View source for SU-152

{{Distinguish|SU-152 "Taran"|SU-152G|SO-152}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name=SU-152
|       image= [[Image:11-Heavy self propelled gun su 152-LMW.jpg|300px|KV1-E]]
|      caption=SU-152 in Lubuskie Military Museum, Poland
|origin= [[Soviet Union]]
|type=[[Assault gun]]
|number=670 (officially)
|is_vehicle=yes
|       length={{convert|8.95|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|        width={{convert|3.25|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|       height={{convert|2.45|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}
|       weight= 45.5 tonnes (100,300 lb)
|   suspension=[[Torsion beam suspension|Torsion bar suspension]]
|   speed=43 km/h (27 mph)
|        fuel_capacity=600-975 liter
|        vehicle_range=Road: <br />{{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|330|km|mi|abbr=on}} (with additional fuel tanks) <br /> Cross-country: <br /> {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />{{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} (with additional fuel tanks) <ref>Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two (Steven J. Zaloga, James Grandsen) page 179.</ref>
|      primary_armament=152 mm [[152-mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20)|ML-20S]] gun-howitzer<br/> (20 rounds)
|    secondary_armament=1× 12.7 mm [[DShK]] machine gun (optional)
|       armour='''Front:''' 75 mm (2.95 in)<br/>'''Sides:''' 60 mm (2.36 in)<br/>'''Roof:''' 20 mm (0.78 in)
|       engine=Model V-2K 4-stroke V-12 [[diesel engine]] 
|         crew=5
|    engine_power={{convert|600|PS|kW|sigfig=3}}
|        pw_ratio=13.2 PS/tonne
| service            =1943–1958
| used_by            =Soviet Union

}}

The '''SU-152''' ({{langx|ru|самоходная установка-152, СУ-152|[[Samokhodnaya Ustanovka]]-152}}) is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[self-propelled gun|self-propelled heavy howitzer]] used during [[World War II]].

It mounted a [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)|152 mm gun-howitzer]] on the chassis of a [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV-1S]] heavy tank.  Later production used an [[Iosif Stalin tank|IS]] tank chassis and was re-designated [[ISU-152]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=DK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9I_DgAAQBAJ&dq=All+of+these+designs+used+the+ML-20+gun+as+a+primary+armament%2C+with+the+KV-1S+heavy+tank+chassis.&pg=PA111 |title=Tank: The Definitive Visual History of Armored Vehicles |date=2017-04-04 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4654-6603-7 |language=en}}</ref>  Because of its adopted role as an impromptu [[tank destroyer|heavy tank destroyer]], capable of knocking out heavy German armoured vehicles such as the [[Tiger I|Tiger]] and [[Elefant]], it was nicknamed ''Zveroboy'' ("Beast Slayer").<ref>{{Citation
 | last1 =Green
 | first1 =Michael
 | last2 =Brown
 | first2 =James D.
 | title =Tiger Tanks at War
 | place =St. Paul
 | publisher =Zenith Press
 | year =2008
 | chapter =Red Army Solutions for the Tiger E Tank
 | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KLIH9ZKEsXAC&pg=PA104 
 | page =104
 | isbn =978-0-7603-3112-5
 }}</ref>

== Development ==

The [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] counteroffensive, [[Operation Uranus]], exposed the [[Red Army|Red Army's]] urgent need for mobile heavy guns<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Walter Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dcAgT_2uiYgC&dq=Red+Army+necessity+for+mobile+heavy+guns&pg=PA121 |title=The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945 |date=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-94893-1 |language=en}}</ref> to destroy German fortifications. At the time Soviet front-line ground units did not possess sufficient firepower to deal with pillboxes and other fortifications.

