View source for Sancho Ramírez

{{Short description|King of Aragon from 1063 to 1094}}
{{about|the king of Aragon|his half-brother|Sancho Ramírez, Count of Ribagorza|the king of Viguera|Sancho Ramírez of Viguera}}
{{Redirect|Sancho of Aragon}}
{{Infobox royalty
| type = monarch
| name = Sancho Ramírez
| succession = [[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]
| image = Mancuso de Sancho Ramírez.jpg
| caption= Gold [[mancuso]] of Sancho
| reign = 1063–1094
| predecessor = [[Ramiro I of Aragon|Ramiro I]]
| successor = [[Peter I of Aragon and Navarre|Peter I]]
| succession1 = [[List of Navarrese monarchs|King of Pamplona]]
| reign1 = 1076–1094
| predecessor1 = [[Sancho IV of Pamplona|Sancho IV]]
| successor1 = [[Peter I of Aragon and Navarre|Peter I]]
| house = [[Jiménez dynasty|House of Jiménez]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1042
| birth_place = 
| death_date = {{death date|1094|06|04|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Huesca]], [[Kingdom of Aragon]]
| place of burial = [[Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña]]
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Isabella of Urgell]]|1062|1071|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Felicia of Roucy]]|1071}}}}
| issue = {{plainlist|[[Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona]]
* Fernando Sánchez
* [[Alfonso the Battler|Alfonso I the Battler]]
* [[Ramiro II of Aragon|Ramiro II the Monk]]}}
| father = [[Ramiro I of Aragon]]
| mother = [[Ermesinda of Bigorre]]
}}
[[File:Ramiro I y Sancho Ramírez.jpg|thumb|Sancho (''Sancius filius'', Sancho the son) with his father, King Ramiro (''Ranimirus rex'')<br>{{small|From a thirteenth-century manuscript of Jaca}}]]
'''Sancho Ramírez''' ({{circa}} 1042 – 4 June 1094) was [[Kingdom of Aragón|King of Aragon]] from 1063 until 1094 and [[Kingdom of Pamplona|King of Pamplona]] from 1076 under the name of '''Sancho V''' ({{langx|eu|Antso V.a Ramirez}}). He was the eldest son of [[Ramiro I of Aragon|Ramiro I]] and [[Ermesinda of Bigorre]]. His father was the first king of Aragon and an illegitimate son of [[Sancho III of Pamplona]]. He inherited the Aragonese crown from his father in 1063.<ref name="genealogy">Vicente Salas Merino, ''La Genealogía de los Reyes de España'', (Visionnet, 2007), 220.</ref> Sancho Ramírez was chosen king of Pamplona by Navarrese noblemen after [[Sancho IV of Pamplona|Sancho IV]] was murdered by his siblings.

==Biography==

Sancho Ramírez succeeded his father as second [[Kingdom of Aragón|King of Aragon]] in 1063.<ref name="genealogy" /> Between 1067 and 1068, the [[War of the Three Sanchos]] involved him in a conflict with his first cousins, both also named Sancho: [[Sancho IV of Navarre|Sancho IV]] the [[king of Navarre]] and [[Sancho II of Castile|Sancho II]] the [[king of Castile]], respectively.  The Castilian Sancho was trying to retake [[Bureba]] and [[Alta Rioja]], which his father had given away to the king of Navarre and failed to retake.  The Navarrese Sancho begged the aid of the Aragonese Sancho to defend his kingdom.  Sancho of Castile defeated the two cousins and retook both Bureba and Alta Rioja, as well as [[Álava]].

Sancho Ramírez followed his father's practice, not using the royal title early in his reign even though his state had become fully independent. This changed in 1076, when [[Sancho IV of Navarre]] was murdered by his own siblings, thus prompting a succession crisis in this neighboring kingdom that represented Aragon's nominal overlord.{{sfn|Barton|1997|p=9}} At first, the murdered king's young son, García, who had fled to [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], was recognized as titular king by [[Alfonso VI of Castile|Alfonso VI]], while Sancho Ramírez recruited to his side noblemen of Navarre who resented their kingdom falling under Alfonso's influence. The crisis was resolved by partition. Sancho Ramírez was elected King of Navarre, while he ceded previously contested western provinces of the kingdom to Alfonso. From this time, Sancho referred to himself as king not only of Aragon  but also Navarre.

