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{{Short description|Ancient Norse prose stories and histories}}
{{Redirect2|Sagas|Viking saga|other uses|Saga (disambiguation)|and|Sagas (disambiguation)|and|Viking Saga (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Old Norse topics}}
'''Sagas''' are [[prose]] stories and histories, composed in [[Iceland]] and to a lesser extent elsewhere in [[Scandinavia]].

The most famous saga-genre is the [[sagas of Icelanders]], which feature [[Viking]] voyages, migration to Iceland, and [[feud]]s between Icelandic families. However, sagas' subject matter is diverse, including [[legendary saga|pre-Christian Scandinavian legends]]; [[Heilagramannasögur|saints]] and [[Biskupasögur|bishops]] both from Scandinavia and elsewhere; [[konungasögur|Scandinavian kings]] and [[Samtíðarsögur|contemporary Icelandic politics]]; and [[chivalric romance]]s either translated from Continental European languages or composed locally.

Sagas originated in the [[Middle Ages]], but continued to be composed in the ensuing centuries. Whereas the dominant language of history-writing in medieval Europe was [[Latin language|Latin]], sagas were composed in the vernacular: [[Old Norse]] and its later descendants, primarily [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]].

While sagas are written in prose, they share some similarities with [[epic poetry]], and often include stanzas or whole poems in [[alliterative verse]] embedded in the text.

== Etymology and meaning of ''saga'' ==
The main meanings of the [[Old Norse]] word ''saga'' (plural ''sǫgur'') are 'what is said, utterance, oral account, notification' and the sense used in this article: '(structured) narrative, story (about somebody)'.<ref>''Dictionary of Old Norse Prose/Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog'' (Copenhagen: [Arnamagnæan Commission/Arnamagnæanske kommission], 1983–), s.v. '[https://onp.ku.dk/onp/onp.php?o66076 1 saga sb. f.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218075816/https://onp.ku.dk/onp/onp.php?o66076 |date=18 December 2019 }}.</ref> It is [[cognate]] with the English words ''say'' and ''[[wikt:saw#Etymology 2|saw]]'' (in the sense 'a saying', as in ''old saw''), and the German ''Sage''; but the modern English term ''saga'' was borrowed directly into English from Old Norse by scholars in the eighteenth century to refer to Old Norse prose narratives.<ref>"[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/171505 saw, n.2.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502231429/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=8DCBA45748FFC1F4546BCE2BEC7FBDDA?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F171505 |date=2 May 2023 }}", ''OED Online'', 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2019).</ref><ref>"[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/169714 saga, n.1.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502231431/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=AA67B4A4D9A1D0623AF7D65CE01B8C5D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F169714 |date=2 May 2023 }}", ''OED Online'', 1st edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2019).</ref>

The word continues to be used in this sense in the modern Scandinavian languages: Icelandic {{Lang|is|saga}} (plural {{Lang|is|sögur}}), Faroese ''[[wikt:søga|søga]]'' (plural ''søgur''), Norwegian ''[[wikt:soge#Norwegian Nynorsk|soge]]'' (plural ''soger''), Danish ''saga'' (plural ''sagaer''), and Swedish ''saga'' (plural ''sagor''). It usually also has wider meanings such as 'history', 'tale', and 'story'. It can also be used of a [[Family saga|genre of novels]] telling stories spanning multiple generations, or to refer to saga-inspired fantasy fiction.<ref>[[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' series was translated into Swedish by [[Åke Ohlmarks]] with the title ''Sagan om ringen'': "The Saga of the Ring". (The 2004 translation was titled ''Ringarnas herre'', a literal translation from the original.) Icelandic journalist [[Þorsteinn Thorarensen]] (1926–2006)  translated the work as ''Hringadróttins saga'' meaning "Saga of the Lord of the Rings".</ref> Swedish ''[[wikt:folksaga|folksaga]]'' means [[Folklore|folk tale]] or [[fairy tale]], while ''konstsaga'' is the Swedish term for a fairy tale by a known author, such as [[Hans Christian Andersen]]. In Swedish historiography, the term ''sagokung'', "saga king", is intended to be ambiguous, as it describes the [[semi-legendary kings of Sweden]], who are known only from unreliable sources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fotevikensmuseum.se/historia/ynglinga/yng_start.htm|title=Untitled Document|website=www.fotevikensmuseum.se|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912072247/https://www.fotevikensmuseum.se/historia/ynglinga/yng_start.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Genres ==
[[File:Snorri Sturluson C. Krohg.jpg|thumb|[[Snorri Sturluson]], portrait by [[Christian Krohg]]: Illustration for ''Heimskringla'' 1899-Edition]]
Norse sagas are generally classified as follows.

