View source for Samuel Pepys

{{Short description|English writer and politician (1633–1703)}}
{{redirect|Pepys}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name             = Samuel Pepys
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|size=100%}}
| image            = Samuel Pepys.jpg
| caption          = Portrait by [[John Hayls]], 1666
| office           = President of the Royal Society
| term_start       = 1 December 1684
| term_end         = 30 November 1686
| predecessor      = [[Cyril Wyche]]
| successor        = [[John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery|John Vaughan]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
| term_start2      = 1685
| term_end2        = 1689
| predecessor2     = {{plainlist|
* Thomas Middleton
* [[Sir Philip Parker, 1st Baronet|Philip Parker]]
}}
| successor2       = {{plainlist|
* Thomas Middleton
* John Eldred
}}
| term_start3      = 1679
| term_end3        = 1679
| predecessor3     = {{plainlist|
* [[Capel Luckyn]]
* [[Thomas King (died 1688)|Thomas King]]
}}
| successor3       = {{plainlist|
* Thomas Middleton
* Philip Parker
}}
| constituency_MP4 = [[Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)|Castle Rising]]
| term_start4      = 1673
| term_end4        = 1679
| predecessor4     = {{plainlist|
* [[Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth|Robert Paston]]
* [[John Trevor (speaker)|John Trevor]]
}}
| successor4       = {{plainlist|
* [[Robert Howard (playwright)|Robert Howard]]
* [[James Hoste (Castle Rising MP)|James Hoste]]
}}
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1633|2|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Fleet Street]], [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1703|5|26|1633|2|23|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Clapham]], [[Surrey]], England
| death_cause      = 
| resting_place    = [[St Olave Hart Street|St Olave's]], London
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.510878|-0.079627|type:landmark_region:GB-LND|display=inline}}
| residence        = 
| nationality      = English
| other_names      = 
| known_for        = [[Diarist]]
| education        = {{plainlist|
* [[Huntingdon Grammar School]]
* [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]
}}
| alma_mater       = [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]
| employer         = 
| occupation       = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Navy Board|Naval administrator]]
* Chief [[Secretary to the Admiralty]]
* Tory Member of Parliament for [[Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)|Castle Rising]] and [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]]
}}
| party            = [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]]
| spouse           = {{Marriage|[[Elisabeth Pepys|Elisabeth de St Michel]]|1 December 1655|10 November 1669|reason=died}}
| partner          = 
| children         = 
| parents          = 
| relatives        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]] (cousin)
* [[Talbot Pepys]] (great uncle)
* [[Richard Pepys|Sir Richard Pepys]] (cousin)
* [[Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe|Richard Edgcumbe]]}}
| signature        = 
| website          = 
| footnotes        = 
}}

'''Samuel Pepys''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|'|p|iː|p|s}} {{Respell|PEEPS}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepys.info/faq.html |title=Samuel Pepys FAQ |access-date=28 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522060206/http://www.pepys.info/faq.html |archive-date=22 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 23 February 1633 – 26 May 1703) was an English writer and [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] politician. He served as an official in the [[Navy Board]] and [[Member of Parliament (England)|Member of Parliament]], but is most remembered today for the diary he kept for almost a decade. Though he had no [[Maritime pilot|maritime]] experience, Pepys rose to be the Chief [[Secretary to the Admiralty]] under both [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and [[James II of England|James II]] through [[patronage]], diligence, and his talent for administration. His influence and reforms at the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|English Admiralty]] were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy.{{sfnp|Ollard|1984|loc=ch. 16}}

The detailed private diary that Pepys kept from 1660 until 1669 was first published in the 19th&nbsp;century and is one of the most important [[primary source]]s of the [[Stuart Restoration]]. It provides a combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of great events, such as the [[Great Plague of London]], the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] and the [[Great Fire of London]].

==Early life==
[[File:PepysQuarteringTalbot.jpg|thumb|[[Bookplate]], {{circa|1680–1690}}, with arms of Samuel Pepys: [[Quartering (heraldry)|Quarterly]] 1st & 4th: ''Sable, on a bend or between two nag's heads erased argent three fleurs-de-lis of the field'' (Pepys{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=287|loc=Pepys, Earl of Cottenham}}); 2nd & 3rd: ''Gules, a [[Lions in heraldry|lion rampant]] within a bordure engrailed or'' (Talbot{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=1015|loc=Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury}}). Samuel Pepys was descended from John Pepys who married Elizabeth Talbot, the heiress of [[Cottenham]] in Cambridgeshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armorial.library.utoronto.ca/stamp-owners/PEP001|title=- British Armorial Bindings|work=utoronto.ca|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> The Pepys arms are borne by the Pepys family, [[Earl of Cottenham|Earls of Cottenham]].{{sfnp|Debrett's peerage|1968|p=287}}]]

Pepys was born in Salisbury Court, [[Fleet Street]], [[London]],{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=3|ps=: "He was born in London, above the shop, just off Fleet Street, in Salisbury Court."}}{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}<ref>{{harvp|Wheatley|1893|loc=[[:Wikisource:Diary of Samuel Pepys/Particulars of the life of Samuel Pepys|Particulars of the life of Samuel Pepys]]}}: "but the place of birth is not known with certainty. Samuel Knight, … (having married Hannah Pepys, daughter of Talbot Pepys of Impington), says positively that it was at Brampton"</ref> on 23 February 1633, the son of John Pepys (1601–1680), a tailor, and Margaret Pepys (''née'' Kite; died 1667), daughter of a [[Whitechapel]] butcher.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} His great-uncle [[Talbot Pepys]] was [[Recorder (judge)|Recorder]] and briefly [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]] in 1625. His father's first cousin Sir [[Richard Pepys]] was elected MP for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]] in 1640, appointed [[Baron of the Exchequer]] on 30 May 1654, and appointed [[Lord Chief Justice of Ireland]] on 25 September 1655.

Pepys was the fifth of 11 children, but child mortality was high and he was soon the eldest survivor.{{sfnp|Trease|1972|p=6}} He was baptised at [[St Bride's Church]] on 3 March 1633.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} Pepys did not spend all of his infancy in London; for a while, he was sent to live with nurse [[Goodwife|Goody]] Lawrence at [[Kingsland, London|Kingsland]], just north of the city.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} In about 1644, Pepys attended [[Huntingdon Grammar School]] before being educated at [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's School]], London, {{Circa|1646}}–1650.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} He attended the [[execution of Charles I]] in 1649.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

[[File:Elizabeth Pepys.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Elisabeth de St Michel, Pepys' wife. Stipple engraving by [[James Thomson (engraver)|James Thomson]], after a 1666 painting (now destroyed) by [[John Hayls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?LinkID=mp03509&rNo=2&role=sit|title=National Portrait Gallery website: Elizabeth (sic) Pepys|work=npg.org.uk|access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref>]]
In 1650, he went to the [[University of Cambridge]], having received two [[exhibition (scholarship)|exhibition]]s from St Paul's School (perhaps owing to the influence of [[Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet|George Downing]], who was chairman of the judges and for whom he later worked at the Exchequer){{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=28}} and a grant from the [[Mercers' Company]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} In October, he was admitted as a [[sizar]] to [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]]; he moved there in March 1651 and took his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1654.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}{{sfnp|Trease|1972|pp=13, 17}}

Later in 1654 or early in 1655, he entered the household of one of his father's cousins, Sir [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]], who was later created the 1st [[Earl of Sandwich]].

When he was 22, Pepys married 14-year-old [[Elisabeth Pepys|Elisabeth de St Michel]], a descendant of French [[Huguenot]] immigrants, first in a religious ceremony on 10 October 1655 and later in a civil ceremony on 1 December 1655 at [[St Margaret's, Westminster]].<ref>{{harvp|Knighton|2004}}. This was because religious ceremonies were not legally recognised during the [[English Interregnum|Interregnum]]. The couple regularly celebrated the anniversary of the first date.</ref>

===Illness===

From a young age, Pepys suffered from [[bladder stone]]s in his [[urinary tract]]—a condition from which his mother and brother John also later suffered.{{sfnp|Trease|1972|p=16}} He was almost never without pain, as well as other symptoms, including "blood in the urine" ([[haematuria]]). By the time of his marriage, the condition was very severe.

In 1657, Pepys decided to undergo surgery; not an easy option, as the operation was known to be especially painful and hazardous. Nevertheless, Pepys consulted surgeon Thomas Hollier and, on 26 March 1658, the operation took place in a bedroom in the house of Pepys' cousin Jane Turner.{{efn|The procedure, described by Pepys as being "cut of the stone", was conducted without [[anaesthetic]]s or [[antiseptic]]s and involved restraining the patient with ropes and four strong men. The surgeon then made an incision along the [[perineum]] (between the [[scrotum]] and the [[anus]]), about {{convert|3|in|cm|0|spell=in}} long and deep enough to cut into the [[Urinary bladder|bladder]]. The stone was removed through this opening with pincers from below, assisted, from above, by a tool inserted into the bladder through the penis. A detailed description can be found in {{harvp|Tomalin|2002}}.}} Pepys' stone was successfully removed{{efn|The stone was described as being the size of a [[tennis ball]]; presumably, a [[real tennis]] ball, which is slightly smaller than a modern [[lawn tennis]] ball, but still an unusually large stone.}} and he resolved to hold a celebration on every anniversary of the operation, which he did for several years.{{efn|On Monday 26 March 1660, he wrote, in his diary, "This day it is two years since it pleased God that I was cut of the stone at Mrs. Turner's in Salisbury Court. And did resolve while I live to keep it a festival, as I did the last year at my house, and for ever to have Mrs. Turner and her company with me."}} However, there were long-term effects from the operation. The incision on his bladder broke open again late in his life. The procedure may have left him sterile, though there is no direct evidence for this, as he was childless before the operation.{{efn|There are references in the diary to pains in his bladder, whenever he caught cold. In April 1700, Pepys wrote, to his nephew Jackson, "It has been my calamity for much the greatest part of this time to have been kept bedrid, under an evil so rarely known as to have had it matter of universal surprise and with little less general opinion of its dangerousness; namely, that the cicatrice of a wound occasioned upon my cutting of the stone, without hearing anything of it in all this time, should after more than 40 years' perfect cure, break out again." After Pepys' death, the [[Autopsy|post-mortem]] examination showed his left kidney was completely ulcerated; seven stones, weighing four-and-a-half ounces (130 g), were also found. His bladder was gangrenous, and the old wound was broken open again.}} In mid-1658 Pepys moved to Axe Yard, near the modern [[Downing Street]]. He worked as a teller in the [[Exchequer]] under [[Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet|George Downing]].{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

