View source for Sandomierz

{{short description|Town in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sandomierz
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 2/1
| total_width = 270
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sandomierz-Rathaus-4.jpg
| caption1 = Town Hall
| image2 = Sandomierz-Michaelskirche.jpg
| caption2 = St. Michael's Church
| image3 = Sandomierz-Ring-3.jpg
| caption3 = Old townhouses at the Market Square
}}
| image_flag = POL Sandomierz flag.svg
| image_shield = POL Sandomierz COA.svg
| pushpin_map = Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship#Poland
| pushpin_label_position = left
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag| Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship|name=Świętokrzyskie}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Polish counties|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sandomierz County]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_name3 = Sandomierz <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| leader_party = [[Polish People's Party|PSL]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Paweł Niedźwiedź
| established_title3 = Town rights
| established_date3 = before 1227
| elevation_m = 200
| area_total_km2 = 28.8
| population_as_of = 2017<ref name=PWL>{{cite web|url= http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Sandomierz|title=Sandomierz (świętokrzyskie)|website=Polska w liczbach|access-date=3 November 2019|language=pl}}</ref>
| population_total = 23863
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| coordinates = {{coord|50|41|N|21|45|E|region:PL|display=it}}
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 27-600
| area_code = +48 15
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = TSA
| blank_name_sec2 = [[National roads in Poland|National roads]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:DK77-PL.svg|32px]] [[File:DK79-PL.svg|32px]]
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=10 |height=300 |width= | stroke-width=0.5 |shape-fill-opacity=0.2 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| website = {{URL|www.sandomierz.pl}}
| footnotes = {{designation list|embed=yes
| designation1 = Historic Monument of Poland
| designation1_date = 2017-11-22
| designation1_number = Dz. U. z 2017 r. poz. 2273<ref>{{Cite Polish law|title=Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 22 listopada 2017 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Sandomierz - historyczny zespół architektoniczno-krajobrazowy"|year=2017|number=2273}}</ref>
}}}} 
'''Sandomierz''' (<small>pronounced:</small> {{IPAc-pl|AUD|pl-Sandomierz.ogg|sanˈdɔmjɛʂ}}; {{langx|la|Sandomiria}}, {{langx|yi|צויזמר, צוזמיר|Tsouzmer, Tsoyzmer}}<ref name="Beider">{{cite journal |last1=Beider |first1=Alexander |title=Eastern Yiddish Toponyms of German Origin |journal=Yiddish Studies Today |date=2012 |volume=ISBN 978-3-943460-09-4; ISSN 2194-8879 |issue=düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2012 |url=https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-23711/27_Leket_Beider_Eastern_Yiddish_Toponyms_of_German_Origin_A.pdf |access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>) is a historic town in south-eastern [[Poland]] with 23,863 inhabitants ({{as of | 2017 | lc = on}}), situated on the [[Vistula River]] near its confluence with the [[San River|San]], in the [[Sandomierz Basin]]. It has been part of [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship]] (Holy Cross Province) since its transfer from the [[Tarnobrzeg]] Voivodeship in 1999. It is the capital of [[Sandomierz County]]. Sandomierz is known for its preserved Old Town, a major cultural and tourist attraction which the President of Poland declared a [[List of Historic Monuments (Poland)|National Monument of Poland]] in 2017.

In the past, Sandomierz was one of the most important urban centers not only of [[Lesser Poland]], but also of the whole country. It was a [[royal city in Poland|royal city]] of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]] and functioned as a regional administrative centre from the [[High Middle Ages]] to the 19th century.

== Etymology ==
The name of the city might have originated from the [[Old Polish language|Old Polish]] ''{{lang|pl|Sędomir}}'', composed of ''{{lang|pl|Sędzi-}}'' (from the verb ''{{lang|pl|sądzić}}'' "to judge") and ''{{lang|pl|mir}}'' ("peace"), or more likely from the antiquated [[given name]] Sędzimir, once popular in several Slavic languages.<ref>Stanisław Rospond, ''Słownik etymologiczny miast i gmin PRL'', Wrocław 1984, {{ISBN|83-04-01090-9}}.</ref> Sandomierz is known in [[Latin language|Latin]] as {{lang|la|Sandomiria}} and in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] as {{lang|yi|צויזמיר}} ({{Transliteration|yi|Tzoyzmir}}). Sandor is short form of Aleksander. “Mierz” means measure in Polish language. In conclusion this land is named Sandor’s measure, or Sandor’s Land.

