View source for Sans-serif

{{Short description|Typeface classification for letterforms without serifs}}
{{For|other uses of "Gothic"|Gothic (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Serif and sans-serif 01.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|Sans-serif typeface]]
[[File:Serif and sans-serif 02.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|Serif typeface]]
[[File:Serif and sans-serif 03.svg|thumb|class=skin-invert|Serifs<br>(coloured in red)]]
<!--[[Image:Serif-Sans-Comparison.svg|thumb|325px|right|Comparison of sans and sans serif typefaces.]]-->
[[Image:Ming serif.svg|thumb|From left to right: a [[Ming (typefaces)|Ming]] serif typeface with serifs in red, a Ming serif typeface and an [[East Asian Gothic typeface|East Asian gothic]] sans-serif typeface]]

In [[typography]] and [[lettering]], a '''sans-serif''', '''sans serif''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|n|(|z|)|_|ˈ|s|ɛ|ɹ|ɪ|f}}), '''gothic''', or simply '''sans''' letterform is one that does not have extending features called "[[serif]]s" at the end of strokes.<ref>"sans serif" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 421.</ref> Sans-serif typefaces tend to have less stroke width variation than serif typefaces. They are often used to convey simplicity and [[Modern typography|modernity]] or [[minimalism]]. For the purposes of type classification, sans-serif designs are usually divided into these major groups: {{slink||Grotesque}}, {{slink||Neo-grotesque}}, {{slink||Geometric}}, {{slink||Humanist}}, and {{slink||Other or mixed}}.

Sans-serif typefaces have become the most prevalent for display of text on computer screens. On lower-resolution digital displays, fine details like serifs may disappear or appear too large. The term comes from the French word {{Lang|fr|sans}}, meaning "without" and "serif" of uncertain origin, possibly from the Dutch word {{Lang|nl|schreef}} meaning "line" or pen-stroke.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Oxford Dictionary of English |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2022}}</ref> In printed media, they are more commonly used for [[Display typeface|display use]] and less for [[body text]].

Before the term "sans-serif" became standard in English typography, a number of other terms had been used. One of these terms for sans-serif was "grotesque", often used in Europe, and "[[East Asian gothic typeface|gothic]]", which is still used in East Asian typography and sometimes seen in typeface names like [[News Gothic]], [[Highway Gothic]], [[Franklin Gothic]] or [[Trade Gothic]].

Sans-serif typefaces are sometimes, especially in older documents, used as a device for [[emphasis (typography)|emphasis]], due to their typically blacker [[type color]].

==Classification<span class="anchor" id="Classification"></span>==<!-- This section is linked from [[Serif]] -->

{{Further|Vox-ATypI classification#Lineal}} 
For the purposes of type classification, sans-serif designs are usually divided into three or four major groups, the fourth being the result of splitting the ''grotesque'' category into grotesque and neo-grotesque.<ref name=PJIM /><ref name=BS_2961 />

===Grotesque===
[[File:Akzidenz Grotesk Regular & Italic.svg|thumb|[[Akzidenz-Grotesk]], originally released by [[Berthold Type Foundry|H. Berthold AG]] in the 1890s. A popular German grotesque with a single-story 'g'{{efn|The original metal type of Akzidenz-Grotesk did not have an oblique; this was added in the 1950s, although many sans-serif obliques of the period are similar.}}]]

This group features most of the early (19th century to early 20th) sans-serif designs. Influenced by [[Didone (typography)|Didone]] serif typefaces of the period and sign painting traditions, these were often quite solid, bold designs suitable for headlines and advertisements. The early sans-serif typefaces often did not feature a lower case or [[Italic type|italics]], since they were not needed for such uses. They were sometimes released by width, with a range of widths from extended to normal to condensed, with each style different, meaning to modern eyes they can look quite irregular and eccentric.<ref name="Shinn Uniformity" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coles |first=Stephen |title=Helvetica alternatives |url=http://fontfeed.com/archives/helvetica-and-alternatives-to-helvetica/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102185551/http://fontfeed.com/archives/helvetica-and-alternatives-to-helvetica/ |archive-date=2 January 2013 |access-date=1 July 2015 |website=FontFeed (archived)}}</ref>

Grotesque typefaces have limited variation of stroke width (often none perceptible in capitals). The terminals of curves are usually horizontal, and many have a spurred "G" and an "R" with a curled leg. Capitals tend to be of relatively uniform width. Cap height and ascender height are generally the same to produce a more regular effect in texts such as titles with many capital letters, and [[Descender (typography)|descenders]] are often short for tighter line spacing.<ref name="A Neo-Grotesque Heritage" />  They often avoid having a true italic in favor of a more restrained [[oblique type|oblique]] or sloped design, although at least some sans-serif true italics were offered.<ref name="Specimens of type, borders, ornaments, brass rules and cuts, etc. : catalogue of printing machinery and materials, wood goods, etc" /><ref name="Italic Gothic Fonts in Use">{{Cite web |title=Italic Gothic |url=https://fontsinuse.com/typefaces/40724/italic-gothic |access-date=25 February 2017 |website=Fonts in Use}}</ref>

Examples of grotesque typefaces include [[Akzidenz-Grotesk]], [[Venus (typeface)|Venus]], [[News Gothic]], [[Franklin Gothic]], [[IBM Plex]] and [[Monotype Grotesque]]. Akzidenz Grotesk Old Face, Knockout, [[Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)|Grotesque No. 9]] and Monotype Grotesque are examples of [[computer font|digital fonts]] that retain more of the eccentricities of some of the early sans-serif types.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoefler & Frere-Jones |title=Knockout |url=http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/overview/ |access-date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Hoefler & Frere-Jones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoefler & Frere-Jones |title=Knockout sizes |url=http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/features/knockout-size-proficiency |publisher=Hoefler & Frere-Jones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Knockout styles |url=http://www.typography.com/fonts/knockout/features/knockout-nine-widths |access-date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Hoefler & Frere-Jones}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippa |first=Domenic |title=10 favourite fonts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/gallery/2013/sep/14/the-10-best-fonts?picture=417118798 |access-date=1 July 2015 |website=The Guardian|date=14 September 2013 }}</ref>

According to Monotype, the term "grotesque" originates from {{langx|it|grottesco}}, meaning "belonging to the cave" due to their simple geometric appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grotesque Sans |url=https://catalog.monotype.com/type-style/sans-serif/grotesque-sans |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=Monotype |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316205750/https://catalog.monotype.com/type-style/sans-serif/grotesque-sans |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term arose because of adverse comparisons that were drawn with the more ornate Modern Serif and Roman typefaces that were the norm at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greta, P |title=What Are Grotesque Fonts? History, Inspiration and Examples |newspaper=Creative Market Blog |date=21 August 2017 |url=https://creativemarket.com/blog/grotesque-fonts |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=Creative Market}}</ref>

===Neo-grotesque===
[[Image:Helvetica.svg|thumb|right|[[Helvetica]], originally released by [[Haas Type Foundry]] (as Neue Haas Grotesk) in 1957. A typical neo-grotesque.]]

Neo-grotesque designs appeared in the mid-twentieth century as an evolution of grotesque types. They are relatively straightforward in appearance with limited stroke width variation. Similar to grotesque typefaces, neo-grotesques often feature capitals of uniform width and a quite 'folded-up' design, in which strokes (for example on the 'c') are curved all the way round to end on a perfect horizontal or vertical. [[Helvetica]] is an example of this. Unlike earlier grotesque designs, many were issued in large families from the time of release.