=== Kings' sagas ===
[[Kings' sagas]] (''konungasögur'') are of the lives of Scandinavian kings. They were composed in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. A pre-eminent example is ''[[Heimskringla]]'', probably compiled and composed by [[Snorri Sturluson]]. These sagas frequently quote verse, invariably occasional and praise poetry in the form of [[skaldic verse]].

=== Sagas of Icelanders and short tales of Icelanders ===
The [[Sagas of Icelanders|Icelanders' sagas]] (''Íslendingasögur''), sometimes also called "family sagas" in English, are purportedly (and sometimes actually) stories of real events, which usually take place from around the settlement of Iceland in the 870s to the generation or two following the conversion of Iceland to Christianity in 1000. They are noted for frequently exhibiting a [[Realism (arts)|realistic]] style.<ref name=":4">Vésteinn Ólason, 'Family Sagas', in ''A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture'', ed. by Rory Mcturk (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), pp. 101–18.</ref>{{rp|101, 105–7}} It seems that stories from these times were passed on in oral form until they eventually were recorded in writing as ''Íslendingasögur'', whose form was influenced both by these oral stories and by literary models in both Old Norse and other languages.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|112–14}} The majority — perhaps two thirds of the medieval corpus — seem to have been composed in the thirteenth century, with the remainder in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|102}} These sagas usually span multiple generations and often feature everyday people (e.g. ''[[Bandamanna saga]]'') and larger-than-life characters (e.g. ''[[Egils saga]]'').<ref name=":4" />{{rp|107–12}} Key works of this genre have been viewed in modern scholarship as the highest-quality saga-writing. While primarily set in Iceland, the sagas follow their characters' adventures abroad, for example in other [[Nordic countries]], the British Isles, northern France and North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Forside|title=heimskringla.no|website=www.heimskringla.no|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502231434/http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Forside|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4" />{{rp|101}} Some well-known examples include ''[[Njáls saga]]'', ''[[Laxdæla saga]]'' and ''[[Grettis saga]]''.

The material of the [[short tales of Icelanders]] (''þættir'' or ''Íslendingaþættir'') is similar to ''Íslendinga sögur'', in shorter form, often preserved as episodes about Icelanders in the kings' sagas.

Like kings' sagas, when sagas of Icelanders quote verse, as they often do, it is almost invariably skaldic verse.

=== Contemporary sagas ===
{{Main|Contemporary sagas}}

[[Contemporary sagas]] (''samtíðarsögur'' or ''samtímasögur'') are set in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Iceland, and were written soon after the events they describe. Most are preserved in the compilation ''[[Sturlunga saga]]'', from around 1270–80, though some, such as ''[[Arons saga Hjörleifssonar]]'' are preserved separately.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631235026_chunk_g978063123502627|title=''Sagas of Contemporary History'' (Blackwell Reference Online)|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131728/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631235026_chunk_g978063123502627|url-status=live}}</ref> The verse quoted in contemporary sagas is skaldic verse.

According to historian Jón Viðar Sigurðsson, "Scholars generally agree that the contemporary sagas are rather reliable sources, based on the short time between the events and the recording of the sagas, normally twenty to seventy years... The main argument for this view on the reliability of these sources is that the audience would have noticed if the saga authors were slandering and not faithfully portraying the past."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sigurdsson|first=Jon Vidar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOmTDgAAQBAJ|title=Viking Friendship: The Social Bond in Iceland and Norway, C. 900–1300|date=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0848-0|pages=111|language=en|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502231429/https://books.google.com/books?id=WOmTDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legendary sagas ===
{{Main|Legendary saga}}
[[Legendary saga]]s (''fornaldarsögur'') blend remote history, set on the Continent before the settlement of Iceland, with myth or legend. Their aim is usually to offer a lively narrative and entertainment. They often portray Scandinavia's pagan past as a proud and heroic history. Some legendary sagas quote verse — particularly ''[[Vǫlsunga saga]]'' and ''[[Heiðreks saga]]'' — and when they do it is invariably [[Eddaic verse]].