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Sandomierz baszta 2.JPG|thumb|left|[[Opatów Gate]]]]
Sandomierz is one of the oldest and historically most significant cities in Poland. Archeological finds around the city indicate that humans have inhabited the area since [[Neolithic]] times. The city came into existence in the early [[Middle Ages]], taking advantage of an excellent location at the junction of [[Vistula]] and [[San River|San]] rivers, and on the path of important trade routes. The first known historical mention of the city comes from the early 12th century, when the chronicler [[Gallus Anonymus]] ranked it together with [[Kraków]] and [[Wrocław]] as one of the main cities of Poland. The [[Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty|testament]] (ca 1115–1118) of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]], in which he divided Poland among his sons, designated Sandomierz as the capital of one of the resulting principalities, the [[Duchy of Sandomierz]].

In the early 13th century, the second oldest Dominican monastery in Poland (after [[Kraków]]) and one of the oldest in Europe was founded in Sandomierz. In the course of the 13th century the city suffered grievous damage during the raids by [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] in [[Sack of Sandomierz (1241)|1241]], [[Sack of Sandomierz (1260)|1260]] and 1287. The old wooden buildings of the town were completely destroyed. As a result, in 1286 the [[List of Polish monarchs|High Duke of Poland]] [[Leszek II the Black]], effectively refounded the city under [[Magdeburg Law]] and granted [[staple right]].<ref>Stan Lewicki, ''Historja handlu w Polsce na tle przywilejów handlowych: (prawo składu)'', Warszawa 1920, p. 134 (in Polish)</ref> The city archives preserve the founding document. (An important note: in 1260, as the Tartars invaded Christian Sandomir, a community of Dominicans was praying Matins while a novice read the martyrology for the next day: "[[Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz|the 49 martyrs of Sandomir]]". When the friars realized they were being warned of their death, they spent the remainder of the night and all the next day preparing to meet the Lord. At last, after the brethren had finished praying Compline, and as they processed singing the ''Salve Regina'' to Mary, the Tartars broke through the church door. While the Tartars intended to bring death to these Dominicans, they actually brought them great gifts - crowns of martyrdom. Ever since, at the death of every Dominican a song to his Beloved Mother is sung to usher him into her arms - the ''Salve Regina'' (or ''Hail, Holy Queen'').<ref>
Blessed Sadoc and Companions "the 49 martyrs of Sandomir" http://www.sistersofmary.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=105&Itemid=76
</ref>

After the re-unification of the Polish lands in the 14th century, the former principality became the [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]], incorporating large areas of southeastern Poland. Until 1474, it was one of two voivodeships (administrative area/province) of Lesser Poland, together with [[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]]. In 1474, [[Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)|Lublin Voivodeship]] was created from eastern part of Sandomierz Voivodeship. At this time Sandomierz had about 3,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest Polish cities. In the middle of the 14th century the city was burned again during a raid by the [[Lithuanians]]. It was rebuilt during the rule of king [[Casimir III of Poland]], who extended its privileges.<ref name=SA>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandomierz.pl/o-miescie/historia/1000-lat-historii/sandomierski-sklad-soli|title=Sandomierski skład soli|website=Sandomierz.pl|access-date=8 November 2019|language=pl|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028082743/http://www.sandomierz.pl/o-miescie/historia/1000-lat-historii/sandomierski-sklad-soli|url-status=dead}}</ref> The layout of the city has survived practically unchanged since that time until the present day. In 1389 in Sandomierz the newly appointed prince of the [[Novgorod Republic]], Lithuanian prince [[Lengvenis]], paid homage to Polish King [[Władysław II Jagiełło]], thus making Novgorod a fiefdom of the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbp.olsztyn.pl/grunwald/index.php?mnu=zwyciezcyiprzegrani&cnt=jagiello|title=Jagiełło|website=Na stronach ksiąg i Internetu. Bitwa pod Grunwaldem przez wieki|access-date=3 November 2019|language=pl}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Modern era===
[[File:P6230145 p.jpg|thumb|[[Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Sandomierz|Saint Michael the Archangel's Church]]]]
Over centuries, Sandomierz was in competition with the nearby town of Opatòw for the seat of regional administrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radoslaw |first=Kubicki |title=The city of Opatow and Opatöw landed estates under Austrian rule (1794 - 1809) |url=https://shron2.chtyvo.org.ua/Zbirnyk_statei/Die_galizische_Grenze_1772-1867_Kommunikation_oder_Isolation7_nim.pdf |access-date=2023-03-31}}</ref> In 1570 an alliance of non-Catholic Polish Churches, the Lutherans, the [[Calvinism|Reformed]], and the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Bohemian Brethren]], drew up what is known as the ''[[Sandomierz Agreement]]'', effecting a confederation of the work in order to stave off defeat at the hands of the Roman Church. Thanks to the efforts of the local [[starost]] Hieronim Gostomski, the [[Jesuits]] settled in the city and founded the [[Collegium Gostomianum]],<ref name=SA/> one Poland's oldest [[high school]]s, at the beginning of the 17th century.