Neo-grotesque type began in the 1950s with the emergence of the [[International Typographic Style]], or Swiss style. Its members looked at the clear lines of [[Akzidenz-Grotesk]] (1898) as an inspiration for designs with a neutral appearance and an even colour on the page. In 1957 the release of [[Helvetica]], [[Univers]], and [[Folio (typeface)|Folio]], the first typefaces categorized as neo-grotesque, had a strong impact internationally: Helvetica came to be the most used typeface for the following decades.{{sfn|Meggs|2011|pp=376-377}}{{efn|Digital publishing expert Florian Hardwig describes the main features of neo-grotesques as being "consistent details and even [[type color|text colour]]."<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1140368448482172928 |user=hardwig |title=The mid-20th century saw a reappraisal of these classic sans serif forms. Fueled by modernist ideas, they were rethought and redrawn, now with consistent details and even text color. Transferred into systematic families of numerous weights and widths, the neo-grotesque became an essential ingredient of the International Typographic Style. |date=16 June 2019}}</ref>}}{{better source needed|reason=It's a tweet|date=May 2024}}
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===Geometric===
[[Image:Futura.svg|thumb|right|[[Futura (typeface)|Futura]], originally released by [[Bauer Type Foundry]] in 1927. A typical geometric sans-serif]]

Geometric sans-serif typefaces are based on geometric shapes, like near-perfect circles and squares.<ref name="A short intro to the geometric sans">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich |first=Ferdinand |title=A short intro to the geometric sans |url=https://www.fontshop.com/content/short-intro-to-geometric-sans |access-date=17 December 2016 |publisher=[[FontShop]]}}</ref> Common features are a nearly-circular capital 'O', sharp and pointed uppercase 'N' vertices, and a "single-storey" lowercase letter 'a'. The 'M' is often splayed and the capitals of varying width, following the [[Roman square capitals|classical model]].

The geometric sans originated in Germany in the 1920s.<ref name="Types of their time – A short history of the geometric sans">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich |first=Ferdinand |title=Types of their time – A short history of the geometric sans |url=https://www.fontshop.com/content/short-intro-to-geometric-sans |access-date=19 August 2015 |publisher=FontShop}}</ref> Two early efforts in designing geometric types were made by [[Herbert Bayer]] and [[Jakob Erbar]], who worked respectively on Universal Typeface (unreleased at the time but revived digitally as [[Architype Bayer]]) and [[Erbar (typeface)|Erbar]] ({{Circa|1925}}).<ref name="On Erbar and Early Geometric Sans Serifs">{{Cite web |last=Kupferschmid |first=Indra |title=On Erbar and Early Geometric Sans Serifs |url=http://cjtype.com/dunbar/#research |access-date=20 October 2016 |publisher=CJ Type}}</ref> In 1927 [[Futura (typeface)|Futura]], by [[Paul Renner (typographer)|Paul Renner]], was released to great acclaim and popularity.{{sfn|Meggs|2011|pp=339-340}}

Geometric sans-serif typefaces were popular from the 1920s and 1930s due to their clean, modern design, and many new geometric designs and revivals have been developed since.{{efn|In this period and since, some sources have distinguished the nineteenth-century "grotesque/gothic" designs from the "sans-serifs" (those now categorised as humanist and geometric both) of the twentieth, or used some form of classification that emphasises a different between the groups.<ref name="The Typography of Press Advertisement" />}} Notable geometric types of the period include [[Kabel (typeface)|Kabel]], [[Semplicità (typeface)|Semplicità]], [[Bernhard Gothic]], [[Nobel (typeface)|Nobel]] and [[Metro (typeface)|Metro]]; more recent designs in the style include [[ITC Avant Garde]], [[Brandon Grotesque]], [[Gotham (typeface)|Gotham]], [[Avenir (typeface)|Avenir]], [[Product Sans]], [[HarmonyOS Sans (sans-serif typeface)|HarmonyOS Sans]] and [[Century Gothic]]. Many geometric sans-serif alphabets of the period, such as those authored by the [[Bauhaus]] art school (1919–1933) and modernist poster artists, were hand-lettered and not cut into metal type at the time.<ref name="True Type of the Bauhaus">{{Cite web |last=Kupferschmid |first=Indra |title=True Type of the Bauhaus |url=http://fontsinuse.com/uses/5/typefaces-at-the-bauhaus |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Fonts in Use|date=6 January 2012 }}</ref>

A separate inspiration for many types described "geometric" in design has been the simplified shapes of letters engraved or stenciled on metal and plastic in industrial use, which often follow a simplified structure and are sometimes known as "rectilinear" for their use of straight vertical and horizontal lines. Designs which have been called geometric in principles but not descended from the Futura, Erbar and Kabel tradition include [[Bank Gothic]], [[DIN 1451]], [[Eurostile]] and [[Handel Gothic]], along with many of the typefaces designed by [[Ray Larabie]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tselentis |first=Jason |date=28 August 2017 |title=Typodermic's Raymond Larabie Talks Type, Technology & Science Fiction |url=http://www.howdesign.com/design-creativity/typodermic-fonts-raymond-larabie-type-technology-sci-fi-fonts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418150848/http://www.howdesign.com/design-creativity/typodermic-fonts-raymond-larabie-type-technology-sci-fi-fonts/ |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=How}}</ref><ref name="Some type genres explained">{{Cite web |last=Kupferschmid |first=Indra |title=Some type genres explained |url=http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2016/01/type-classification-texts/ |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=kupferschrift (blog)|date=15 January 2016 }}</ref>
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===Humanist===
[[Image:Syntax example.png|thumb|right|[[Syntax (typeface)|Syntax]], originally released by [[D. Stempel AG]] in 1969. A humanist sans-serif]]

Humanist sans-serif typefaces take inspiration from traditional letterforms, such as [[Roman square capitals]], traditional serif typefaces and calligraphy. Many have [[Italic type|true italics]] rather than an [[Oblique type|oblique]], [[typographic ligature|ligature]]s and even [[swash (typography)|swash]]es in italic. One of the earliest humanist designs was [[Edward Johnston]]'s [[Johnston (typeface)|Johnston]] typeface from 1916, and, a decade later, [[Gill Sans]] ([[Eric Gill]], 1928).{{sfn|Tracy|1986|pp=86-90}}  Edward Johnston, a [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]] by profession, was inspired by classic letter forms, especially the capital letters on the [[Column of Trajan]].<ref name="In Defence of the Roman Letter">{{Cite journal |last=Nash |first=John |title=In Defence of the Roman Letter |url=http://www.ejf.org.uk/Resources/JRNarticle.pdf |journal=Journal of the Edward Johnston Foundation |access-date=13 October 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809132732/http://www.ejf.org.uk/Resources/JRNarticle.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Humanist designs vary more than gothic or geometric designs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackwell |first=written by Lewis |title=20th-century type |date=2004 |publisher=Laurence King |isbn=9781856693516 |edition=Rev. |location=London |page=201}}</ref> Some humanist designs have stroke modulation (strokes that clearly vary in width along their line) or alternating thick and thin strokes. These include most popularly [[Hermann Zapf]]'s [[Optima]] (1958), a typeface expressly designed to be suitable for both display and body text.{{sfn|Lawson|1990|pp=326-330}} Some humanist designs may be more geometric, as in Gill Sans and Johnston (especially their capitals), which like Roman capitals are often based on perfect squares, half-squares and circles, with considerable variation in width. These somewhat architectural designs may feel too stiff for body text.{{sfn|Tracy|1986|pp=86-90}} Others such as [[Syntax (typeface)|Syntax]], [[Goudy Sans]] and [[Rosemary Sassoon|Sassoon Sans]] more resemble handwriting, serif typefaces or calligraphy.

[[Frutiger (typeface)|Frutiger]], from 1976, has been particularly influential in the development of the modern humanist sans genre, especially designs intended to be particularly legible above all other design considerations. The category expanded greatly during the 1980s and 1990s, partly as a reaction against the overwhelming popularity of [[Helvetica]] and [[Univers]] and also due to the need for legible [[computer font]]s on low-resolution computer displays.<ref name="Berry Not Your Father’s Sans Serif">{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=John D. |title=Not Your Father's Sans Serif |url=https://creativepro.com/dot-font-not-your-father-s-sans-serif/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Creative Pro|date=22 July 2002 }}</ref><ref name="Berry Human Side of Sans Serif">{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=John D. |title=The Human Side of Sans Serif |url=https://creativepro.com/dot-font-the-human-side-of-sans-serif/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Creative Pro|date=5 August 2002 }}</ref><ref name="Questioning Gill Sans">{{Cite web |last=Coles |first=Stephen |title=Questioning Gill Sans |url=http://typographica.org/2007/on-typography/questioning-gill-sans |access-date=18 December 2015 |website=Typographica}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmid Gill Sans Alternatives">{{Cite web |last=Kupferschmid |first=Indra |title=Gill Sans Alternatives |url=http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2019/02/gill-sans-alternatives/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Kupferschrift}}</ref> Designs from this period intended for print use include [[FF Meta]], [[Myriad (typeface)|Myriad]], [[Thesis (typeface)|Thesis]], [[Charlotte Sans]], [[Bliss (typeface)|Bliss]], [[Skia (typeface)|Skia]] and [[FF Scala Sans|Scala Sans]], while designs developed for computer use include Microsoft's [[Tahoma (typeface)|Tahoma]], [[Trebuchet MS|Trebuchet]], [[Verdana]], [[Calibri]] and [[Corbel (typeface)|Corbel]], as well as [[Lucida Grande]], [[Fira Sans]] and [[Droid fonts|Droid Sans]]. Humanist sans-serif designs can (if appropriately proportioned and spaced) be particularly suitable for use on screen or at distance, since their designs can be given wide [[Counter (typography)|apertures]] or separation between strokes, which is not a conventional feature on grotesque and neo-grotesque designs.
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===Other or mixed===
[[File:Stroke modulation sans-serif.jpg|thumb|Rothbury, an early modulated sans-serif typeface from 1915. The strokes vary in width considerably.]]

