View source for Salih

{{Short description|Arab prophet in Islam}}
{{About|the Islamic prophet|other people called Salih|Saleh (name)|the Byzantine Arab tribe|Salīhids|the village in Iran|Saleh, Iran}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = {{smaller|[[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Prophet]]}}
| name               = Ṣāliḥ
| image              = Saleh leads she-camel crop.jpg
| honorific_suffix   = [[Islamic honorifics|Alayhi as-Salam]]
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|صَالِحٌ}}
| caption            = Salih leads a She-Camel from the side of a mountain.
| other_names        = Possibly [[Selah (biblical figure)|Selah]] (שֶׁלַח)
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = 
| birth_place        = 
| death_date         = 
| death_place        = 
| resting_place      = Hasik ({{small|present day [[Oman]]}})
| predecessor        = [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]]
| successor          = [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]
| children           = 
| parents            = 
| relatives          = [[Thamud]]
}}

'''Saleh''' or '''Salih''' ({{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|صَالِحٌ}}|translit=Ṣāliḥ}}) is a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]] mentioned in the [[Quran|Qur'an]]<ref name= Bahai>{{cite web|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/6#816085957|title=Lawḥ-i-Burhán (Tablet of the Proof)|publisher=Baháʼí Reference Library|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kitab-i-Iqan-Saleh">{{cite web|title=Kitáb-i-Íqán (The Book of Certitude)|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan/2#617392659|website=Baháʼí Reference Library|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> who prophesied to the tribe of [[Thamud]]<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y">{{qref|7|73-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y">{{qref|11|61-69|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y">{{qref|26|141-158|b=y}}</ref> in [[pre-Islamic Arabia|ancient Arabia]], before the lifetime of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. The story of Salih is linked to the story of the [[She-Camel of God]], which was the gift given by [[God in Islam|God]] to the people of [[Thamud]] when they desired a miracle to confirm that Salih was truly a prophet.

== Historical context ==
[[File:Mada'in Saleh Al-Hijr Hegra (مدائن صالح) (8136618664).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hegra (Mada'in Salih)|''Mada'in Saleh'' or ''Al-Hijr'']] in the [[Hijaz Mountains|Hijazi mountainous region]] of [[Saudi Arabia]]]]

The Thamud were a tribal confederation in the northwestern region of the [[Arabian Peninsula]], mentioned in [[Assyrian literature|Assyrian sources]] in the time of [[Sargon II]]. The tribe's name continues to appear in documents into the fourth century CE, but by the sixth century they were regarded as a group that had vanished long ago.<ref name="Hoyland" />{{rp|81}}

According to the Quran, the city that Saleh was sent to was called ''Al-Ḥijr'' ({{Langx|ar|ٱلْحِجْرْ|lit=The Stonetown}}),<ref name="qref|15|80-84|b=y">{{qref|15|80-84|b=y}}</ref> which corresponds to the [[Nabataean]] city of [[Hegra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of Islamic Heritage: Muslim Pasts and Heritage Presents|chapter=Framing the Primordial: Islamic Heritage and Saudi Arabia|last1=Can Aksoy|first1=Omer|editor-last=Rico|editor-first=Trinidad|page=69|year=2009|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-4070-2}}</ref> The city rose to prominence around the 1st century AD as an important site in the regional caravan trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Roman Petra (A.D. 106–363): A Neglected Subject |journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |volume=119 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=38–58 |last1=Fiema |first1=Zbigniew T.}}</ref> Adjacent to the city were large, decorated rock-cut tombs used by members of various religious groups.<ref name="Hoyland">{{cite book|title=Arabia and the Arabs|last1=Hoyland|first1=Robert|date=2001 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415195355}}</ref>{{rp|146}} At an unknown point in ancient times, the site was abandoned and possibly functionally replaced by [[Al-'Ula]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Bollettino di Archeologia |title=Ancient Hegra, a Nabataean Site in a Semi-arid Environment. The Urban Space and Preliminary Results from the First Excavation Season |last1=Nehme |first1=Leila |url=http://www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/documenti/generale/3_NEHME.pdf |access-date=2018-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903050059/http://www.bollettinodiarcheologiaonline.beniculturali.it/documenti/generale/3_NEHME.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> The site has been referred to as ''Mada'in Salih'' ({{Langx|ar|ﻣﺪﺍﺋﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ|lit=the cities of Saleh|translit=madāʼin Ṣāliḥ}}) since the era of [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and was named after his predecessor Salih.<ref name=hidden>{{cite web |last=Hizon |first=Danny |title=Madain Saleh: Arabia's Hidden Treasure – Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=2009-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111644/http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |archive-date=2008-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Saleh is not mentioned in any historical texts or in any of the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic scriptures]] that precede the Qur'an, but the account of Thamud's destruction may have been well known in ancient Arabia. The tribe's name is used in ancient Arabian poetry as a metaphor for "the transience of all things".<ref name="Hoyland" />{{rp|223–24}}

