View source for Saint Pierre and Miquelon

{{short description|Overseas collectivity of France}}
{{About|the French overseas collectivity|the individual islands|Saint Pierre Island|and|Miquelon Island}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Saint Pierre and Miquelon
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon}}
| settlement_type = [[Overseas collectivity|Overseas collectivity of France]]
| official_name = 
| image_flag = Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg
| flag_size = 130
| flag_type = [[Flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Flag (unofficial)]]
| image_seal = Armoiries SaintPierreetMiquelon.svg
| seal_size = 90
| seal_type = [[Coat of arms of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Coat of arms]]
| motto = {{native phrase|la|"A Mare Labor"|italics=on}}<br />(''"From the Sea, Work"'')
| image_map = Saint Pierre and Miquelon in France.svg
| map_alt = Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
| map_caption = Location of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in North America.
| mapsize = 290px
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|France}}
| established_title = [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Cession from]] the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| established_date = {{start date and age|1814|05|30}}
| established_title2 = Territorial status within the [[French Union]]
| established_date2 = {{start date and age|1946|10|27}}
| official_languages = [[French language|French]]
| capital = [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]]
| coordinates =
{{Coord|46.7778|-56.1778|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| demonym = {{hlist|[[Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islanders|Saint-Pierrais]]|[[Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islanders|Miquelonnais]]|Pierrian}}
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] parliamentary local authority within French Republic
| leader_title1 = [[President of France]]
| leader_name1 = [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Prefect]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bruno André]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/on-est-la-pour-repondre-aux-crises-christian-pouget-dresse-le-bilan-de-ses-deux-ans-et-demi-passees-a-la-prefecture-de-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-1416530.html |title="On est là pour répondre aux crises" : Christian Pouget dresse le bilan de ses deux ans et demi passées à la préfecture de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518014136/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/on-est-la-pour-repondre-aux-crises-christian-pouget-dresse-le-bilan-de-ses-deux-ans-et-demi-passees-a-la-prefecture-de-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-1416530.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|President of the Collectivity]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bernard Briand]]
| legislature = [[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Territorial Council]]
| national_representation = [[French Parliament]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Senate (France)|Senate]]
| national_representation1 = [[List of senators of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|1 senator]] (of 377)
| national_representation_type2 = {{nowrap|[[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]}}
| national_representation2 = [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon's 1st constituency|1 seat]] (of 577)
| area_km2 = 242
| area_rank =
| percent_water = negligible
| elevation_max_m = 240
| elevation_max_ft =
| population_census = 5,819<ref name=population>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8290617?sommaire=8290669 |title=Populations des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2022  |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=fr }}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_density_km2 = 24
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank = not ranked
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = €240&nbsp;million<ref name="pib-v">{{cite web |url=https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport_annuel_economique_2021_spm.pdf|title=RAPPORT ANNUEL ÉCONOMIQUE {{!}} SAINT-PIERRE-ET-MIQUELON 2021|page=35 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2015
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = €39,778
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI = <!--number only-->
| currency = {{hlist|[[Euro]] (€) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) (official)|[[Canadian dollar]] (C$) ([[ISO 4217|CAD]]) (widely accepted)}}
| currency_code =
| timezone =
| utc_offset = −03:00
| utc_offset_DST = −02:00
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+508]]
| postal_code_type = [[INSEE code]]
| postal_code = 975
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:PM|PM]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-PM]]}}
| cctld = [[.pm]]
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| website = {{URL|https://saint-pierre-et-miquelon.gouv.fr/}}
| anthem = {{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}
| established_title3 = Collectivity status|established_date3={{start date and age|2003|03|28}}
| regional_languages =
| common_languages = [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon French]]
}}

[[File:Map Saint Pierre et Miquelon.svg|thumb|right|Map of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]

'''Saint Pierre and Miquelon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|iː|k|ə|l|ɒ|n}}, {{respell|MEEK|ə|lon}}),<ref>{{MW|Miquelon}}</ref> officially the '''Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon''' ({{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon}}), is a self-governing territorial [[overseas collectivity]] of [[France]] in the northwestern [[Atlantic Ocean]], located near the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]].<ref name="cia">{{Citation |title=Saint Pierre and Miquelon |date=10 January 2023 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195959/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia Britannica – St Pierre and Miquelon |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon |url-status=live |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215233911/https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon |archive-date=15 December 2019 }}</ref> [[Saint Pierre Island|St. Pierre]] and [[Miquelon Island|Miquelon]] is an [[archipelago]] of eight islands, covering {{cvt|242|km2|mi2|0}} of land.<ref name="cia"/> It has a population of 5,819 {{as of|January 2022|alt=as of the January 2022 census}} and its residents are French citizens; they elect their own deputy to the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] and participate in senatorial and presidential elections.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon is an [[Overseas Countries and Territories|Overseas Country and Territory]] (OCT) of the [[European Union]], although not an integral part of it. It is neither part of the [[Schengen Area|Schengen area]], nor of the European customs territory. On the other hand, Saint Pierre and Miquelon is part of the [[Eurozone]], and its inhabitants have [[European Union citizenship]].<ref name=population /> The territory is also part of the [[Regional Joint Cooperation Commission]] ([[Atlantic Canada]] Cooperation), the [[Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax|Halifax Search and Rescue Region]] and the [[Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization]].

The islands are in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] near the entrance of [[Fortune Bay]], which extends into the southwestern coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], near the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]].<ref name="iarc">{{cite web |author=Premio Real |title=Les iles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon – Notes de la conférence donnée à l'Institut Canadien, devant la Société Géographique de Québec, le 29 avril 1880, par Son Excellence le comte de Premio-Real, consul-général d'Espagne |url=https://archive.org/details/saintpierreampmi15152gut |url-status=live |via=[[Internet Archive]] |date=22 February 2005 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103043428/http://www.archive.org/details/saintpierreampmi15152gut |archive-date=3 January 2012 }}</ref> St. Pierre is {{convert|19|km|nmi|frac=2|abbr=off}} from [[Point May]] on the [[Burin Peninsula]] of Newfoundland and {{convert|3819|km|mi|0}} from [[Brest, France|Brest]], the nearest city in [[Metropolitan France]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.travelmath.com/flying-distance/from/Brest,+France/to/Saint+Pierre+and+Miquelon |title=Flight distance from Brest, France to Saint Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=Travelmath.com |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531072935/http://www.travelmath.com/flying-distance/from/Brest,+France/to/Saint+Pierre+and+Miquelon |archive-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tiny Canadian [[Green Island (Fortune), Newfoundland and Labrador|Green Island]] lies {{convert|10|km|nmi|frac=2}} east of Saint Pierre, roughly halfway to Point May.

==Etymology==
{{lang|fr|Saint-Pierre}} is French for [[Saint Peter]], the [[patron saint]] of fishermen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/pst00290.htm |archive-date=20 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220040300/http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/pst00290.htm |title=Patron Saint Index Topic: fishermen, anglers |publisher=Catholic Community Forum }}</ref>

The present name of {{lang|fr|Miquelon}} was first noted in the form of ''Micquetô'', ''Miqueton'', or ''Micquellon'' in the French Basque sailor [[Martin de Hoyarçabal]]'s 1579 navigational pilot for Newfoundland, ''[[Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine Martin de Hoyarsal, habitant du çubiburu|Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine Martin de Hoyarsabal, habitant du çubiburu]]'':

{{blockquote|Lying on Cape Breton and the Pertuis de Miqueton east west, there are 42 l. [leagues] ... Lying the Dove of S. Pierre the pertuis de Micquellon north-northeast & south-southeast: there are 7 l.<ref>Hoyarçabal, Martin de: ''[https://archive.org/details/lesvoyagesavantu00hoya/page/102/mode/2up Les voyages aventureux du Capitaine Martin de Hoyarsabal, habitant du çubiburu]'' (in [[Middle French]]) (Bordeaux, France, 1669) [1st ed. 1579], p. 103.</ref>{{efn|{{langx|fr|"Giſant le cap de Breton & le pertuis de Miqueton est oest, y a 42 l. ... Gisant la Colombe de S. Pierre le pertuis de Micquellon nord noroest & sud suest: y a 7 l."}}}}}}

It has been claimed that the name ''Miquelon'' is a [[Basque language|Basque]] form of Michael; ''Mikel'' and ''Mikels'' are usually named ''Mikelon'' in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]. Therefore, from ''Mikelon'', it may have been written in the French way with a ''qu'' instead of a ''k''.<ref name="Cormier">{{cite journal |last=Cormier |first=Marc Albert |title=Toponymie ancienne et origine des noms Saint-Pierre, Miquelon et Langlade |language=fr |journal=The Northern Mariner |volume=7 |issue=1 |place=Ottawa |publisher=The Canadian Nautical Research Society |date=1997 |pages=32, 39 |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/index_vol_7.html |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918230409/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/index_vol_7.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buber.net/Basque/Features/GuestColumns/mc060430.php |title=The Basques of Saint Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=Buber's Basque Page |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180034/http://www.buber.net/Basque/Features/GuestColumns/mc060430.php |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/quefaire.php |title=Tourism Agencies in Saint Pierre et Miquelon |publisher=St-pierre-et-miquelon.com |access-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808000457/http://st-pierre-et-miquelon.com/english/quefaire.php |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] is divided between [[Spain]] and [[France]], and most Basques live south of [[France–Spain border|the border]]. As such, Miquelon may have been influenced by the Spanish name {{lang|es|Miguelón}}, an augmentative form of Miguel meaning "big Michael". The adjoined island's name of "[[Langlade Island|Langlade]]" is said to be an adaptation of {{lang|fr|l'île à l'Anglais}} ([[Englishman]]'s Island).<ref name=tourism/>