Due to the diversity of sans-serif typefaces, many do not exactly fit into the above categories. For example, [[Neuzeit S]] has both neo-grotesque and geometric influences, as does [[Hermann Zapf]]'s [[URW Grotesk]]. [[Whitney (typeface)|Whitney]] blends humanist and grotesque influences, while [[Klavika]] is a geometric design not based on the circle. Sans-serif typefaces intended for signage, such as [[Transport (typeface)|Transport]] and [[Tern (typeface)|Tern]] (both used on road signs), may have unusual features to enhance legibility and differentiate characters, such as a lower-case 'L' with a curl or 'i' with serif under the dot.<ref name="New Transport">{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Calvert |title=New Transport |url=http://www.newtransport.co.uk/ |access-date=2 May 2016 |website=A2-TYPE}}</ref> This is also often seen in typefaces designed for readers with [[Visual impairment|impaired vision]] like [[Atkinson Hyperlegible]].

====Modulated sans-serifs====
A particular subgenre of sans-serifs is those such as Rothbury, [[Britannic (typeface)|Britannic]], [[Radiant (typeface)|Radiant]], and [[National Trust (typeface)|National Trust]] with obvious variation in stroke width. These have been called 'modulated', 'stressed' or 'high-contrast' sans-serifs. They are nowadays{{When|date=August 2021}}<!-- Since when? --> often placed within the humanist genre, although they predate Johnston which started the modern humanist genre. These may take inspiration from sources outside printing such as brush lettering or calligraphy.<ref name="Identifont blog Feb 15">{{Cite web |last=Coles |first=Stephen |title=Identifont blog Feb 15 |url=http://blog.identifont.com/show?U59 |access-date=17 August 2015 |website=Identifont}}</ref> One study looked into the effect of stroke contrast between sans serif and serif typefaces, and although they were limited in testing only one typeface, they found that their modulated sans serif performed better for their low-vision readers compared to the unmodulated sans serif.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minakata |first1=Katsumi |last2=Eckmann-Hansen |first2=Christina |last3=Larsen |first3=Michael |last4=Bek |first4=Toke |last5=Beier |first5=Sofie |date=2023-02-01 |title=The effect of serifs and stroke contrast on low vision reading |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001691822003250 |journal=Acta Psychologica |volume=232 |article-number=103810 |doi=10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103810 |issn=0001-6918|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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==History==

Letters without serifs have been common in writing across history, for example in casual, non-monumental [[epigraphy]] of the classical period. However, [[Roman square capitals]], the inspiration for much Latin-alphabet lettering throughout history, had prominent serifs. While simple sans-serif letters have always been common in "uncultured" writing and sometimes even in epigraphy,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Barry |title=V Cut Lettering and Variations on a Theme |url=https://www.poorfrankraw.co.uk/blog/lettering.html |website=Poor Frank Raw |access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> such as basic handwriting, most artistically authored letters in the Latin alphabet, both sculpted and printed, since the Middle Ages have been inspired by fine calligraphy, [[blackletter]] writing and [[Roman square capitals]]. As a result, printing done in the Latin alphabet for the first three hundred and fifty years of printing was "serif" in style, whether in [[blackletter]], [[roman type]], [[italic type|italic]] or occasionally [[Script typeface|script]].

The earliest printing typefaces which omitted serifs were not intended to render contemporary texts, but to represent inscriptions in Ancient Greek and [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]]. Thus, [[Thomas Dempster]]'s ''De Etruria regali libri VII'' (1723), used special types intended for the representation of [[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan epigraphy]], and in {{Circa|1745}}, the Caslon foundry made Etruscan types for pamphlets written by Etruscan scholar [[John Swinton (1703–1777)|John Swinton]].<ref name=nymphgrot_update /> Another niche used of a printed sans-serif letterform from 1786 onwards was a rounded sans-serif script typeface developed by [[Valentin Haüy]] for the use of the blind to read with their fingers.<ref name="Perkins School for the Blind">{{Cite web |title=Perkins School for the Blind |url=http://www.perkinsarchives.org/archives-blog/first-embossed-book-for-the-blind |access-date=15 October 2016 |publisher=Perkins School for the Blind}}</ref><ref name="Robert Grabhorn Collection on the History of Printing">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Alastair |title=Robert Grabhorn Collection on the History of Printing |url=http://sfpl.org/?pg=2000637201 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=[[San Francisco Public Library]]}}</ref><ref name="Unborn: sans serif lower case" />
{{gallery
|File:Cippo perugino, con iscrizione in lingua etrusca su un atto giuridico tra le famiglie dei velthina e degli afuna, 02.jpg|Sans-serif letterforms in [[Etruscan language|ancient Etruscan]] on the [[Cippus Perusinus]]
|File:Forum inscription and lizard.jpg|[[Roman square capitals]], the inspiration for serif letters
|File:Iscrizione sulla fondazione della Cattedrale di Rieti.jpg|A 12th-century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Pogam |first=Pierre-Yves |title=De la " Cité de Dieu " au " Palais du Pape " |date=2005 |publisher=École française |isbn=978-2728307296 |location=Rome |page=375}}</ref> Medieval Latin inscription in Italy featuring sans-serif capitals
|File:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg|[[Blackletter]] calligraphy in a fifteenth-century bible
}}
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===Developing popularity===
[[File:Grotto motto, Stourhead park (9313913818).jpg|thumb|An inscription at the neoclassical [[grotto]] at [[Stourhead]] in the west of England dated to around 1748 (replica shown),{{efn|The inscription was destroyed by mistake in 1967, and had to be replicated from historian [[James Mosley]]'s photographs.<ref name="James Mosley: A Life in Objects">{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Paul |title=James Mosley: A Life in Objects |url=http://www.eyemagazine.com/feature/article/james-mosley-a-life-in-objects |access-date=23 September 2016 |website=Eye}}</ref>{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}}}} one of the first to use sans-serif letterforms since the classical period{{sfn|Mosley|1999}}<ref name="Walters2013">{{Cite book |last=John L Walters |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vXIXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1913 1913{{ndash}}5]|title=Fifty Typefaces That Changed the World: Design Museum Fifty |date=2 September 2013 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=978-1-84091-649-2 }}</ref>{{efn|Mosley's book on early sans-serifs ''The Nymph and the Grot'' is named for the sculpture.{{sfn|Mosley|1999}} The name is a dual reference, also to "grotesque" being coincidentally a term also applied to early sans-serif typefaces, although Mosley suggests that the design does not seem to be a direct source of modern sans-serifs.}}{{efn|The [[National Trust (typeface)|corporate typeface]] of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] of the United Kingdom, which manages Stourhead, was loosely designed by Paul Barnes based on the inscription.}}]]
[[File:Itinerary of Greece title page.jpg|thumb|An early 1810 "neoclassical" use of sans-serif capitals to represent antiquity, by [[William Gell]]<ref name="Unborn: sans serif lower case">{{Cite web |last=Mosley |first=James |title=Comments on "Unborn: sans serif lower case in the 19th century" |url=http://www.typophile.com/node/46184 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628041224/http://www.typophile.com/node/46184 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=15 October 2016 |website=Typophile (archived)}}</ref><ref name="Itinerary of Greece">{{Cite book |last=Gell |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/itinerarygreece00gellgoog/page/n8 |title=The Itinerary of Greece |date=1810 |location=London |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>]]