Some legendary sagas overlap generically with the next category, chivalric sagas.<ref name=":5">Matthew, Driscoll, 'Late Prose Fiction (''Lygisögur'')', in ''A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture'', ed. by Rory McTurk (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), pp. 190–204.</ref>{{rp|191}}

=== Chivalric sagas ===
{{Main|Chivalric sagas}}

[[Chivalric sagas]] (''riddarasögur'') are translations of Latin pseudo-historical works and French [[chansons de geste]] as well as Icelandic compositions in the same style. Norse translations of Continental romances seem to have begun in the first half of the thirteenth century;<ref>Jürg Glauser, 'Romance (Translated ''Riddarasögur'')', in ''A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture'', ed. by Rory McTurk (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), pp. 190–204.</ref>{{rp|375}} Icelandic writers seem to have begun producing their own romances in the late thirteenth century, with production peaking in the fourteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth.<ref name=":5" />

While often translated from verse, sagas in this genre almost never quote verse, and when they do it is often unusual in form: for example, ''[[Jarlmanns saga ok Hermanns]]'' contains the first recorded quotation of a refrain from an Icelandic dance-song,<ref>Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, 'How Icelandic Legends Reflect the Prohibition on Dancing', ''ARV'', 61 (2006), 25–52.</ref> and a metrically irregular [[Riddles (Scandinavian)|riddle]] in ''[[Þjalar-Jóns saga]]''.<ref>'[https://archive.org/details/lse-2015-whole-issue ''Þjalar-Jóns saga'']', trans. by Philip Lavender, ''Leeds Studies in English'', n.s. 46 (2015), 73–113 (p. 88 n. 34).</ref>

=== Saints' and bishops' sagas ===
[[Saints' sagas]] (''heilagra manna sögur'') and [[bishops' sagas]] (''biskupa sögur'') are vernacular Icelandic translations and compositions, to a greater or lesser extent influenced by saga-style, in the widespread genres of [[hagiography]] and episcopal biographies. The genre seems to have begun in the mid-twelfth century.<ref>Margaret Cormack, 'Christian Biography', in ''A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture'', ed. by Rory Mcturk (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), pp. 27–42.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Möðruvallabók f13r.jpg|thumb|left|Excerpt from ''[[Njáls saga]]'' in the manuscript [[Möðruvallabók]] (AM 132 folio 13r) c. 1350.]]
Icelandic sagas are based on oral traditions and much research has focused on what is real and what is fiction within each tale. The accuracy of the sagas is often hotly disputed.

Most of the medieval manuscripts which are the earliest surviving witnesses to the sagas were taken to [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]] in the seventeenth century, but later returned to Iceland. Classical sagas were composed in the thirteenth century. Scholars once believed that these sagas were transmitted orally from generation to generation until scribes wrote them down in the thirteenth century. However, most scholars now believe the sagas were conscious artistic creations, based on both oral and written tradition. A study focusing on the description of the items of clothing mentioned in the sagas concludes that the authors attempted to create a historic "feel" to the story, by dressing the characters in what was at the time thought to be "old fashioned clothing". However, this clothing is not contemporary with the events of the saga as it is a closer match to the clothing worn in the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historiskedragter.dk//norlit.php |title=''Clothing In Norse Literature'' (HistoriskeDragter.dk) |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123120051/http://www.historiskedragter.dk/norlit.php |archive-date=23 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was only recently (start of 20th century) that the tales of the voyages to North America (modern day Canada)  were authenticated.<ref>''Strange Footprints on the Land'' (Author: Irwin, Constance publisher: Harper & Row, 1980) {{ISBN|0-06-022772-9}}</ref>

Most sagas of Icelanders take place in the period 930–1030, which is called ''[[söguöld]]'' (Age of the Sagas) in Icelandic history. The sagas of kings, bishops, contemporary sagas have their own time frame.  Most were written down between 1190 and 1320, sometimes existing as oral traditions long before, others are pure fiction, and for some we do know the sources: the author of King [[Sverrir]]'s saga had met the king and used him as a source.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db.php?if=default&table=poems&val=&view=|title=''Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages'' (The Skaldic Project)|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208232708/https://abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db.php?if=default&table=poems&val=&view=|url-status=live}}</ref>