==History==
{{main|History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}

===Before 1900===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = St Pierre. Le Quai La Roncière.jpg
| caption1 = Quai La Roncière, Saint Pierre in 1887
| image2 = Un coin de Saint Pierre.jpg
| caption2 = Saint Pierre in 1921
}}

Archaeological evidence indicates that [[indigenous peoples of Canada]], such as the [[Beothuk]], visited Saint Pierre and Miquelon. However, there is no evidence they settled on the islands permanently.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} On 21 October 1520, the Portuguese explorer [[João Álvares Fagundes]] landed on the islands and named the island group they were part of the "[[Eleven Thousand Virgins]]", as the day marked the feast day of [[Saint Ursula]] and her virgin companions.<ref>{{Google books|M1JIPAN-eJ4C|page=328|Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600...}} By Adrian Room</ref> In 1536, the French explorer [[Jacques Cartier]] claimed the islands as a possession of France.<ref name="1999-insee-731" /> Though already frequented by the [[Mi'kmaq]] and by Basque and Breton fishermen, the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century: four permanent inhabitants were counted in 1670, and 22 in 1691.<ref name="gb-11">{{Google books|vRB3woPa7LAC|page= 33|France's Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D'outre-mer}} By Robert Aldrich, John Connell</ref><ref name="1999-insee-731" />

In 1670, during [[Jean Talon]]'s second tenure as [[Intendant of New France]], a French officer annexed the islands after he discovered 12 French fishermen encamped there, naming them Saint Pierre and Miquelon. During [[King William's War]] and [[Queen Anne's War]], English forces launched multiple attacks against French colonial settlements on the islands, and by the early 18th century French colonists had abandoned Saint Pierre and Miquelon all together.<ref name="gb-11" /> In the 1713 [[Peace of Utrecht]], which ended the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], France ceded the islands to Britain.<ref name="gb-11" /> The British renamed the island of Saint Pierre to Saint Peter, and small numbers of colonists from Britain and [[British America]] began to settle on the islands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_english_period.html |title=The British Period (1714–1764): Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802190528/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_english_period.html |archive-date=2 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/CO194/CO194-26.htm |title=CO194-26<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722065507/http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/CO194/CO194-26.htm |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], which ended the [[Seven Years' War]], resulted in the French ceding all of [[New France]] to Britain and Spain, though the British [[French Shore|granted fishing rights to French fishermen]] along the [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]] coast and returned Saint Pierre and Miquelon to France.<ref name="gb-12">{{Google books|IVrdzKdvvMYC|page=15|Atlantic Canada}} By Benoit Prieur</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/treaty-of-paris |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> In 1778, after France [[France in the American Revolutionary War|joined]] the [[American Revolutionary War]] against Britain, British forces under [[Vice Admiral (Royal Navy)|Vice-Admiral]] [[John Montagu (Royal Navy officer)|John Montagu]] occupied Saint Pierre and Miquelon, burning all colonial settlements on the islands and deporting 2,000 colonists back to France.<ref name="gb-16"/> In 1793, another British force under [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[William Affleck (Royal Navy officer)|William Affleck]] occupied the islands during the [[War of the First Coalition]]; in the following year, they deported the island's French colonists and a British colony was established on Saint Pierre.<ref name="gb-11"/>

During the 1796 [[Newfoundland expedition]], the nascent British colony was evacuated after the appearance of [[French Navy]] squadron under [[Counter-Admiral]] [[Joseph de Richery]], which proceeded to burn the abandoned settlement. The 1802 [[Treaty of Amiens]] brought the islands back under French control, only for Britain to retake them after [[Napoleonic Wars]] began the following year.<ref name="gb-11"/> They were returned to France once more under the 1814 [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]], though the British briefly occupied the islands during [[Hundred Days]] in 1815. When the French returned to the islands in 1816, they found that all of its colonial settlements had been destroyed or fallen into ruin.<ref name="gb-11"/> The islands were gradually resettled by Breton, Norman and Basque settlers, joined by various other peoples, particularly from Newfoundland.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> The colony's economy did not recover for another 35 years.<ref name="gb-11"/>

===1900–1945===

In 1903, the colony toyed with the idea of joining the United States; however, nothing came of the idea.<ref name=willing>{{Cite news |date=23 November 1903 |title=WILLING TO BE ANNEXED: St. Pierre and Miquelon Would Like to Join United States. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1903/11/23/archives/willing-to-be-annexed-st-pierre-and-miquelon-would-like-to-join.html |access-date=8 February 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103111155/https://www.nytimes.com/1903/11/23/archives/willing-to-be-annexed-st-pierre-and-miquelon-would-like-to-join.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the early 1910s, the colony suffered economic hardship as a result of unprofitable fisheries, and large numbers of its inhabitants emigrated to [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Quebec]].<ref name="1911a">{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle=St. Pierre and Miquelon |volume=32 |page=344 }}</ref> The draft imposed by French authorities on all male inhabitants of conscription age after the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 crippled the fisheries, as their catch could not be processed by the older men or the women and children.<ref name="1911a"/> About 400 men from the colony served in the [[French Armed Forces]] during the war, 100 of whom died.<ref name="gb-14"/> The increase in the adoption of steam [[fishing trawler]]s in the fisheries also contributed to the reduction in employment opportunities.<ref name="1911a"/>

Smuggling had always been an important economic activity in the islands; however, it became especially prominent in the 1920s with the institution of [[prohibition in the United States]] from January 1920 onwards.<ref name="gb-14">{{Google books|9MuNCBMMqPoC|page=59|The Fog of War: Censorship of Canada's Media in World War II}} By Mark Bourrie</ref> In 1931, the archipelago was reported by ''[[The New York Times]]'' to have imported {{convert|1815271|U.S.gal|impgal L|abbr=off|lk=out}} of whisky from Canada in 12 months, most of which was smuggled into the United States.<ref name="pro-nyt">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/10/25/archives/french-islands-got-8856320-whisky-st-pierre-and-miquelon-imported.html |title=St. Pierre and Miquelon Imported 1,815,271 Gallons From Canada in Twelve Months |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 October 1931 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512185200/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F17FD395E10728DDDAC0A94D8415B818FF1D3 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Okrent |first=Daniel |year=2010 |title=Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJbBqn3XWqAC&pg=PA167 |location=New York |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1-4391-7169-1 |oclc=676824487 |pages=169–172? |access-date=20 October 2020 }}</ref> The end of prohibition in 1933 plunged the islands once more into economic depression.<ref name="bbc-sm">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4562487.stm |title=St Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202153632/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4562487.stm |archive-date=2 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[World War II]], despite opposition from Canada, Britain,<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Doody, Richard |url=http://worldatwar.net/article/miquelon/ |title='Over by Christmas.' The Liberation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon |publisher=The World at War |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110224038/http://worldatwar.net/article/miquelon/ |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the United States, the [[Free French Forces]] [[Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|seized the islands]] from [[Vichy France]], to which the colony's administrator [[Gilbert de Bournat]] had pledged its allegiance, on 24 December 1941. In referendums on both islands, the population endorsed [[Free France]]'s takeover by over 98%.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="gb-15">{{Google books|h5YHyfXixz8C|page=179|War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean ...}} By Fitzroy André Baptiste</ref>

===After 1945===
[[File:Rue Albert Briand, Saint-Pierre's pedestrianized street lined with bars and restaurants.jpg|thumb|Rue Albert Briand, a pedestrianized street in Saint Pierre lined with bars and restaurants]]

The colony became a [[French overseas territory]] in 1946. After the [[1958 French constitutional referendum]], the territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon was asked to choose one of three options: becoming fully integrated with France, becoming a self-governing state within the [[French Community]], or preserving the status of an overseas territory; it decided to remain a territory.<ref name="herald">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l0dkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3543,4308809 |title=St Pierre Stays French |newspaper=The Calgary Herald |date=18 December 1958 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207235122/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l0dkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JHwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3543,4308809 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The archipelago became an [[overseas department]] on 19 July 1976,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000684772/ |title=Law n ° 76-664 of July 19, 1976 relating to the organization of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |work=Official Journal of the French Republic |date=20 July 1976 |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029102904/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000684772/ |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr }}</ref> before acquiring the status of [[territorial collectivity]] on 11 June 1985, thus withdrawing from the [[European Communities]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000693671/2020-10-25/ |title=Law n ° 85-595 of June 11, 1985 relating to the status of the archipelago of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029054932/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000693671/2020-10-25/ |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr }}</ref><ref name="rece-2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1 |title=Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006 |publisher=Insee |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204040/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}

Since March 2003, Saint Pierre and Miquelon has been an overseas collectivity with a special status.<ref name="cia"/> The archipelago has two [[Communes of France|communes]]: [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]] and [[Miquelon-Langlade]].<ref name="sodepar-statut">{{cite web |url=http://www.sodepar.com/fr/16-statut-specifique.html |title=Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, Statut spécifique |publisher=Sodepar |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109093934/http://www.sodepar.com/fr/16-statut-specifique.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A third commune, [[Isle-aux-Marins]], existed until 1945, when it was absorbed by the municipality of Saint-Pierre.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> The inhabitants possess [[French citizenship]] and suffrage.<ref name="brit-1"/> Saint Pierre and Miquelon sends a senator and a [[Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon's 1st constituency|deputy]] to the [[National Assembly of France]] in Paris and enjoys a degree of autonomy concerning taxes, customs, and excise.<ref name="gb-16">{{Google books|fXZaLhmVt2IC|page=97|The French Atlantic: travels in culture and history}} By Bill Marshall</ref><ref name="cia"/>