== Diary ==
[[File:6ann 08 samuelpepys bg 64kb.ogg|thumb|right|Spoken excerpt of Pepys' diary]]
[[File:Pepys diary shorthand.png|thumb|A facsimile of part of the first entry in the diary]]
[[File:Samuel Pepys bookplate 1.jpg|thumb|Samuel Pepys' bookplate. The motto reads ''Mens cujusque is est Quisque'' – "Mind Makes the Man".{{sfnp|Lodge|1861|p=835}}]]

On 1 January 1660 ("1 January 1659/1660" in [[Old Style and New Style dates|contemporary terms]]), Pepys began to keep a [[diary]]. He recorded his daily life for almost 10 years. This record of a decade of Pepys' life in one and a quarter million words and populated by over 3,000 individuals is often regarded as Britain's most celebrated diary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys |last2=Latham |first2=Robert |last3=Matthews |first3=William |date= |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2000 |isbn=0 00 499021 8 |volume=I |pages=cxliii}}</ref> Pepys has been called the greatest diarist of all time due to his frankness in writing concerning his own weaknesses and the accuracy with which he records events of daily British life and major events in the 17th century.{{sfnp|Kuiper|2011|p=206}} Pepys wrote about the contemporary court and theatre (including his amorous affairs with the actresses), his household, and major political and social occurrences.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pepys|first=Samuel|editor1-last=Latham|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Latham|editor2-first=Linnet|title=A Pepys anthology : passages from the diary of Samuel Pepys|date=2000|publisher=Univ. of California Pr.|location=Berkeley [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-00-710530-4|edition=1. UK paperback}}</ref> Historians have used his diary to gain greater insight and understanding of life in London in the 17th century. Pepys wrote consistently on subjects such as personal finances, the time he got up in the morning, the weather, and what he ate. He wrote at length about his new watch which he was very proud of (and which had an alarm, a new accessory at the time), a country visitor who did not enjoy his time in London because he felt that it was too crowded, and his cat waking him up at one in the morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zcw76sg|title=BBC – Primary History – Famous People – Samuel Pepys|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917165028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/samuel_pepys/|archive-date=17 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Pepys' diary is one of a very few sources which provides such length in details of everyday life of an upper-middle-class man during the 17th century. The descriptions of the lives of his servants like [[Jane Birch]] provide a valuable detailed insight into their lives.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Pepys's servants|date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/93850 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |access-date=2023-08-09 |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/93850 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B. |editor3-last=Goldman |editor3-first=L.}}</ref>

Aside from day-to-day activities, Pepys also commented on the significant and turbulent events of his nation. England was in disarray when he began writing his diary. [[Oliver Cromwell]] had died just fifteen months earlier, creating a period of civil unrest and a large power vacuum to be filled. Pepys had been a strong supporter of Cromwell, but he converted to the Royalist cause upon the Protector's death. He was on the ship that returned [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to England to take up his throne and gave first-hand accounts of other significant events from the early years of [[Stuart Restoration|the Restoration]], such as the coronation of Charles II, the [[Great Plague of London|Great Plague]], the [[Great Fire of London]], and the [[Anglo–Dutch Wars]].

Pepys did not plan on his contemporaries ever seeing his diary, which is evident from the fact that he wrote in [[shorthand]] and sometimes in a "code" of various [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], and [[Italian language|Italian]] words (especially when describing his illicit affairs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pepys.info/bits.html|title=Pepys coded passages|work=pepys.info|access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071040/http://www.pepys.info/bits.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Pepys often juxtaposed profanities in his native English amidst his "code" of foreign words, a practice which would reveal the details to any casual reader. He did intend for future generations to see the diary, as evidenced by its inclusion in his library and its catalogue before his death along with the shorthand guide he used and the elaborate planning by which he ensured his library survived intact after his death.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|pp=645, 653}}

The women he pursued, his friends, and his dealings are all laid out. His diary reveals his jealousies, insecurities, trivial concerns, and his fractious relationship with his wife. It has been an important account of London in the 1660s. The juxtaposition of his commentary on politics and national events, alongside the very personal, can be seen from the beginning. His opening paragraphs, written in January 1660, begin:

{{blockquote|Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three. My wife, after the absence of her terms for seven weeks,{{efn|This mention of Elizabeth Pepys' menstruation was omitted from the [[Expurgation|bowdlerised]] Wheatley transcription published in 1893 and used throughout this article. The quotation here uses the copyrighted Latham and Mathews edition to restore the text.}} gave me hopes of her being with child, but on the last day of the year she hath them again.

The condition of the State was thus. ''[[Viz.]]'' the [[Rump Parliament|Rump]], after being disturbed by my [[John Lambert (general)|Lord Lambert]], was lately returned to sit again. The officers of the army all forced to yield. [[John Lawson (naval officer)|Lawson]] lie[s] still in the River and [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|Monke]] is with his army in Scotland. Only my Lord Lambert is not yet come in to the Parliament; nor is it expected that he will, without being forced to it.
| {{ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1660/January|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', January 1660]]}}}}

The entries from the first few months were filled with news of General George Monck's march on London. In April and May of that year, he encountered problems with his wife, and he accompanied Montagu's fleet to the [[Netherlands]] to bring [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] back from exile. Montagu was made Earl of Sandwich on 18 June, and Pepys secured the position of [[Clerk of the Acts]] to the [[Navy Board]] on 13 July.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} As secretary to the board, Pepys was entitled to a £350 annual salary plus the various gratuities and benefits that came with the job—including bribes. He rejected an offer of £1,000 for the position from a rival and soon afterward moved to official accommodation in [[Seething Lane]] in the [[City of London]].{{sfnp|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=828}}

Pepys stopped writing his diary in 1669. His eyesight began to trouble him and he feared that writing in dim light was damaging his eyes. He did imply in his last entries that he [[amanuensis|might have others write his diary for him]], but doing so would result in a loss of privacy and it seems that he never went through with those plans. In the end, Pepys lived another 34 years without going blind, but he never took to writing his diary again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepys.info/faq.html|title=Samuel Pepys FAQ |work=pepys.info |access-date=17 September 2015|archive-date=22 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522060206/http://www.pepys.info/faq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, Pepys dictated a journal for two months in 1669–70 as a record of his dealings with the Commissioners of Accounts at that period.{{sfnp|Bryant|1933|p=25}} He also kept a diary for a few months in 1683 when he was sent to [[Tangier]] as the most senior civil servant in the Navy, during the [[English Tangier#Evacuation of Tangier|English evacuation]]. The diary mostly covers work-related matters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |date=13 November 2015 |title=Samuel Pepys's other diary on display in new exhibition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/13/samuel-pepys-other-diary-on-display-exhibition-national-maritime-museum |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref>

===Public life===
[[File:PepysLetter.jpg|thumb|A short letter from Samuel Pepys to [[John Evelyn]] at the latter's home in [[Deptford]], written by Pepys on 16 October 1665 and referring to "prisoners" and "sick men" during the [[Second Dutch War]].]]

On the Navy Board, Pepys proved to be a more able and efficient worker than colleagues in higher positions. This often annoyed Pepys and provoked much harsh criticism in his diary. Among his colleagues were Admiral Sir [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|William Penn]], Sir [[George Carteret]], Sir [[John Mennes]] and Sir [[William Batten]].{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

Pepys learned [[arithmetic]] from a private tutor and used models of ships to make up for his lack of first-hand nautical experience, and ultimately came to play a significant role in the board's activities. In September 1660, he was made a [[Justice of the Peace]]; on 15 February 1662, Pepys was admitted as a Younger Brother of [[Trinity House]]; and on 30 April, he received the [[Freedom of the City|freedom of]] [[Portsmouth]]. Through Sandwich, he was involved in the administration of the short-lived [[English Tangier|English colony at Tangier]]. He joined the Tangier committee in August 1662 when the colony was first founded and became its treasurer in 1665. In 1663, he independently negotiated a £3,000 contract for Norwegian masts, demonstrating the freedom of action that his superior abilities allowed. He was appointed to a commission of the royal fishery on 8 April 1664.

Pepys' job required him to meet many people to dispense money and make contracts. He often laments how he "lost his labour" having gone to some appointment at a [[coffee house]] or [[tavern]], only to discover that the person whom he was seeking was not there. These occasions were a constant source of frustration to Pepys.