== In Islam ==
{{Islamic prophets|Prophets in the Quran}}
{{Islam}}

=== Qur'an ===
According to Muslim tradition, the people of Thamud virtually relied upon Saleh for support.<ref name="q11:62">{{qref|11|62|b=y}}</ref> He was chosen by [[God in Islam|God]] as a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]] ({{Langx|ar|نبي|translit=nabi}}) and sent to preach against the selfishness of the wealthy and to condemn the practice of ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' ({{Langx|ar|شِرْك|lit=[[polytheism]]}}). Although Saleh preached for a sustained period of time, the people of Thamud refused to hear his warning and instead began to ask Saleh to perform a miracle for them. They said: “O Ṣâliḥ! We truly had high hopes in you before this. How dare you forbid us to worship what our forefathers had worshipped? We are certainly in alarming doubt about what you are inviting us to.”<ref name="q11:62" />

Saleh reminded his people of the castles and palaces they built out of stone,<ref>{{qref|7|74|b=y}}: Remember when He made you successors after ’Âd and established you in the land—˹and˺ you built palaces on its plains and carved homes into mountains. So remember [[Allah]]’s favours, and do not go about spreading corruption in the land.”</ref> and of their technological superiority over neighbouring communities. Furthermore, he told them about their ancestors, the [[ʿĀd]] tribe, and how they too were destroyed for their sins. Some of the people of Thamud believed Saleh's words, but the tribal leaders refused to listen to him and continued to demand that he demonstrate a miracle to prove his prophethood.<ref>{{qref|7|75|b=y}}: The arrogant chiefs of his people asked the lowly who believed among them, “Are you certain that Ṣâliḥ has been sent by his Lord?” They replied, “We certainly believe in what he has been sent with.”</ref>

In response, God gave the Thamud a blessed [[She-Camel of God|she-camel]] ({{Langx|ar|نَاقة|translit=naaqah|lit=female camel}}), as both a means of sustenance and a test. The tribe was told to allow the camel to graze peacefully and avoid harming her.<ref name="qur773">{{qref|7|73|b=y}}: And to the people of Thamûd We sent their brother Ṣâliḥ. He said, “O my people! Worship Allah—you have no other god except Him. A clear proof has come to you from your Lord: this is Allah’s she-camel as a sign to you. So leave her to graze ˹freely˺ on Allah’s land and do not harm her, or else you will be overcome by a painful punishment.</ref> But in defiance of Saleh's warning, the people of the tribe [[Hamstringing|hamstrung]] the camel.<ref>{{qref|7|77|b=y}}</ref> Saleh informed them that they had only three more days to live before the wrath of God descended upon them.<ref name="qref|11|65|b=y">{{qref|11|65|b=y}}</ref> The people of the city were remorseful,<ref>{{qref|26|157|b=y}}</ref> but their crime could not be undone, and all the disbelieving people in the city were killed in an [[earthquake]]. Al-Hijr was rendered uninhabited and remained in ruins for all time thereafter.<ref>{{qref|7|78|b=y}}</ref> Saleh himself and the few believers who followed him survived.<ref>{{qref|7|79|b=y}}: So he turned away from them, saying, “O my people! Surely I conveyed to you my Lord’s message and gave you ˹sincere˺ advice, but you do not like ˹sincere˺ advisors.”</ref>

The story is expanded upon in [[An-Naml|Sūrat an-Naml]] of the Qur'an. Whilst the she-camel is not mentioned explicitly in this chapter, it states that nine men plotted to kill Salih and his whole family,<ref>{{qref|27|48|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|27|49|b=y}}</ref> a crime for which they were struck down by God three days later.<ref name="qref|11|65|b=y"/>

=== Muslim tradition ===
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Salih leads She-camel uncropped.jpg
| caption1          = Salih inviting his people to see the She-Camel from a Persian 1577 manuscript
| total_width       = 300
| caption2          = Same scene from a different 1577 manuscript
| image2            = Berlin, Pertsch Persisch 1016 fol 28r Saleh presents the She-Camel.jpg
| align             = left
}}