France appoints the [[prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], who represents the national government in the territory.<ref name="bbc-sm"/> The prefect is in charge of national interests, law enforcement, public order, and, under the conditions set by the statute of 1985, administrative control.<ref name="pref">{{cite web |url=http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/la_prefecture |title=La préfecture |publisher=Portail internet des services de l'État |date=7 December 2008 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401225227/http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/la_prefecture/ |archive-date=1 April 2012 }}</ref> Since 21 August 2023, the prefect has been Bruno André.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=Pour Bruno André, préfet de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, "il s'agit de poursuivre ce qui a été fait" dans l'archipel |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/pour-bruno-andre-prefet-de-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-il-s-agit-de-poursuivre-ce-qui-a-ete-fait-dans-l-archipel-1422725.html |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Saint-Pierre et Miquelon la 1ère |language=fr-FR |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223050219/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/pour-bruno-andre-prefet-de-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-il-s-agit-de-poursuivre-ce-qui-a-ete-fait-dans-l-archipel-1422725.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The local legislative body, the [[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Territorial Council]] ({{langx|fr|link=no|Conseil territorial}}), has 19 members: four councillors from Miquelon-Langlade and 15 from Saint-Pierre.<ref name="sodepar-statut"/><ref name="cia"/> The President of the Territorial Council is the head of a delegation of "France in the name of Saint Pierre and Miquelon" for international events such as the annual meetings of [[Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization|NAFO]] and [[ICCAT]].<ref name="sodepar-statut"/>

===Defence and ''gendarmerie''===
France is responsible for the defence of the islands.<ref name="cia"/> The [[List of active French Navy ships|French Navy]] deploys the ex-trawler [[List of active French Navy ships#Coastguard|''Fulmar'']] in the territory for operations in both territorial and regional waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ca.ambafrance.org/French-patrol-ship-Fulmar-port |title=French patrol ship Fulmar: Port visit to Rimouski and Québec |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725185756/https://ca.ambafrance.org/French-patrol-ship-Fulmar-port |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Law enforcement in Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] is the responsibility of a branch of the French [[National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Nationale]]; there are two police stations in the archipelago.<ref name="Prefecture site">{{cite web |url=http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/les_services_deconcentres/la_gendarmerie_natio/ |title=La Gendarmerie Nationale |publisher=Portail internet des services de l'Etat |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412032658/http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/les_services_deconcentres/la_gendarmerie_natio |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref>

===Maritime boundary case===
{{main|Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case}}
[[File:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon EEZ map-en.svg|thumb|Map of the [[exclusive economic zone]] of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]

France claimed a {{convert|200|nmi|adj=on}} [[exclusive economic zone]] for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. Further, in August 1983, the naval ship ''[[D'Estienne d'Orves-class aviso|Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff]]'' and the seismic ship ''Lucien Beaufort'' were sent to explore for oil in the disputed zone.<ref name="gb-13"/> In addition to the potential oil reserves, [[Cod fishing in Newfoundland|cod fishing]] rights on the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] were at stake in the dispute. In the late 1980s, indications of declining fish stocks began to raise serious concern over the depletion of the fishery.<ref name="gb-13">{{Google books|MSHy65g7M7wC|page=32|Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest}} By Steven Kendall Holloway</ref> In 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of {{convert|12348|sqkm}} to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25% of what France had sought.<ref name="cia"/>

The 1992 decision fixed the maritime boundaries between Canada and the islands, but did not demarcate the [[continental shelf]].<ref name="economist">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2009/05/07/squaring-off-for-a-seabed-scrap |title=St Pierre and Miquelon – Squaring off for a seabed scrap |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909172525/http://www.economist.com/node/13611528 |archive-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{main|Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}

Located off the western end of the Newfoundland's [[Burin Peninsula]], the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon comprises eight islands, totalling {{convert|242|km2|mi2}}, of which only two are inhabited.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="ann-2010-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_st-pierre-et-miquelon.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2010 IEDOM Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |page=16 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127043404/http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_st-pierre-et-miquelon.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The islands are bare and rocky, with steep coasts, and only a thin layer of [[peat]] to soften the hard landscape.<ref name="htg">{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_miquelon.html |title=St. Pierre et Miquelon |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602074252/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/pierre_miquelon.html |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The islands, like Newfoundland, are geologically part of the northeastern end of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].<ref name="cia"/>

{{lang|fr|Miquelon-Langlade}}, the largest island, is in fact composed of two islands; [[Miquelon Island]] (also called {{lang|fr|'''Grande Miquelon'''}}, {{cvt|110|km2|mi2|disp=or}}) is connected to Langlade Island ({{lang|fr|'''Petite Miquelon'''}}, {{cvt|91|km2|mi2|disp=or}}) by the ''{{lang|fr|[[La Dune|Dune de Langlade]]}}'' (also known as the {{lang|fr|'''Isthme de Langlade'''}}), a {{convert|10|km|mi|adj=on}} long sandy [[tombolo]].<ref name="rece-2006"/><ref name="britannica.com"/> A storm severed them in the 18th century, separating the two islands for several decades, before currents reconstructed the isthmus.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> {{lang|fr|[[Morne de la Grande Montagne]]}}, the tallest point in the territory at 240 meters high, is located on Grande Miquelon.<ref name="cia"/> The waters between Langlade and Saint-Pierre were called "the Mouth of Hell" ({{langx|fr|link=no|Gueule d'Enfer}}) until about 1900, as more than 600 shipwrecks have been recorded in that point since 1800.<ref name="maplepedia">{{cite encyclopedia |author=James Marsh |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/saint-pierre-and-miquelon |title=Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217194822/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |archive-date=17 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the north of Miquelon Island is the village of [[Miquelon-Langlade]] (710 inhabitants), while Langlade Island is almost deserted (only one inhabitant in the 1999 census).<ref name="1999-insee-731"/>

{{lang|fr|[[Saint Pierre Island]]}}, whose area is smaller, {{convert|26|km2|mi2}}, is the most populous and the commercial and administrative center of the archipelago. [[Saint-Pierre Airport]] has been in operation since 1999 and is capable of accommodating long-haul flights from France.<ref name="rece-2006"/>

A third, formerly inhabited island, {{lang|fr|[[L'Île-aux-Marins|Isle-aux-Marins]]}}, was known as {{lang|fr|Île-aux-Chiens}} until 1931. It is located a short distance from the port of Saint-Pierre, and has been uninhabited since 1963.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> The other main islands are {{lang|fr|[[Grand Colombier]]}}, {{lang|fr|[[Île aux Vainqueurs]]}}, and {{lang|fr|[[Île aux Pigeons]]}}.

<gallery widths="250px" heights="180px">
File:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon 3D.png|Vertically exaggerated model of the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
File:Sainte-Pierre aerial.jpg|Saint-Pierre aerial photo, 2013. [[Saint-Pierre Airport]] is at the lower right.
File:StPierre003.JPG|Aerial view of St Pierre, the capital and largest town
</gallery>

===Environment===
{{see also|South Avalon–Burin oceanic barrens}}
[[Seabirds]] are the most common fauna.<ref name="brit-1">{{Britannica|518157|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon }}</ref> [[Pinniped|Seals]] and other wildlife can be found in the Grand Barachois Lagoon of Miquelon. Every spring, whales migrating to [[Greenland]] are visible off the coasts of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. [[Trilobite]] fossils have been found on Langlade. The stone pillars off the island coasts called "L'anse aux Soldats" eroded away and disappeared in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grandcolombier.com/2003-geographie/geologie/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060111105117/http://www.grandcolombier.com/2003-geographie/geologie/index.html |archive-date=11 January 2006 |title=La Géologie des îles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |work=Encyclopédie des îles Saint-Pierre & Miquelon |publisher=Miquelon Conseil |language=fr }}</ref> The rocky islands are barren, except for scrubby [[Taxus canadensis|yews]] and [[juniper]]s and thin volcanic soil.<ref name="maplepedia"/> The forest cover of the hills, except in parts of Langlade, had been removed for fuel long ago.<ref name="brit-1"/>

===Climate===
[[File:Port of saint-pierre, SPM.jpg|thumb|Port of Miquelon during the winter]]

In spite of being located at a similar latitude to the [[Bay of Biscay]], the archipelago is characterized by a cold borderline [[humid continental climate|humid continental]]/[[subarctic climate]], under the influence of polar air masses and the cold [[Labrador Current]].<ref name="ann-2010-1"/> The mild winters for being a subarctic climate also means it has influences of [[subpolar oceanic climate]], thus being at the confluence of three climatic types. The February mean is just below the {{convert|-3|C|F}} isotherm for that classification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=718050&cityname=Saint-Pierre-St.-Pierre-Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon |title=Saint Pierre Temperature Averages |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203173517/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=718050&cityname=Saint-Pierre-St.-Pierre-Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to just three months being above 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F) in mean temperatures and winter lows being so mild, Saint Pierre and Miquelon has a [[Köppen Climate Classification]] of ''Dfc'', if bordering on ''Cfc'' due to the mildness of the winter and either ''Dfb'' or ''Cfb'' due to the closeness of the fourth-and fifth-warmest months to having mean temperatures at or above 10&nbsp;°C (50&nbsp;°F).