Towards the end of the eighteenth century [[neoclassicism]] led to architects increasingly incorporating ancient Greek and Roman designs in contemporary structures. Historian [[James Mosley]], the leading expert on early revival of sans-serif letters, has found that architect [[John Soane]] commonly used sans-serif letters on his drawings and architectural designs.{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}}<ref name="Mosley Amiens">{{Cite web |last=Mosley |first=James |title=The sanserif: the search for examples |url=https://www.mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=4 |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=Mnémosyne: Base documentaire de l'ésad d'Amiens |publisher=ESAD Amiens}}</ref> Soane's inspiration was apparently the inscriptions dedicating the [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli|Temple of Vesta]] in [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli, Italy]], with minimal serifs.{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}}

These were then copied by other artists, and in London sans-serif capitals became popular for advertising, apparently because of the "astonishing" effect the unusual style had on the public. The lettering style apparently became referred to as "old Roman" or "Egyptian" characters, referencing the classical past and a [[Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination|contemporary interest]] in Ancient Egypt and its blocky, geometric architecture.{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}}<ref name="Nesbitt1998">{{Cite book |last=Alexander Nesbitt |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lcHRgDFtBSYC&pg=PA160 160]|title=The History and Technique of Lettering |publisher=Courier Corporation |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-486-40281-9 }}</ref>

Mosley writes that "in 1805 Egyptian letters were happening in the streets of London, being plastered over shops and on walls by signwriters, and they were astonishing the public, who had never seen letters like them and were not sure they wanted to".<ref name=nymphgrot_update /> A depiction of the style, as an engraving, rather than printed from type, was shown in the ''[[European Magazine]]'' of 1805, described as "old Roman" characters.{{sfn|Mosley|1999}}<ref name="European Magazine">{{Cite news |last=L. Y. |year=1805 |title=To the Editor of the European Magazine |work=European Magazine |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YccPAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA99 99] }}</ref> However, the style did not become used in printing for some more years.{{efn|Apparently based on traditions in his field of work, master sign-painter James Callingham writes in his textbook "Sign Writing and Glass Embossing" (1871) that "What one calls San-serif, another describes as grotesque; what is generally known as Egyptian, is some times called Antique, though it is difficult to say why, seeing that the letters so designated do not date farther back than the close of the last century. Egyptian is perhaps as good a term as could be given to the letters bearing that name, the blocks being characteristic of the Egyptian style of architecture. These letters were first used by sign-writers at the close of the last century, and were not introduced in printing till about twenty years later. Sign-writers were content to call them "block letters," and they are sometimes so-called at the present day; but on their being taken in hand by the type founders, they were appropriately named Egyptian. The credit of having introduced the ordinary square or san-serif letters also belongs to the sign-writer, by whom they were employed half a century before the type founder gave them his attention, which was about the year 1810."<ref name="Sign Writing and Glass Embossing">{{Cite book |last=Callingham |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/signwritingglass00call |title=Sign Writing and Glass Embossing |date=1871 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/signwritingglass00call/page/54 54]–55}}</ref>{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}} }} (Early sans-serif signage was not printed from type but hand-painted or carved, since at the time it was not possible to print in large sizes. This makes tracing the descent of sans-serif styles hard, since a trend can arrive in the dated, printed record from a signpainting tradition which has left less of a record or at least no dates.)

The inappropriateness of the name was not lost on the poet [[Robert Southey]], in his satirical ''Letters from England'' written in the character of a Spanish aristocrat.<ref name="Parramore2008">{{Cite book |last=L. Parramore |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uRfGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22{{ndash}}23] |title=Reading the Sphinx: Ancient Egypt in Nineteenth-Century Literary Culture |date=13 October 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-61570-0 }}</ref><ref name="Thompson2015">{{Cite book |last=Jason Thompson |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rd-yCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 251{{ndash}}252] |title=Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology 1: From Antiquity to 1881 |date=30 April 2015 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-599-3 }}</ref> It commented: "The very shopboards must be{{Nbsp}}... painted in Egyptian letters, which, as the Egyptians had no letters, you will doubtless conceive must be curious. They are simply the common characters, deprived of all beauty and all proportion by having all the strokes of equal thickness, so that those which should be thin look as if they had the elephantiasis."<ref name="Letters from England: by Don Manual Alvarez Espriella">{{Cite book |last=Southey |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/lettersfromengl05soutgoog |title=Letters from England: by Don Manual Alvarez Espriella |date=1808 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersfromengl05soutgoog/page/n286 274]–5 |publisher=D. & G. Bruce, print. |author-link=Robert Southey}}</ref>{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}} Similarly, the painter [[Joseph Farington]] wrote in his diary on 13 September 1805 of seeing a memorial{{efn|to [[Isaac Hawkins Browne (poet)|Isaac Hawkins Browne]] in the [[Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge|chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge]]}} engraved "in what is called ''Egyptian Characters''".<ref name="The Farington Diary">{{Cite book |last1=Farington |first1=Joseph |url=https://archive.org/details/faringtondiaryvo027674mbp |title=The Farington Diary, Volume III, 1804-1806 |last2=Greig |first2=James |date=1924 |publisher=Hutchinson & Co |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/faringtondiaryvo027674mbp/page/n140 109] |access-date=15 October 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}}

Around 1816, the [[Ordnance Survey]] began to use 'Egyptian' lettering, monoline sans-serif capitals, to mark ancient Roman sites. This lettering was printed from copper plate engraving.{{sfn|Mosley|1999}}<ref name="Unborn: sans serif lower case" />

===Entry into printing===
Around 1816, William Caslon IV produced the first sans-serif printing type in England for the Latin alphabet, a capitals-only face under the title [[Caslon Egyptian|'Two Lines English Egyptian']], where 'Two Lines English' referred to the typeface's body size, which equals to about 28 points.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tracy |first=Walter |title=Letters of credit : a view of type design |date=2003 |publisher=David R. Godine |isbn=9781567922400 |location=Boston}}</ref><ref name="Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif types in the twentieth century">{{Cite book |last=Tam |first=Keith |url=http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf |title=Calligraphic tendencies in the development of sanserif types in the twentieth century |date=2002 |publisher=University of Reading (MA thesis) |location=Reading |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906080252/http://keithtam.net/documents/sanserif.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although it is known from its appearances in the firm's specimen books, no uses of it from the period have been found; Mosley speculates that it may have been commissioned by a specific client.<ref name="Loxley2006 Egyptian">{{Cite book |last=Loxley |first=Simon |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9AfP2prmEDUC&pg=PA36 36{{ndash}}38] |title=Type: The Secret History of Letters |date=12 June 2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-028-4 }}</ref>{{efn|The matrices used to cast the type also survive, although at least some characters were recut slightly later. Historian [[John A. Lane]], who has examined surviving Caslon specimens and the matrices, suggests that the design is actually slightly earlier and may date to around 1812-4, noting that it appears in some undated but apparently earlier specimens.<ref name="The Song of the Sans Serif">{{Cite web |title=The Song of the Sans Serif |date=30 September 2016 |url=http://www.cphc.org.uk/events/2015/11/20/the-song-of-the-sanserif |access-date=16 October 2016 |publisher=The Centre for Printing History and Culture}}</ref>}}

A second hiatus in interest in sans-serif appears to have lasted for about twelve years, until [[Vincent Figgins]]' foundry of London issued a new sans-serif in 1828.<ref name="Two Lines English Egyptian typophile">{{Cite web |last1=Mosley |first1=James |author-link=James Mosley |last2=Shinn |first2=Nick |author-link2=Nick Shinn |title=Two Lines English Egyptian (comments on forum) |url=http://typophile.com/node/51985 |access-date=30 October 2017 |website=Typophile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314165635/http://typophile.com/node/51985 |archive-date=14 March 2010 |quote=[T]he Figgins 'Sans-serif' types (so called) are well worth looking at. In fact it might be said to be that with these types the Figgins typefoundry brought the design into typography, since the original Caslon Egyptian appeared only briefly in a specimen and has never been seen in commercial use. One size of the Figgins Sans-serif appears in a specimen dated 1828 (the unique known copy is in the University Library, Amsterdam).…It is a self-confident design, which in the larger sizes abandons the monoline structure of the Caslon letter for a thick-thin modulation which would remain a standard model through the 19th century, and can still be seen in the ATF [[Franklin Gothic]]. Note that there is no lower-case. That would come, after 1830, with the innovative condensed 'Grotesque' of the Thorowgood foundry, which provided a model for type that would get large sizes into the lines of posters. It gave an alternative name to the design, and both the new features – the condensed proportions and the addition of lower-case – broke the link with Roman inscriptional capitals…But the antiquarian associations of the design were still there, at least in the smaller sizes, as the specimen of the Pearl size (four and three quarters points) of Figgins's type shows. It uses the text of the Latin inscription prepared for the [[London Bridge#"New" London Bridge (1831–1967)|rebuilt London Bridge]], which was opened on 1 August 1831.}}</ref><ref name="Dutch Typefounders">{{Cite book |last1=Lane |first1=John A. |url=https://issuu.com/bijzondere_collecties_uva/docs/1998_dutch_typefounders_specimens |title=Dutch Typefounders' Specimens from the Library of the KVB and other collections in the Amsterdam University Library with histories of the firms represented |last2=Lommen |first2=Mathieu |last3=de Zoete |first3=Johan |date=1998 |publisher=De Graaf |page=15 |quote=Figgins 1828 [is] one of two known copies, but with the first known appearance of the world's second sans-serif type, not in the other copy |author-link=John A. Lane |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208110927/http://issuu.com/bijzondere_collecties_uva/docs/1998_dutch_typefounders_specimens |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Original Sans Commercial Type" /> David Ryan felt that the design was "cruder but much larger" than its predecessor, making it a success.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=David |title=Letter Perfect: The Art of Modernist Typography, 1896-1953 |date=2001 |publisher=Pomegranate |isbn=978-0-7649-1615-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4JV-10eXmOoC&pg=PA2 2]}}</ref> Thereafter sans-serif capitals rapidly began to be issued from London typefounders.