Close support of artillery and combat engineers was an important factor in the success of Operation Uranus. However, with rare exceptions, Soviet guns and howitzers at this time were towed rather than self-propelled.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Army |first=United States Department of the |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeAUf9OtfAgC&dq=Soviet+guns++were+towed+rather+than+self-propelled.&pg=SA6-PA41 |title=Handbook on Soviet Ground Forces |date=1977 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |language=en}}</ref> This lack of mobility was exacerbated by the absence of roads, the presence of deep snow and a scarcity of artillery tractors.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Towed guns were also vulnerable to counterattack while moving, especially since they were often hauled by horses or their crews. The 152&nbsp;mm heavy howitzers were particularly difficult to maneuver owing to their great weight. They were incapable of crossing rivers on anything but tank bridges and were prone to being abandoned after becoming mired.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In November 1942, the State Defense Committee therefore ordered the development of a heavy self-propelled gun with a [[152-mm gun-howitzer M1937 (ML-20)|152.4mm ML-20]] howitzer. 

The Red Army had dedicated anti-fortification vehicles in the pre-war period, such as the [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV-2]] heavy tank armed with the 152.4&nbsp;mm [[152-mm howitzer M1938 (M-10)|M-10]] howitzer. However, mass production of KV-2s ceased in October 1941, when the [[Kirov Plant|Kirov Works]] had to be evacuated from [[Leningrad]] to [[Chelyabinsk]]. An unknown number were still operating in 1942.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vollert|first1=Jochen|title=Tankograd Militar Fahrzeug - Special No. 2001 Soviet Special - KV-2 Soviet Heavy Breakthrough Tank of WWII|date=2004|publisher=Tankograd Publishing|page=29}}</ref>

The new anti-fortification vehicle was designed with the same purpose in mind, but with higher mobility, heavier armor, reduced production cost, and the more powerful and accurate ML-20 152mm gun. Mounting the ML-20 in a turret was impossible due to its length and recoil, and it was decided that the new vehicle should have a non-rotating gun mounted in a fixed [[casemate]]-style superstructure.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Several other anti-fortification vehicle projects had all been halted. Later in the war these projects were restarted. In December 1942 three different designs of "pillbox killer" vehicles were introduced by engineer groups from the major Soviet artillery and tank factories. All of these designs used the ML-20 gun as a primary armament, with the [[Kliment Voroshilov tank|KV-1S]] heavy tank chassis. After some discussion, the project of [[Josef Kotin]] was chosen for mass production. This design successfully combined the ML-20 and KV-1S chassis with minimal expense.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The project was designated "KV-14"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Greentree |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uL9SEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+project+was+designated+%22KV-14%22&pg=PA12 |title=SU-152/ISU-152 vs Tiger: Eastern Front 1943–45 |date=2022-04-28 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-4865-9 |language=en}}</ref> and assembly of the first prototype (called "Object 236") began on December 31, 1942.  It was completed after 25 days. Plant trials of "Object 236" began on January 25, 1943. After a number of successful plant tests the more stringent state tests began. "Object 236" succeeded again. On February 14, 1943 the State Defense Committee accepted it for Red Army service and immediately launched it into mass production at the ''Chelyabinskiy Kirovskiy Zavod'' ([[Chelyabinsk]] Kirov Plant, ChKZ). The designation of the series of self-propelled guns was changed from KV-14 to SU-152. The ML-20 gun was slightly modified for mounting in the SU-152 — some handles were moved for improved gunner comfort. This variant had the designation ML-20S. The muzzle velocity and external ballistics were identical to the original towed ML-20 gun.

Although designed with no consideration for the anti-tank role, the SU-152 proved to have surprisingly good anti-tank capabilities due to the ML-20S's extremely heavy high explosive projectiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVo5EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ML-20S%22&pg=PA109 |title=SOVIET ARMOURED FORCE |publisher=Ak-interactive, S.l. |language=en}}</ref> Purpose-built anti-tank guns of the period usually relied on small, high-velocity solid projectiles, optimised for punching through armour. Since the SU-152, like all SU-series self-propelled guns was not designed with tank killing in mind, no AP projectiles were issued to crews and no initial tests against armor were conducted. However, tests performed on captured [[Tiger I|Tiger]] tanks in early 1943 showed that the SU-152 was able to destroy them at any range with some reliability (in 1943, this is only vehicle in Russian service capable of doing so) by dislodging the turret through blast effect. This discovery spurred massive SU-152 production and the formation of self-propelled artillery units, which then functioned as [[tank destroyer|heavy tank destroyer]] battalions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dougherty |first=Martin J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHpFDwAAQBAJ&dq=SU-152+functioned+as+heavy+tank+destroyer&pg=PA108 |title=Camouflage at War: An Illustrated Guide from 1914 to the Present Day |date=2017-04-11 |publisher=Book Sales |isbn=978-0-7858-3509-7 |language=en}}</ref>