Typical maritime [[seasonal lag]] is also strong with September being warmer than June and March being colder than December. The average temperature is {{cvt|5.3|C|||}}, with a temperature range of 19&nbsp;°C (35&nbsp;°F) between the warmest ({{cvt|15.7|C|||}} in August) and coldest months ({{cvt|-3.6|C|||}} in February).<ref name="ann-2010-1"/> [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is abundant ({{cvt|1312|mm|disp=or||}} per year) and regular (146 days per year), falling as snow and rain.<ref name="ann-2010-1"/> Because of its location at the confluence of the cold waters of the Labrador Current and the warm waters of the [[Gulf Stream]], the archipelago is also crossed a hundred days a year by fog banks, mainly in June and July.<ref name="ann-2010-1"/>

Two other climatic elements are remarkable: the extremely variable winds and haze during the spring to early summer.<ref name="om-pres">{{cite web |url=http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html |title=Présentation |publisher=L'Outre-Mer |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128034432/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?presentation-saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Meteo France
|Town=Saint Pierre and Miquelon
|Sunshine= 1,427
|Rain=1,323.5
|Snow=99.0
|Storm=6.6
|Fog=100.8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lameteo.org/index.php/12-climatologie/1672-normales-climatiques-1981-2010-saint-pierre-et-miquelon |title=Normales climatiques 1981-2010 : Saint Pierre and Miquelon |website=www.lameteo.org |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029054937/https://www.lameteo.org/index.php/12-climatologie/1672-normales-climatiques-1981-2010-saint-pierre-et-miquelon |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = St Pierre and Miquelon (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1941–present)
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|Jan record high C = 9.8
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C = 12.2
|Apr record high C = 13.8
|May record high C = 22.0
|Jun record high C = 25.1
|Jul record high C = 28.3
|Aug record high C = 26.2
|Sep record high C = 26.8
|Oct record high C = 20.1
|Nov record high C = 15.1
|Dec record high C = 12.8
|year record high C = 28.3
|Jan high C = 0.2
|Feb high C = -0.4
|Mar high C = 1.4
|Apr high C = 4.8
|May high C = 8.9
|Jun high C = 12.9
|Jul high C = 17.1
|Aug high C = 19.4
|Sep high C = 16.6
|Oct high C = 11.7
|Nov high C = 7.2
|Dec high C = 3.1
|year high C = 8.6
|Jan mean C = -2.4
|Feb mean C = -2.9
|Mar mean C = -1.1
|Apr mean C = 2.1
|May mean C = 5.9
|Jun mean C = 9.9
|Jul mean C = 14.4
|Aug mean C = 16.8
|Sep mean C = 14.0
|Oct mean C = 9.3
|Nov mean C = 4.8
|Dec mean C = 0.8
|year mean C = 6.0
|Jan low C = -4.9
|Feb low C = -5.5
|Mar low C = -3.5
|Apr low C = -0.5
|May low C = 2.8
|Jun low C = 6.8
|Jul low C = 11.6
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 6.9
|Nov low C = 2.5
|Dec low C = -1.5
|year low C = 3.4
|Jan record low C = -17.4
|Feb record low C = -18.7
|Mar record low C = -18.1
|Apr record low C = -9.8
|May record low C = -4.5
|Jun record low C = 0.7
|Jul record low C = 4.9
|Aug record low C = 5.8
|Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record low C = -2.6
|Nov record low C = -9.2
|Dec record low C = -14.6
|year record low C = -18.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 104.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 98.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 96.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 88.0
|May precipitation mm = 101.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 93.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 97.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 101.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 129.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 134.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 132.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 117.2
|year precipitation mm = 1295.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.7
|Feb precipitation days = 14.0
|Mar precipitation days = 11.5
|Apr precipitation days = 10.4
|May precipitation days = 10.5
|Jun precipitation days = 9.9
|Jul precipitation days = 10.1
|Aug precipitation days = 10.1
|Sep precipitation days = 9.9
|Oct precipitation days = 12.8
|Nov precipitation days = 14.4
|Dec precipitation days = 15.3
|year precipitation days = 144.6
|Jan rain days = 3.03
|Feb rain days = 4.07
|Mar rain days = 5.17
|Apr rain days = 8.83
|May rain days = 12.87
|Jun rain days = 14.60
|Jul rain days = 18.50
|Aug rain days = 11.27
|Sep rain days = 6.33
|Oct rain days = 4.13
|Nov rain days = 4.70
|Dec rain days = 3.53
|year rain days = 97.03
|Jan snow days = 22.63
|Feb snow days = 19.00
|Mar snow days = 15.25
|Apr snow days = 7.36
|May snow days = 0.89
|Jun snow days = 0.04
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 1.00
|Nov snow days = 4.40
|Dec snow days = 3.20
|year snow days =
|Jan sun= 42.3
|Feb sun= 60.7
|Mar sun= 113.0
|Apr sun= 142.4
|May sun= 174.9
|Jun sun= 164.1
|Jul sun= 150.7
|Aug sun= 168.7
|Sep sun= 159.5
|Oct sun= 117.1
|Nov sun= 61.7
|Dec sun= 38.0
|year sun= 1392.9
|source 1 = Météo France<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteospm.org/clim.php |title=Statistiques: Saint Pierre, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |publisher=Météo France |language=fr |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010141939/http://www.meteospm.org/clim.php |archive-date=10 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteospm.org/records.php |title=Records pour la station de Saint Pierre |publisher=Météo France |language=fr |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011060423/http://www.meteospm.org/records.php |archive-date=11 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> (Averages are for the period 1991–2020.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97502001.pdf |title=Climate of St-Pierre 1991-2020 |language=fr |publisher=[[Météo-France]] |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418064354/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97502001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=August 2013
}}

==Economy==
[[File:Saint-Pierre harbor.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in Saint-Pierre harbour]]
{{Infobox economy
| country = Saint Pierre and Miquelon
| image = Sainte-Pierre aerial.jpg
| width = 
| currency = [[Euro]], [[Canadian Dollar]]
| year = Calendar year
| gdp = {{increase}}$261.3 million (2015 est. PPP)
| growth = 
| per capita = {{increase}}$46,200 (2006 est.)
| sectors = [[agriculture]]: 2%; [[Industrial sector|industry]]: 15%; [[Service (economics)|services]]: 83% (2006 est.)
| inflation = {{decreasePositive}}1.5% (2015 est.)
| labor = 4,429 (2015 est.)
| occupations = agriculture: 18%; industry: 41%; services: 41% (1996 est.)
| unemployment = {{decreasePositive}}2.9% (2023 est.)
| exports = {{increase}}6.641 million (2010 est.)
| export-goods = fish and fish products, [[soybeans]], animal feed, [[mollusks]] and [[crustaceans]], [[fox]] and mink pelts
| imports = {{increase}}95.35 million (2010 est.)
| import-goods = meat, [[clothing]], [[fuel]], electrical equipment, [[machinery]], building materials
}}

The economy of the islands, due to their location, has been dependent on fishing and servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. The economy has been declining, however, due to disputes with [[Canada]] over fishing quotas and a decline in the number of [[ships]] stopping at the islands.<ref>{{cite book |title=France's Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D'outre-mer |author=Robert Aldrich, John Connell |pages=59 |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-39061-3 }}</ref> In 1992 an arbitration panel awarded the islands an [[exclusive economic zone]] of {{convert|12348|km2|sqmi}} to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25 percent of what [[France]] had sought. The islands are heavily subsidized by France, which benefits the standard of living. The government hopes an expansion of [[tourism]] will boost economic prospects, and test drilling for oil may pave the way for development of the energy sector.

===Agriculture===
The climate and the small amount of available land militate against activities such as farming and livestock raising (weather conditions are severe, confining the [[growing season]] to a few weeks, and the soil contains significant [[peat]] and [[clay]] and is largely infertile).<ref name="om-eco">[http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?economie-saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html Economie – L'Outre-Mer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522153035/http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/?economie-saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html |date=22 May 2012 }}</ref> Since 1992 the economy has been in steep decline, following the depletion of fish stocks due to [[overfishing]], the limitation of fishing areas and the ban imposed on all cod fishing by the Canadian Government.<ref name="bbc-cod">{{cite news |last=Law |first=Bill |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4781886.stm |title=French islands bid for oil-rich sea |publisher=BBC News |date=8 March 2006 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203143935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4781886.stm |archive-date=3 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Unemployment===
The labour market is characterized by high [[seasonality]], due to climatic hazards. Traditionally, the inhabitants suspended all outdoor activities (construction, agriculture, etc.)
between December and April.<ref name="ann-2010-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_st-pierre-et-miquelon.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2010 IEDOM Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |page=29 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127043404/http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2010_st-pierre-et-miquelon.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, the unemployment rate was 12.8%, and a third of the employed worked in the public sector. The employment situation was worsened by the complete cessation of deep-sea fishing, the traditional occupation of the islanders, as the unemployment rate in 1990 was lower at 9.5%.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/> The unemployment for 2010 shows a decrease from 2009, from 7.7% to 7.1%.<ref name="ann-2010-3"/> Exports are very low (5.1% of GDP) while imports are significant (49.1% of GDP).<ref name="pib-v-32">{{cite web |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/cerom4_spm.pdf |title=Evaluation du PIB 2004 de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon – janvier 2007 |page=32 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EIX6F6dk?url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/cerom4_spm.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2013 }}</ref> In 2023, the unemployment rate in Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon was 2.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IEDOM |date=2024-02-12 |title=La lettre de l'IEDOM - Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon - Janvier 2024 |url=https://www.iedom.fr/La-lettre-de-l-IEDOM-Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon-Janvier-2024 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=IEDOM}}</ref> About 70% of the islands' supplies are imported from Canada or from other parts of France via [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name="brit-1"/>