Much imitated was the Thorowgood "grotesque" face of the early 1830s. This was arrestingly bold and highly condensed, quite unlike the classical proportions of Caslon's design, but very suitable for poster typography and similar in aesthetic effect to the (generally wider) [[slab serif]] and [[Fat face typefaces|"fat faces"]] of the period. It also added a lower-case. The term "grotesque" comes from the Italian word for ''cave'', and was often used to describe Roman decorative styles found by excavation, but had long become applied in the modern sense for objects that appeared "malformed or monstrous".<ref name="A Neo-Grotesque Heritage">{{Cite web |last=Berry |first=John |title=A Neo-Grotesque Heritage |url=http://acumin.typekit.com/history/ |access-date=15 October 2015 |publisher=Adobe Systems}}</ref> The term "grotesque" became commonly used to describe sans-serifs.

Similar condensed sans-serif display typefaces, often capitals-only, became very successful.{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}} Sans-serif printing types began to appear thereafter in France and Germany.<ref name="Morlighem Tokyo">{{Cite web |last=Morlighem |first=Sébastien |title=The Sans Serif in France: The Early Years (1834–44) Sebastien Morlighem ATypI 2019 Tokyo |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Caj6pvyE7iM |access-date=28 November 2020 |website=YouTube |publisher=[[ATypI]]}}</ref><ref name="Affichen-Schriften">{{Cite web |last=Pané-Farré |first=Pierre |title=Affichen-Schriften |url=https://forgotten-shapes.com/affichen-schriften?article=affichen-schriften |access-date=21 July 2019 |publisher=Forgotten Shapes}}</ref>

{{gallery
|File:Caslon Two Lines English Egyptian.jpg|Specimen by William Caslon IV showing his Two Lines English Egyptian sans-serif, the first general-purpose "sans-serif" printing type ever.<ref name="Caslon Egyptian specimen">{{Cite book |last=Caslon |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_13098084_000/page/n5 |title=[Specimens of printing types] (untitled specimen book) |year=c. 1816 |publisher=William Caslon IV |location=London |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> Cut in only one size, it was apparently not promoted with any prominence.
|File:Figgins large sans-serifs, reversed antique.jpg|The largest type in this image is the second sans-serif type known, published by Figgins in 1828.<ref name="Original Sans Commercial Type">{{Cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Barnes (designer) |last2=Schwartz |first2=Christian |author-link2=Christian Schwartz |title=Original Sans Collection: Read the Story |url=https://commercialclassics.com/catalogue/original_sans |access-date=18 May 2021 |publisher=[[Commercial Type|Commercial Classics]]}}</ref> 
| File:Figgins sans-serif specimen.jpg|Sample image of condensed sans-serifs from the Figgins foundry of London in an 1845 specimen-book. Much less influenced by classical models than the earliest sans-serif lettering, these faces became extremely popular for commercial use.<ref name="Specimen of Plain & Ornamental Types from the Foundry of V. & J. Figgins">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IkNPAAAAcAAJ |title=Specimen of Plain & Ornamental Types from the Foundry of V. & J. Figgins |date=1846 |publisher=V. & J. Figgins Letterfounders |location=London |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref>
}}

A few theories about early sans-serifs now known to be incorrect may be mentioned here. One is that sans-serifs are based on either "[[fat face typefaces]]" or [[slab-serif]]s with the serifs removed.{{sfn|Meggs|2011|p=155}}<ref name="Handover Monotype">{{Cite journal |last=Handover |first=Phyllis Margaret |author-link=P. M. Handover |date=1958 |title=Grotesque Letters |url=http://up.stewf.com/0o400K3p302U |journal=Monotype Newsletter |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327085544/https://up.stewf.com/0o400K3p302U |url-status=dead }} Also Printed in Motif as "Letters Without Serifs"</ref> It is now known that the inspiration was more classical antiquity, and sans-serifs appeared before the first dated appearance of slab-serif letterforms in 1810.<ref name="Unborn: sans serif lower case" /> The [[Schelter & Giesecke Type Foundry|Schelter & Giesecke foundry]] also claimed during the 1920s to have been offering a sans-serif with lower-case by 1825.{{sfn|Lawson|1990|p=296}}<ref name="Handbuch der Schriftarten">{{Cite book |title=Handbuch der Schriftarten |date=1926 |publisher=Seeman |location=Leipzig}}</ref> Mosley describes this as "thoroughly discredited";<ref name="Unborn: sans serif lower case" /> as early as 1986 [[Walter Tracy]] described the claimed dates as "on stylistic grounds{{Nbsp}}... about forty years too early".<ref name="Letters of Credit Industrial" /> In 2004, Wolfgang Homola dated the typeface to 1882 based on a study of Schelter & Giesecke specimens.<ref name="Homola Schelter">{{Cite book |last=Homola |first=Wolfgang |url=https://www.typefacedesign.org/resources/dissertation/2004/WolfgangHomola_dissertation.pdf |title=Type design in the age of the machine: the 'Breite Grotesk' by J. G. Schelter & Giesecke |publisher=University of Reading |year=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112014111/http://www.typefacedesign.org/resources/dissertation/2004/WolfgangHomola_dissertation.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-12}}</ref>

Sans-serif lettering and typefaces were popular due to their clarity and legibility at distance in advertising and display use, when printed very large or small. Because sans-serif type was often used for headings and commercial printing, many early sans-serif designs did not feature lower-case letters. Simple sans-serif capitals, without use of lower-case, became very common in uses such as tombstones of the Victorian period in Britain.

The first use of sans-serif as a running text has been proposed to be the short booklet ''Feste des Lebens und der Kunst: eine Betrachtung des Theaters als höchsten Kultursymbols'' (Celebration of Life and Art: A Consideration of the Theater as the Highest Symbol of a Culture),<ref name=behrens /> by [[Peter Behrens]], in 1900.{{sfn|Meggs|2011|p=242}}

{{gallery
| File:Base of the Reformers Memorial, Kensal Green Cemetery, showing Lloyd Jones.JPG|Simple sans-serif capitals on a late-nineteenth-century [[Kensal Green Cemetery#The Reformers.27 Memorial|memorial]], London
| File:Caslon 1841 specimen Seven-line Pica sans-serif italic typeface.jpg|Italic capitals from the Caslon specimen of 1841
| File:BlastFirst.jpg|The first section of the avant-garde magazine [[Blast (British magazine)|''Blast'']], published by [[Wyndham Lewis]] in 1914, used [[Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)|a condensed grotesque]] to give an impression of modernity and novelty.
| File:Überwachung der Eisenbahnlinien - Warnung - Laibach - Mehrsprachiges Plakat 1914.jpg|Sans-serif type in both upper- and lower-case on a 1914 poster
}}
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===Twentieth-century sans-serifs===
[[File:LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard Nameplate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gill Sans]] on the nameplate of a [[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|4468 ''Mallard'']] locomotive (built in 1938)<ref name="Badaracco">{{Cite journal |last=Badaracco |first=Claire |date=1991 |title=Innovative Industrial Design and Modern Public Culture: The Monotype Corporation, 1922–1932 |url=http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v020/p0226-p0233.pdf |journal=Business & Economic History |publisher=Business History Conference |volume=20 (second series) |pages=229|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>]]

Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries sans-serif types were viewed with suspicion by many printers, especially those of [[Fine press|fine book printing]], as being fit only for advertisements (if that), and to this day{{When|date=August 2021}}<!-- "and to this day" → "and {{as of|lc=y|2021}}" if this still applies in 2021 --> most books remain printed in serif typefaces as body text.<ref name="Rogers, Updike, McCutcheon">{{Cite book |last1=Rogers |last2=Updike |last3=McCutcheon |url=https://archive.org/stream/workofbruceroger00updi/workofbruceroger00updi_djvu.txt |title=The work of Bruce Rogers, jack of all trades, master of one : a catalogue of an exhibition arranged by the American Institute of Graphic Arts and the Grolier Club of New York |date=1939 |publisher=Grolier Club, Oxford University Press |location=New York |pages=xxxv-xxxvii}}</ref> This impression would not have been helped by the standard of common sans-serif types of the period, many of which now seem somewhat lumpy and eccentrically shaped. In 1922, master printer [[Daniel Berkeley Updike]] described sans-serif typefaces as having "no place in any artistically respectable composing-room."<ref name="Printing types : their history, forms, and use; a study in survivals vol 2">{{Cite book |last=Updike |first=Daniel Berkeley |url=https://archive.org/stream/printingtypesth00updigoog/printingtypesth00updigoog_djvu.txt |title=Printing types : their history, forms, and use; a study in survivals vol 2 |date=1922 |publisher=Harvard University Press |edition=1st |location=Cambridge, MA |page=243 |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> In 1937 he stated that he saw no need to change this opinion in general, though he felt that [[Gill Sans]] and [[Futura (typeface)|Futura]] were the best choices if sans-serifs had to be used.{{sfn|Lawson|1990|p=330}}

Through the early twentieth century, an increase in popularity of sans-serif typefaces took place as more artistic sans-serif designs were released. While he disliked sans-serif typefaces in general, the American printer J. L. Frazier wrote of [[Copperplate Gothic]] in 1925 that "a certain dignity of effect accompanies{{Nbsp}}... due to the absence of anything in the way of frills", making it a popular choice for the stationery of professionals such as lawyers and doctors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frazier |first=J.L. |url=https://archive.org/details/typelorepopularf00fraz |title=Type Lore |date=1925 |location=Chicago |publisher = (self published) |page=[https://archive.org/details/typelorepopularf00fraz/page/20 20] |access-date=24 August 2015}}</ref> As Updike's comments suggest, the new, more constructed humanist and geometric sans-serif designs were viewed as increasingly respectable, and were shrewdly marketed in Europe and America as embodying classic proportions (with influences of Roman capitals) while presenting a spare, modern image.<ref name="Fifty Years of Typecutting, Monotype Recorder">{{Cite journal |date=1950 |title=Fifty Years of Typecutting |url=http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_39_2.pdf |journal=Monotype Recorder |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=11, 21 |access-date=12 July 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022755/http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_39_2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gill Sans Promotional Poster, 1928 |url=http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-343-917-998-view-type-profile-gill-eric.html |website=Red List |publisher=Monotype |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227184410/http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-343-917-998-view-type-profile-gill-eric.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Preparing a Railway Timetable">{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Edwin |date=1939 |title=Preparing a Railway Timetable |url=http://www.metaltype.co.uk/downloads/mr/mr_38_1.pdf |journal=Monotype Recorder |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=24 |access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hewitt |first=John |year=1995 |title=East Coast Joys: Tom Purvis and the LNER |journal=Journal of Design History |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=291–311 |doi=10.1093/jdh/8.4.291 |jstor=1316023}}</ref><ref name="Type Tactics Grotesques">{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Frederick A. |date=1936 |title=Type Tactics No. 2: Grotesques: The Sans Serif Vogue |journal=Commercial Art |volume=20 |issue=132–135 |page=http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/CAI/1936-04-01/edition/null/page/18}}</ref>

Futura in particular was extensively marketed by Bauer and its American distribution arm by brochure as capturing the spirit of modernity, using the German slogan "''die Schrift unserer Zeit''" ("the typeface of our time") and in English ''"the typeface of today and tomorrow"''; many typefaces were released under its influence as direct clones, or at least offered with alternate characters allowing them to imitate it if desired.<ref name="Futura: The Typeface of Today and Tomorrow">{{Cite web |last=Rhatigan |first=Dan |title=Futura: The Typeface of Today and Tomorrow |url=https://ultrasparky.org/blog/2014/01/08/futura_the_type/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Ultrasparky}}</ref><ref name="Aynsley">{{Cite book |last=Aynsley |first=Jeremy |title=Graphic Design in Germany: 1890-1945 |date=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520227965 |location=Berkeley |pages=102–5}}</ref><ref name="Shaw2017">{{Cite book |first=Paul |last= Shaw |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n7e0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA210 210{{ndash}}213]|title=Revival Type: Digital Typefaces Inspired by the Past |date=April 2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21929-6 }}</ref><ref name="Typographic Sanity">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Paul |title=From the Archives: Typographic Sanity |url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2010/01/from-the-archives-no-9-typographic-sanity/ |access-date=26 December 2015 |publisher=Paul Shaw Letter Design}}</ref>

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===Grotesque sans-serif revival and the International Typographic Style===
[[File:Geisser Plakat Mohrenball 1969.jpg|thumb|A 1969 poster exemplifying the trend of the 1950s and 1960s: solid red colour, simplified images and the use of a grotesque face. This design, by Robert Geisser, appears to use Helvetica.]]
In the post-war period, an increase of interest took place in "grotesque" sans-serifs.<ref name="Gerstner English">{{Cite journal |last=Gerstner |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Gerstner |date=1963 |title=A new basis for the old Akzidenz-Grotesk (English translation) |url=http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/a-new-basis-for-akzidenz-grotesk-english-translation.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Der Druckspiegel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202441/http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/a-new-basis-for-akzidenz-grotesk-english-translation.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gerstner German">{{Cite journal |last=Gerstner |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Gerstner |date=1963 |title=Die alte Akzidenz-Grotesk auf neuer Basis |url=http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/akzidenz-grotesk-auf-neuer-basis-german-original.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Der Druckspiegel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202204/http://forgotten-shapes.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/akzidenz-grotesk-auf-neuer-basis-german-original.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="A Brief Introduction to Impact">{{Cite journal |last1=Brideau |first1=K. |last2=Berret |first2=C. |date=16 December 2014 |title=A Brief Introduction to Impact: 'The Meme Font' |journal=Journal of Visual Culture |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=307–313 |doi=10.1177/1470412914544515 |s2cid=62262265}}</ref> Writing in ''The Typography of Press Advertisement'' (1956), printer Kenneth Day commented that Stephenson Blake's eccentric [[Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)|Grotesque series]] had returned to popularity for having "a personality sometimes lacking in the condensed forms of the contemporary sans cuttings of the last thirty years."<ref name="The Typography of Press Advertisement">{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Kenneth |title=The Typography of Press Advertisement |date=1956 |pages=86–8}}</ref> Leading type designer [[Adrian Frutiger]] wrote in 1961 on designing a new face, [[Univers]], on the nineteenth-century model: "Some of these old sans-serifs have had a real renaissance within the last twenty years, once the reaction of the 'New Objectivity' had been overcome. A purely geometrical form of type is unsustainable."<ref name="P88">{{Cite book |last=Frutiger |first=Adrian |title=Typefaces: The Complete Works |date=2014 |isbn=9783038212607 |page=88|publisher=Walter de Gruyter }}</ref>

Of this period in Britain, Mosley has commented that in 1960 "orders unexpectedly revived" for [[Monotype Imaging|Monotype's]] eccentric [[Monotype Grotesque]] design: "[it] represents, even more evocatively than Univers, the fresh revolutionary breeze that began to blow through typography in the early sixties" and "its rather clumsy design seems to have been one of the chief attractions to iconoclastic designers tired of the{{Nbsp}}... prettiness of Gill Sans".<ref name=nymphgrot_update />{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=9}}