The early modern period, running until the middle of the 17th century, was quite prosperous for the city.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} The most important historical buildings were built during this period. This golden age came to an end in 1655 when [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] forces captured the city in the course of the [[The Deluge (Polish history)|Deluge]]. After briefly holding out in the city, the withdrawing Swedes blew up the castle and caused heavy damage to other buildings. In the next 100 years the economy of Poland suffered a decline, which also affected the city. A great fire in 1757 and the [[Third Partition of Poland]] in 1795, which placed Sandomierz in [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], further reduced its status. As a result, Sandomierz lost its role as an administrative capital. In 1774, the oldest extant Polish piano was constructed in Sandomierz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Beniamin|year=2016|title=Kolekcja Zabytkowych Fortepianów im. Andrzeja Szwalbego w Ostromecku|language=pl,en|location=[[Bydgoszcz]]|publisher=Miejskie Centrum Kultury w Bydgoszczy|pages=13, 21|isbn=978-83-64942-08-2}}</ref> The 3rd Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Sandomierz in 1792.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|page=8}}</ref>

Fighting of the [[Austro-Polish War]] of 1809 caused damage to the city. Following the Polish victory, it became part of the short-lived Polish [[Duchy of Warsaw]] and after 1815 it found itself in the [[Russian Empire]] ([[Congress Poland]]). At this point the city had just 2640 inhabitants.

====Sandomierz Cathedral and St Paul's Church blood painting====
This cathedral contains a series of paintings built into the church's wooden panelling depicting the ''[[Martyrologium Romanum]]''. The third painting shows the scene which, it is claimed:<ref>Fr Edward Górecki Ph.D, ''A Guide to Sandomierz Cathedral.''</ref> "...depicts ritual murders committed in Sandomierz by Jews on Christian children. The inscription above the painting reads ''filius apothecary ab infidelibus judaeis sandomiriensibus occisus'' (son of an apothecary, by infidel Sandomierz Jews killed) <ref>Joanna Toarska-Bakir Ph.D., ''Sandomierz Blood-Libel Myths.'' Final Report 2006 by University of Warsaw.</ref>

The St Paul's Church contains a different series of paintings including one in the chancel, depicting the torment of Jerzy Krassowski who was allegedly strangled by the Jews. Discussion on these pictures has taken place with the participation of the Polish Jewish Community."The Polish Council of Christians and Jews has offered to finance a plaque with explanations of the painting and information about the official statements by various Popes".<ref>Poland and the Jews p.199, Stanislaw Krajewski, Kraków 2005</ref> This plaque is now displayed in the  St Paul's Church next to the picture in question.

===The world wars===
[[File:BASA-1221K-1-48-20.jpg|thumb|right|1914. Wounded in action Austro-Hungarian soldiers in Sandomierz during [[World War I]]]]
The city again suffered damage during [[World War I]]. In 1918, it again became part of independent Poland. In the 1930s, due to the massive public works project known as the [[Central Industrial Area]], Sandomierz began to grow quickly. It was projected to become capital of the [[Sandomierz Voivodeship (1939)|Sandomierz Voivodeship]], and local authorities planned fast development of the city. The ''Greater Sandomierz'' was to turn in the 1940s into a city of 120,000.