Pepys increased his wealth substantially through corruption. In seven and a half years, his net worth rose by £7,500 on an annual salary of £350. In one instance, Pepys helped the career of a shipwright who provided sexual favours from his wife in return. Although he lived in a time when corruption was common, Pepys was not a minor practitioner in this.{{sfnp|Davies|2017|p=19, 68}}

===Major events===
Pepys' diary provides a first-hand account of the [[Stuart Restoration|Restoration]], and includes detailed accounts of several major events of the 1660s, along with the lesser known [[John Evelyn's Diary|diary of John Evelyn]]. In particular, it is an invaluable source for the study of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] of 1665–7, the [[Great Plague of London|Great Plague]] of 1665, and the Great Fire of London in 1666. In relation to the Plague and Fire, C. S. Knighton has written: "From its reporting of these two disasters to the metropolis in which he thrived, Pepys's diary has become a national monument."{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} [[Robert Latham (editor)|Robert Latham]], editor of the definitive edition of the diary, remarks concerning the Plague and Fire: "His descriptions of both—agonisingly vivid—achieve their effect by being something more than superlative reporting; they are written with compassion. As always with Pepys it is people, not literary effects, that matter."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Short biography [of] Pepys |url=http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/pepys/latham.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207113128/http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/pepys/latham.html |archive-date=7 February 2009 |publisher=Pepys Library website |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Second Anglo-Dutch War====

[[File:Dutch Attack on the Medway, June 1667 van Soest RMG BHC0295.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|''[[Dutch Attack on the Medway]], June 1667'' by [[Pieter Cornelisz van Soest]], painted {{circa|1667}}. The captured English ship [[HMS Royal Charles (1650)|''Royal Charles'']] is right of centre.]]

In early 1665, the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War placed great pressure on Pepys. His colleagues were either engaged elsewhere or incompetent, and Pepys had to conduct a great deal of business himself. He excelled under the pressure, which was extreme due to the complexity and underfunding of the Royal Navy.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} At the outset, he proposed a centralised approach to supplying the fleet. His idea was accepted, and he was made surveyor-general of [[Food|victualling]] in October 1665. The position brought a further £300 a year.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

Pepys wrote about the Second Anglo-Dutch War: "In all things, in wisdom, courage, force and success, the Dutch have the best of us and do end the war with victory on their side". And King Charles II said: "Don't fight the Dutch, imitate them".

In 1667, with the war lost, Pepys helped to discharge the navy.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} The Dutch had defeated England on open water and now began to threaten English soil itself. In June 1667, they conducted their [[Raid on the Medway]], broke the defensive chain at [[Gillingham, Kent|Gillingham]], and towed away the {{HMS|Royal Charles|1660|2}}, one of the Royal Navy's most important ships. As he had done during the Fire and the Plague, Pepys again removed his wife and his gold from London.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

The Dutch raid was a major concern in itself, but Pepys was personally placed under a different kind of pressure: the Navy Board and his role as Clerk of the Acts came under scrutiny from the public and from Parliament. The war ended in August and, on 17 October, the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] created a committee of "miscarriages".{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} On 20 October, a list was demanded from Pepys of ships and commanders at the time of the division of the fleet in 1666.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} However, these demands were actually quite desirable for him, as tactical and strategic mistakes were not the responsibility of the Navy Board.

The Board did face some allegations regarding the Medway raid, but they could exploit the criticism already attracted by Commissioner of [[Chatham Dockyard|Chatham]] [[Peter Pett (shipwright, died 1672)|Peter Pett]] to deflect criticism from themselves.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} The committee accepted this tactic when they reported in February 1668. The Board was, however, criticised for its use of tickets to pay seamen. These tickets could only be exchanged for cash at the Navy's treasury in London.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} Pepys made a long speech at the bar of the Commons on 5 March 1668 defending this practice. It was, in the words of C. S. Knighton, a "virtuoso performance".{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

The commission was followed by an investigation led by a more powerful authority, the commissioners of accounts. They met at Brooke House, [[Holborn]] and spent two years scrutinising how the war had been financed. In 1669, Pepys had to prepare detailed answers to the committee's eight "Observations" on the Navy Board's conduct. In 1670, he was forced to defend his own role. A seaman's ticket with Pepys' name on it was produced as incontrovertible evidence of his corrupt dealings but, thanks to the intervention of the king, Pepys emerged from the sustained investigation relatively unscathed.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

====Great Plague====
{{Further|Great Plague of London}}
Outbreaks of plague were not unusual events in London; major epidemics had occurred in 1592, 1603, 1625 and 1636.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=167}} Furthermore, Pepys was not among the groups of people who were most at risk. He did not live in cramped housing, he did not routinely mix with the poor, and he was not required to keep his family in London in the event of a crisis.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=168}} It was not until June 1665 that the unusual seriousness of the plague became apparent, so Pepys' activities in the first five months of 1665 were not significantly affected by it.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=168}} [[Claire Tomalin]] wrote that 1665 was, to Pepys, one of the happiest years of his life. He worked very hard that year, and the outcome was that he quadrupled his fortune.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=168}} In his annual summary on 31 December, he wrote, "I have never lived so merrily (besides that I never got so much) as I have done this plague time".<ref>{{ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1665/December#31st (Lord's day)|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', Sunday, 31 December 1665]]}}</ref>

Nonetheless, Pepys was certainly concerned about the plague. On 16 August he wrote:
{{blockquote|But, Lord! how sad a sight it is to see the streets empty of people, and very few upon the 'Change. Jealous of every door that one sees shut up, lest it should be the plague; and about us two shops in three, if not more, generally shut up.| {{ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1665/August#16th|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', Wednesday, 16 August 1665]]}}}}

He also chewed [[tobacco]] as a protection against infection, and worried that [[wig-makers]] might be using hair from the corpses as a raw material. Furthermore, it was Pepys who suggested that the Navy Office should evacuate to [[Greenwich]], although he did offer to remain in town himself. He later took great pride in his stoicism.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|pp=174–175}} Meanwhile, Elisabeth Pepys was sent to [[Woolwich]].{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} She did not return to Seething Lane until January 1666 and was shocked by the sight of [[St Olave's Church, Hart Street|St Olave]]'s churchyard, where 300 people had been buried.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|pp=177–178}}

====Great Fire of London====
{{Further|Great Fire of London}}

[[File:Great fire of london map.png|thumb|Map of London after the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]] in 1666, showing Pepys' home]]

In the early hours of 2 September 1666, Pepys was awakened by Jane the maid, his servant, who had spotted a fire in the [[Billingsgate]] area. He decided that the fire was not particularly serious and returned to bed. Shortly after waking, his servant returned and reported that 300 houses had been destroyed and that [[London Bridge]] was threatened. Pepys went to the [[Tower of London]] to get a better view. Without returning home, he took a boat and observed the fire for over an hour. In his diary, Pepys recorded his observations as follows:

{{blockquote|I down to the water-side, and there got a boat and through bridge, and there saw a lamentable fire. Poor Michell's house, as far as the Old Swan, already burned that way, and the fire running further, that in a very little time it got as far as the Steeleyard, while I was there. Everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that layoff; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another. And among other things, the poor pigeons, I perceive, were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconys till they were, some of them burned, their wings, and fell down. Having staid, and in an hour's time seen the fire: rage every way, and nobody, to my sight, endeavouring to quench it, but to remove their goods, and leave all to the fire, and having seen it get as far as the Steele-yard, and the wind mighty high and driving it into the City; and every thing, after so long a drought, proving combustible, even the very stones of churches, and among other things the poor steeple by which pretty Mrs.———— lives, and whereof my old school-fellow Elborough is parson, taken fire in the very top, and there burned till it fell down...| {{ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1666/September#2nd (Lord's day)|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', Sunday, 2 September 1666]]}}}}

The wind was driving the fire westward, so he ordered the boat to go to [[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall]] and became the first person to inform the king of the fire. According to his entry of 2 September 1666, Pepys recommended to the king that homes be pulled down in the path of the fire in order to stem its progress. Accepting this advice, the king told him to go to [[Lord Mayor of the City of London|Lord Mayor]] [[Thomas Bloodworth]] and tell him to start pulling down houses. Pepys took a coach back as far as [[Old St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Cathedral]] before setting off on foot through the burning city. He found the Lord Mayor, who said, "Lord! what can I do? I am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses; but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it." At noon, he returned home and "had an extraordinary good dinner, and as merry, as at this time we could be", before returning to watch the fire in the city once more. Later, he returned to Whitehall, then met his wife in [[St James's Park]]. In the evening, they watched the fire from the safety of [[Bankside]]. Pepys writes that "it made me weep to see it". Returning home, Pepys met his clerk Tom Hayter who had lost everything. Hearing news that the fire was advancing, he started to pack up his possessions by moonlight.

[[File:Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png|thumb|The ruins of the [[old St Paul's Cathedral]], by [[Thomas Wyck]], as it looked roughly seven years after the fire]]

A cart arrived at 4 a.m. on 3 September and Pepys spent much of the day arranging the removal of his possessions. Many of his valuables, including his diary, were sent to a friend from the Navy Office at [[Bethnal Green]].{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=230}} At night, he "fed upon the remains of yesterday's dinner, having no fire nor dishes, nor any opportunity of dressing any thing." The next day, Pepys continued to arrange the removal of his possessions. By then, he believed that Seething Lane was in grave danger, so he suggested calling men from [[Deptford]] to help pull down houses and defend the king's property.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=230}} He described the chaos in the city and his curious attempt at saving his own goods:

{{blockquote|Sir W. Pen and I to Tower-streete, and there met the fire burning three or four doors beyond Mr. Howell's, whose goods, poor man, his trayes, and dishes, shovells, &c., were flung all along Tower-street in the kennels, and people working therewith from one end to the other; the fire coming on in that narrow streete, on both sides, with infinite fury. Sir W. Batten not knowing how to remove his wine, did dig a pit in the garden, and laid it in there; and I took the opportunity of laying all the papers of my office that I could not otherwise dispose of. And in the evening Sir W. Pen and I did dig another, and put our wine in it; and I my Parmazan cheese, as well as my wine and some other things.| {{Ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1666/September#4th|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', Tuesday, 4 September 1666]]}}}}

Pepys had taken to sleeping on his office floor; on Wednesday, 5 September, he was awakened by his wife at 2 a.m. She told him that the fire had almost reached [[All Hallows-by-the-Tower]] and that it was at the foot of Seething Lane. He decided to send her and his gold—about £2,350—to Woolwich. In the following days, Pepys witnessed looting, disorder, and disruption. On 7 September, he went to Paul's Wharf and saw the ruins of St Paul's Cathedral, of his old school, of his father's house, and of the house in which he had had his bladder stone removed.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|p=232}} Despite all this destruction, Pepys' house, office, and diary were saved.