By the 1960s, neo-grotesque typefaces such as [[Univers]] and [[Helvetica]] had become popular through reviving the nineteenth-century grotesques while offering a more unified range of styles than on previous designs, allowing a wider range of text to be set artistically through setting headings and body text in a single family.<ref name="Shinn Uniformity">{{Cite journal |last=Shinn |first=Nick |author-link=Nick Shinn |date=2003 |title=The Face of Uniformity |url=http://shinntype.com/wp-content/uploads/Uniformity.pdf |journal=Graphic Exchange |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118134053/http://shinntype.com/wp-content/uploads/Uniformity.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Paul |title=Helvetica and Univers addendum |url=http://www.paulshawletterdesign.com/2011/12/from-the-archives-no-26%E2%80%94helvetica-and-univers-addendum/ |access-date=1 July 2015 |website=Blue Pencil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Christian |title=Neue Haas Grotesk |url=http://www.christianschwartz.com/haasgrotesk.shtml |access-date=28 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neue Haas Grotesk |url=http://www.fontbureau.com/nhg/ |publisher=The Font Bureau, Inc. |page=Introduction |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102111/http://www.fontbureau.com/NHG/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neue Haas Grotesk |url=http://www.fontbureau.com/nhg/history/ |website=History |publisher=The Font Bureau, Inc.}}</ref> The style of design using asymmetric layouts, Helvetica and a grid layout extensively has been called the Swiss or [[International Typographic Style]].

==Other names==
[[File:Sans-serif italics.png|thumb|Three sans-serif "[[italic type|italics]]". [[News Gothic]] has an [[oblique type|oblique]].{{efn|News Gothic's oblique was actually designed later than the original design, although many nineteenth-century sans-serifs are similar.}} Gothic Italic no. 124, an 1890s grotesque, has a true italic resembling [[Didone (typography)|Didone]] serifs of the period.<ref name="Specimens of type, borders, ornaments, brass rules and cuts, etc. : catalogue of printing machinery and materials, wood goods, etc">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/specimensoftypeb00amer |title=Specimens of type, borders, ornaments, brass rules and cuts, etc. : catalogue of printing machinery and materials, wood goods, etc |date=1897 |publisher=American Type Founders Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/specimensoftypeb00amer/page/340 340] |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> [[Seravek]], a modern humanist typeface, has a more organic italic which is less folded-up.]]

===Early===
*"Egyptian": The name of Caslon's first general-purpose sans-serif printing type; also documented as being used by [[Joseph Farington]] to describe seeing the sans-serif inscription on John Flaxman's memorial to [[Isaac Hawkins Browne (poet)|Isaac Hawkins Brown]] in 1805,{{sfn|Mosley|1999|page=1{{ndash}}19}} though today{{When|date=August 2021}}<!-- Since what year has this been the case? --> the term is commonly used to refer to [[slab serif]], not sans-serif.
*"Antique": Particularly popular in France;<ref name=nymphgrot_update />  some families such as [[Antique Olive]], still carry the name.
*"Grotesque": Popularised by [[William Thorowgood]] of [[Fann Street]] Foundry from around 1830.<ref name="A Neo-Grotesque Heritage" /><ref name="Two Lines English Egyptian typophile" />{{sfn|Lawson|1990|p=296}} The name came from the Italian word 'grottesco', meaning 'belonging to the cave'. In Germany, the name became ''Grotesk''.
*"Doric": Used by the Caslon foundry in London
*"Gothic": Popular with American type founders. Perhaps the first use of the term was due to the Boston Type and Stereotype Foundry, which in 1837 published a set of sans-serif typefaces under that name. It is believed that those were the first sans-serif designs to be introduced in America.{{sfn|Lawson|1990|p=295}} The term may have derived from the architectural definition, which is neither Greek nor Roman,<ref>[http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/gothic/oed.html OED Definition of Gothic]</ref> and from the extended adjective term of "Germany", which was the place where sans-serif typefaces became popular in the 19th to 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linotype.com/en/795/thesansseriftypefaces.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504172908/http://www.linotype.com/en/795/thesansseriftypefaces.html |archive-date=4 May 2014 |title=The Sans Serif Typefaces |website=Linotype.com |access-date=15 November 2007 }}</ref> Early adopters for the term includes [[Miller & Richard]] (1863),{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} and {{nobr|[[J. R. M. Wood]]}} (1865).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} <!-- What is this random list? : Lothian, Conner, Bruce McKellar --> In China, Japan and Korea, [[East Asian gothic typeface]]s  are a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and lack of decorations, thus akin to sans-serif styles in Western type design.

===Recents===
*"Lineale", or "linear": The term {{lang|fr|lineale}} was defined by [[Maximilien Vox]] in the [[VOX-ATypI classification]] to describe sans-serif types. Later, in [[British Standards]] Classification of Typefaces ([[BS 2961]]:1967), lineale replaced sans-serif as classification name.
*"Simplices": In Jean Alessandrini's {{lang|fr|désignations préliminaires}} (preliminary designations), the term {{lang|fr|simplices}} (plain typefaces) is used to describe sans-serif on the basis that the name 'lineal' refers to lines, whereas, in reality, all typefaces are made of lines, including those that are not lineals.{{sfn|Haralambous|2007|p=411}}
*"Swiss": It is used as a synonym to sans-serif, as opposed to "roman" (serif). The [[OpenDocument]] format (ISO/IEC 26300:2006) and [[Rich Text Format]] can use it to specify the sans-serif generic typeface ("font family") name for the [[font file]]s used in a document.<ref>{{Citation |title=Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) Version 1.2, Part 1: Introduction and OpenDocument Schema, Committee Draft 04, 15 December 2009 |date=5 February 2003 |url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.2/part1/cd04/OpenDocument-v1.2-part1-cd04.html |access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=OpenDocument v1.1 specification |url=http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/v1.1/OS/OpenDocument-v1.1.pdf |access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Microsoft Corporation |title=Microsoft Product Support Services Application Note (Text File) - GC0165: RICH-TEXT FORMAT (RTF) SPECIFICATION |date=June 1992 |url=https://latex2rtf.sourceforge.net/RTF-Spec-1.0.txt |format=TXT |access-date=13 March 2010}}</ref> Presumably refers to the popularity of sans-serif grotesque and neo-grotesque types in Switzerland.
*"Industrial": Used to refer to grotesque and neo-grotesque sans-serifs that are not based on "artistic" principles, as humanist, geometric and decorative designs normally are.<ref name="Letters of Credit Industrial">{{Cite book |last=Tracy |first=Walter |title=Letters of Credit |page=98 |author-link=Walter Tracy}}</ref><ref name="Grotesque letters : a history of unseriffed type faces from 1816 to the present day">{{Cite book |last=Handover |first=Phyllis Margaret |title=Grotesque letters : a history of unseriffed type faces from 1816 to the present day |oclc=30233885}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{self-reference inline|This gallery presents images of sans-serif [[Handlettering|lettering]] and type across different times and places from early to recent. Particular attention is given to unusual uses and more obscure typefaces, meaning this gallery should not be considered a representative sampling.}}
<gallery>
File:Old Bridge Marker on Quay Road, West Looe (geograph 6945617 by T Jenkinson).jpg|Simple carving, [[Cornwall]], 1689<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Ian |title=Cornish Milestones |date=2013 |publisher=Twelveheads Press |isbn=9780906294789}}</ref>
File:Irish national balloon and parachute jump in 1848 (cropped).jpg|Dublin 1848, caps-only heading with crossed V-form 'W'
File:GoodSenseCorsetWaists1886page153.gif|Corset advertisement using multiple grotesque typefaces, United States, 1886
File:Nationaler Frauendienst.JPG|Light sans-serif being used for text, Germany, 1914
File:Patriotischer Landes-Hilfsverein vom Roten Kreuze - Laibach 1916.jpg|Small art-nouveau flourishes on 'v' and 'w'. Ljubljana, 1916.
File:Time (Ireland) Act 1916.jpg|Italic, Dublin, 1916
File:3-2 Sammlung Eybl (Slg.Nr. 2268) Plakat 4. Kriegsanleihe 1916.jpg|Nearly monoline and stroke-modulated sans; Austrian war bond poster, 1916
File:Sátori Lipót Odette 1918.jpg|Broad block capitals. Hungarian film poster, 1918.
File:1920 poster 12000 Jewish soldiers KIA for the fatherland.jpg|Monoline sans-serif with art-nouveau influenced tilted 'e' and 'a'. Embedded umlaut at top left for tighter linespacing.
File:Affiche CM Font-Romeu Roux.jpg|Art Deco thick block inline sans-serif capitals, inner details kept very thin. France, 1920s.
File:Votation Kursaals 1928.jpg|[[Block (typeface)|Berthold Block]], a thick German sans-serif with shortened [[Descender (typography)|descenders]], allowing tight linespacing. Switzerland, 1928.
File:Cartazlamp.jpg|Artistic sans-serif keeping curves to a minimum (the line 'O Governo do Estado'), Brazil, 1930
File:Imperial Airway Switzerland Poster (19471597542).jpg|Lightly modulated sans-serif lettering on a 1930s poster, pointed stroke endings suggesting a brush
File:Airace.jpg|Geometric sans-serif capitals, with sharp points on 'A' and 'N'. Australia, 1934.
File:Metrolite and Metroblack.jpg|Dwiggins' Metrolite and Metroblack typefaces, geometric types of the style popular in the 1930s
File:Posters and art processes LCCN98507145.jpg|Stencilled lettering apparently based on Futura Black, 1937
File:"Cancer Danger Signals" - NARA - 514028.jpg|A 1940s American poster. The curve of the 'r' is a common feature in grotesque typefaces, but the 'single-storey' 'a' is a classic feature of geometric typefaces from the 1920s onwards.
File:1952 Jersey holiday events brochure.jpg|1952 Jersey holiday events brochure, using the popular [[Gill Sans]]-led British style of the period
File:Hans Michel 1964, Nr.1, Die Teuflischen.jpg|Swiss-style poster using Helvetica, 1964. Tight spacing characteristic of the period.
File:KAS-Berlin-Bild-33085-2.jpg|Ultra-condensed industrial sans-serif in the style of the 1960s; Berlin, 1966
File:Initiative armement 1972.jpg|Neo-grotesque type, Switzerland, 1972: Helvetica or a close copy. Irregular baseline may be due to using [[Dry transfer|transfers]].
File:Wenn die Hoffnung stirbt Filmplakat.jpg|Tightly spaced ITC Avant Garde; 1976
File:Veterans Day Poster 1980.jpg|Governmental poster using [[Univers]], 1980
File:Pamphlet; The medical consequences of nuclear war Wellcome L0075369.jpg|Anti-nuclear poster, 1982
File:9. AUFF.jpg|1997 film festival poster, Ankara
File:14. AUFF.jpg|Distorted sans-serif in the "[[grunge typography]]" style, Ankara, 2002
File:Alan Kitching on Press at The Guardian.jpg|Letterpress poster by [[Alan Kitching (typographic artist)|Alan Kitching]], 2015
File:Segment of Ribbons sculpture feat. Lucy Moore.jpg|Segment of [[Ribbons (sculpture)|Ribbons]] by [[Pippa Hale]] using sans-serif
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[East Asian sans-serif typeface]]
* [[Emphasis (typography)]]
* [[List of sans serif typefaces]]
* [[San Serriffe]], an April Fools' joke by the newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]''