===Diversification===
The rise in unemployment has been countered by state financial aid for the retraining of businesses and individuals. The construction of the airport in 1999 helped sustain activity in the construction industry and public works.<ref name="rece-2006"/> Fish farming, crab fishing and agriculture are being developed to diversify the local economy.<ref name="cia"/> The future of Saint Pierre and Miquelon rests on tourism, fisheries and [[aquaculture]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Explorations are under way to exploit deposits of oil and gas.<ref name="rece-2006"/> Tourism benefits from the proximity to similar tourist areas of Canada. Distribution, public service, care, minor wholesale, retail and crafts are notable in the [[business sector]].<ref name="om-eco"/>

===Tourism===
Tourism is increasingly important and the territory capitalises on its image as "''France in North America''".<ref>{{cite web |title=St Pierre and Miquelon profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17142538 |website=BBC News |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=23 February 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707130624/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17142538 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are, as of mid-2024, six hotels on Saint-Pierre<ref>{{cite web |title=Hotels |url=https://en.spm-tourisme.fr/stay/sleep/hotels-en/ |website=Tourism Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725151635/https://en.spm-tourisme.fr/stay/sleep/hotels-en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as B&Bs and [[Airbnb]] rentals on both main islands.

As of mid-2024, there are 13 restaurants and bistros on Saint-Pierre and one on [[Île aux Marins]]; further, the islands' tourism bureau promotes their authentic French cuisine as well as other cuisines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Restaurants |url=https://en.spm-tourisme.fr/stay/savour-en/restaurants-en/ |website=Tourism Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725151634/https://en.spm-tourisme.fr/stay/savour-en/restaurants-en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Currency===
{{See also|Saint Pierre and Miquelon franc}}
<gallery mode=packed heights=150 style="text-align:left;">
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 20 Francs banknote.jpg|20-CFA-franc banknote
SPM001.JPG|A 1948 Aluminum Franc coin
Stamp-St Pierre 1891 25Fr overprint.jpg|1891 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|postage stamp]]
</gallery>

[[File:Partial price list Saint Pierre to Île aux Marins ferry.jpg|thumb|Price list for a ferry, July 2024. A 3-euro ticket may be paid with 5 CAD, 11–13% higher than at the [[interbank foreign exchange market|interbank]] rate during that month, where 1 euro equaled between 1.47 and 1.50 CAD.]]

The [[euro]] is the official currency in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:030:0029:0030:EN:PDF |title=Council decision of 31 December 1998 concerning the monetary arrangements in the French territorial communities of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon and Mayotte |date=31 December 1998 |access-date=30 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728054017/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:030:0029:0030:EN:PDF |archive-date=28 July 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before 1890, Mexican [[dubloon]]s and [[Canadian dollar]]s both circulated on the islands. Starting in 1889, these were supplemented with local franc banknotes from the [[Banque des Îles Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon]] until the end of World War One.<ref name=la1ere/>

In 1945 the island started using the [[CFA franc]], which otherwise was used by the French colonies in Africa. CFA banknotes issued by the [[Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer]] stamped with the text "Saint Pierre et Miquelon".<ref name=la1ere/>

In 1973, these were replaced with the ("regular") new French franc, which had been in use in Metropolitan France since 1960, equal to 100 pre-1960 French francs.<ref name=la1ere>{{cite web |title=L'histoire des billets à Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/histoire-billets-saint-pierre-miquelon-665741.html |website=Saint-Pierre et Miquelon la 1ère |access-date=25 July 2024 |language=fr-FR |date=30 December 2018 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725163338/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/histoire-billets-saint-pierre-miquelon-665741.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- (no source for this) During the [[Second World War]], a full set of banknotes was introduced for the islands. Coins were issued for the islands in 1948. Local banknotes were used until 1965, when the islands began using French currency along with Canadian currency.--> The [[Institut d'Émission des Départements d'Outre-Mer]] (IEDOM), the French public institution responsible for issuing currency in the overseas territories that used the French franc and later the euro on behalf of the [[Bank of France]], has had an agency in Saint Pierre since 1978.<ref name="iedom-sp">{{cite web |url=http://www.iedom.fr/saint-pierre-et-miquelon/ |title=Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |publisher=IEDOM |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129125850/http://www.iedom.fr/saint-pierre-et-miquelon/ |archive-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=la1ere/>

Most businesses accept [[Canadian dollar]]s (CAD), at a rate below the interbank exchange rate; prices in euros and change would be given in that currency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel tips: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |url=https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/travel-tips-saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |website=Canadian Geographic |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725163338/https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/travel-tips-saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top Tips for a Visit to Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |url=https://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/trip-ideas/travel-stories/top-tips-for-a-visit-to-saint-pierre-and-miquelon#:~:text=While%20the%20official%20currency%20is,out%20a%20few%20simple%20phrases. |website=Newfoundland and Labrador Tourism |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725163339/https://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/trip-ideas/travel-stories/top-tips-for-a-visit-to-saint-pierre-and-miquelon#:~:text=While%20the%20official%20currency%20is,out%20a%20few%20simple%20phrases. |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Stamps===
{{Main|Postage stamps and postal history of Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}
The islands have issued [[Postage stamps and postal history of St. Pierre and Miquelon|their own stamps]] from 1885 to the present, except for a period between 1 April 1978 and 3 February 1986 when French stamps not specific to Saint Pierre and Miquelon were used.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Pierre et Miquelon |url=http://www.stanleygibbons.com/mc/search_results.asp?page=results&subcountry=769&pRow=999&xFilter=0&country=573 |url-status=dead |work=Online Catalogue |publisher=[[Stanley Gibbons]] |access-date=1 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208193035/http://www.stanleygibbons.com/mc/search_results.asp?page=results&subcountry=769&pRow=999&xFilter=0&country=573 |archive-date=8 February 2008 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islanders}}
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical populations
|footnote = INSEE (1847–1962;<ref name="hist-1847-1962">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action?000067664=on&codeGroupe=64 |title=Population totale au recensement: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (serie historique 1847–1962) |publisher=Bdm.insee.fr |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182950/http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action?000067664=on&codeGroupe=64 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> 1967–2011;<ref name="hist-1967-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action?000067669=on&codeGroupe=64 |title=Population totale au recensement: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |publisher=Bdm.insee.fr |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707182051/http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action?000067669=on&codeGroupe=64 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> 2016;<ref name="hist-2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3677820?sommaire=3677855 |title=Populations légales des collectivités d'outre-mer en 2016  |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=fr }}</ref> 2022<ref name=population />)
|percentages =
|1847 |1665
|1860 |2916
|1870 |4750
|1897 |6352
|1902 |6842
|1907 |4760
|1911 |4209
|1921 |3918
|1926 |4030
|1931 |4321
|1936 |4175
|1945 |4354
|1951 |4606
|1957 |4879
|1962 |5025
|1967 |5235
|1974 |5840
|1982 |6041
|1990 |6277
|1999 |6316
|2006 |6125
|2011 |6080
|2016 |6008
|2022 |5819
}}
The total population of the islands at the March 2022 census was 5,819,<ref name=population /> of which 5,223 lived in [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]] and 596 in [[Miquelon-Langlade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/8290593/dep975.xlsx |title=Populations de référence des communes en vigueur au 1er janvier 2025 - Date de référence statistique : 1er janvier 2022 |publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]] |website=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=fr }}</ref> At the time of the 1999 census, 76% of the population was born on the archipelago, while 16.1% were born in metropolitan France, a sharp increase from the 10.2% in 1990. In the same census, less than 1% of the population reported being a foreign national.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/>

The archipelago has a high emigration rate, especially among young adults, who often leave for their studies without returning afterwards.<ref name="1999-insee-731">{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ip731.pdf |title=Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |publisher=INSEE |date=August 2000 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019161650/http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP731.PDF |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Even at the time of the great prosperity of the cod fishery, the population growth had always been constrained by the geographic remoteness, harsh climate and infertile soils.<ref name="1999-insee-731"/>

===Ethnography===
Ruins show that [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous American]] people visited the archipelago on fishing and hunting expeditions before it was settled by Europeans.<ref name="om-pres"/> The current population is the result of inflows of settlers from the French ports, mostly [[Normans]], [[Basque people|Basques]], [[Breton people|Bretons]] and [[Saintonge (region)|Saintonge]]ais, and also from the historic area of [[Acadia]] in Canada ([[Gaspé Peninsula]], parts of [[New Brunswick]], Prince Edward Island and [[Cape Breton]]) as well as [[Newfoundland French|Francophones]] who settled on the [[Port au Port Peninsula]] on Newfoundland.<ref name="om-pres"/>

===Languages===
{{Main|Saint Pierre and Miquelon French}}
The inhabitants speak French; their customs and traditions are similar to those found in [[metropolitan France]].<ref name="brit-1" /> The [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon French|French spoken on the archipelago]] is closer to [[Metropolitan French]] than to [[Canadian French]] and maintains a number of unique features.<ref name="frpm">{{cite web |url=http://www.grandcolombier.com/culture/1969-le-francais-parle-aux-iles-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-e-aubert-de-la-rue |title=Le français parlé aux îles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |publisher=Le GrandColombier.com |date=29 April 2010 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405060354/http://www.grandcolombier.com/culture/1969-le-francais-parle-aux-iles-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-e-aubert-de-la-rue/ |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref> [[Basque language|Basque]], formerly spoken in private settings by people of Basque ancestry, had disappeared from the islands by the late 1950s.<ref name="bq-l">{{cite web |url=http://www.marccormier.com/_english/2009/10/the-basque-colony-of-saint-pierre-et-miquelon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602160836/http://www.marccormier.com/_english/2009/10/the-basque-colony-of-saint-pierre-et-miquelon/ |archive-date=2 June 2012 |title=The Basque colony of Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |author=Marc Cormier |access-date=8 February 2013 }}</ref>

