View source for Sadness

{{about||the videogame|Sadness (video game)|the song by New Found Glory|Radiosurgery (album)}}
{{Redirect|Sad||Sad (disambiguation)|and|SAD (disambiguation)}}{{About|4=For the Inside Out character,}}{{short description|Negative emotion}}
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[[File:Sépulcre Arc-en-Barrois 111008 12.jpg|thumb|A detail of the 1672 sculpture ''Entombment of Christ'', showing [[Mary Magdalene]] crying]]
{{Emotion}}
'''Sadness''' is an [[emotional pain]] associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, [[despair]], [[grief]], helplessness, [[disappointment]] and [[sorrow (emotion)|sorrow]]. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or [[lethargic]], and withdraw themselves from others. An example of severe sadness is [[Depression (mood)|depression]], a [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] which can be brought on by [[major depressive disorder]] or [[persistent depressive disorder]]. [[Crying]] can be an indication of sadness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jellesma |first1=F.C. |last2=Vingerhoets |first2=Ad J.J.M. |date=1 January 2012 |title=Crying in Middle Childhood: A Report on Gender Differences |journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]] |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=412–21 |doi=10.1007/s11199-012-0136-4 |pmid=22962516 |pmc=3432210 }}</ref>

Sadness is one of the six basic emotions described by [[Paul Ekman]], along with [[happiness]], [[anger]], [[Surprise (emotion)|surprise]], [[fear]], and [[disgust]].<ref name="gol-emo-intel" >{{cite book |last=Goleman |first=Daniel |date=1996 |title=Emotional Intelligence |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=London, United Kingdom |author-link=Daniel Goleman |isbn= 978-0-7475-2830-2}}</ref>{{rp|271–4}}

== Childhood ==
[[File:Paolo Monti - Serie fotografica (Venezia, 1953) - BEIC 6363533.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Sad girls. Photo by [[Paolo Monti]], 1953]]

Sadness is a common experience in childhood. Sometimes, sadness can lead to [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. Some families may have a (conscious or unconscious) rule that sadness is "not allowed",<ref>{{cite book |last=Masman |first=Karen |title=The Uses of Sadness: Why Feeling Sad is No Reason Not to be Happy |date=21 July 2010 |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |page=8 |isbn=978-1-74175-757-6}}</ref> but [[Robin Skynner]] has suggested that this may cause problems, arguing that with sadness "screened off", people can become shallow and [[Mania|manic]].<ref name="sky-clee-fams">{{cite book |last1=Skynner |first1=Robin |last2=Cleese |first2=John |year=1994 |title=Families and How to Survive Them |author-link=Robin Skynner |title-link=Families and How to Survive Them }}</ref>{{rp|33; 36}} Pediatrician [[T. Berry Brazelton]] suggests that acknowledging sadness can make it easier for families to address more serious emotional problems.<ref name="brazelton-listen-child">{{cite book |last=Brazelton |first=T. Berry |date=1992 |title=To Listen to a Child |author-link=T. Berry Brazelton }}</ref>{{rp|46; 48}}

Sadness is part of the normal process of the child separating from an early symbiosis with the mother and becoming more independent. Every time a child separates a little more, he or she will have to cope with a small loss. If the mother cannot allow the minor distress involved, the child may never learn how to deal with sadness by themselves.<ref name="sky-clee-fams" />{{rp|158–9}} Brazelton argues that too much cheering a child up devalues the emotion of sadness for them;<ref name="brazelton-listen-child" />{{rp|52}} and [[Selma Fraiberg]] suggests that it is important to respect a child's right to experience a loss fully and deeply.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fraiberg |first=Selma H. |date=1987 |title=The Magic Years |location=New York, United States |page=274 |author-link=Selma Fraiberg }}</ref>

[[Margaret Mahler]] also saw the ability to feel sadness as an emotional achievement, as opposed for example to warding it off through restless hyperactivity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahler |first1=Margaret S. |last2=Pine |first2=Fred |last3=Bergman |first3=Annl |date=1975 |title=The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation |url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalbir00mahl|url-access=registration |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/psychologicalbir00mahl/page/92 92] |isbn=978-0-465-06659-9 |author-link1=Margaret Mahler }}</ref> [[D. W. Winnicott]] similarly saw in sad crying the psychological root of valuable musical experiences in later life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winnicott |first=D.W. |date=1973 |title=The Child, the Family, and the Outside World |location=United Kingdom |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=64 }}</ref>