After the SU-152 began mass production, it was slightly modified to improve reliability and effectiveness. Initially the SU-152 lacked a machine gun, which was a severe weakness in urban warfare and other close combat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzARBQAAQBAJ&dq=Initially+the+SU-152+lacked+a+machine+gun&pg=PT209 |title=Russian Armour in the Second World War |date=2013-09-19 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-2980-0 |language=en}}</ref> To solve this problem the [[DShK]] 12.7&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft gun installation was developed in the summer of 1943. Some SU-152s received it after repair. The SU-152 was the last member of the KV family of tanks in mass production, and was replaced by the [[ISU-152]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=heQ6AwAAQBAJ&dq=ISU-152+replaced+SU-152&pg=PA1911 |title=Companion to the Red Army 1939-45 |last2=Ness |first2=Leland S. |date=2009-12-07 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5141-8 |language=en}}</ref> on the ChKZ production lines in December 1943. The exact number of SU-152s produced differs even in Russian sources, with the most common figures being 670 or 704.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The SU-152s that survived World War II were withdrawn from Soviet Army service in 1958.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

== Construction and design ==
[[File:ML-20S 152mm howitzer-gun M1937 for SU-152.jpg|thumb|152-mm howitzer-gun [[152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)#Variants|ML-20S]] for SU-152 in [[Motovilikha Plants]] museum, Russia)]]
The SU-152 followed the same, fully enclosed [[Casemate#Armoured vehicles|casemated]] design as most other Soviet self-propelled guns. The fully armoured hull was divided into two compartments: one for the crew, gun, and ammunition in the front of the hull, and one for the engine and transmission in the rear. The hull was welded from rolled armour plates of different thickness — 75, 60, 30 and 20&nbsp;mm. The front hull and superstructure armour plates were sloped for better vehicle protection, while side armour was vertical. Lower front hull and rear armour plates were cylindrical, and relatively complex in their method of production. The ML-20S gun-howitzer was mounted slightly to the right of centre with a limited traverse in a range of 12 degrees. Three of the crew were to the left of the gun, with the driver to the front, then the gunner and lastly the loader. The vehicle commander and breech mechanism operator were to the right.

The suspension consisted of 12 [[torsion bar]]s for the six road wheels (each 600&nbsp;mm in diameter) on each side. The drive sprockets were at the back. Each track was made up of 90 stamped links, each link of 608&nbsp;mm width.  The normal distance between two connected links was 160&nbsp;mm. There were three internal fuel tanks, two in the crew area and one in the engine compartment, for a total capacity of 600–615 litres. These were usually enhanced by four unconnected external fuel tanks, which could hold an additional 360 litres of fuel. A 24-volt electrical power supply came from a 1&nbsp;kW GT-4563A generator with a RRA-24 voltage relay regulator unit and four 6STE-128 [[Accumulator (energy)|accumulator]] batteries with a total capacity of 256 ampere-hours. This electrical equipment was common in contemporary Soviet armoured vehicles. The generator and accumulator batteries fed all other electrical equipment — the ST-700 electric starter motor, a radio set, an intercom, external and internal lights, and illumination of gunsight scales.

For observation from the interior, all roof hatches had periscopes along with two gun sights: the telescopic ST-10 (СТ-10) and a panoramic sight. For crew communication a TPU-4-BisF intercom was fitted, and for inter-vehicle communication there was a single radio. The first-series SU-152 was equipped with the 9R, then 10R and finally the 10RK-26 radio set. These radios were better than Soviet equipment at the start of the war, but inferior to German equipment.