===Religion===
The population is overwhelmingly Christian,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religion-facts.com/en/233 |title=Religions In St. Pierre And Miquelon |publisher=Religion-facts.com |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020425/http://www.religion-facts.com/en/233 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> with the majority being Catholic.<ref name="brit-1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Saint-Pierre and Miquelon {{!}} Map, History, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Iles Saint-Pierre and Miquelon|Vicariate Apostolic of Iles Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]] managed the local church until it was merged into the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes|Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2018/03/01/0162/00337.html#vi |title=Rinuncia del Vicario Apostolico di Iles Saint-Pierre et Miquelon e accorpamento del Vicariato nella Diocesi di La Rochelle (Francia) |language=it |work=Official Website of the Holy See |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164640/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2018/03/01/0162/00337.html#vi |archive-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Basque centre in Saint-Pierre.jpg|thumb|Basque centre in Saint-Pierre]]

Every summer there is a Basque Festival, which has demonstrations of [[harri-jasotzaileak]] (stone heaving), [[aizkolaritza]] (lumberjack skills), and [[Basque pelota]] (more widely known in [[the Americas]] as [[Fronton (court)|frontón]]/[[jai alai]]).<ref name="zazpiak_bat">{{cite web |url=http://www.cheznoo.net/zazpiak-bat/ |title='Zazpiak Bat' Basque Club |access-date=28 June 2010 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511012654/http://www.cheznoo.net/zazpiak-bat/ |archive-date=11 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The local cuisine is mostly based on seafood such as lobster, snow crab, mussels, and especially cod.<ref name="adom">{{cite web |url=http://www.2011-annee-des-outre-mer.gouv.fr/les-outre-mer/saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html |title=Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon |publisher=2011, Année des Outre-mer |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908021550/http://www.2011-annee-des-outre-mer.gouv.fr/les-outre-mer/saint-pierre-et-miquelon.html |archive-date=8 September 2012 }}</ref>

Street names are not commonly used on the islands. Directions and locations are commonly given using nicknames and the names of nearby residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandcolombier.com/histoire/1918-1939-lentre-deux-guerres/historique-des-rues-de-saint-pierre/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511155720/http://www.grandcolombier.com/histoire/1918-1939-lentre-deux-guerres/historique-des-rues-de-saint-pierre/ |archive-date=11 May 2011 |title=Historique des Rues de Saint-Pierre |author=Emile SASCO |work=Encyclopédie des îles Saint-Pierre & Miquelon |publisher=Miquelon Conseil |language=fr }}</ref>

The only time the [[guillotine]] was used in North America was on Saint-Pierre in the late 19th century.<ref name=":0" /> Joseph Néel was convicted of killing Mr Coupard on Île aux Chiens on 30 December 1888, and subsequently executed by [[guillotine]] on 24 August 1889. The device had to be shipped from the French territory of [[Martinique]] and it did not arrive in working order. It was very difficult to get anyone to perform the execution; finally a recent immigrant was coaxed into doing the job. This event was the inspiration for the 2000 film ''[[The Widow of Saint-Pierre]]''. The guillotine is now in a museum in Saint-Pierre.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi2yDwAAQBAJ |title=St. Pierre & Miquelon Country Study Guide |page=24 |date=2002 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-7397-4438-3 |access-date=19 January 2024 }}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Frontón in Saint-Pierre.jpg|thumb|Frontón in Saint-Pierre]]

[[Ice hockey]] is very popular in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, with local teams often competing in Newfoundland-based leagues. Several players from the islands have played on French and Canadian club teams, and participated on the [[France men's national ice hockey team]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Mccarthy |first=Brendan |title=St-Pierre hockey player has come a long way in the game |website=SaltWire |date=9 May 2017 |url=https://www.saltwire.com/newfoundland-labrador/sports/st-pierre-hockey-player-has-come-a-long-way-in-the-game-131865/ |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418155724/https://www.saltwire.com/newfoundland-labrador/sports/st-pierre-hockey-player-has-come-a-long-way-in-the-game-131865/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon played an exhibition match against the French national team and lost 6–8. The territory has not fielded a national side since then.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hockeyfrance.com/actualites-ffhg/equipe-de-france-a-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-126-381-1.html |title=L'équipe de France à Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |trans-title=The team of France in Saint Pierre and Miquelon |language=fr |publisher=French Ice Hockey Federation |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724005913/https://www.hockeyfrance.com/actualites-ffhg/equipe-de-france-a-saint-pierre-et-miquelon-126-381-1.html }}</ref><ref name="x891">{{cite web | title=Saint Pierre & Miquelon | website=nationalteamsoficehockey.com | date=2017-06-02 | url=http://nationalteamsoficehockey.com/saint-pierre-miquelon/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816193401/http://nationalteamsoficehockey.com/saint-pierre-miquelon/ | archive-date=2017-08-16 | url-status=dead | access-date=2025-04-19}}</ref>

Saint Pierre and Miquelon has a domestic [[Ligue de Football de Saint Pierre et Miquelon|football league]] comprising three teams. Starting in 2018, local clubs have competed in France's domestic knockout cup, the [[Coupe de France]]. The territory also has a [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon national football team|national team]], but it is presently not a member of [[FIFA]] or [[CONCACAF]].<ref name="Soccer 2020">{{cite web |last=Menary |first=Steve |title=Tiny Islands With Big Plans |website=World Soccer |date=17 April 2020 |url=https://www.worldsoccer.com/world-soccer-latest/tiny-islands-with-big-plans-409377 |access-date=6 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:2022-09-21 01 SUROIT (SUROÎT) – IMO 9803261 – St. Pierre & Miquelon.jpg|thumb|[[SPM Ferries]]' Suroit, serving the Fortune–Saint-Pierre route, at SPM ferry dock in Saint-Pierre]]
[[File:Air Saint-Pierre aircraft taking off from Miquelon Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Air Saint-Pierre]] aircraft taking off from Miquelon Airport]]

Saint-Pierre and Miquelon has {{cvt|114|km|mi}} of [[highway]]s plus {{cvt|45|km|mi}} of unpaved roads. Its only major [[harbour]] is at [[Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]] although there is a smaller harbour at [[Miquelon, Miquelon-Langlade|Miquelon]]. The collectivity has no [[merchant marine]] but has two [[airport]]s; the runway at [[Saint-Pierre Airport]] is {{convert|1800|m|ft|-1}} long, and at [[Miquelon Airport]], {{convert|1000|m|ft|-1}}. Ferry services connect the islands with each other and with [[Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador|Fortune]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Canada]], 45&nbsp;km away; crossings take 90 minutes. Saint Pierre and Miquelon no longer have any functioning [[railway]]s.<ref name="1ere">{{cite web |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/le-train-de-saint-pierre-un-passage-oublie-de-l-histoire-1227280.html |title=Le train de Saint-Pierre, un passage oublié de l'histoire |last=Vidal |first=Marie-Paule |date=11 February 2022 |website=francetvinfo.fr |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218082017/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/saintpierremiquelon/le-train-de-saint-pierre-un-passage-oublie-de-l-histoire-1227280.html |url-status=live }} {{in lang|fr }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online-new/ |title=SPM Ferries-Departure Times |website=SPM-Ferries |access-date=18 September 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720182657/https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online-new/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ferries===
{{See also|SPM Ferries}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ferry terminal !! Ferry terminal!! Ferry company !! Summer frequency (2024)
|-
| [[Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador|Fortune]]
| [[Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre]]
| [[SPM Ferries]]
| Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Mondays.<ref name=spmf/>
|-
| Miquelon town, Miquelon-Langlade island
| Saint-Pierre
| SPM Ferries
| Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Wednesdays<ref name=spmf>{{cite web |title=View schedules online |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online-new/ |website=SPM Ferries |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720182657/https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online-new/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Langlade, Miquelon-Langlade island
| Saint-Pierre
| SPM Ferries
| Service 1–2 times per day; no service on Tuesdays.<ref name=spmf/>
|-
| [[Île aux Marins]]
| Saint-Pierre
| BPE
| 6 daytime crossings daily, in summer half-hourly daytime service<ref>{{cite web |title=BPE desserte Île aux Marins (PDF) |url=https://www.mairie-stpierre.fr/files/file/Ile-aux-marins/desserteIAM.pdf |website=Mairie Saint-Pierre |access-date=2 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transports circulation |url=https://www.mairie-stpierre.fr/fr/207-transports-circulation.html |website=Ville de Saint-Pierre |access-date=2 August 2024 |language=fr |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802174803/https://www.mairie-stpierre.fr/fr/207-transports-circulation.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
Ferry services operated by [[SPM Ferries]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/home/ |title=SPM Ferries |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815071736/https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/home/ |url-status=live }}</ref> connect Saint Pierre with Miquelon town and Langlade, and both Saint Pierre and Miquelon towns with the port of [[Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador|Fortune]] in Newfoundland, Canada. In the summer, additional services operate between St Pierre and Langlade and between Miquelon and Fortune.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online/ |title=View schedules online:SPM Ferries |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170417/https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/view-schedules-online/ |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> SPM Ferries's Nordet and Suroît ferries can transport up to 188 passengers and 18 vehicles each.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Fleet |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/about-us/our-fleet/ |website=SPM Ferries |access-date=1 August 2024 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170336/https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/about-us/our-fleet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Jeune France'' is a smaller ferry serving seasonal local service between St. Pierre and Langlade. The ship arrived in 2012 replacing ''Saint-George XII'', and currently is used for tours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tours and ocean cruises |url=https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/schedules-and-fares/tours-and-ocean-cruises/ |website=SPM Ferries |access-date=1 August 2024 }}</ref>

Several cruise ship lines visit Saint-Pierre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourisme-saint-pierre-et-miquelon.com/en/70-cruises.html |title=Saint-Pierre & Miquelon - Cruises |access-date=17 December 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They dock 2&nbsp;km northeast of downtown, near the end of the coastal road. Boats also provide access to Ile aux Marins.