== Neuroanatomy ==
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|caption1  = Sadness combined with other primary emotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609162958/http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Turner2000">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn|url-access=registration|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn/page/76 76]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar|access-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112191413/http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|archive-date=2016-11-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
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A large amount of research has been conducted on the neuroscience of sadness.<ref name="Arias2020">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=Juan A. |last2=Williams |first2=Claire |last3=Raghvani |first3=Rashmi |last4=Aghajani |first4=Moji |last5=Baez |first5=Sandra |last6=Belzung |first6=Catherine |last7=Booij |first7=Linda |last8=Busatto |first8=Geraldo |last9=Chiarella |first9=Julian |last10=Fu |first10=Cynthia HY |last11=Ibanez |first11=Agustin |last12=Liddell |first12=Belinda J. |last13=Lowe |first13=Leroy |last14=Penninx |first14=Brenda W.J.H. |last15=Rosa |first15=Pedro |last16=Kemp |first16=Andrew H. |title=The neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |date=April 2020 |volume=111 |pages=199–228 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006|pmid=32001274 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/143577 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to the ''[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]'', sadness has been found to be associated with "increases in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior [[temporal cortex]], [[lateral cerebellum]], [[cerebellar vermis]], [[midbrain]], [[putamen]], and caudate."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=R.D. |last2=Reiman |first2=E.M. |last3=Ahern |first3=G.L. |last4=Schwartz |first4=G.E. |last5=Davidson |first5=R.J. |date=July 1997 |title=Neuroanatomical Correlates of Happiness, Sadness, and Disgust |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 154|issue= 7|pages=926–33 |doi=10.1176/ajp.154.7.926 | pmid=9210742 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers were able to provoke sadness among seven normal men and women by asking them to think about sad things. They observed increased brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pardo |first1=J.V. |last2=Pardo |first2=P.J. |last3=Raichle |first3=M.E. |date=May 1993 |title=Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 150|issue=5 |pages=713–9 |doi=10.1176/ajp.150.5.713 | pmid=8480815 }}</ref> In a study that induced sadness in subjects by showing emotional film clips, the feeling was correlated with significant increases in regional brain activity, especially in the prefrontal cortex, in the region called [[Brodmann's area 9]], and the [[thalamus]]. A significant increase in activity was also observed in the bilateral anterior temporal structures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=M.S. |last2=Ketter |first2=T.A. |last3=Parekh |first3=J.I. |last4=Horwitz |first4=B. |last5=Herscovitch |first5=P. |last6=Post |first6=R.M. |date=March 1995 |title=Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 152|issue=3 |pages=341–51 |doi=10.1176/ajp.152.3.341 | pmid=7864258 |citeseerx=10.1.1.468.2440 }}</ref>