Sancho [[War of Barbastro|conquered Barbastro]] in 1064, [[Graus]] in 1083, and [[Monzón]] in 1089. He was defeated by [[El Cid]], who was raiding his lands and those of his Muslim allies, at the [[Battle of Morella]], probably in 1084.{{sfn|Reilly|1992|p=109}} He perished in 1094 at the battle of Huesca.{{sfn|Makki|1994|p=55}}

Sancho contracted his first marriage in {{circa|1065}}, to [[Isabella of Urgell|Isabella]] (died {{circa|1071}}), daughter of Count [[Armengol III of Urgel]]. They were divorced 1071. His second marriage, in 1076, was with [[Felicia of Roucy|Felicia]] (died 3 May 1123), daughter of [[Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier]]. A third marriage—to [[Philippa of Toulouse]]—is sometimes given,<ref>Richard, Alfred, ''Histoire de Comtes de Poitou, 778–1204''</ref> but contemporary evidence records him as still married to Felicia at the time of his death.<ref>Szabolcs de VAJAY, "Ramire II le Moine, roi d'Aragon et Agnes de Poitou dans l'histoire et la légende", in ''Mélanges offerts à René Crozet'', 2 vol, Poitiers, 1966, vol 2, p 727-750; and Ruth E Harvey, "The wives of the first troubadour Duke William IX of Aquitaine", in ''[[Journal of Medieval History]]'', vol 19, 1993, p 315. Harvey states that, contrary to prior assumptions, William IX was certainly Philippa of Toulouse's only husband. Vajay states that the marriage to an unnamed king of Aragon reported by a non-contemporary chronicler is imaginary, even though it has appeared broadly in modern histories, and likewise he cites J de Salarrullana de Dios, ''Documentos correspondientes al reinado de Sancho Ramirez'', Saragossa, 1907, vol I, nr 51, p 204-207 to document that Felicia was clearly still married to Sancho months before his death, making the marriage to Philippa several years earlier, as reported in several modern popular biographies of her granddaughter, completely unsupportable.</ref> He was father of four sons: by Isabella, he had [[Peter I of Aragon|Peter]], his successor; by Felicia he had Ferdinand, who was alive in 1086 but died within the next decade, [[Alfonso I of Aragon|Alfonso]], who succeeded Peter, and [[Ramiro II of Aragon|Ramiro]], who succeeded Alfonso.<ref>An origin legend of the house of Ayala gives him another son, [[Velasgutto de Ayala|Vela or Velasgutto de Ayala]], by a Barcelonan lady. An alternative version makes the father Ramiro I. This story is without solid foundation, and may represent a confused memory of a feudal relationship with [[Sancho Ramírez of Viguera]] and his Vela clan vassals.</ref>

==Marriage and family==

Sancho Ramírez married [[Isabella of Urgell]],{{sfn|Mann|2009|p=108}} daughter of [[Ermengol III, Count of Urgell|Ermengol III]], [[Counts of Urgell|Count of Urgell]] around the year 1062. They had one known child:

* [[Peter I of Aragon and Navarre|Peter]] (c. 1068 – 1104), known as "the Catholic", who ruled as [[Kingdom of Aragon|King of Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Pamplona|Pamplona]] from 1094 until 1104. Peter married [[Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre|Agnes of Aquitaine]].

Sancho Ramírez remarried around 1071 with [[Felicia of Roucy]], daughter of [[Hilduin IV, Count of Montdidier]].{{sfn|Brundage|1998|p=12}} They had three children:

* Fernando Sánchez (1071 – 1094)<ref>Lema Pueyo (2008:48)</ref>
* [[Alfonso the Battler|Alfonso Sánchez]] ({{circa}} 1073 – 1134), known as "the Battler", [[Kingdom of Aragon|King of Aragon]] and [[Kingdom of Pamplona|Pamplona]] from 1104 until 1134.{{sfn|Guenée|1978|p=472}} He married [[Urraca of León]], [[Kingdom of León|Queen of León]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]]. Their marriage was annulled in 1112.
* [[Ramiro II of Aragon|Ramiro Sánchez]] (1086 – 1157), known as "the Monk", [[Kingdom of Aragon|King of Aragon]] between 1134 and 1157, and married to [[Agnes of Aquitaine, wife of Ramiro II of Aragon|Agnes of Aquitaine]] in her second marriage after Viscount of Thouars, Aimery V.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Simon |last=Barton |title=The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century León and Castile |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 }}
*{{cite book |title=On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan |first=James A. |last=Brundage |chapter=Force and Fear: A Marriage Case from Eleventh-Century Aragon |editor-first1=Donald J. |editor-last1=Kagay |editor-first2=Theresa M. |editor-last2=Vann |volume=19 |publisher=Brill |year=1998 }}
*{{cite book |first=Domingo |last=Buesa Conde |title=Sancho Ramírez, rey de aragoneses y pamploneses (1064–1094)  |publisher=Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Zaragoza, Aragón y Rioja |year=1996 |location=Zaragoza}}
*{{cite book |first=Ángel |last=Canellas López |title=Colección diplomática de Sancho Ramírez |publisher=Real Sociedad Económica Aragonesa de Amigos del País |location=Zaragoza  |year=1993}}
*{{cite journal |title=Les généalogies entre l'histoire et la politique: la fierté d'être Capétien, en France, au Moyen Age |first=Bernard |last=Guenée |journal=Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales |volume=33e Année, No. 3 (May - Jun.) |year=1978 |issue=3 |pages=450–477 |doi=10.3406/ahess.1978.293943 |language=French}}
*{{cite book |first=Ana Isabel |last=Lapeña Paúl |title=Sancho Ramírez, rey de Aragón (¿1064?–1094) y rey de Navarra (1076–1094) |publisher=Ediciones Trea |year=2004 |location=Gijón}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Political History of al-Andalus (92/711-897/1492) |first=Mahmoud |last=Makki |title= The Legacy of Muslim Spain |editor-first=Salma Khadra |editor-last=Jayyusi |publisher=Brill |year=1994 }}
*{{cite book |title=Romanesque Architecture and Its Sculptural Decoration in Christian Spain, 1000-1120: Exploring Frontiers and Defining Identities |first=Janice |last=Mann |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Lynn H. |last=Nelson |title=The Foundation of Jaca (1076): Urban Growth in Early Aragon |journal=Speculum |year=1978 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=688–708|doi=10.2307/2849781 |jstor=2849781 |s2cid=154602626 }}
*{{cite book|last=Reilly|first= Bernard F.|title=The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109|year=1989|publisher= Princeton University Press |url =http://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/index.htm|isbn= 9788487103032}}
*{{cite book |first=Bernard F. |last=Reilly |title=The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031–1157 |publisher=Wiley |year=1992}}
*{{cite book |first=Bernard F. |last=Reilly |title=The Medieval Spains |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993}}
*{{cite book |editor-first=Esteban |editor-last=Sarasa Sánchez |title=Sancho Ramírez, rey de Aragón, y su tiempo (1064–1094) |location=Huesca |publisher=Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses |year=1994}}
*{{cite journal |first=Damian |last=Smith |year=1996 |title=Sancho Ramírez and the Roman Rite |journal=Studies in Church History |volume=32 |pages=95–105|doi=10.1017/S0424208400015357 |s2cid=163952975 }}
*{{cite journal |first=Antonio |last=Ubieto Arteta |title=Homenaje de Aragón a Castilla por el condado de Navarra |journal=Estudios de Edad Media de la Corona de Aragón |volume=3 |year=1948 |pages=7–28}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Jiménez]]||{{circa|1042}}|4 Juni|1094}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ramiro I of Aragon|Ramiro I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]|years=1063–1094}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Peter I of Aragon|Peter I]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sancho IV of Navarre|Sancho IV]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Navarrese monarchs|King of Navarre]]|years=1076–1094}}
{{S-end}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramirez, Sancho, King Of Aragon And Navarre}}
[[Category:1040s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1094 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Burials at the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña]]
[[Category:11th-century people from the Kingdom of Pamplona]]