In September 1939, following the German [[invasion of Poland]], the city was [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied by Germany]] and made part of the [[General Government]]. The Polish and Jewish population were subjected to [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|various crimes]]. Poles who were [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expelled]] by the Germans from annexed [[Złoczew]] in late 1939 were deported to Sandomierz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2017|title=Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=182–183|isbn=978-83-8098-174-4}}</ref> Others were conscripted for [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] and many were sent to labor camps. The largest mass arrests of Poles, including teachers, local officials and activists, were carried out in March 1940.<ref name=mw>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|page=251}}</ref> Poles were then held in the local prison and deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]].<ref name=mw/> In June 1940 in Brzask Forest, Germans murdered 760 Poles as part of the [[German AB-Aktion in Poland]] directed to exterminate Polish [[intelligentsia]]. Bodies were buried in an unnamed mass grave. That was the largest massacre in the Kielce Region. At the same time, the nearby village of [[Góry Wysokie]] was the site a massacre of 117 Poles from the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wardzyńska|first=Maria|year=2009|title=Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion|page=252}}</ref> Despite this, the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish underground resistance movement]] was active in Sandomierz, and in late 1940 it even launched a secret printing house in Sandomierz and issued the Polish underground newspaper ''Odwet'', which was also distributed to nearby villages.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gruszczyński|first=Włodzimierz|year=2011|title=Odwet i Jędrusie|language=pl|location=Zagnańsk|pages=32, 215}}</ref> In March 1942, the Germans carried out mass arrests of around 150 members of the Polish resistance.<ref>Gruszczyński, pp. 63–64</ref> Among those arrested was local Polish writer Roman Koseła, one of several Polish writers murdered in the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sierotwiński|first=Stanisław|year=1966|title=Kronika życia literackiego w Polsce pod okupacją hitlerowską: próba przeglądu zdarzeń w układzie chronologicznym|journal=Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny|language=pl|publisher=Wydawnictwo [[Pedagogical University of Cracow|Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej]] w Krakowie|issue=24|page=22}}</ref>

[[File:Sandomierz tablica ul. Podwale 4 30.12.2010 p.jpg|thumb|left|Memorial plaque at the site of the former secret printing house of the [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]]]]

In May 1942, the Jewish and Polish population were confined to a [[Nazi ghettos|ghetto]] area and hundreds of Jews and Poles from around the region were brought there, increasing the population to more than 5000. In October 1942, about 3,000 prisoners were sent to [[Bełżec extermination camp|Bełżec]] where they were immediately gassed. After that deportation, hundreds of Jews came out of hiding and others were sent to Sandomierz from elsewhere.  Now the population was more than 6000 confined to another ghetto where as many as twelve people shared each room and some lived in the streets. Sanitary conditions were horrid and many became ill. Those who reported to the hospital were usually shot after a few days. Some prisoners during this time were sent to labor camps, but in January 1943, the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and German police,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} surrounded the ghetto, set some houses on fire and bombed others. They rounded up 7,000 people, send a few hundred to a labor camp, and escorted the rest to the railway station, shooting hundreds en route. The trains took the prisoners to [[Treblinka]] where they were murdered by gas the same day. Poles who were not sent to camps were persecuted for [[Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|helping Jews]], some were even imprisoned for barely "transporting Jews illegally".<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rejestr faktów represji na obywatelach polskich za pomoc ludności żydowskiej w okresie II wojny światowej|year=2014|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=[[Institute of National Remembrance|IPN]]|pages=148, 166}}</ref>

The city was captured by the Red Army in August 1944. Unlike many Polish cities, it managed to avoid destruction; the merit of protecting the city is attributed to the military skill of the Soviet Lieutenant Colonel [[Vasyl Skopenko]], who led the operation. His grave with a monument was located near the Opatowska Gate, but in 1990, by the decision of Mayor [[Tomasz Panfil]], it was moved to the Soviet military cemetery on Mickiewicz Street; this was one of the first public acts of decommunization in Poland.<ref>''Jak władze Sandomierza wyprzedziły historię. Z prof. Tomaszem Panfilem rozmawia Piotr Mazurek'', «W Sieci Historii» nr 8/2014, s. 78-79.</ref>

No major industrial development took place in Sandomierz during the communist era, thus preserving its look of a charming, small city full of historical monuments among the unspoiled landscape.