== Function ==
According to functional theories, emotions are designed to allow people to effectively deal with the situations that evoke the emotion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lench |first1=Heather C. |last2=Tibbett |first2=Thomas P. |last3=Bench |first3=Shane W. |date=2016 |title=Exploring the Toolkit of Emotion: What Do Sadness and Anger Do for Us? |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/spc3.12229 |journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1111/spc3.12229 |issn=1751-9004|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sadness is believed to serve two primary functions that enhance one's ability to cope with loss.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karnaze |first1=Melissa M. |last2=Levine |first2=Linda J. |chapter=Sadness, the Architect of Cognitive Change |title=The function of emotions: when and why emotions help us |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-77619-4 |editor-last=Lench |editor-first=Heather C. |pages=45–58}}</ref> One function is the promotion of cognitive changes that restructure beliefs and goals and reevaluate implications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Linda J. |last2=Edelstein |first2=Robin S. |date=2009 |title=Emotion and memory narrowing: A review and goal-relevance approach |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699930902738863 |journal=Cognition & Emotion |language=en |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=833–875 |doi=10.1080/02699930902738863 |issn=0269-9931|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For instance, when sad, people tend to be less affected by their schemas in general, including schemas regarding political ideology (the heuristic regarding how a conservative or a liberal should respond) when making political decisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gur |first1=Tamar |last2=Ayal |first2=Shahar |last3=Halperin |first3=Eran |date=2021 |title=A bright side of sadness: The depolarizing role of sadness in intergroup conflicts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2715 |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=68–83 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2715 |issn=0046-2772|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Another function is to signal a need for assistance and elicit support from others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Keltner |first1=Dacher |last2=Gross |first2=James J. |date=1999 |title=Functional Accounts of Emotions |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/026999399379140 |journal=Cognition & Emotion |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=467–480 |doi=10.1080/026999399379140 |issn=0269-9931|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This may be done by following the group norms, being kinder to others, and expressing the need for help physically and verbally. As a result, the experience of sadness as a group may decrease emotional polarization<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gur |first1=Tamar |last2=Ayal |first2=Shahar |last3=Wagner |first3=Magnus |last4=Adler |first4=Eli |last5=Halperin |first5=Eran |date=2024-02-13 |title=A group that grieves together stays together: Examining the impact of Holocaust Memorial Day in Israel on affective polarization |journal=Political Psychology |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=1051–1068 |language=en |doi=10.1111/pops.12956 |issn=0162-895X|doi-access=free }}</ref> and increase relationship building.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=Heather M. |last2=Ishii |first2=Keiko |last3=Ambady |first3=Nalini |date=2011 |title=Misery Loves Company: When Sadness Increases the Desire for Social Connectedness |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167211420167 |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1438–1448 |doi=10.1177/0146167211420167 |pmid=21873533 |issn=0146-1672|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Coping mechanisms ==
{{Further|Coping}}
[[File:Sadness at the beach.jpg|thumb|A man expressing sadness with his head in his hands]]
[[File:Гроб_Марије_и_Петра_Шкуљвића_на_србском_праославном_гробљу_у_Дубровнику.jpg|thumb|A carving of the family of Marija and Petar Škuljević exhibiting sadness over their deaths ]]

People deal with sadness in different ways, and it is an important emotion because it helps to motivate people to deal with their situation. Some coping mechanisms include: getting social support and/or spending time with a pet,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Bos, E.H.|author2=Snippe, E.|author3=de Jonge, P.|author4=Jeronimus, B.F.| year = 2016 | title = Preserving Subjective Wellbeing in the Face of Psychopathology: Buffering Effects of Personal Strengths and Resources | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11| issue = 3| article-number = e0150867| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150867 | pmid=26963923|pmc=4786317|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150867B |doi-access=free}}</ref> creating a list, or engaging in some activity to express sadness.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://freeonlinetherapy.org/why-its-import-to-express-your-sadness/ |title=Why It's Import to Express Your Sadness |date=October 2018 |website=Free Online Therapy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012900/https://freeonlinetherapy.org/why-its-import-to-express-your-sadness/ |archive-date=2018-11-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some individuals, when feeling sad, may exclude themselves from a social setting, so as to take the time to recover from the feeling.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

While being one of the moods people most want to shake, sadness can sometimes be perpetuated by the very coping strategies chosen, such as ruminating, "drowning one's sorrows", or permanently isolating oneself.<ref name="gol-emo-intel" />{{rp|69–70}} As alternative ways of coping with sadness to the above, [[cognitive behavioral therapy]] suggests instead either challenging one's negative thoughts, or scheduling some positive event as a distraction.<ref name="gol-emo-intel" />{{rp|72}}

Being attentive to, and patient with, one's sadness may also be a way for people to learn through solitude;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnstone |first1=Aliki |date=2000 |title=New England Review (1990–) |jstor=i40009359 |journal=[[Spring (journal)|Spring]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=19 | issn=1053-1297 }}</ref> while emotional support to help people stay with their sadness can be further helpful.<ref name="sky-clee-fams" />{{rp|164}} Such an approach is fueled by the [[Object relations theory|underlying belief]] that loss (when felt wholeheartedly) can lead to a new sense of aliveness, and to a re-engagement with the outside world.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parsons |first=Michael |date=13 August 2000 |title=The Dove that Returns, the Dove that Vanishes: Paradox and Creativity in Psychoanalysis |url=https://archive.org/details/dovethatreturnsd00pars |url-access=limited |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/dovethatreturnsd00pars/page/n18 4] |isbn=978-0-415-21182-6 }}</ref>