The crew was equipped with two [[PPSh-41|PPSh]] submachine guns and 25 [[F1 grenade (Russia)|F1 grenades]] for short-range self-defence.

== Combat history ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-154-1964-28, Russland, russischer Panzer.jpg|thumb|left|An abandoned SU-152 assault gun inspected by German troops, Soviet Union, 1943]] 
Although not designed for the role, the SU-152 proved to be a cheap and effective heavy tank killer,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow12uVy72AwC&dq=SU-152+proved+to+be+a+cheap+and+effective+heavy+tank+killer&pg=PT96 |title=Panzers at War 1943-1945 |publisher=Coda Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-908538-26-0 |language=en}}</ref> second only to the [[SU-100]] as a Soviet antitank vehicle, as well as successful at its original role against infantry and fortifications, serving a similar role to the SU-100Y.

The SU-152 was produced in large numbers throughout 1943, with the first SU-152s being issued to new heavy mechanized gun regiments raised in May 1943. The first regiment arrived at [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]] with only 12 guns, and was brought up to its full strength of 21 guns during the fighting.<ref>Zaloga 1984:165</ref>

Disadvantages of the vehicle included a low rate of fire due to the heavy ammunition, low ammunition storage (only 20 rounds),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Higgins |first=David R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZulCwAAQBAJ&dq=SU-152+low+rate+of+fire&pg=PA38 |title=Jagdpanther vs SU-100: Eastern Front 1945 |date=2014-04-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-296-3 |language=en}}</ref> and a cramped and un-ergonomic crew compartment. Its armor protection was only adequate; the 65&nbsp;mm of 30-degree sloped frontal armor still left it vulnerable frontally to the [[88mm|88 mm KwK 36/43]] guns of the [[Tiger I|Tiger]] and [[Elefant|Ferdinand/Elefant]] at long range and the [[KwK 40|7.5 cm KwK 40]] high-velocity gun of the [[Panzer IV]] and [[StuG|StuG III/IV]] at medium and short ranges (and from any range from the flanks or rear). The 152&nbsp;mm gun, while having a maximum range far superior to the 88&nbsp;mm, was still essentially a heavy howitzer with a shorter accurate range than the 88&nbsp;mm and 7.5&nbsp;cm guns while being vulnerable to return fire at the same distance. This made it most effective for use against entrenched enemies, where the German heavy tanks' advantages could be nullified and the SU-152s could utilize their one-shot kill potential.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHWICwAAQBAJ&dq=SU-152+used+for+ambush&pg=PT84 |title=IS-2 Heavy Tank 1944–73 |date=2011-10-20 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78096-139-2 |language=en}}</ref>
 
Since it was intended as a self-propelled artillery piece rather than a true tank destroyer, the SU-152 was generally issued with standard HE rounds rather than armor-piercing projectiles. The 152mm HE round produced a massive blast that did not rely on velocity for its effectiveness, making it effective against any German tank, including the [[Tiger I|Tiger]] and [[Elefant]] (although still less effective than penetrating projectiles). It was capable of dislodging the turret of a [[Tiger I|Tiger]] tank (at any range), and numerous German armored fighting vehicles were claimed destroyed or damaged by SU-152s during the [[Battle of Kursk]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=House |first=Jonathan Mallory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt_eAAAAMAAJ&dq=SU-152s+during+the+Battle+of+Kursk.&pg=PA149 |title=Combined Arms Warfare in the Twentieth Century |date=2001 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1081-5 |language=en}}</ref>

