View source for Sangiran

{{Short description|Archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS         = Sangiran Early Man Site
| Image       = Sangiran 17-02.JPG
| Caption     = Replica of fossil from Sangiran ("Sangiran 17")
| Criteria    = Cultural: iii, vi
| Location    = [[Indonesia]]
| ID          = 593
| Year        = 1996
| Area        = 5,600 ha
| locmapin    = Indonesia
| coordinates = {{coord|7|27|S|110|50|E|type:landmark_region:ID_dim:10000|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-marker = museum
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
[[File:Homo sapiens Ngrejeng.JPG|thumb|''[[Homo sapiens]]'' Ngrejeng (40 kya)]]
'''Sangiran''' is an [[archaeological excavation]] site in [[Java (island)|Java]] in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013|year=2007|last1=Choi|first1=Kildo|last2=Driwantoro|first2=Dubel|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=34|page=48|bibcode=2007JArSc..34...48C }}</ref>   According to a [[UNESCO]] report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside [[Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site|Zhoukoudian]] (China), [[Willandra Lakes Region|Willandra Lakes]] (Australia), [[Olduvai Gorge]] (Tanzania), and [[Sterkfontein]] (South Africa), and more fruitful in finds than any of these."<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/593.pdf World Heritage List note, ''Sangiran''], No 593, September 1995.</ref>

The area comprises about 56&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (7&nbsp;km x 8&nbsp;km). It is located in [[Central Java]], about 15 kilometers north of [[Surakarta]] in the [[Solo River, Java|Solo River]] valley. Administratively, Sangiran area is divided between 2 [[regencies of Indonesia|regencies]]: [[Sragen Regency|Sragen]] ([[districts of Indonesia|districts]] of [[Gemolong]], [[Kalijambe]], and [[Plupuh]]) and [[Karanganyar Regency|Karanganyar]] (district of [[Gondangrejo]]).  An important feature of the site is the geology of the area.  Originally a dome was created millions of years ago through tectonic uplifts.  The dome was then eroded exposing beds within the dome which are rich in archeological records.<ref>Tantri Yuliandini, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/08/23/tracing-man039s-origins-sangiran-pacitan.html Tracing man's origins in Sangiran, Pacitan'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905095253/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/08/23/tracing-man039s-origins-sangiran-pacitan.html |date=2013-09-05 }}, ''The Jakarta Post'', 23 August 2002.</ref>

==History==
* '''1883:''' The Dutch paleoanthropologist [[Eugène Dubois]] undertook preliminary fieldwork at Sangiran.  However, Dubois did not find many fossils of interest so he shifted his attention to [[Trinil]] in [[East Java]] where he found significant discoveries.
* '''1934:''' The [[anthropologist]] [[Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald]] started to examine the area. During excavations in the next years [[fossil]]s of some of the first known [[human]] ancestors, ''[[Pithecanthropus erectus]]'' ("Java Man", now reclassified as part of the species ''[[Homo erectus]]''), were found here. About 60 more human fossils, among them the enigmatic "[[Meganthropus]]", have since been found. [[Sangiran 2]], for example, was discovered by von Koenigswald at the site. In addition, there are considerable numbers of remains of the animals that these primitive humans hunted, and of others that merely shared the [[habitat]]. 
[[File:Molaire de stegodon.jpg|right|thumb|''Stegodon trigonocephalus'' - Molar]]

* '''1977:''' The Indonesian Government designated an area of 56 km2 around Sangiran as a ''Daerah Cagar Budaya'' (Protected Cultural Area).<ref>''Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan'' (Decision of the Minister of Education and culture) No. 070/O/1977 dated 15 March 1977.</ref>
* '''1988:'''  A modest local site museum and conservation laboratory were set up at Sangiran.
* '''1996:''' [[UNESCO]] registered Sangiran as a [[World Heritage Site]] on the ''World Heritage List'' as the [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/593 Sangiran Early Man Site].<ref>UNESCO Document WHC-96/Conf. 2201/21.</ref>
*'''2011:'''  The current museum and visitors' centre was opened by the Minister for Education and Culture on 15 December.
*'''2012:'''  President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] visited the museum in February accompanied by 11 cabinet ministers.

Over time, following the initial work by Dubois and von Koenigswald at Sangiran, other scholars including Indonesian archeologists undertook work at the site.  Indonesian scholars included [[Teuku Jacob]], Etty Indriati, Sartono, Fachroel Aziz, Harry Widianto, Yahdi Zaim, and Johan Arif.<ref>Etty Indriati, ''Warisan budaya dan munusia purba Indonesia Sangiran'' [''Cultural heritage and ancient Indonesian man Sangiran''], PT Citra Aji Parama, Yogyakarta, 2009.</ref>

==Sangiran museum==
[[File:Sangiran museum.jpg|thumb|Sangiran museum in 2025]]
A modest museum existed at Sangiran for several decades before a modern, well-functioning museum and visitors' centre was opened in December 2011.  The new building, a modern museum, contains three main halls with extensive displays and impressive dioramas of the Sangiran area as it was believed to be around 1 million years ago.  Several other centres are under construction as well (early 2013) so that by 2014 it is expected that there will be four centres at different places within the overall Sangiran site.  The four planned centres are:<ref>Kusumasari Ayuningtyas, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/18/sangiran-museum-open-2014.html Sangiran Museum to open in 2014'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 18 February 2012.</ref>

* Krikilan: the existing site with the main visitors centre and museum.
* Ngebung: to contain a history of the discovery of the Sangiran site.
* Bukuran: to provide information about the discovery of prehistoric human fossils at Sangiran.
* Dayu: to present information about the latest research.