While sagas are generally anonymous, a distinctive literary movement in the 14th century involves sagas, mostly on religious topics, with identifiable authors and a distinctive Latinate style. Associated with Iceland's northern diocese of [[Hólar]], this movement is known as the [[North Icelandic Benedictine School]] (''Norðlenski Benediktskólinn'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://handrit.is/manuscript/view/da/AM04-0657-a-b|title=AM 657 a-b 4to &#124; Handrit.is|website=handrit.is|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912072237/https://handrit.is/manuscript/view/da/AM04-0657-a-b|url-status=live}}</ref>

The vast majority of texts referred to today as "sagas" were composed in Iceland. One exception is ''[[Þiðreks saga]]'', translated/composed in Norway; another is ''[[Hjalmars och Ramers saga|Hjalmars och Hramers saga]]'', a post-medieval forgery composed in Sweden. While the term ''saga'' is usually associated with medieval texts, sagas — particularly in the legendary and chivalric saga genres — continued to be composed in Iceland on the pattern of medieval texts into the nineteenth century.<ref>Matthew James Driscoll, ''The Unwashed Children of Eve: The Production, Dissemination and Reception of Popular Literature in Post-Reformation Iceland'' (Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press, 1997).</ref><ref name=":5" />{{rp|193–94}}

=== Explanations for saga writing ===
Icelanders produced a high volume of literature relative to the size of the population. Historians have proposed various theories for the high volume of saga writing.

Early, nationalist historians argued that the ethnic characteristics of the Icelanders were conducive to a literary culture, but these types of explanations have fallen out of favor with academics in modern times.<ref name=":2" /> It has also been proposed that the Icelandic settlers were so prolific at writing in order to capture their settler history. Historian [[Gunnar Karlsson]] does not find that explanation reasonable though, given that other settler communities have not been as prolific as the early Icelanders were.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sagnfraedingafelag.net/2017/03/09/14.09.14/|title=Sagnfræðingafélag Íslands » Archive » Hlaðvarp: Gunnar Karlsson: Ísland sem jaðarsvæði evrópskrar miðaldamenningar|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316123044/http://www.sagnfraedingafelag.net/2017/03/09/14.09.14/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pragmatic explanations were once also favoured: it has been argued that a combination of readily available parchment (due to extensive cattle farming and the necessity of [[culling]] before winter) and long winters encouraged Icelanders to take up writing.<ref name=":2" />

More recently, Icelandic saga-production has been seen as motivated more by social and political factors.

The unique nature of the political system of the Icelandic Commonwealth created incentives for aristocrats to produce literature,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Lords and Literature: The Icelandic Sagas as Political and Social Instruments|journal = Scandinavian Journal of History|date = 1 June 2003|issn = 0346-8755|pages = 1–17|volume = 28|issue = 1|doi = 10.1080/03468750310001192|first = Axel|last = Kristinsson|s2cid = 143890402}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Negotiating Pasts in the Nordic Countries: Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Memory|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds1wxJSGjQUC|publisher = Nordic Academic Press|date = 1 January 2010|isbn = 9789185509331|language = en|first1 = Anne|last1 = Eriksen|first2 = Jón Viðar|last2 = Sigurðsson}}</ref> offering a way for chieftains to create and maintain [[social differentiation]] between them and the rest of the population.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tulinius|first=Torfi|year=2002|title=The Matter of the North|url=https://www.academia.edu/33208863|language=en|publisher=Odense University Press|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502231429/https://www.academia.edu/33208863|url-status=live}}</ref> Gunnar Karlsson and [[Jesse Byock]] argued that the Icelanders wrote the Sagas as a way to establish commonly agreed norms and rules in the decentralized Icelandic Commonwealth by documenting past feuds, while Iceland's peripheral location put it out of reach of the continental kings of Europe and that those kings could therefore not ban subversive forms of literature.<ref name=":2" /> Because new principalities lacked internal cohesion, a leader typically produced Sagas "to create or enhance amongst his subjects or followers a feeling of solidarity and common identity by emphasizing their common history and legends".<ref name=":0" /> Leaders from old and established principalities did not produce any Sagas, as they were already cohesive political units.<ref name=":0" />

Later (late thirteenth- and fourteenth-century) saga-writing was motivated by the desire of the Icelandic aristocracy to maintain or reconnect links with the Nordic countries by tracing the ancestry of Icelandic aristocrats to well-known kings and heroes to which the contemporary Nordic kings could also trace their origins.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