== Pupil empathy ==
[[Pupil]] size may be an indicator of sadness. A sad [[facial expression]] with small pupils is judged to be more intensely sad as the pupil size decreases.<ref name="pup-cont" >{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Neil A. |last2=Singer |first2=Tania |last3=Rotshtein |first3=Pia |last4=Dolan |first4=Ray J. |last5=Critchley |first5=Hugo D. |date=1 June 2006 |title=Pupillary contagion: central mechanisms engaged in sadness processing |journal=[[Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1093/scan/nsl006 |pmc=1716019 |pmid=17186063 }}</ref> A person's own pupil size also [[mirror neuron|mirrors]] this and becomes smaller when viewing sad faces with small pupils. No parallel effect exists when people look at neutral, happy or angry expressions.<ref name="pup-cont" /> The greater degree to which a person's pupils mirror another predicts a person's greater score on [[empathy]].<ref name="Harrison_Wilson_Critchley">{{cite journal |last1=Harrison |first1=Neil A. |last2=Wilson |first2=C.E. |last3=Critchley |first3=H.D. |title=Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy |journal=Emotion |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=724–9 |date=November 2007 |pmid=18039039 |doi=10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.724 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/emo/7/4/724|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In disorders such as autism and psychopathy, facial expressions that represent sadness may be subtle, which may show a need for a more non-linguistic situation to affect their level of empathy.<ref name="Harrison_Wilson_Critchley"/>

== Vocal expression ==
According to [[DIPR]] scientist Swati Johar,<ref name="johar-book">{{cite book |last=Johar |first=Swati |date=22 December 2015 |title=Emotion, Affect and Personality in Speech: The Bias of Language and Paralanguage |url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319280455 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-319-28047-9 |series=SpringerBriefs in Speech Technology |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042932/https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319280455 |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|VII}} sadness is an emotion "identified by current speech dialogue and processing systems".<ref name="johar-book" />{{rp|12}} Measurements to distinguish sadness from other emotions in the [[human voice]] include [[root mean square]] (RMS) energy, inter-word silence and [[speech tempo|speaking rate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yildirim |first1=Serdar |last2=Bulut |first2=Murtaza |last3= M. Lee |first3= Chul |last4=Kazemzadeh |first4=Abe |last5=Busso |first5=Carlos |last6=Deng |first6=Zhigang |last7=Lee |first7=Sungbok |last8=Narayanan |first8=Shrikanth |date=2004 |title=An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech |url=https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/archive_papers/interspeech_2004/i04_2193.pdf |journal=[[International Speech Communication Association|ISCA]] |page=1 |access-date=20 June 2018 }}</ref> It is communicated mostly by lowering the [[mean]] and variability of the [[fundamental frequency]] (''f''<sub>0</sub>), besides being associated with lower vocal intensity, and with decreases in ''f''<sub>0</sub> over time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stolarski |first1=Łukasz |date=2015 |title=Pitch Patterns in Vocal Expression of "Happiness" and "Sadness" in the Reading Aloud of Prose on the Basis of Selected Audiobooks |journal=Research in Language |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=141–162 |doi=10.1515/rela-2015-0016 |s2cid=52998542 |doi-access=free |hdl=11089/17230 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bachorowski |first1=Jo-Anne |date=20 April 1999 |title=Vocal Expression and Perception of Emotion |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Bachorowski.pdf |journal=[[Current Directions in Psychological Science]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=53–57 |doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00013 |s2cid=18785659 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830050218/http://www.columbia.edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Bachorowski.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Johar argues that, "when someone is sad, slow, low [[vocal register|pitch]]ed speech with weak high [[audio frequency]] energy is produced". Likewise, "low energy state of sadness attributes to slow tempo, lower speech rate and mean pitch".<ref name="johar-book" />{{rp|10; 13}}