The current museum and visitors' centre has three main halls.  The first hall contains several dioramas that provide information about the early humans and animals which existed at the Sangiran site around 1 million years ago.  The second hall, which is more extensive, presents much detailed material about the wide variety of fossils found at Sangiran and about the history of exploration at the site. The third hall, in a separate impressive presentation, contains a large diorama which provides a sweeping view of the overall area of Sangiran, with volcanoes such as [[Mount Lawu]] in the background and humans and animals in the foreground, as it is imagined to have been around 1 million years ago. Several of the presentations in this third hall draw on the work of the internationally known paleontological sculptor [[Elisabeth Daynes]].

==Access==
Access to the Sangiran museum is gained by travelling around 15&nbsp;km north from Surakarta along the main road towards the central Java town of [[Purwodadi Grobogan|Purwodadi]]. The turnoff to the museum, just past the small market town of Kalioso, leads along a sealed road that winds through a relatively poor rural area for around 4&nbsp;km before reaching the final short entry road to the visitors centre to the right.  Total travel time from Surakarta, depending on traffic conditions along the crowded Surakarta-Purwodadi road, is about 45-60 mins.  There are frequent buses along the route from Surakarta to Purwodadi which will drop passengers off at the turnoff on request. Local informal motorcycle taxi drivers will ferry visitors along the remaining 4&nbsp;km for a modest charge. The museum can be reached conveniently by [[Trans-Java Toll Road]]. (The museum is open from 8.00am to 4.00pm each day except for Mondays when the museum is closed.)

==Social and other issues==
Development of the overall Sangiran site has not been without controversy.  Uncontrolled digging and illegal trade in fossils have occurred on various occasions since the site was first discovered.  For a considerable period, villagers in the area frequently dug up and sold fossils to local buyers.  Following the enactment of National Law No. 5 of 1992 on cultural heritage objects, there were stronger controls on these activities.<ref>Ganug Nugroho Adi, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/11/the-paradox-sangiran.html The paradox of Sangiran'], ''The Jakarta Post'', 11 June 2013.</ref>  However, illegal activities have sometimes continued to occur in recent years.<ref>Lusiana Indriasani, '[http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/12/19/10534667/Kemiskinan.dan.Penjualan.Benda..Purbakala.Sangiran Kemiskinan dan Penjualan Benda Purbakala Sangiran'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100505/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2011/12/19/10534667/Kemiskinan.dan.Penjualan.Benda..Purbakala.Sangiran |date=2012-01-18 }} (''Poverty and the sale of ancient artifacts at Sangiran''), ''Kompas'', 19 December 2011.  There are similar problems at other archaeological sites in Indonesia where regulatory controls are weak, such as at [[Padang Lawas archaeological site]] in North Sumatra.</ref>  In 2010, for example, an American citizen claiming to be a scientist was arrested near Sangiran while travelling in a truck containing 43 different types of fossils in boxes and sacks with an estimated market value of $2 million.<ref>Nurfika Osman, '[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/american-held-over-rare-fossils-theft/403070 American Held Over Rare Fossils Theft'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027082234/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/american-held-over-rare-fossils-theft/403070 |date=2010-10-27 }}, ''The Jakarta Globe'', 24 October 2010.</ref>

More recently, there has been discussion in the Indonesian media about the way that the development of the Sangiran site has failed to bring any significant tangible benefits to the rural communities in the local area.<ref>Sri Rejeksi, 'Sangiran, Bumi manusia Jawa yang tandus' [''Sangiran, Java's barren homelands''], ''Kompas'', 16 March 2013. Also Sri Rejeksi, 'Tanah Air: Wajah Kontradiktif Sangiran' [Homeland: The Contradictory Face of Sangiran], ''Kompas'', 16 March 2013.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Homo floresiensis]]
*[[Liang Bua Cave]] site in [[Flores]]
*[[List of fossil sites]]
*[[List of human evolution fossils]]
*[[Meganthropus]]
*[[Mojokerto child]] (another Javanese ''Homo erectus'' fossil)
*[[Prehistoric Asia]]
*[[Prehistoric Indonesia]]
*[[Solo Man]] (refers to the Ngandong site in Java)
*[[Trinil]] fossil site in Java.

==External links==<!-- C. R. Palevol 6 (2007) 169 -->
* UNESCO World Heritage Centre [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=593 Sangiran Early Man Site] details.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080726173902/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/southeast-asia/indonesia/sangiran/museum/sphere-quicktime.html 360° Panorama of Sangiran museum on World heritage tour]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724112500/http://solo.travelbuck.net/your-destinations/museum/sangiran-museum Accommodation information about Sangiran Museum]
* An international conference about ''[http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asi/summary/v043/43.2morwood.html Sangiran: Man, Culture and Environment in Pleistocene Times]'' was held in Surakarta (Solo) in September 1998
* A booklet prepared by Dr Etty Indriati from [[Gadjah Mada University]] in [[Yogyakarta]] provides a useful guide to the site in Indonesian.  See Etty Indriati, ''Warisan budaya dan munusia purba Indonesia Sangiran'' [''Cultural heritage and ancient Indonesian man Sangiran''], PT Citra Aji Parama, Yogyakarta, 2009.  This booklet, along with other notes, may be purchased at the entry to the museum.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Prehistoric Asia}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Indonesia}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Indonesia]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Indonesia]]
[[Category:Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in Indonesia]]
[[Category:National museums of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Museums in Central Java]]
[[Category:Homo erectus sites]]