===Personal life===
[[File:Punch Plaque Covent Garden.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Plaque in [[St Paul's, Covent Garden|St Paul's Church]], [[Covent Garden]], London commemorating Pepys as a witness to the first performance of the puppet show [[Punch and Judy]] in 1662]]
The diary gives a detailed account of Pepys' personal life. He was fond of [[wine]], plays, and the company of other people. He also spent time evaluating his fortune and his place in the world. He was always curious and often acted on that curiosity, as he acted upon almost all his impulses. Periodically, he would resolve to devote more time to hard work instead of leisure. For example, in his entry for New Year's Eve, 1661, he writes: "I have newly taken a solemn oath about abstaining from plays and wine…" The following months reveal his lapses to the reader; by 17 February, it is recorded, "Here I drank wine upon necessity, being ill for the want of it."

Pepys was one of the most important civil servants of his age, and was also a widely cultivated man, taking an interest in books, music, the theatre, and science. Aside from English, he was fluent in French and read many texts in [[Latin]]. His favourite author was [[Virgil]]. He was passionately interested in music; he composed, sang, and played for pleasure, and even arranged music lessons for his servants. He played the [[lute]], [[viol]], [[violin]], [[flageolet]], [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] and [[spinet]] to varying degrees of proficiency.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} He was also a keen singer, performing at home, in coffee houses, and even in [[Westminster Abbey]].{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}} He and his wife took flageolet lessons from master [[Thomas Greeting]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://flageolets.com/biographies/greeting.php |title=Biography of Thomas Greeting |website=The Pleasant Companion-The Flageolets Site|last=Head |first=Jacob }}</ref> He also taught his wife to sing and paid for dancing lessons for her (although these stopped when he became jealous of the dancing master).

Pepys was an investor in the [[Royal African Company|Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa]], which held the Royal monopoly on trading along the [[West Africa|west coast of Africa]] in [[gold]], [[silver]], [[ivory]] and [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]].{{sfnp|Parker|2011|p=126}}

====Sexual relations====

Propriety did not prevent him from engaging in a number of extramarital liaisons with various women that were chronicled in his diary, often in some detail when relating the intimate details. The most dramatic of these encounters was with [[Deb Willet|Deborah Willet]], a young woman engaged as a [[Lady's companion|companion]] for Elisabeth Pepys. On 25 October 1668, Pepys was surprised by his wife as he embraced Deb Willet; he writes that his wife "coming up suddenly, did find me imbracing the girl con ''[with]'' my hand sub ''[under]'' su ''[her]'' coats; and endeed I was with my main ''[hand]'' in her cunny. I was at a wonderful loss upon it and the girl also...." Following this event, he was characteristically filled with remorse, but (equally characteristically) continued to pursue Willet after she had been dismissed from the Pepys household.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/leicestershire/6051128.stm |title=Mystery of Pepys's affair solved |publisher=BBC News 24 |date=14 October 2006}}</ref> Pepys also had a habit of fondling the breasts of his maid Mary Mercer while she dressed him in the morning.{{sfnp|Bryson|2010|p=123|ps=: "Of one maid, Mary Mercer, the Dictionary of National Biography serenely notes: "Samuel seems to have made a habit of fondling Mercer's breasts while she dressed him in the morning"…When they weren't dressing him, absorbing his blows, or providing roosts for his gropes, Pepys's servants were expected to comb his hair and wash his ears."}}

Pepys may also have dallied with a leading actress of the Restoration period, [[Mary Knep]]. "Mrs Knep was the wife of a [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]] horsedealer, and the mistress of Pepys"—or at least "she granted him a share of her favours".{{sfnp|Cunningham|1908|pp=12, 171}} Scholars disagree on the full extent of the Pepys/Knep relationship, but much of later generations' knowledge of Knep comes from the diary. Pepys first met Knep on 6 December 1665. He described her as "pretty enough, but the most excellent, mad-humoured thing, and sings the noblest that I ever heard in my life." He called her husband "an ill, melancholy, jealous-looking fellow"<ref>Pepys's Diary entry of 8 December 1665.</ref> and suspected him of abusing his wife. Knep provided Pepys with backstage access and was a conduit for theatrical and social gossip. When they wrote notes to each other, Pepys signed himself "Dapper Dickey", while Knep was "[[Barbara Allen (song)|Barbry Allen]]" (a popular song that was an item in her musical repertory).
Pepys' reference to purchasing the pornographic book ''[[L'Escole des Filles]]'' appears to be the first English reference to pornography. He writes in his diary that it was a "mighty lewd book", and burned it after reading it.{{sfnp|Foxen|1963}}

Much of Pepys' behaviour towards women, which he cataloged himself in his diary, would today be considered sexual harassment, sexual assault, and rape.<ref name="Loveman">{{cite journal |last=Loveman |first=Kate |date=2022 |title=Women and the History of Samuel Pepys's Diary |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/women-and-the-history-of-samuel-pepyss-diary/8470046189D88A8805F8B1ACC886475F |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=1221–1243 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X21000716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite his kindness and emotional loyalty towards some women in his life, Pepys ultimately believed men were entitled to the bodies of girls and women. Kate Loveman of Cambridge University describes this belief: "[In his diary] Pepys's sexual language of being 'kind', 'touching', and 'tumbling' emphasized his indulgence and playfulness, while masking coercion and violence; meanwhile, [his victim] Lane's claims of assault he regarded as exemplifying a woman's 'falseness', not because he thought there had been no violence, but because she had no moral right to protest."<ref name=Loveman/>

===Text of the diary===
The diary was written in one of the many standard forms of [[shorthand]] used in Pepys' time, in this case called [[Thomas Shelton (stenographer)#Shelton's shorthand|tachygraphy]], and devised by [[Thomas Shelton (stenographer)|Thomas Shelton]]. It is clear from its content that it was written as a purely personal record of his life and not for publication, yet there are indications that Pepys took steps to preserve the bound manuscripts of his diary. He wrote it out in fair copy from rough notes, and he also had the loose pages bound into six volumes, catalogued them in his library with all his other books, and is likely to have suspected that eventually someone would find them interesting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bibliopolis.com |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys, M.A., F.R.S., Clerk of the Acts and Secretary to the Admiralty, For the First Time Fully Transcribed from the Shorthand Manuscript in the Pepysian Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, by the Rev. |url=https://www.yesterdaysmuse.com/pages/books/2335036/samuel-pepys-mynors-bright-henry-b-wheatley/the-diary-of-samuel-pepys-m-a-f-r-s-clerk-of-the-acts-and-secretary-to-the-admiralty-for-the-first-time |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Yesterday's Muse Books |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Simplified Pepys family tree ===
This tree summarizes, in a more compact form and with a few additional details, trees published elsewhere in a box-like form.{{sfnp|Tomalin|2002|pp=xii-xiii}}<ref name="Latham & Matthews (1970-83) Vol. X - Companion">Latham & Matthews (1970–83), Vol. X – Companion.</ref> It is meant to help the reader of the ''Diary'' and also integrates some biographical information found in the same sources.

