Earth. Undocking took place at 1:28&nbsp;pm EDT, 3 October. After undocking, ''Atlantis'' performed a 46-minute flyaround visual inspection of Mir. During this maneuver, Solovyev and Vinogradov opened a pressure regulation valve to allow air into the Spektr module to see if STS-89 crew members could detect seepage or debris particles that could indicate the location of the breach in the damaged module's hull.

During the flight, Wetherbee and Bloomfield fired small jet thrusters on ''Atlantis'' to provide data for the Mir Structural Dynamics Experiment (MISDE), which measures disturbances to space station components and its solar arrays. Other experiments conducted during the mission were the Commercial Protein Crystal Growth investigation; the Cell Culture Module Experiment (CCM-A), the Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) and the Radiation Monitoring Experiment-III (RME-III); the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLE) experiment; and the Midcourse Space Experiment. Two NASA educational outreach programs were also conducted, Seeds in Space-II and [[KidSat]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
*[[List of human spaceflights]]
*[[List of Space Shuttle missions]]
*[[Outline of space science]]
*[[Space Shuttle]]

== References ==
<references />
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-86/mission-sts-86.html NASA mission summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230243/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-86/mission-sts-86.html |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle87.htm STS-86 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013172149/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle87.htm |date=13 October 2007 }}
{{Include-NASA}}

{{Shuttle-Mir}}
{{Space Shuttle Atlantis}}
{{Crewed Mir flights}}
{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}}
{{Orbital launches in 1997}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:STS-086}}
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1997]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle missions]]