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=BS_2961>{{Citation |last1=Baines |first1=Phil |title=Type and Typography |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rs6gyb2hPF4C&q=BS+2961%3A1967+grotesque&pg=PT52 51] |year=2005 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=9781856694377 |last2=Haslam |first2=Andrew}}<br />In British Standards Classification of Typefaces (BS 2961:1967), the following are defined:<br />
'''Grotesque''': Lineale typefaces with 19th-century origins. There is some contrast in thickness of strokes. They have squareness of curve, and curling close-set jaws. The R usually has a curled leg and the G is spurred. The ends of the curved strokes are usually oblique. Examples include the [[Grotesque (Stephenson Blake typefaces)|Stephenson Blake Grotesques]], Condensed Sans No. 7, Monotype Headline Bold.
<br />
'''Neo-grotesque''': Lineale typefaces derived from the grotesque. They have less stroke contrast and are more regular in design. The jaws are more open than in the true grotesque and the g is often open-tailed. The ends of the curved strokes are usually horizontal. Examples include Edel/Wotan, [[Univers]], [[Helvetica]].
<br />
'''Humanist''': Lineale typefaces based on the proportions of inscriptional Roman capitals and Humanist or Garalde lower-case, rather than on early grotesques. They have some stroke contrast, with two-storey a and g. Examples include [[Optima]], [[Gill Sans]], Pascal.
<br />
'''Geometric''': Lineale typefaces constructed on simple geometric shapes, circle or rectangle. Usually monoline, and often with single-storey a. Examples include [[Futura (typeface)|Futura]], [[Erbar]], [[Eurostile]].
</ref>
<ref name="PJIM">{{Cite journal |last1=Childers |last2=Griscti |last3=Leben |date=January 2013 |title=25 Systems for Classifying Typography: A Study in Naming Frequency |url=http://piim.newschool.edu/journal/issues/2013/01/pdfs/ParsonsJournalForInformationMapping_Childers_Griscti_Leben.pdf |journal=The Parsons Journal for Information Mapping |publisher=The Parsons Institute for Information Mapping |volume=V |issue=1 |access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="behrens">{{Citation |last=Behrens |first=Peter |title=Feste des Lebens und der Kunst: eine Betrachtung des Theaters als höchsten Kultursymbols |url=https://archive.org/details/festedeslebensun00behr |year=1900 |publisher=Eugen Diederichs |language=de |author-link=Peter Behrens}}</ref>
<ref name="nymphgrot_update">{{Citation |last=Mosley |first=James |title=The Nymph and the Grot, an update |date=6 January 2007 |url=http://typefoundry.blogspot.com/2007/01/nymph-and-grot-update.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610132607/http://typefoundry.blogspot.it/2007/01/nymph-and-grot-update.html |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

<!-- unused reference
<ref name="lupton">{{Citation |last=Lupton |first=Ellen |title=Thinking with Type |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oz1FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46] |year=2010 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |isbn=978-1-61689-045-2}}</ref>
-->

}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Bringhurst |first=Robert |title=The Elements of Typographic Style |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=940sAAAAYAAJ |year=2004 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Hartley & Marks Publishers]] |isbn=9780881792065 |author-link=Robert Bringhurst  |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last=Haralambous |first=Yannis |title=Fonts & Encodings |date=28 November 2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA411 411] |publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] |isbn=9780596102425}}
* {{Citation |last=Lawson |first=Alexander |title=Anatomy of a Typeface |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FiJ87ixLs0sC&pg=PA295 295] |year=1990 |publisher=[[David R. Godine, Publisher]] |isbn=9780879233334}}
* {{Citation |last=Lyons |first=Martyn |title=Books: A Living History |year=2011 |edition=2nd |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=9781606060834 |author-link=Martyn Lyons  |ref=none}}
* {{Citation |last1=Meggs |first1=Philip B. |title=Meggs' History of Graphic Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZUxRcMP3XcC |year=2011 |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=9781118017760 |ref={{harvid|Meggs|2011}} |last2=Purvis |first2=Alston |author-link=Philip B. Meggs |author-link2=Alston Purvis}}
* {{Citation |last=Tracy |first=Walter |title=Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FI8AQAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=[[David R. Godine, Publisher]] |isbn=9780879236366 |author-link=Walter Tracy}}
* {{Citation |last=Kupferschmid |first=Indra |title=Some Type Genres Explained |date=15 January 2016 |url=http://kupferschrift.de/cms/2016/01/type-classification-texts/  |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=James |title=The Nymph and the Grot: the revival of the sanserif letter |date=1999 |publisher=Friends of the St Bride Printing Library |isbn=9780953520107 |location=London}}

{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=4 The sanserif: the search for examples] (lecture by James Mosley)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz5X9my_X5Q The true source of the sans] (lecture to [[ATypI]] by Jon Melton)
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Caj6pvyE7iM The Sans Serif in France: The Early Years (1834–44)] (lecture by {{ill|Sébastien Morlighem|fr|vertical-align=sup}})
*[https://www.mnemosyne.esad-amiens.fr/manifest.php?id=19 Panorama: A {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|reassesment}} of 19th century poster type] (presentation by Pierre Pané-Farré to Ésad Amiens)
*[https://vimeo.com/171951293 Grotesque: The Birth of The Modern Sans Serif in The Types of The Nineteenth Century] (Lecture at Cooper Union by [[Sara Soskolne]])

{{Typography terms}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sans-Serif}}
[[Category:Typography]]
[[Category:Sans-serif typefaces|*]]