{{Hidden begin
| titlestyle = background:LightGrey; text-align:center;
|title=Simplified Pepys family tree}}
{{Tree list}}
* '''William Pepys''' of Cottenham (Cambs.) <small>(? – 1519)</small>
** '''Thomas Pepys'''
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Richard Pepys''' <small>(? – ''c.'' 1571)</small>
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''William Pepys''' of Norwich, ''draper'' <small>(1561 – ''c.'' 1639)</small>
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Richard Pepys''' of London, ''upholsterer'' <small>(? – 1679)</small>
** '''John Pepys''' of South Creak (Norf.) <small>(? – 1542)</small>
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Thomas Pepys''' <small>(? – 1569)</small>
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Jerome Pepys''' <small>(1548–1634)</small>
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Pepys''' of Ashtead (Surrey), ''man of business to Chief Justice [[Edward Coke]]'' <small>(1576–1652)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1610)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anne Walpole'''
****** '''Edward Pepys''' of Broomsthorpe (Norf.), ''lawyer'' <small>(1617–1663)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Elizabeth Walpole'''
****** '''Elizabeth Pepys'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Thomas Dyke'''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Jane Pepys ("Madam Turner")''' <small>(1623–1686)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1650)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Turner''', ''Yorkshire lawyer'' <small>(1631–1689)</small>
******* '''Charles Turner'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Margaret Cholmley'''
******* '''Theophila Turner ("The")''' <small>(1652–1702)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1673)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, of Stowford]]''', ''M.P. for Okehampton'' <small>(''c.'' 1650 – 1686)</small>
******* '''William Turner'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mary Foulis'''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Elizabeth Turner ("Betty")'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''William Hooker'''
** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''William Pepys''' of Cottenham (Cambs.)
*** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Pepys''' of Cottenham and Impington (Cambs.) <small>(? – 1589)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''? ?'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Edith Talbot''' <small>(? – 1583)</small>
**** '''John Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup> <small>(? – 1604)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Elizabeth Bendish''' of Essex
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Richard Pepys|Sir Richard Pepys]]''', ''M.P. for Sudbury and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland'' <small>(1589–1659)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +<small>(1620)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Judith Cutte'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mary Gosnold'''
****** '''Richard Pepys'''  of Ashen (Essex), ''lawyer'' (? – 1664), ancestor of [[Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham]]
****** '''Samuel Pepys''' of Dublin, ''clergyman''
****** '''Elizabeth Pepys'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Thomas Strudwick''', ''confectioner''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Judith Pepys''' <small>(? – 1664)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Benjamin Scott''', ''pewterer'' <small>(? – 1664)</small>
**** '''Thomas Pepys ("the Black")'''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup> <small>(? – 1606)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mary Day'''
***** '''Robert Pepys''' of Brampton (Hunts.), ''bailiff at Hinchingbrooke'' <small>(? – 1661)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anne, widow Trice'''
***** '''Thomas Pepys''' of St Alphage <small>(1595–1676)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mary Syvret [Chiveret]'''
****** '''Thomas Pepys ("the turner")''', ''trader with the W. Indies''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1664)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Elizabeth Howes'''
****** '''Charles Pepys ("the joiner")''', ''Master-Joiner with the Chatham yard'' <small>(''c.'' 1632 – ''c.'' 1701)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1662)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Joan, widow Smith'''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Mary Pepys''' <small>(? – 1667)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1662)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Samuel de Santhune''', ''weaver of Huguenot origin''
***** '''Jane Pepys''' <small>(? – 1666)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Perkin''' of Parson Drove (Cambs.)
****** '''Jane Perkin'''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Frank Perkin''', ''miller and fiddler''
***** '''Mary Pepys''' <small>(1597 – ?)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Robert Holcroft'''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Holcroft'''
***** '''Edith Pepys ("Aunt Bell")''' <small>(1599–1665)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Bell'''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Pepys''', ''tailor in Salisbury Court'' <small>(1601–1680)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1626)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Margaret Kite''', ''washmaid'' <small>(? – 1667)</small>
****** '''Mary Pepys''' <small>(1627–1640)</small>
****** '''Paulina Pepys''' <small>(1628–1632)</small>
****** '''Esther Pepys''' <small>(1630–1631)</small>
****** '''John Pepys''' <small>(1632–1640)</small>
****** '''<span style="color:red">Samuel Pepys</span>''', ''diarist, naval administrator, and M.P. for Castle Rising and Harwich'' <small>(1633–1703)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1655)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Elisabeth Pepys|Élisabeth de Saint-Michel]]''', ''born from an Anglo-French wedding, of Angevin gentry by her father'' <small>(1640–1669)</small>
****** '''Thomas Pepys ("Tom")''', ''tailor against his will'' <small>(1634–1664)</small>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Elizabeth Taylor''', ''an illegitimate daughter with his maid Margeret''
****** '''Sarah Pepys''' <small>(1635–1641)</small>
****** '''Jacob Pepys''' <small>(1637–1637)</small>
****** '''Robert Pepys''' <small>(1638–1638)</small>
****** '''Paulina Pepys ("Pall")''' <small>(1640–1689)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1668)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Jackson''', ''farmer in Ellington (Hunts.)'' <small>(? – 1680)</small>
******* '''Samuel Jackson''' <small>(1669 – ?)</small>
******* '''John Jackson''', ''secretary and heir to SP'' <small>(1673–1724)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anne Edgeley'''
******** '''John Jackson''' <small>(? – 1780)</small>
******** ''1 other son and 2 daughters''
******** '''Anne Jackson'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Brabazon Hallows'''
******** '''Paulina Jackson'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Admiral R. Collins'''
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Frances Jackson''' <small>(1722–1769)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1747)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Cockerell''' of Bishops Hull (Somer.) <small>(1714–1767)</small>
********* '''John Cockerell'''
********* '''Charles Cockerell'''
********* {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Samuel Pepys Cockerell''', ''architect'' <small>(1754–1827)</small>
********** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Charles Robert Cockerell]]''', ''architect'' <small>(1788–1863)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1828)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anna Rennie''' <small>(1803–1872)</small>
*********** '''[[Frederick Pepys Cockerell]]''', ''architect'' <small>(1833–1878)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1867)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Mary Mulock'''
************ {{Tree list/final branch}} ''6 children''
*********** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''9 other children''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''2 other children dead in infancy''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Pepys''', ''naval administrator, unmarr.'' <small>(1642–1677)</small>
**** '''Thomas Pepys ("the Red")'''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup> of Hatcham Barnes (Surrey) <small>(? – 1615)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Kezia ?'''
***** '''Thomas Pepys ("the Executor")''', ''lawyer'' <small>(1611–1675)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +<small>(1654)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anne Cope'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +<small>(1660)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Ursula Stapleton''' <small>(? – ''c.'' 1693)</small>
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''1 son and 1 daughter by the second wedding''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Elizabeth Pepys'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1633)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Percival Angier''', ''business man'' <small>(? – 1665)</small>
**** '''Elizabeth Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1593)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Henry Alcock'''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''issue''
**** '''Apollo Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;1</sup> <small>(1576–1645)</small>
**** '''Paulina Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup> <small>(1581–1638)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1618)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Sidney Montagu (MP, died 1644)|Sidney Montagu]]''' <small>(? – 1644)</small>
***** '''Elizabeth Montagu''' <small>(1620 – ?)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1638)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet]]''', ''Lord Chamberlain to [[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver]] and [[Richard Cromwell]]'' <small>(1613–1668)</small>
****** '''Elizabeth Pickering'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1668)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''John Creed''', ''secretary to [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Montagu]] and SP's principal rival'' <small>(? – 1701)</small>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''11 children''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} ''11 other children''
***** '''Henry Montagu''' <small>(1622–1625)</small>
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich]] ("My Lord")''' <small>(1625–1672)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1642)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Jemima Crew ("My Lady")''' <small>(1625–1674)</small>
****** '''Jemima Montagu ("Lady Jem")''' <small>(1646–1671)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1665)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Philip Carteret FRS|Philip Carteret]]''', ''commissioned lieutenant in the Navy'' <small>(1643–1672)</small>
******* '''[[George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret]]''', <small>(1667–1695)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Lady Grace Granville''' <small>(1654–1744)</small>
******** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville]]''', ''Prime Minister to [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]'' <small>(1690–1763)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Lady Frances Worsley'''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''2 other sons''
****** '''[[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich]] ("Ned")''' <small>(1648–1688)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1668)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Lady Anne Boyle''' <small>(? – 1671)</small>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''descent of the Earls of Sandwich''
****** '''Paulina Montagu''' <small>(1649–1669)</small>
****** '''Sidney Montagu, later Wortley-Montagu''' <small>(1650–1727)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''? ?''', ''Yorkshire heiress''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''issue''
****** '''Anne Montagu''' <small>(1653–1729)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +<small>(1671)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Richard Edgcumbe (1640-1688)|Richard Edgcumbe]]''' <small>(1640–1688)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Christopher Montagu'''
****** '''Oliver Montagu''' <small>(1655–1693)</small>
****** '''[[John Montagu (Trinity)|John Montagu]]''', ''Dean of Durham'' <small>(1655–1729)</small>
****** '''Charles Montagu''' <small>(1658–1721)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Elizabeth Forester'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Sarah Rogers'''
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} ''issue by both weddings''
****** '''Catherine Montagu''' <small>(1661–1757)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Nicholas Bacon (Ipswich MP)|Nicholas Bacon]]''', ''M.P. for Ipswich'' <small>(1622–1687)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Balthazar Gardeman''', ''clergyman''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''James Montagu''' <small>(1664 – ?)</small>
**** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Talbot Pepys]]'''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup> of Impington (Cambs.), ''Recorder and M.P. for Cambridge, remarried 3 times'' <small>(1583–1666)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Beatrice Castell'''
***** '''[[Roger Pepys]]''' of Impington (Cambs.), ''Recorder and M.P. for Cambridge'' <small>(1617–1688)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(1) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Anne Banks'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(2) +<small>(''c.'' 1646)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Barbara Bacon''' <small>(? – 1657)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(3) +&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Parnell Duke'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(4) +<small>(1669)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Esther, widow Dickenson ("the good-humoured fat widow")'''
****** '''Talbot Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup> <small>(1647–1681)</small>
****** '''Barbara Pepys ("Bab")'''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup> <small>(1649–1689)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1674)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[Thomas Gale (classical scholar)|Dr Thomas Gale]]''', ''High Master of St Paul's School and Dean of York'' <small>(1635–1702)</small>
******* '''Charles Gale'''
******* '''Thomas Gale'''
******* '''Elizabeth Gale'''
******* '''[[Roger Gale (antiquary)|Roger Gale]]''', ''antiquary'' <small>(1672–1744)</small>
******* {{Tree list/final branch}} '''[[Samuel Gale]]''', ''antiquary'' <small>(1682–1754)</small>
****** '''Elizabeth Pepys ("Betty")'''<sup>&nbsp;2</sup> <small>(1651–1716)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+<small>(1680)</small>+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Charles Long''', ''fellow of Caius College and rector of Risby (Suff.)''
****** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''John Pepys'''<sup>&nbsp;3</sup>
***** '''Dr John Pepys''', ''fellow of Trinity Hall and lawyer'' <small>(1618–1692)</small>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Catherine, widow Hobson'''
***** '''Dr Thomas Pepys''', ''physician, poorly appreciated by SP, unmarr.''
***** {{Tree list/final branch}} '''Paulina Pepys'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Hammond Claxton''' of Booton (Norf.)
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

==After the diary==

[[File:Samuel Pepys by Sir Godfrey Kneller 1689.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Samuel Pepys painted by [[Godfrey Kneller|Sir Godfrey Kneller]] in 1689]]

Pepys' health suffered from the long hours that he worked throughout the period of the diary. Specifically, he believed that his eyesight had been affected by his work.{{efn|In Latham and Matthews's Companion to the diary, Martin Howard Stein suggests that Pepys suffered from a combination of astigmatism and long sight.}} He reluctantly concluded in his last entry, dated 31 May 1669, that he should completely stop writing for the sake of his eyes, and only dictate to his clerks from then on,{{efn|One of his clerks was [[Paul Lorrain]] who became well known as [[Ordinary (officer)|Ordinary]] of [[Newgate Prison]].}} which meant that he could no longer keep his diary.<ref>{{ws |[[s:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1669/May#31st|''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', Monday, 31 May 1669]]}}</ref>

Pepys and his wife took a holiday to France and the [[Low Countries]] in June–October 1669; on their return, Elisabeth fell ill and died on 10 November 1669. Pepys erected a monument to her in the church of St Olave's, Hart Street, London. Pepys never remarried, but he did have a long-term housekeeper named Mary Skinner who was assumed by many of his contemporaries to be his mistress and sometimes referred to as Mrs. Pepys. In his will, he left her an [[life annuity|annuity]] of £200 and many of his possessions.{{sfnp|Knighton|2004}}

===Member of Parliament and Secretary of the Admiralty===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2017}}
In 1672, he became an Elder Brother of Trinity House and served in this capacity until 1689; he was Master of Trinity House in 1676–1677 and again in 1685–1686.{{sfnp|Henning|1983|p=226}} In 1673, he was promoted to Secretary of the Admiralty Commission and elected MP for [[Castle Rising (UK Parliament constituency)|Castle Rising]] in Norfolk.