Between 2005 and 2009, [[Atlantic Jet]] provided a ferry service to the islands from Canada,<ref>{{cite book |title=Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CasRAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet Publications]] |page=516 |isbn=9781741045710 }}</ref> operated privately by SPM Express SA. It was replaced by the Arethusa, but the service was terminated in 2010 when the island opted to form a government-run ferry service. Due to [[COVID-19]] restrictions, services to Fortune were suspended between March 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferry service between Fortune, NL and St. Pierre-Miquelon halted amid coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/provincial/ferry-service-between-fortune-nl-and-st-pierre-miquelon-halted-amid-coronavirus-crisis-425754 |author=Saltwire Network |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713074431/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/provincial/ferry-service-between-fortune-nl-and-st-pierre-miquelon-halted-amid-coronavirus-crisis-425754/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smiles and tears of joy as ferry route between Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre reopens |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/st-pierre-miquelon-fortune-ferry-1.6138866 |author=CBC News |access-date=16 August 2021 }}</ref>

===Air transport===
{{see also|List of airports in Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Saint-Pierre Airport|Miquelon Airport}}

There are two airports on the islands: [[Saint-Pierre Pointe-Blanche Airport]] {{airport codes|FSP|LFVP}} and [[Miquelon Airport]] {{airport codes|MQC|LFVM}}.

Air transport is provided by [[Air Saint-Pierre]] which directly connects Saint-Pierre Pointe-Blanche Airport with:
* Miquelon Airport, one of the shortest scheduled airline routes in the world in terms of distance and flight duration
* [[Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport|Montreal–Trudeau (YUL)]] in [[Quebec]], [[Halifax Stanfield International Airport|Halifax (YHZ)]] in [[Nova Scotia]], and [[St. John's International Airport|Saint John's (YYT)]] in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]], Canada
* [[Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport]] (YGR), Quebec, seasonally
* [[Paris]]-[[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] (CDG) in mainland France; Air Saint-PIerre contracts with [[ASL Airlines France]] to operate that flight

====Connections with mainland France====
For many years there was no direct air link between Saint Pierre and mainland France, but in Summer 2018, [[Air Saint-Pierre]] began direct flights to and from Paris during the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://airsaintpierre.com/en/paris/ |title=Schedule & Fares to/From Paris, France (CDG Terminal 3) |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203228/http://airsaintpierre.com/en/paris/ |archive-date=29 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other than that option, travel to France requires a transfer, most commonly at Montreal–Trudeau, which has service:
* with [[Air Canada]] to Paris–CDG, [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport|Lyon]], [[Toulouse-Blagnac Airport|Toulouse]], and [[Nice Côte d'Azur Airport|Nice]];
* with [[Air France]] to Paris–CDG;
* with [[Air Transat]] to [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|Bordeaux]], Lyon, [[Marseille Provence Airport|Marseille]], [[Nantes Atlantique Airport|Nantes]], Nice, Toulouse and Paris–CDG; and
* with [[French Bee]] to Paris-[[Orly Airport|Orly]].

There are other connections to mainland France; [[WestJet]] provides seasonal flights to Paris-CDG from both Halifax and St. John's.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Car transport===
[[File:North American-style license plate in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.jpg|thumb|[[Vehicle license plates of the United States#Plate sizes|North American-sized license plate]] in Saint-Pierre. [[European vehicle registration plate#Format|European-sized plates]] are also issued to suit cars brought over from Europe.]]

In the past, Saint Pierre and Miquelon used only standard [[Vehicle registration plates of France|French vehicle registration plates]], rather than plates in the format of {{convert|6|in|spell=in}} high by {{convert|12|in|spell=in}} wide used by most other jurisdictions in North America. More recently however, American vehicles with North American plates are becoming more common; this has increased since the new car ferry service to Canada began in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2021 |title=You can now drive from Canada to France, so we took a road trip |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/article-you-can-now-drive-from-canada-to-france-so-we-took-a-road-trip/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613203036/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/article-you-can-now-drive-from-canada-to-france-so-we-took-a-road-trip/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The islands do not follow the standard French numbering system. Until 1952, cars were simply numbered from 1 onwards, without any code to identify them as being from Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Beginning in 1952, they had serial numbers followed by the letters SPM; for example, 9287 SPM. Since 2000, all numbers have begun with the letters SPM followed by a serial number and serial letter, e.g. SPM 1 A.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plaque.free.fr/f_dom_e.html#SP |title=French overseas possessions registrations |access-date=9 December 2007 |work=The Francoplaque License Plate Collectors site |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023232/http://plaque.free.fr/f_dom_e.html#SP |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Road signs are in French and are European influenced.

==Communications==
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon have four radio stations; all stations operate on the [[FM radio|FM band]], with the last stations converted from the [[AM radio|AM band]] in 2004. Three of the stations are on Saint-Pierre, two of which are owned by [[La Première (French TV network)|La Première]], along with one La Première station on Miquelon. At night, these stations broadcast [[France Inter]] or [[France Info (radio network)|France Info]]. The other station (Radio Atlantique) is an affiliate of [[Radio France Internationale]]. The archipelago is linked to North America and Europe by [[satellite]] communications for telephone and television service.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pelton |first=Joseph N. |title=History of Satellite Communications |date=2013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_35 |work=Handbook of Satellite Applications |pages=27–66 |editor-last=Pelton |editor-first=Joseph N. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-7671-0_35 |isbn=978-1-4419-7671-0 |access-date=20 July 2022 |editor2-last=Madry |editor2-first=Scott |editor3-last=Camacho-Lara |editor3-first=Sergio |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The archipelago is also home to the [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon Satellite Station|Saint Pierre et Miquelon ''Galileo Sensor Station'']] (GSS), operated by the [[European Union]] and its [[European Union Agency for the Space Programme|space programme agency]] (EUSPA) for the European satellite positioning systems ''[[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]]'' and [[European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service|EGNOS]]. It is the only ''Galileo'' installation in [[North America]]. On the other hand, another EGNOS station is located in [[Moncton]], Canada; however, this is due to be replaced by the facilities in Saint Pierre et Miquelon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EU Agency for the Space Programme |date=2023 |title=Galileo Sites and Ground Stations |url=https://www.gsc-europa.eu/sites/default/files/sites/all/files/Galileo_Ground_Stations.pdf |url-access= |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=gsc-europa.eu |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CNES |date=May 2022 |title=The Global Network of Galileo Sites and Ground Stations |url=https://cnes.fr/sites/default/files/2024-08/cnesmag-92-galileo-constellation-en.pdf |url-access= |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=cnes.fr |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Vaiana LEBALLAIS |date=13 December 2022 |title=EGNOS : Une partie de la décarbonation du transport aérien se construit avec le SNIA à Saint-Pierre et Miquelon |url=https://kit-eu-production.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/shrine_store/uploads/networks/185/communications/1234502/0e9839ebdbe8cf77c09a2cc4cae864b0.pdf |journal=Aménagement & Territoires |language=fr |issue=73 |pages=71–74 |url-access=}}</ref>

The department of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is served by three television stations: [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon La Première (television)|Saint Pierre and Miquelon La Première]] ([[call sign]] FQN) on Channel 1, with a repeater on Channel 31, and [[France Ô]] on Channel 6. Before the conversion to the [[DVB-T]] [[broadcast television systems|standard for digital television broadcasts]] on 29 November 2011, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon used the French analog [[SECAM]]-K1 standard. Further, the local telecommunications provider ([[SPM Telecom]]) carried many North American television stations and cable channels; the channels were converted from North America's analog [[NTSC]] standard. In addition, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon La Première was carried on [[Shaw Direct]] satellite and most digital cable services in Canada, converted to NTSC.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

[[SPM Telecom]] is also the department's main [[internet service provider]]. Its internet service being named ''Cheznoo;'' this is a play on "chez-nous," French for "our place." SPM Telecom also offers cellular phone and mobile phone service (for phones that adhere to the [[GSM]] standard). SPM Telecom uses the GSM 900&nbsp;MHz band,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_pm.shtml |title=GSM Coverage Maps – Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102034637/http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_pm.shtml |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is different from the GSM 850&nbsp;MHz and 1900&nbsp;MHz bands used in the rest of North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Dan |date=28 June 2019 |title=Mobile Phone Cellular Frequency Bands Explained |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/mobile-phone-cellular-frequency-bands/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=MUO |language=en-US }}</ref>

The islands are a well-known separate country-level entity among many radio amateurs; it is identifiable with ITU prefix "FP". Those visiting, mainly from the US, activate Saint-Pierre and Miquelon every year on amateur frequencies. Amateurs collect (records of) contacts with these stations for [[Islands on the Air]] and [[DX Century Club]] awards; the Atlantic coast gives great takeoff for shortwaves.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} A few kilometres away is [[Signal Hill, St. John's]] which first communicated across the Atlantic, namely with [[Poldhu#Marconi's Poldhu Wireless Station|Marconi's Poldhu Wireless Station]] in England.<ref name="Patil 2021 p. 41">{{cite book |last=Patil |first=V.L. |title=Chronological Developments of Wireless Radio Systems before World War II |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2021 |isbn=978-981-334-905-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXQeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |access-date=29 June 2023 |page=41 }}</ref>

===News===
[[SPM Telecom]] publishes local news online at the ''Cheznoo'' web portal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint-Pierre et Miquelon - Portail Cheznoo.net |url=https://www.cheznoo.net/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=www.cheznoo.net |language=fr |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014155117/http://www.cheznoo.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other publications include the magazine "Mathurin".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathurin.com – Le Magazine de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon – Chroniques, analyses, regard sur une vie locale. |url=http://www.mathurin.com/ |access-date=16 September 2020 |language=fr-FR |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014154704/http://www.mathurin.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon La Première (television)|Saint Pierre and Miquelon ''La Première'']] television channel provides a news program every evening at 8pm, called "''Le Journal''".