==Editions and translations==
The corpus of Old Norse sagas is gradually being edited in the [[Íslenzk fornrit]] series, which covers all the ''Íslendingasögur'' and a growing range of other ones. Where available, the Íslenzk fornrit edition is usually the standard one.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|117}} The standard edition of most of the chivalric sagas composed in Iceland is by Agnete Loth.<ref>Agnete Loth, ed., ''Late Medieval Icelandic Romances'', Editiones Arnamagaeanae, series B, 20–24, 5 vols (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1962–65).</ref><ref name=":5" />{{rp|192}}

A list, intended to be comprehensive, of translations of Icelandic sagas is provided by the [[National Library of Iceland]]'s [https://sagas.landsbokasafn.is/ Bibliography of Saga Translations].

==Popular culture==
Many modern artists working in different creative fields have drawn inspiration from the sagas. Among some well-known writers, for example, who adapted saga narratives in their works are [[Poul Anderson]], [[Laurent Binet]], [[Margaret Elphinstone]], [[Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué]], [[Gunnar Gunnarsson]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], [[Halldór Laxness]], [[Ottilie A. Liljencrantz|Ottilie Liljencrantz]], [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[George Mackay Brown]], [[William Morris]], [[Adam Oehlenschläger]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], [[August Strindberg]], [[Rosemary Sutcliff]], [[Esaias Tegnér]], [[J. R. R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien]], and [[William T. Vollmann]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2019 |title=Database of medieval Icelandic saga literary adaptations |url=https://cwecrocker.com/databse-of-icelandic-saga-literary-adaptations/ |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=Christopher W. E. Crocker |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112185901/https://cwecrocker.com/databse-of-icelandic-saga-literary-adaptations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Prose Edda]]
*''[[Beowulf]]''

==References and notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
Primary:
* [https://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic/db.php?if=default&table=home&val=&view= The Skaldic Project, An international project to edit the corpus of medieval Norse-Icelandic skaldic poetry]

Other:
* Clover, Carol J. et al.  ''Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A critical guide''  (University of Toronto Press,  2005) {{ISBN|978-0802038234}}
* Gade, Kari Ellen (ed.) ''Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 2 From c. 1035 to c. 1300'' (Brepols Publishers. 2009)  {{ISBN|978-2-503-51897-8}}
* Gordon, E. V. (ed) ''An Introduction to Old Norse''  (Oxford University Press; 2nd ed. 1981) {{ISBN|978-0-19-811184-9}}
* Jakobsson, Armann; Fredrik Heinemann (trans) ''A Sense of Belonging: Morkinskinna and Icelandic Identity, c. 1220'' (Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2014) {{ISBN|978-8776748456}}
* Jakobsson, Ármann ''Icelandic sagas'' (The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2nd Ed. Robert E. Bjork. 2010) {{ISBN|9780199574834}}
* [[Rory McTurk|McTurk, Rory]]  (ed) ''A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture''  (Wiley-Blackwell, 2005) {{ISBN|978-0631235026}}
* Ross, Margaret Clunies  ''The Cambridge Introduction to the Old Norse-Icelandic Saga''  (Cambridge University Press, 2010) {{ISBN|978-0-521-73520-9}}
* Thorsson, Örnólfur ''The Sagas of Icelanders'' (Penguin. 2001) {{ISBN|978-0141000039}}
* Whaley, Diana (ed.) ''Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1 From Mythical Times to c. 1035'' (Brepols Publishers. 2012) {{ISBN|978-2-503-51896-1}}

==Further reading==
In Norwegian:
* Haugen, Odd Einar ''Handbok i norrøn filologi'' (Bergen: [[Fagbokforlaget]], 2004) {{ISBN|978-82-450-0105-1}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|saga}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Saga |volume=23 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse|pages= 1000–1001|short=x}}
* [http://www.sagadb.org Icelandic Saga Database] – The Icelandic sagas in the original old Norse along with translations into many languages
* [http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Main_Page Old Norse Prose and Poetry]
* [http://www.snerpa.is/net/isl/isl.htm The Icelandic sagas at Netútgáfan]

{{Norse mythology}}
{{Fiction writing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medieval literature]]
[[Category:Sagas| ]]
[[Category:Icelandic literature]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Old Norse literature]]