== Climate ==
The city experiences a [[humid continental climate]] with notably warm summers ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb''), much more consistently pronounced in [[eastern Poland]]. Precipitation, especially in the form of rains, is concentrated in the summer, reducing until the end of winter. Sandomierz has four well defined seasons of the year, hot summers (sometimes), usually bearable and cold winters but with slightly moderate extremes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/europa/polonia/swietokrzyskie-voivodeship/sandomierz-735/|title=Sandomierz climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Sandomierz weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref>

{{Weather box    
| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed =  <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line = y
| location = Sandomierz ([[w:pl:Chwałki, Vowiętokrzyskie Voivodeship|Chwałki]]), elevation: 217 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
| Jan record high C = 13.3
| Feb record high C = 18.7
| Mar record high C = 23.6
| Apr record high C = 29.7
| May record high C = 31.9
| Jun record high C = 34.2
| Jul record high C = 35.9
| Aug record high C = 37.1
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 25.4
| Nov record high C = 20.0
| Dec record high C = 16.0
| year record high C = 37.1
| Jan high C = 0.6
| Feb high C = 2.6
| Mar high C = 7.5
| Apr high C = 14.6
| May high C = 19.7
| Jun high C = 23.0
| Jul high C = 25.0
| Aug high C = 24.7
| Sep high C = 19.1
| Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 6.8
| Dec high C = 1.7
| year high C = 13.2
| Jan mean C = -2.1
| Feb mean C = -0.7
| Mar mean C = 3.2
| Apr mean C = 9.3
| May mean C = 14.2
| Jun mean C = 17.6
| Jul mean C = 19.5
| Aug mean C = 19.0
| Sep mean C = 14.0
| Oct mean C = 8.6
| Nov mean C = 3.6
| Dec mean C = -0.7
| year mean C = 8.8
| Jan low C = -4.5
| Feb low C = -3.6
| Mar low C = -0.4
| Apr low C = 4.5
| May low C = 9.2
| Jun low C = 12.6
| Jul low C = 14.4
| Aug low C = 13.9
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 5.0
| Nov low C = 1.1
| Dec low C = -3.0
| year low C = 4.9
| Jan record low C = -27.3
| Feb record low C = -28.6
| Mar record low C = -22.1
| Apr record low C = -7.0
| May record low C = -1.9
| Jun record low C = 0.2
| Jul record low C = 5.4
| Aug record low C = 3.8
| Sep record low C = -2.3
| Oct record low C = -7.4
| Nov record low C = -18.0
| Dec record low C = -26.4
| year record low C = -28.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 24.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 20.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 30.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.5
| May precipitation mm = 67.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 63.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 90.3
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 58.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 46.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 29.4
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.4
| year precipitation mm = 551.3
| Jan snow depth cm = 7.3
| Feb snow depth cm = 8.0
| Mar snow depth cm = 4.9
| Apr snow depth cm = 1.5
| May snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0
| Oct snow depth cm = 1.0
| Nov snow depth cm = 3.6
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.8
| year snow depth cm = 
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 15.50
| Feb precipitation days = 13.44
| Mar precipitation days = 13.97
| Apr precipitation days = 12.33
| May precipitation days = 13.73
| Jun precipitation days = 13.23
| Jul precipitation days = 14.00
| Aug precipitation days = 11.03
| Sep precipitation days = 11.57
| Oct precipitation days = 13.48
| Nov precipitation days = 13.97
| Dec precipitation days = 15.13
| year precipitation days = 161.39
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 17.5
| Feb snow days = 16.9
| Mar snow days = 7.6
| Apr snow days = 1.4
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.7
| Nov snow days = 4.9
| Dec snow days = 14.3
| year snow days = 63.3
| Jan humidity = 87.2
| Feb humidity = 83.9
| Mar humidity = 76.3
| Apr humidity = 68.6
| May humidity = 71.0
| Jun humidity = 72.7
| Jul humidity = 73.0
| Aug humidity = 73.1
| Sep humidity = 79.6
| Oct humidity = 84.3
| Nov humidity = 88.5
| Dec humidity = 89.1
| year humidity = 79.0
| Jan sun = 55.7
| Feb sun = 70.9
| Mar sun = 130.6
| Apr sun = 184.4
| May sun = 243.4
| Jun sun = 255.3
| Jul sun = 255.6
| Aug sun = 248.4
| Sep sun = 168.1
| Oct sun = 117.1
| Nov sun = 55.9
| Dec sun = 42.0
| year sun = 1827.2
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| archive-date = 3 December 2021
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| archive-date = 9 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| archive-date = 21 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| archive-date = 15 January 2022
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management 
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref>
|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350210585&par=tmax&max_empty=3
| title = Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura maksymalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350210585&par=tmin&max_empty=3
| title = Sandomierz Absolutna temperatura minimalna
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity>
{{cite web
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350210585&par=rh&max_empty=3
| title = Sandomierz Średnia wilgotność
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl
| language = pl
| access-date = 28 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Points of interest==
{{wide image|Sandomierz WV banner.jpg|1300px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Sandomierz, landmarks seen from the left: [[Sandomierz Castle|Royal Castle]], [[Sandomierz Cathedral|Cathedral Basilica]], [[Długosz House in Sandomierz|Jan Długosz House]], cathedral bell tower, [[Collegium Gostomianum]], Old Town with the town hall in the middle and the [[Opatów Gate]] on the right end}}
[[File:Sandomierz Madonna.jpg|thumb|''Virgin and Child with Saint Catherine of Alexandria'', (1518-1520) by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] in the Diocesan Museum]]
*Church of the Holy Spirit in Sandomierz
*[[Church of St. James in Sandomierz|Church of St. Jacob]] where [[Lesser Polish Way]] begins
*Sandomierz Church of St. Joseph
*[[Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Sandomierz|Sandomierz Church of St. Michael]]
*Sandomierz Church of St. Paul
*[[Collegium Gostomianum]], one of the oldest schools in Poland founded in 1602
*[[Długosz House in Sandomierz|Jan Długosz House]]
*Kamienica Oleśnickich (Oleśnicki Manor)
*Pepper Mountains [[nature reserve]]
*Diocesan Museum in Sandomierz
*[[Opatów Gate|Opatowska Gate]] (Brama Opatowska), [[Polish Gothic|Gothic]] entrance to the city founded by King Casimir ([[Kazimierz Wielki]])
*[[Sandomierz Castle]], medieval structure built on a slope of [[Vistula]] River by [[Casimir III the Great]], portrayed in the opera ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' by [[Modest Musorgsky]]
*[[Sandomierz Cathedral]], constructed in 1360 and renovated in the [[Polish Baroque|Baroque style]] in the 18th century
*Sandomierz Main Market Square
*Sandomierz Palace also known as the Bishop's Palace in Sandomierz
*[[Sandomierz Synagogue]], built in 1768 of brick in the [[Polish Baroque]] style
*[[Sandomierz Town Hall]]