==Education==
[[File:Collège Saint-Christophe, Saint-Pierre.jpg|thumb|Collège Saint-Christophe, Saint-Pierre]]

The archipelago has four primary schools (Sainte Odile, Henriette Bonin, Feu Rouge, les Quatre-Temps), one middle school (Collège Saint-Christophe) with an annex in Miquelon, one state (government) high school ([[Lycée-Collège d'État Émile Letournel]]) and one vocational high school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lycée-Collège d'État Émile Letournel and Related Topics |url=https://hyperleap.com/topic/Lyc%C3%A9e-Coll%C3%A8ge_d%27%C3%89tat_%C3%89mile_Letournel |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=hyperleapsite |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720131153/https://hyperleap.com/topic/Lyc%C3%A9e-Coll%C3%A8ge_d%27%C3%89tat_%C3%89mile_Letournel |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Students who wish to further their studies after high school are granted access to scholarships to study overseas. Most students go to metropolitan France; however, some go to Canada, mainly [[New Brunswick]] or [[Quebec]].<ref name="profil-pm"/>

Saint-Pierre has had a branch of [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], the Frecker Institute, since 1973.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mun.ca/languages/more/study_abroad/french/frecker_fall.php |title=Department of Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures |work=Memorial University of Newfoundland |access-date=1 June 2018 |language=en-CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606163650/http://www.mun.ca/languages/more/study_abroad/french/frecker_fall.php |archive-date=6 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2001, Frecker had been operated by the [[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|local government in Saint Pierre and Miquelon]], with support of the [[federal government of Canada]] and the provincial government of Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 November 2022 |language=en |title=Institut Frecker |url=https://www.mi.mun.ca/users/mslaney/learn_univ_camp_frecker.htm/ |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123143259/https://www.mi.mun.ca/users/mslaney/learn_univ_camp_frecker.htm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the Frecker Institute has been replaced by the Frecker Program. It is still run by Memorial University. However, it is held within the building of the ''Institut de langue française'' [[FrancoForum|Francoforum]], which is now the only French-language institute offering university-level teaching on the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Francoforum - Learn French in Saint-Pierre & Miquelon |url=https://www.lefrancoforum.com/en |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=francoforum |language=en}}</ref>

==Health==
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon's health care system is entirely public and free.<ref name="profil-pm"/> In 1994, France and Canada signed an agreement allowing the residents of the archipelago to be treated in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]].<ref name="profil-pm">{{cite web |url=http://www.profilspm.fr/en/overview.html |title=Overview |publisher=Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Community Profile |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031072253/http://www.profilspm.fr/en/overview.html |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, St. Pierre and Miquelon indicated that they would start looking for a new healthcare provider as recent rate increases by [[Eastern Health]] in Newfoundland were too expensive (increasing to $3.3&nbsp;million in 2014 from $2.5&nbsp;million in 2010). [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Nova Scotia and [[Moncton]], New Brunswick were mooted as possible locations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Adam |title=St-Pierre-Miquelon shopping around for a health provider, N.L. prices too steep |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/st-pierre-miquelon-shopping-around-for-a-health-provider-n-l-prices-too-steep-1.2961626 |website=CBC News |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230526/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/st-pierre-miquelon-shopping-around-for-a-health-provider-n-l-prices-too-steep-1.2961626 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 1985, Hôpital François Dunan provides basic care and emergency care for residents of both islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/les_etablissements_p/le_centre_hospitalie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519144807/http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/sections/services_de_letat/les_etablissements_p/le_centre_hospitalie |archive-date=19 May 2009 |title=Portail internet des services de l'Etat: Le Centre Hospitalier François Dunan |language=fr |access-date=4 July 2010 }}</ref> The island's first hospital was military in 1904 and became a civilian facility in 1905. L'Hôpital-Hospice-Orphelinat opened in 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ch-fdunan.fr/reperes_historiques.php |title=Centre Hospitalier François Dunan |publisher=Ch-fdunan.fr |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908022031/http://www.ch-fdunan.fr/reperes_historiques.php |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Advance paediatric health needs are serviced through [[Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre]] in St. John's.

==Fire services==
Fire stations:
* Both airports, St Pierre and Miquelon, separately.
* ''Service incendie Ville de St Pierre'' – Caserne Renaissance has five apparatuses: 2 [[Fire engine|pumpers]], [[aerial ladder]]s and a [[Hazardous materials apparatus|hazmat]]. This replaced Caserne Daguerre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sapeurs-pompiers975.com |title=Accueil |publisher=sapeurs-pompiers975 |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221601/http://sapeurs-pompiers975.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Service incendie Miquelon'' has four apparatuses:<ref>{{cite web |author=Par depute975 |url=http://depute975.net/2015/05/01/le-depute-en-visite-chez-les-sapeurs-pompiers-de-miquelon/ |title=Le Député en visite chez les sapeurs-pompiers de Miquelon » TOUTE L'ACTU |publisher=Depute975.net |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023019/http://depute975.net/2015/05/01/le-depute-en-visite-chez-les-sapeurs-pompiers-de-miquelon/ |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> aerial, hazmat, two pumpers.

Most are second-hand units from North America;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autotitre.com/forum/Vehicules-speciaux/Vehicules-des-pompiers-francais-82915p1802.htm |title=Véhicules des pompiers français – Page 1802 |publisher=Auto titre |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020850/http://www.autotitre.com/forum/Vehicules-speciaux/Vehicules-des-pompiers-francais-82915p1802.htm |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> however, St Pierre acquired an aerial ladder from France in 2016.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

==Notable people==
{{See also|Category:Saint Pierre and Miquelon people}}
[[File:Henry Hughes Hough in 1916.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Henry Hughes Hough]], 1916]]

* [[Henry Hughes Hough]] (1871–1943), rear admiral of the [[United States Navy]] and one-time military [[Governor of the United States Virgin Islands]]
* [[George Alain Frecker]] (1905–1979), politician and academic administrator
* [[Paula Nenette Pepin]] (1908–1990), composer, pianist and lyricist
* [[Victor Reux]] (1929–2016), a politician and teacher
* [[Eugène Nicole]] (born 1942), writer and academic; specialist in [[Marcel Proust]]
* [[Stéphane Lenormand]] (born 1964), politician
* [[Catherine Hélène]], politician
* [[Catherine Pen]] (born 1954), politician
* [[Françoise Enguehard]] (born 1957), author who now resides in Canada
* [[Alexandra Hernandez]] (born 1981), singer-songwriter and poet
* [[Julien Kang]] (born 1982), lived there until he was five, a television actor and model in Korea

===Sportspeople===
* [[Patrick Foliot]] (born 1954), former ice hockey goaltender
* [[Denis Kang]] (born 1977), retired mixed martial artist
* [[Nicolas Arrossamena]] (born 1990), ice hockey forward
* [[Valentin Claireaux]] (born 1991), ice hockey player

==See also==
{{portal|France|Canada}}
* [[Index of Saint Pierre and Miquelon–related articles]]
* [[Outline of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
* [[Economy of France]]
:* [[List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |url=http://grandcolombier.com/2013/01/02/an-english-history-of-saint-pierre-and-miquelon/ |title=An English History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 January 2013 |website=grandcolombier.com |publisher=Histoire des îles St Pierre et Miquelon }}
* {{cite EB1922 |wstitle=St. Pierre and Miquelon| |last= |first= }}
* {{cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Martin |date=November 1997 |title=Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941 |journal=[[International History Review]] |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=809–835 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1997.9640805 |jstor=40108145 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}}
* [http://www.saint-pierre-et-miquelon.pref.gouv.fr/ Government of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://www.spm-ferries.fr/en/home/ SPM ferries]
* [https://www.societe.com/societe/spm-express-sa-419076666.html SPM Express SA]
{{French overseas departments and territories}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{Outlying territories of European countries}}
{{La Francophonie}}
{{EU Dependent economies|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|Canada|France|Islands|North America}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|46|51|N|56|18|W|type:isle|display=title}}

{{commons category|Transport in Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}}

{{Americas topic|Transport in}}
{{North America in topic|Vehicle registration plates of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Pierre And Miquelon}}
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[[Category:1946 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
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