Muslim writers have elaborated upon the story of Saleh and the she-camel. Early Islamic tradition often involved a motif of the camel miraculously emerging from stone, often accompanied by a calf, and the production of milk from the camel. [[Al-Tabari]] states that Saleh summoned his people to a mountain, where they witnessed the rock miraculously split open, revealing the camel. The she-camel had a young calf. Saleh informed the Thamud that the older camel was to drink from their water source on one day, and they were to drink from it the next day. On days when they were not allowed to drink water, the camel provided them with milk. But God informed Saleh that a boy who would hamstring the camel would soon be born to the tribe, and that child was evil and grew unnaturally fast. The camel was indeed killed, and its calf cried out three times, signaling that the Thamud would be destroyed in three days. Their faces turned yellow, then red, then black, and they died on the third day as predicted.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari, Volume 2|pages=41–44|last=al-Tabari|first=Muhammad ibn Yarir |translator=William Brinner}}</ref>

According to some Islamic scholars, the mother of [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismail]], [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]], was a granddaughter of Saleh.<ref name = Fatani>{{Cite book |last=Fatani |first=Afnan H. |contribution=Hajar |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: an encyclopedia|editor-last=Leaman|editor-first=Oliver |pages=234–36 |place=London |publisher=Routeledge}}</ref>

A similar tradition is related in an eighth-century commentary on Islam by [[John of Damascus]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoyland|first=Robert|title=Seeing Islam As Others Saw It A Survey And Evaluation Of Christian Jewish And Zoroastrian Writings On Early Islam|publisher=Darwin Press|year=1997|pages=480–485}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Fathers Of The Church: A New Translation, Vol 37|translator=Frederick H Chase Jr|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|year=1958|last1=John of Damascus|pages=158–159}}</ref> and is also mentioned in the works of [[Ibn Kathir]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Stories of the Prophets|last=Ibn Kathir|chapter=Prophet Salih|translator=Muhammad Mustapha Geme’ah|publisher=Darussalam}}</ref>

== In the Baháʼí Faith ==
The founder of the [[Baháʼí Faith]], [[Bahá'u'lláh]], briefly mentioned the story of the hamstrung she-camel in the [[Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas|''Lawh-i-Burhán'']],<ref name="Bahai">{{cite web|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/6#816085957|title=Lawḥ-i-Burhán (Tablet of the Proof)|publisher=Baháʼí Reference Library|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> and commented also upon Saleh's ministry in the ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán]]''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Hooper C. |last=Dunbar |year=1998 |title=A Companion to the Study of the Kitáb-i-Íqán |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=0-85398-430-1|pages=79}}</ref> [['Abdu'l-Bahá]] states that the she-camel symbolizes the holy spirit of Saleh and the camel's milk refers to the spiritual food that he offered to his people.<ref>{{citation |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |author-link=Adib Taherzadeh |year=1987 |title=The Revelation of Baháʼu'lláh, Volume 4: Mazra'ih & Bahji 1877-92 |publisher=George Ronald |place=Oxford, UK |isbn=0-85398-270-8 |url=https://d9263461.github.io/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V4/p425-428Apndx_I.html |pages=427}}</ref>

In the ''[[Kitáb-i-Íqán]]'', Saleh is referred to as "the holy person of Sálih, Who again summoned the people to the river of everlasting life." Like other Prophets of God, the people of the time turned away from Him: "His admonitions, however, yielded no fruit, and His pleading proved of no avail....All this, although that eternal Beauty was summoning the people to no other than the city of God."<ref name="Kitab-i-Iqan-Saleh">{{cite web|title=Kitáb-i-Íqán (The Book of Certitude)|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/kitab-i-iqan/2#617392659|website=Baháʼí Reference Library|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Selah (biblical figure)]]
* [[Methuselah]]
* [[Biblical and Quranic narratives]]
* [[List of notable Hijazis]]
* [[Prophets and messengers in Islam]]
* ''[[Qisas al-Anbiya|Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ]]'' ("Stories of the Prophets")
* [[Kitáb-i-Íqán|Kitáb-i-Íqán (Book of Certitude)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://madainproject.com/maqam_nebi_saleh_(acre) Maqam Nebi Saleh (Acre)], one of the purported locations of prophet Saleh's burial

{{Prophets in the Qur'an}}
{{Qur'anic people}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arab prophets]]
[[Category:Prophets of the Quran]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]