==Education==
[[File:Sandomierz-Priesterseminar-0.jpg|thumb|[[Collegium Gostomianum]], one of the oldest schools in Poland]]
* Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Przyrodnicza ''Studium Generale Sandomiriense''
* Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Sandomierzu
* 1 Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace ''[[Collegium Gostomianum]]''
* 2 Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Tadeusza Kościuszki
* Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Hotelarskich
* Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących

==Sports==
The local [[Association football|football]] team is {{interlanguage link|Wisła Sandomierz|pl}}. It competes in the lower leagues.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Sandomierz is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ostroh]], [[Ukraine]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Volterra]], [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Newark-on-Trent]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="Newark twinning">{{cite web|url= http://www.newarktwinning.co.uk/ |title=Home  |work=newarktwinning.co.uk |year=2009|access-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Emmendingen]], Germany<ref name="Newark twinning"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:20130702 Sandomierz ratusz 0756.jpg|Town Hall
File:Polska Sandomierz 017.jpg|Market Square (''Rynek'')
File:20130702 Sandomierz zamek 0778.jpg|[[Sandomierz Castle|Sandomierz Royal Castle]]
File:Church of the Conversion of Saint Paul in Sandomierz - 01.jpg|Church of the Conversion of [[Saint Paul]]
File:Sandomierz św. Jakub.JPG|[[Dominican Church and Convent of St. James in Sandomierz|St. Jacob's Church]], 13th–14th century
File:Sandomierz Katedra1.jpg|[[Sandomierz Cathedral|Cathedral]]
File:Polska Sandomierz 012.jpg|Cathedral, interior
File:Sandomierz Dom Długosza.jpg|[[Długosz House in Sandomierz|Jan Długosz house]]
File:PL-SK Sandomierz, rynek 2016-08-18--17-15-28-001.jpg|Historic well at the main square
File:Sandomierz church 20051004 1103.jpg|[[Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Sandomierz|Church of St. Michael]]
File:PL - Sandomierz - Rynek 20-26 - 2012-08-18--12-49-44-01.jpg|Townhouses at the main market square
File:Sandomierz-Bischofspalast.jpg|Bishops' Palace
File:SM Sandomierz Rynek 10 2019 (3).jpg|Post office
File:PL - Sandomierz - Rynek 29-31 - 2012-08-18--14-38-57-01.jpg|House at 31 Rynek
</gallery>