However, it proved less reliable at permanently destroying the Ferdinand heavy tank destroyer, whose bulkier, simplified design was more resistant to non-penetrating HE blast. While the Russians knocked out at least seven German Ferdinands in SU-152 ambushes at Kursk during one operation, German after-action engineers were able to repair, recrew and return nearly all to battle the next day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.battlefield.ru/damages-of-the-ferdinands.html |title=English.battlefield.ru - English.battlefield.ru - English.battlefield.ru - English.battlefield.ru |access-date=2011-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710142124/http://english.battlefield.ru/damages-of-the-ferdinands.html |archive-date=2012-07-10 }}</ref> This has been attributed to the gun's blast killing the crew and destroying the vehicle's interior via concussion and [[spalling]] without harming the ammunition supply or chassis. Soviet SU-152 crews were ordered to continue firing at incapacitated tanks until their turrets were knocked off, but the Ferdinand did not have a turret.<ref>The Combat History of Schwere Panzer Abteilung 654, by Karlheinz Munch, pp.67–69</ref>

After Kursk, the 152&nbsp;mm BR-540 solid-core AP round was produced in small numbers and issued to heavy tank destroyer battalions as a penetrating projectile, but the gun's low velocity made the AP round no more accurate and only moderately more effective than the standard HE round (which could also be used against infantry).{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
[[File:САУ СУ-152 1452-го самоходно-артиллерийского полка РГК 2-й гвардейской армии 4-го Украинского фронта на фоне разрушенного здания шве.jpg|thumb|An SU-152 on a street in Simferopol during the [[Crimean offensive]], 13 April 1944]]
[[File:Советские самоходки СУ-152 преодолевают водную преграду.jpg|thumb|SU-152s fording a river in Latvia, mid-1944]]
After Kursk, the SU-152 played an important role in destroying German fortifications during the [[Operation Bagration]] offensive, this being the vehicle's original design goal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}.From the second half of 1943 to the end of World War II SU-152s were used on all Soviet fronts, from Finland to the [[Crimea]]. Due to combat losses and mass production ceasing in December 1943, the number of SU-152s in the Soviet Army decreased.  Eventually SU-152s were replaced by the more reliable and better-armored [[ISU-152]], which used the same armament and ammunition in the same dual-purpose role.<ref name=":0" /> Despite this, the SU-152 remained in Soviet Army service throughout World War II and post-war until 1958.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Operators ==
* {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
* {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} - Captured units.
* {{flag|Poland|1928}} - 3 vehicles used for training from 1945 until 1949.

== Organization ==

The SU-152 was used by the Independent Heavy Self-propelled Artillery Regiments (OTSAP, ОТСАП, in Russian, from ''Otdel'niy Tyazheliy Samokhodno-Artilleriyskiy Polk'', Отдельный Тяжелый Самоходно-Артиллерийский Полк). Initially each OTSAP had twelve SU-152s, divided into three batteries of four vehicles. One KV-1S tank served as a commander's vehicle. After November 1943 the OTSAP organisation changed to 21 vehicles per regiment.

==See also==
* [[List of Soviet tanks]]
* [[SU-100]]
* [[ISU-152]]
* [[ISU-122]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Solyankin A. G., Pavlov M. V., Pavlov I. V., Zheltov I. G. (2005). ''Soviet Heavy Self-Propelled Guns 1941–1945''. Moscow: «Exprint»  (Солянкин А. Г., Павлов М. В., Павлов И. В., Желтов И. Г. Советские тяжёлые самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941–1945 гг. — М.: ООО Издательский центр «Экспринт», 2005. — С. 48.) {{ISBN|5-94038-080-8}}
* Zaloga, Steven J., James Grandsen (1984). ''Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two'', pp 165–66. London: Arms and Armour Press. {{ISBN|0-85368-606-8}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons|SU-152}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053153/http://english.battlefield.ru/su-152.html SU-152 at BattleField.Ru]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006222218/http://www.orasoft.net.pl/~leszek.ch/museum/vsu152.html SU-152 in Lubuskie Military Museum]
*[http://www.onwar.com/tanks/ussr/fsu152.htm SU-152 at OnWar.com]

{{WWIISovietAFVs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Su-152}}
[[Category:World War II tank destroyers]]
[[Category:World War II assault guns]]
[[Category:Assault guns of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:152 mm artillery]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944]]
[[Category:World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Tracked self-propelled howitzers]]