In 1673, he was involved with the establishment of the [[Royal Mathematical School]] at [[Christ's Hospital]], which was to train 40 boys annually in navigation, for the benefit of the Royal Navy and the English Merchant Navy. In 1675, he was appointed a Governor of Christ's Hospital and for many years he took a close interest in its affairs. Among his papers are two detailed memoranda on the administration of the school. In 1699, after the successful conclusion of a seven-year campaign to get the master of the Mathematical School replaced by a man who knew more about the sea, he was rewarded for his service as a Governor by being made a [[Freedom of the City#Freedom of the City of London|Freeman]] of the City of London. He also served as Master (without ever having been a Freeman or Liveryman) of the [[Clothworkers' Company]] (1677–8).

At the beginning of 1679, Pepys was elected MP for [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]] in Charles II's third parliament which formed part of the [[Cavalier Parliament]]. He was elected along with [[Anthony Deane (mayor)|Sir Anthony Deane]], a Harwich alderman and leading naval architect, to whom Pepys had been a patron since 1662. By May of that year, they were under attack from their political enemies. Pepys resigned as Secretary of the Admiralty. They were imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] on suspicion of treasonable correspondence with France, specifically leaking naval intelligence. The charges are believed to have been fabricated under the direction of [[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury]].<ref>{{harvp|Wheatley|1893}} "Shaftesbury and the others not having succeeded in getting at Pepys through his clerk, soon afterwards attacked him more directly, using the infamous evidence of Colonel Scott"</ref> Pepys was accused, among other things, of being a secret member of the [[Catholic Church in England]]. Pepys and Deane were released in July, but proceedings against them were not dropped until June 1680.

[[File:Samuel Pepys by John Closterman.jpg|thumb|upright|Pepys painted by [[John Closterman]] in the 1690s]]
Though he had resigned from the Tangier committee in 1679, in 1683 he was sent to Tangier to assist [[George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth|Lord Dartmouth]] with the evacuation and abandonment of the English colony. After six months' service, he travelled back through Spain accompanied by the naval engineer [[Edmund Dummer (naval engineer)|Edmund Dummer]], returning to England after a particularly rough passage on 30 March 1684.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Celina |year=2007 |title=The Ingenious Mr Dummer: Rationalizing the Royal Navy in Late Seventeenth-Century England |url=http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2007articles/pdf/ebljarticle102007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054739/http://www.bl.uk/eblj/2007articles/pdf/ebljarticle102007.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=2 October 2009 |work=Electronic British Library Journal |page=22}}</ref> In June 1684, once more in favour, he was appointed King's Secretary for the affairs of the Admiralty, a post that he retained after the death of Charles II (February 1685) and the accession of [[James II of England|James II]]. The phantom [[Pepys Island]], alleged to be near [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]], was named after him in 1684, having been first "discovered" during his tenure at the Admiralty.

From 1685 to 1688, he was active not only as Secretary of the Admiralty, but also as MP for Harwich. He had been elected MP for [[Sandwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Sandwich]], but this election was contested and he immediately withdrew to Harwich. When James fled the country at the end of 1688, Pepys's career also came to an end. In January 1689, he was defeated in the parliamentary election at Harwich; in February, one week after the accession of [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II]], he resigned his secretaryship.

===Royal Society===
[[File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Isaac Newton]]'s personal copy of the first edition of his ''Principia Mathematica'', with the imprimatur in Pepys's name]]

He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1665 and served as its President from 1 December 1684 to 30 November 1686. [[Isaac Newton]]'s ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia Mathematica]]'' was published during this period, and the [[imprimatur]] on the book's title page is signed by Pepys in his role as president. There is a [[probability]] problem called the "[[Newton–Pepys problem]]" that arose out of correspondence between Newton and Pepys about whether one is more likely to roll at least one six with six dice or at least two sixes with twelve dice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Newton-Pepys Problem |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Newton-PepysProblem.html |access-date=28 June 2008 |publisher=Wolfram MathWorld}}</ref> It has only recently been noted that the gambling advice that Newton gave Pepys was correct, while the logical argument with which Newton accompanied it was unsound.{{sfnp|Stigler|2006}}

===Retirement and death===
He was imprisoned on suspicion of [[Jacobitism]] from May to July 1689 and again in June 1690, but no charges were ever successfully brought against him. After his release, he retired from public life at age 57. He moved out of London ten years later (1701) to a house in [[Clapham]] owned by his friend [[William Hewer]], who had begun his career working for Pepys in the admiralty.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Samuel |last1=Pepys |last2=Latham |first2=Robert |last3=Matthews |first3=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-JSalViBrMC&q=%22robert+blackborne%22+anne&pg=PA182 |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A New and Complete Transcription, Volume 10 (Footnote on Will Hewer) |publisher=University of California Press |date=2001 |page=182 |isbn=9780520227156 |access-date=17 September 2015}}</ref> Clapham was in the country at the time; it is now part of inner London.

Pepys lived there until his death on 26 May 1703. He had no children and bequeathed his estate to his unmarried nephew John Jackson. Pepys had disinherited his nephew Samuel Jackson for marrying contrary to his wishes. When John Jackson died in 1724, Pepys' estate reverted to Anne, daughter of Archdeacon Samuel Edgeley, niece of Will Hewer and sister of Hewer Edgeley, nephew and godson of Pepys' old Admiralty employee and friend Will Hewer. Hewer was also childless and left his immense estate to his nephew Hewer Edgeley (consisting mostly of the Clapham property, as well as lands in Clapham, London, Westminster, and Norfolk) on condition that the nephew (and godson) would adopt the surname Hewer. So Will Hewer's heir became Hewer Edgeley-Hewer, and he adopted the old Will Hewer home in Clapham as his residence. That is how the Edgeley family acquired the estates of both Samuel Pepys and Will Hewer, with sister Anne inheriting Pepys' estate, and brother Hewer inheriting that of Will Hewer. On the death of Hewer Edgeley-Hewer in 1728, the old Hewer estate went to Edgeley-Hewer's widow Elizabeth, who left the {{convert|432|acre|ha|abbr=off|adj=on}} estate to Levett Blackborne, the son of Abraham Blackborne, merchant of Clapham, and other family members, who later sold it off in lots. Lincoln's Inn barrister Levett Blackborne also later acted as attorney in legal scuffles for the heirs who had inherited the Pepys estate.

Pepys' former [[protégé]] and friend Hewer acted as the executor of Pepys's estate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gyq6euwfZj8C&q=%22hewer+edgeley&pg=RA2-PA271 |title=Will Hewer, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Samuel Pepys, 1899 |year=1899}}</ref>

Pepys was buried along with his wife in [[St Olave's Church, Hart Street]] in London.

==Pepys Library==
{{Main|Pepys Library}}

[[File:PepysLibraryCambridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Pepys Library|Pepys Building]] of [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]]]]
[[File:Pepys Library c1870.jpg|thumb|Pepys Library {{circa|1870}}]]

Pepys was a lifelong [[bibliophile]] and carefully nurtured his large collection of books, manuscripts, and prints. At his death, there were more than 3,000 volumes, including the diary, all carefully catalogued and indexed; they form one of the most important surviving 17th-century private [[library|libraries]]. The most important items in the Library are the six original bound manuscripts of Pepys' diary, but there are other remarkable holdings, including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/pepys/collection.html|title=Pepys Library Website|work=cam.ac.uk|access-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000302200832/http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/pepys/collection.html|archive-date=2 March 2000}}</ref>
* [[Incunabula]] by [[William Caxton]], [[Wynkyn de Worde]] and [[Richard Pynson]]
* Sixty medieval manuscripts
* The ''[[Pepys Manuscript]]'', a late-15th-century English [[choirbook]]
* Naval records such as two of the '[[Anthony Roll]]s', illustrating the Royal Navy's ships {{circa|1546}}, including the ''[[Mary Rose]]''
* [[Sir Francis Drake]]'s personal [[almanac]]
* Over 1,800 printed [[ballad]]s, one of the finest collections in existence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emc.english.ucsb.edu/ballad_project/|title=UCSB English Broadside Ballad Archive|work=ucsb.edu|access-date=17 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114221738/http://emc.english.ucsb.edu/ballad_project/|archive-date=14 January 2010}}</ref>

The library includes an extensive collection of documents relating to the administration of the navy in Pepys' time. These have been used as a dominant source for understanding how the navy was governed and the level of influence exerted by those involved. Comparison of notes made by Pepys' brother John of a meeting on 22 July 1676 with the official minutes taken by Samuel calls into question the completeness and accuracy of the latter. For instance, the official minutes make no mention that the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] even attended, when John's notes make clear that the Duke was an active participant. The suggestion is made that Samuel Pepys' naval journal presents a "flawed and incomplete picture" of how the navy was run in the 1670s, despite it being a key source, widely cited by historians.{{sfnp|Davies|2017|pp=257-261}}

Pepys made detailed provisions in his will for the preservation of his book collection. His nephew and heir John Jackson died in 1723, when it was transferred intact to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where it can be seen in the [[Pepys Library]]. The bequest included all the original bookcases and his elaborate instructions that placement of the books "be strictly reviewed and, where found requiring it, more nicely adjusted".