==Notable residents==
[[File:Mikołaj Trąba.PNG|thumb|upright|Mikołaj Trąba, first Primate of Poland]]
*[[Karol Bielecki]] (born 1982), handball player
*[[Wiktor Chabel]] (born 1985), rower
*[[Mikołaj Gomółka]] (1591–1609), Polish [[Renaissance]] composer
*[[Wincenty Kadłubek]] (1150–1223), mediaeval chronicler
*[[Karolina Kołeczek]] (born 1993), athlete specializing in [[100 meter hurdles]]
*{{ill|Stanisław Krawczyński|pl|Stanisław Krawczyński (lekarz)}}  (1884–1940) medical doctor, member of Polish Parliament
*[[Wacław Król]] (1915–1991), Polish military pilot
*[[Wiesław Myśliwski]] (born 1932), writer, [[Nike Award]] laureate 
*[[Piotr Nurowski]] (1945–2010), tennis player, President of the [[Polish Olympic Committee]]
*[[Sebastian Petrycy]] (1554–1626), philosopher and physician
*[[Gracjan Piotrkowski]] (1734–1785), Catholic polemicist
*[[Andrzej Sarwa]] (born 1953), writer: a Polish prose writer, poet, journalist
*[[Joseph Schleifstein]] (born 1941), Holocaust survivor whose life served as inspiration for the script to the movie ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]''
*[[Mikołaj Trąba]] (1358–1422), Polish Roman Catholic priest, first [[Primate of Poland]]
*[[Stanisław Warszycki]] (c. 1600 – 1680/1681), nobleman and magnate in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]

==Webcams==
*[http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera1.htm City hall & façades of houses on the lower market square] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629195207/http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera1.htm |date=2018-06-29 }}
*[http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera2.htm Panning: Gomulka's House, Kordegarda, Oleśnicki Family's House, rear façade of city hall, water well, Ciżemka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707120846/http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera2.htm |date=2018-07-07 }}
*[http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera3.htm Panorama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705224145/http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera3.htm |date=2018-07-05 }}
*[http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera4.htm Panning: City Hall, Main square and Opatowska Tower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705231428/http://www.sandomierz.pl/filmy/kamera4.htm |date=2018-07-05 }}

==Virtual walks==
*[https://maps.google.ie/maps?q=sandomierz&hl=en&ll=50.678472,21.749625&spn=0.008172,0.022058&sll=53.3834,-8.21775&sspn=15.792242,45.175781&t=h&hnear=Sandomierz,+Sandomierz+County,+Swietokrzyskie,+Poland&z=17&layer=c&cbll=50.67925,21.749052&panoid=9lL7ri8RdfZoH8w-KuJvHg&cbp=12,66.04,,0,-16.46 Google Street View]

==See also==
*[[Lesser Poland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sandomierz}}
{{EB1911 poster|Sandomir}}
* [http://old.um.sandomierz.pl/index.php/en/ Sandomierz city council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422040140/http://old.um.sandomierz.pl/index.php/en/ |date=2017-04-22 }}
* [http://www.isandomierz.pl/ Sandomierz Forum - City life]
* [http://www.e-sandomierz.pl/ Tourist Web Site]
* [http://www.sandomierz.travel.pl/ Tourist Guide Site]
* Collegium Gostomianum [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901021350/http://www.lo1.sandomierz.pl/main.php]
* Secondary School in Sandomierz no 2 [http://www.2lo.sandomierz.pl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219054039/http://www.2lo.sandomierz.pl/ |date=2006-12-19 }}
* [http://www.zsgih.sandomierz.pl Zespół Szkół Gastronomicznych i Hotelarskich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424231621/http://www.zsgih.sandomierz.pl/ |date=2020-04-24 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140814213806/http://www.archiwumetnograficzne.edu.pl/downloads/sandomierz_angl.pdf
* [http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.fe61197f-460c-31a2-9faf-ee5d38bfcf46 "Some Glimpses at the Life of the Jewish Community of Sandomierz in the Years 1918-1939"]
* [http://www.sandomierz.pomia.pl/ Pozytywny Sandomierz]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|527250|Sandomierz, Poland}}

{{Vistula}}
{{Sandomierz County}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sandomierz| ]]
[[Category:Sandomierz County]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Vistula]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]