Sadness is, as stated by [[Klaus Scherer]], one of the "best-recognized emotions in the human voice", although it's "generally somewhat lower than that of [[facial expression]]". In a study by Scherer, it was found that in Western countries sadness had 79% of accuracy for facial recognition and 71% for vocal, while in Non-Western countries the results were of 74% and 58%, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scherer |first1=Klaus R. |author-link1= Klaus Scherer |date=2003 |title=Vocal communication of emotion: A review of research paradigms |journal= Speech Communication|volume=40 |issue=1–2 |pages=235–6 |doi=10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5 |s2cid=8777381 |url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:102083 }}</ref>

== Cultural explorations ==
[[File:Wilhelm Amberg In Gedanken versunken.jpg|thumbnail|Lost in thoughts, by [[Wilhelm Amberg]]. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw themselves from others. ]]

During the Renaissance, [[Edmund Spenser]] in ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' endorsed sadness as a marker of spiritual commitment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trevor |first=Douglas |date=30 September 2004 |title=The Poetics of Melancholy in Early Modern England |series=Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture |location=United Kingdom |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=48 |isbn=978-0-521-83469-8 |author-link=Douglas Trevor }}</ref>

In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', sadness is distinguished from unhappiness,<ref>{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J.R.R. |date=1991 |title=The Lord of the Rings |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page=475 |isbn=978-0-261-10230-9 |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |title-link=The Lord of the Rings }}</ref> to exemplify [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s preference for a sad, but settled determination, as opposed to what he saw as the shallower temptations of either [[despair]] or [[hope]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sippey |first=Tom A. |date=1992 |title=The Road to Middle-Earth: How J.R.R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |page=143 |isbn=978-0-261-10275-0 |author-link=Tom Shippey }}</ref>

[[Julia Kristeva]] considered that "a diversification of moods, variety in sadness, refinement in [[Sorrow (emotion)|sorrow]] or mourning are the imprint of a humanity that is surely not triumphant but subtle, ready to fight and creative".<ref>{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=On Flirtation |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674634404 |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |page=87 |isbn=978-0-674-63440-4 |author-link=Adam Phillips (psychologist) |access-date=2018-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621171039/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674634404 |archive-date=2018-06-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Joie de vivre]]''
* [[Melancholia]]
* [[Mood (psychology)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links
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{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Karp DA |title=Speaking of Sadness |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-511386-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/speakingofsadnes00davi }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Keltner D |author2=Ellsworth PC |author3=Edwards K |title=Beyond simple pessimism: effects of sadness and anger on social perception |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=740–52 |date=May 1993 |pmid=8505705 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/64/5/740 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.740|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |author=Tiedens LZ |title=Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: the effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=86–94 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11195894 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/80/1/86 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86|url-access=subscription }}
* [http://emerald.tufts.edu/~nambad01/sadthinsliceacc.pdf Ambady & Gray, 2002]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal |author=Forgas JP |title=On feeling good and getting your way: mood effects on negotiator cognition and bargaining strategies |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=565–77 |date=March 1998 |pmid=11407408 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/74/3/565 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.565|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |author=Forgas JP |title=On being happy and mistaken: mood effects on the fundamental attribution error |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=318–31 |date=August 1998 |pmid=9731311 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/75/2/318 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.318|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |author=Forgas JP |title=The role of emotion in social judgments: an introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM) |journal=Eur J Soc Psychol |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |year=1994 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2420240102}}
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* {{cite journal |author1=Isen AM |author2=Daubman KA |author3=Nowicki GP |title=Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving |journal=J Pers Soc Psychol |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1122–31 |date=June 1987 |pmid=3598858 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/52/6/1122 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1122|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Keltner D |author2=Kring AM |year=1998 |title=Emotion, social function, and psychopathology |journal=Review of General Psychology |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=320–342 |url=http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~akring/keltner%20&%20kring%201998.pdf |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611042343/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~akring/keltner%20%26%20kring%201998.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-11 |citeseerx=10.1.1.315.1265 |s2cid=247805 }}
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