The Ephemera Society emblem uses Pepys' portrait and characterizes him as "the first general ephemerist."<ref>[http://www.ephemera-society.org.uk/about.html About the Ephemera Society] The Ephemera Society.</ref> Two large albums of [[ephemera]] saved by Pepys are in his library.

==Publication history of the diary==
[[File:Samuel Pepys diary manuscript volumes.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|The six volumes of the diary manuscript]]

Motivated by the publication of [[John Evelyn's Diary]] in 1818, [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Granville|Lord Granville]] deciphered a few pages.{{sfnp|Hammerton|1937}}{{page needed|date=April 2022}} [[John Smith (Anglican priest)|John Smith]] (later the [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Church of St Mary the Virgin, Baldock|St Mary the Virgin]] in [[Baldock]]) was then engaged to transcribe the diaries into plain English. He laboured at this task for three years, from 1819 to 1822, unaware until nearly finished that a key to the shorthand system was stored in Pepys' library a few shelves above the diary volumes. Others had apparently succeeded in reading the diary earlier, perhaps knowing about the key, because a work of 1812 quotes from a passage of it.{{sfnp|Bryson|2010|pp=211–212}} Smith's transcription, which is also kept in the Pepys Library, was the basis for the first published edition of the diary, edited by [[Richard Griffin, 3rd Baron Braybrooke|Lord Braybrooke]], released in two volumes in 1825 along with selected correspondence. The second edition was brought out in 1828. An enlarged third edition was published in 1848. The fourth edition was published in 1854.

A second transcription, done with the benefit of the key but often less accurately, was completed in 1875 by [[Mynors Bright]] and published in 1875–1879.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pepys.info/ |title=Samuel Pepys Diary |access-date=9 March 2005 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117023558/http://www.pepys.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This added about a third to the previously published text, but still left only about 80% of the diary in print.{{sfnp|Wheatley|1893|loc=Prefacs}} [[Henry B. Wheatley]], drawing on both his predecessors, produced a new edition in 1893–1899,{{sfnp|Wheatley|1893}} revised in 1926 with extensive notes and an index.

All of these editions omitted passages (chiefly about Pepys' sexual adventures) that the editors thought were too obscene ever to be printed. Wheatley, in the preface to his edition, noted, "a few passages which cannot possibly be printed. It may be thought by some that these omissions are due to an unnecessary squeamishness, but it is not really so, and readers are therefore asked to have faith in the judgement of the editor." Wheatley claims to have indicated all such omissions with an ellipsis, but comparison with the modern text indicates that he did not always do this, and that he silently bowdlerised a number of words.<ref>Introduction in Vol.1 of the Latham/Matthews edn.</ref>

The complete, unexpurgated, and definitive edition, edited and transcribed by [[Robert Latham (editor)|Robert Latham]]<!-- NOT Robert Gordon Latham --> and William Matthews, was published by Bell & Hyman, London, and the [[University of California Press]], Berkeley, in nine volumes, along with separate Companion and Index volumes, over the years 1970–1983. Various single-volume abridgements of this text are also available.

The Introduction in Volume I provides a scholarly but readable account of "The Diarist", "The Diary" ("The Manuscript", "The Shorthand", and "The Text"), "History of Previous Editions", "The Diary as Literature", and "The Diary as History". The Companion provides a long series of detailed essays about Pepys and his world.

The first unabridged recording of the diary as an audiobook was published in 2015 by ''Naxos AudioBooks''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gyford |first=Phil |date=4 August 2011 |title=New unabridged diary audiobook in 2015 |url=https://www.pepysdiary.com/news/2014/12/18/14017/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=pepysdiary.com}}</ref>

On 1 January 2003 Phil Gyford started a [[weblog]], pepysdiary.com, that serialised the diary one day each evening together with annotations from the public and experts alike. In December 2003 the blog won the best specialist blog award in ''[[The Guardian]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Best of British Blogs.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/online/weblogs/story/0,14024,1108883,00.html |date=18 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208185322/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/weblogs/story/0,14024,1108883,00.html |archive-date=8 February 2007|title=The best of British blogging |quote=prize went to Phil Gyford's remarkable Pepys's Diary. |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> In 2021, Gyford noted the existence of the Samuel Pepys [[Twitter]] account; set up in 2008, the account similarly serialises Pepys' diary each day.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gyford |first=Phil |url=https://www.pepysdiary.com/news/2021/09/28/14097/ |title=The Twitter feed in Bill Bailey's show |date=28 September 2021 |website=pepysdiary.com |access-date=10 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211110143827/https://www.pepysdiary.com/news/2021/09/28/14097/ |archive-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line--> |url=https://twitter.com/samuelpepys/ |title=Samuel Pepys |access-date=10 November 2021 |website=twitter.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211110144016/https://twitter.com/samuelpepys/ |archive-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref>

==Adaptations==
In 1958, the BBC produced a serial called ''[[The Diary of Samuel Pepys]]'', in which [[Peter Sallis]] played the title role. In 2003, a television film, ''[[The Private Life of Samuel Pepys]]'' aired on [[BBC2]], in which [[Steve Coogan]] played Pepys. The 2004 film ''[[Stage Beauty]]'' concerns London theatre in the 17th century and is based on [[Jeffrey Hatcher]]'s play ''Compleat Female Stage Beauty'', which in turn was inspired by a reference in Pepys' diary to the actor [[Edward Kynaston (actor)|Edward Kynaston]], who played female roles in the days when women were forbidden to appear on stage. Pepys is a character in the film and is portrayed as an ardent devotee of the theatre. [[Hugh Bonneville]] plays Pepys. [[Daniel Mays]] portrays Pepys in ''[[The Great Fire (TV series)|The Great Fire]]'', a 2014 BBC television miniseries. Pepys has also been portrayed in various other film and television productions, played by diverse actors including [[Mervyn Johns]], [[Michael Palin]], [[Michael Graham Cox]] and [[Philip Jackson (actor)|Philip Jackson]].

[[BBC Radio 4]] has broadcast serialised radio dramatisations of the diary. In the 1990s it was performed as a ''Classic Serial'' starring [[Bill Nighy]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Anomymous |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A Radio 4 Classic Serial (BBC Classic Collection) |date=3 January 1995 |publisher=BBC Audiobooks Ltd |id={{ASIN|0563390069|country=uk}} }}</ref> and in the 2010s it was serialised as part of the ''[[Woman's Hour]]'' radio magazine programme.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gyford |first=Phil |url=http://www.pepysdiary.com/news/2011/08/04/12801/ |title=New BBC Pepys radio drama |date=4 August 2011 |website=pepysdiary.com |publisher=Pepys Diary |access-date=18 September 2015 }}</ref> One audiobook edition of Pepys' diary selections is narrated by [[Kenneth Branagh]]. A fictionalised Pepys narrates the second chapter of [[Harry Turtledove]]'s science fiction novel ''[[A Different Flesh]]'' (serialised 1985–1988, book form 1988). This chapter is entitled "And So to Bed" and written in the form of entries from the Pepys diary. The entries detail Pepys' encounter with American ''[[Homo erectus]]'' specimens (imported to London as beasts of burden) and his formation of the "transformational theory of life", thus causing [[evolutionary theory]] to gain a foothold in scientific thought in the 17th century rather than the 19th. [[Deborah Swift]]'s 2017 novel ''Pleasing Mr Pepys'' is described as a "re-imagining of the events in Samuel Pepys's Diary".<ref name="pleasing">{{cite web|title=Pleasing Mr Pepys|url=http://www.deborahswift.com/book/pleasing-mr-pepys/|publisher=Deborah Swift|access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref> The 2022 book ''The Lost Diary of Samuel Pepys'' by [[Jack Jewers]] imagined a secret continuation of Pepys' diaries, in which he became an unwilling agent for the crown.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moonflowerbooks.co.uk/the-lost-diary-of-samuel-pepys | title=The Lost Diary of Samuel Pepys }}</ref> The novel, which was named a ''[[Sunday Times]]'' historical fiction book of the year,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/reads-back-in-time-n803x0v58 | title=The reads that will take you back in time | date=28 November 2022 }}</ref> is to be followed by a sequel, ''The King's Man'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jackjewers.com/kings-man | title=The King's Man }}</ref> in 2025.

==Biographical studies==
[[File:Samuel Pepys pub.jpg|thumb|right|This pub in Mayfair was named after Pepys; it closed in 2008.]]
Several detailed studies of Pepys' life are available. [[Arthur Bryant]] published his three-volume study in 1933–1938, long before the definitive edition of the diary, but, thanks to Bryant's lively style, it is still of interest. In 1974, [[Richard Ollard]] produced a new biography that drew on Latham's and Matthew's work on the text, benefiting from the author's deep knowledge of Restoration politics. Other biographies include: ''Samuel Pepys: A Life'', by Stephen Coote (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2000) and, ''Samuel Pepys and His World'', by [[Geoffrey Trease]] (London: Thames and Hudson, 1972).{{sfnp|Trease|1972}}

The most recent general study, ''[[Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self]]'', is by [[Claire Tomalin]]. Tomalin's book won the [[Costa Book Awards|2002 Whitbread Book of the Year]] award, the judges calling it a "rich, thoughtful and deeply satisfying" account that unearths "a wealth of material about the uncharted life of Samuel Pepys".<ref name=Tomalin>{{cite web |title=Samuel Pepys by Claire Tomalin |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/396173/samuel-pepys-by-claire-tomalin/9780241963265 |website=Penguin Random House Canada |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210435/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/396173/samuel-pepys-by-claire-tomalin/9780241963265 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
| image             = Samuel_Pepys_Coat_of_Arms.svg
| crest             = A camel's head erased bridled and lined ducally gorged.
| escutcheon  = Quarterly 1 & 4. On a bend between two horses heads erased three fleurs de lys (Pepys) 2 & 3. A lion rampant within a bordure engrailed (Talbot).
| motto             = '''Mens Cujusque Is Est Quisque'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://armorial.library.utoronto.ca/stamp-owners/PEP001 |title=British Armorial Bindings: Pepys, Samuel (1633 -1703) |publisher=University of Toronto Libraries |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[John Evelyn]] – contemporary diarist
* [[Rota Club]]
* [[Samuel Pepys Club]]
* [[List of diarists]]
* [[List of presidents of the Royal Society]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
===Editions of letters and other publications===
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Henry B. |editor-last=Wheatley |year=1893 |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys M.A. F.R.S. |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |editor-link=Henry B. Wheatley |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofsamuelpep05pepy }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Joseph Robson |editor-last=Tanner |orig-date=1690 |date=1906 |title=The Memoires of the Royal Navy |publisher=Ben Griffin |location=London |editor-link=Joseph Robson Tanner |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028019275/page/n24/mode/1up }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Joseph Robson |editor-last=Tanner |year=1926 |title=Naval Minutes |publisher=The Naval Records Society |location=London |editor-link=Joseph Robson Tanner |url=https://archive.org/details/samuelpepyssnava0060pepy/page/1/mode/1up }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Joseph Robson |editor-last=Tanner |year=1926 |title=Private Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |editor-link=Joseph Robson Tanner |url=https://archive.org/details/privatecorrespon0000edsa/page/1/mode/1up }}
* {{Cite book |editor-first=Joseph Robson |editor-last=Tanner |year=1929 |title=Further Correspondence |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |editor-link=Joseph Robson Tanner |url=https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof0000jrta/page/n23/mode/2up }}
* Pepys, Samuel (1933) Edwin Chappell ed. '' The Shorthand letters of Samuel Pepys ''Cambridge University Press 
* Pepys, Samuel (1955) Helen Truesdell Heath ed. '' The letters of Samuel Pepys and his family circle ''Oxford, Clarendon Press
* Pepys, Samuel (1995) Robert Latham ed. '' Samuel Pepys and the Second Dutch War. Pepys's Navy White Book and Brooke House Papers ''Aldershot: Scholar Press for the Navy Records Society [Publications, Vol 133] {{ISBN|1-85928-136-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |editor=Guy de la Bedoyere |year=2005 |edition=2nd |title=Particular friends: the correspondence of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |location=Woodbridge |isbn=1-84383-134-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |editor=Guy de la Bedoyere |year=2006 |title=The letters of Samuel Pepys, 1656–1703 |publisher=Boydell |location=Woodbridge |isbn=1-84383-197-X }}
{{Refend}}

===The Diary (Definitive and Unexpurgated Edition)===
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Volume I. Introduction and 1660. {{ISBN|0-7135-1551-1}}
* Volume II. 1661. {{ISBN|0-7135-1552-X}}
* Volume III. 1662. {{ISBN|0-7135-1553-8}}
* Volume IV. 1663. {{ISBN|0-7135-1554-6}}
* Volume V. 1664. {{ISBN|0-7135-1555-4}}
* Volume VI. 1665. {{ISBN|0-7135-1556-2}}
* Volume VII. 1666. {{ISBN|0-7135-1557-0}}
* Volume VIII. 1667. {{ISBN|0-7135-1558-9}}
* Volume IX. 1668–9. {{ISBN|0-7135-1559-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |editor=C. S. Knighton |year=2004 |title=Pepys's later diaries |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud |isbn=0-7509-3656-8 }}
* Volume X. Companion. {{ISBN|0-7135-1993-2}}
* Volume XI. Index. {{ISBN|0-7135-1994-0}}
{{Refend}}

===Cited secondary sources===
{{Refbegin|35em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Bryant |year=1933 |title=Samuel Pepys (I: The man in the making. II: The years of peril. III: The saviour of the navy) |publisher=University Press |location=Cambridge |edition=Revised 1948. Reprinted 1934, 1961, etc. |id={{LCC|DA447.P4|B8}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Bryson |first=Bill |date=2010 |title=At Home |location=Canada |publisher=Anchor Random House |isbn=978-0385661645 |author-link=Bill Bryson}}
* {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Peter |title=The Story of Nell Gwyn |editor-first=Gordon |editor-last=Goodwin |location=Edinburgh |publisher=John Grant |year=1908}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=J. D. |title=Kings of the Sea: Charles II, James II and the Royal Navy |date=2017 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84832-400-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Foxen |first=David |year=1963 |title=Libertine Literature in England, 1660–1745 |journal=[[The Book Collector]] |volume=12 |number=1 |pages=21–35}} (spring)
* {{cite book |last=Hammerton |first=J.A. |title=Outline of Great Books |location=New York |publisher=Wise & Co. |year=1937}}
* {{cite book |title=The House of Commons, 1660–1690 |volume=III, Members M–Y |last=Henning |first=Basil Duke |publisher=Secker & Warburg |location=London |year=1983 |isbn=0-436-19274-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Kuiper |first=Kathleen |title=Prose: Literary Terms and Concepts |date=2011 |publisher=Rosen Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-1615304943}}
* {{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Edmund |title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |year=1861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5O8NAAAAQAAJ&dq=Mens+cujusque+is+est+Quisque&pg=PA835}}
* {{cite book |last=Montague-Smith |first=Patrick W |title=Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage and companionage: with Her Majesty's Royal warrant holders, 1968 ... |date=1968 |publisher=Kelley's Directories |language=en |oclc=8808676 |ref={{sfnref|Debrett's peerage|1968}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Stigler |first=S. M. |title=Isaac Newton as Probabilist |journal=Statistical Science |volume=21 |year=2006 |issue=3 |pages=400–403 |doi=10.1214/088342306000000312 |s2cid=17471221 |doi-access=free |arxiv=math/0701089}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ollard |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Ollard |year=1984 |title=Pepys: a biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |orig-year=1974 |isbn=0-19-281466-4}}
* {{Cite book |title=The sugar barons : family, corruption, empire, and war in the West Indies |first=Matthew |last=Parker |date=2011 |publisher=Walker & Co |isbn=9780802717443 |location=New York |oclc=682894539}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tomalin |first=Claire |author-link=Claire Tomalin |year=2002 |title=Samuel Pepys: the unequalled self |publisher=Viking |location=London |isbn=0-670-88568-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Trease |first=Geoffrey |title=Samuel Pepys and his world |publisher=Jorrold and Son |location=Norwich, Great Britain |year=1972}}
* [[Andrew Godsell]] "Samuel Pepys: A Man and His Diary" in "Legends of British History" 2008
* {{cite ODNB |last=Knighton |first=C. S. |title=Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) |year=2004}}
* {{london encyclopedia}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book |last=Coote |first=Stephen |title=Samuel Pepys: A Life |location=London |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=2000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Driver |first1=C. |last2=Berridale-Johnson |first2=M. |title=Pepys at Table |location=London |publisher=Bell & Hyman |year=1984}}
* {{cite book |last=Knighton |first=C. S. |title=Pepys and the Navy |location=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |year=2003}}
* {{cite book |last1=Long |first1=James |last2=Long |first2=Ben |title=The Plot Against Pepys |location=Woodstock, NY and New York |publisher=Overlook Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59020-069-8}} A detailed account of the Popish Plot and Pepys's involvement in it, 1679–1680.
*Loveman, Kate. 2015. ''Samuel Pepys and His Books: Reading Newsgathering and Sociability 1660–1703.'' 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Loveman, Kate (2022). "Women and the History of Samuel Pepys's Diary". ''The Historical Journal.''
* Loveman, Kate (2025). ‘’The Strange History of Samuel Pepys's Diary.’’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* {{cite book |last=Rodger |first=N. A. M. |author-link=N. A. M. Rodger |title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 |location=London |year=2004}}. Includes an extensive specialist annotated bibliography. US edition published in New York, 2005.

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt = no| b = no | q = Samuel Pepys | s = Author:Samuel Pepys | commons = Category:Samuel Pepys | n = no | v = no | species = no | d = Q106143 | display = Samuel Pepys | author  = no }}

;Works online
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/samuel-pepys}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1181 | name=Samuel Pepys}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Samuel Pepys}}
* {{Librivox author |id=2306}}

;Portals about Pepys
* Phil Gyford's [http://www.pepysdiary.com/ Samuel Pepys's diary], which provides a daily entry from the diary, detailed background articles, plus annotations from readers.
* [http://www.pepys.info/ Duncan Grey's pages on Pepys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117023558/http://www.pepys.info/ |date=17 January 2021 }}

;Other sites
* [http://www.magd.cam.ac.uk/pepys/ Pepys library] online at Magdalene College, Cambridge, including an essay by Robert Latham
* [https://www.pepysdiary.com/ Pepysdiary.com], a comprehensive website with all entries from the diary 
* [http://www.magdlibs.wordpress.com/ Magdalene College Libraries' Blog], including the Pepys Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225233235/http://emc.english.ucsb.edu/ballad_project/index.asp Pepys Ballad Archive]
* [http://www.pepys-club.org.uk/ The Samuel Pepys Club]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070808200602/http://www.infobritain.co.uk/Samuel_Pepys_Biography_And_Visits.htm Pepys, Visits]
* [https://www.imdb.com/character/ch0024111/?ref_=fn_ch_ch_8 Internet Movies Database: list of actors who have portrayed Pepys in visual media].

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{{Royal Society presidents 1600s}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|England}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pepys, Samuel}}
[[Category:1633 births]]
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[[Category:17th-century Royal Navy personnel]]
[[Category:17th-century English diarists]]
[[Category:17th-century English male writers]]
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[[Category:People from English Tangier]]
[[Category:Pepys family|Samuel]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Second Anglo-Dutch War]]