View source for Sarajevo

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{Other uses|Sarajevo (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Sarajevo
| native_name        = Сарајево
| official_name      = {{ubl|{{lang|bs|Grad Sarajevo}}|{{lang|sh-Cyrl|Град Сарајево}}|City of Sarajevo}}
| settlement_type    = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/2/2
| total_width = 250
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Sarajevo City Panorama.JPG
| caption1 = [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Old Town]] and [[Centar, Sarajevo|Center]] skyline
| image2 = Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina - 6797352645.jpg
| caption2 = [[Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque]]
| image3 = JesusesHearthCathedral.jpg
| caption3 = [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sarajevo|{{nowrap|Sacred Heart}} Cathedral]]
| image4 = Saborna crkva u Sarajevu.jpg
| caption4 = [[Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Sarajevo|Orthodox Cathedral]]
| image5 = Baščaršija.jpg
| caption5 = [[Baščaršija]]
| image6 = Trebevićka žičara 2018 05.jpg
| caption6 = [[Sarajevo cable car]]
| image7 = Latin Bridge 02 (22757259615).jpg
| caption7 = [[Latin Bridge]]
| image8 = Vijecnica (41626036484).jpg
| caption8 = [[Šeher-Ćehaja Bridge]] in front of [[Vijećnica]]
}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Sarajevo.svg
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Sarajevo.svg
| seal_size          = 
| nicknames           = "Jerusalem of Europe",<ref name="In Europe's Jerusalem">Stilinovic, Josip (3 January 2002). [http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=21006 "In Europe's Jerusalem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213719/http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=21006 |date=29 June 2017 }}, ''Catholic World News''. The city's principal mosques are the Gazi Husrev-Bey's Mosque, or Begova Džamija (1530), and the Mosque of Ali Pasha (1560–61). Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> "Jerusalem of the Balkans",<ref name="google27">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewstheirfuturec0000benb |url-access=registration |quote=Sarajevo. |title=The Jews and their Future: A Conversation on Judaism and Jewish Identities |first1=Esther |last1=Benbassa |author-link1=Esther Benbassa |first2=Jean-Christophe |last2=Attias |year=2004 |location=London |publisher=Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewstheirfuturec0000benb/page/27 27] |isbn=978-1-84277-391-8}}</ref> "Šeher, Rajvosa"<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitsarajevo.ba/history |title=Visit Sarajevo: A Brief History of the City |publisher=Visit Sarajevo |access-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823104702/http://www.visitsarajevo.ba/history/ |archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref>
| motto              = 
| mapframe           = yes
 | mapframe-wikidata = yes
 | mapframe-zoom = 10
 | mapframe-marker = building
 | mapframe-marker-color = #fa0202
 | mapframe-stroke-color = #fa0202
 | mapframe-stroke-width = 3
 | mapframe-shape-fill = #595959
| map_caption        = Interactive map outlining Sarajevo
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Bosnia and Herzegovina##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| pushpin_map        = Bosnia and Herzegovina#Europe
| coordinates        = {{coord|43|51|23|N|18|24|47|E|region:BA|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{BIH}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Entity]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Canton]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{flag|Sarajevo Canton}}
| subdivision_type3  = [[Municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Municipalities]]:{{bulleted list|[[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]] |[[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]] |[[Novo Sarajevo]] |[[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]]}}
| subdivision_name3  = [[#Municipalities and city government|4]]
| subdivision_type4        = Geographical [[region]]
| subdivision_name4        = Sarajevo–[[Zenica]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{start date and age|1461}}
| governing_body     = [[Sarajevo City Council]]
| leader_title       = [[List of mayors of Sarajevo|Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Samir Avdić]]
| leader_party       = [[People and Justice|NiP]]
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 141.5
| area_urban_km2     = 351.2
| area_metro_km2     = 
| elevation_m        = 550
| population_as_of   = 2013 census
| population_footnotes = <ref name="bhas.ba">{{cite web |url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Final Results |date=2013 |publisher=Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014093505/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| total_type         = [[City proper]]
| population_total   = 275,524
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 394,002 <!--Includes the City of Sarajevo as well as the municipalities of Ilidža, Vogošća and Istočno Sarajevo (Istočna Ilidža, Istočno Novo Sarajevo, Istočni Stari Grad)-->
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro =  555,210
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2  = Sarajevan ([[English language|en]])<br />Sarajlija (Сарајлија) (m.) <br/> Sarajka (Сарајка) (f.) ([[Bosnian language|bs]])
| population_note    = 
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 71000
| area_code          = +387 33
| blank1_name        = Motorways
| blank1_info        = [[File:A1-BIH-2014.svg|23px|link=A1 (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] [[File:Tabliczka E73.svg|28px|link=European route E73]]
| blank2_name        = Major airport
| blank2_info        = [[Sarajevo International Airport]]
| website            = {{URL|sarajevo.ba}}
| footnotes          = 
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| population_est     = 
}}
'''Sarajevo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ær|ə|ˈ|j|eɪ|v|oʊ}} {{respell|SARR|ə|YAY|voh}}){{efn|{{lang-cyrl|Сарајево}}, {{IPA|sh|sǎrajeʋo|pron|bs-Sarajevo.ogg}}; ''see [[Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S|names in other languages]]''}} is the [[Capital city|capital]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/#government |title=The World Factbook |date=2015-09-06 |access-date=2022-04-29 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210154230/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/#government |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina|largest city]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/census-highlights-impact-of-bosnian-conflict-on-population-07-01-2016 |title=Census Results Highlight Impact of Bosnian War |work=Balkan Transitional Justice |publisher=Balkan Investigative Reporting Network |first=Rodolfo |last=Toe |date=1 July 2016 |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015044656/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/census-highlights-impact-of-bosnian-conflict-on-population-07-01-2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bhas.ba"/> The [[Sarajevo Canton]], containing the city of Sarajevo and nearby municipalities, is home to 413,593 inhabitants.<ref name="bhas.ba"/> Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]], it is surrounded by the [[Dinaric Alps]] and situated along the [[Miljacka]] River in the heart of the [[Balkans]], a region of [[Southeastern Europe]].

Sarajevo is the political, financial, social, and cultural centre of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a prominent centre of culture in the Balkans. It exerts region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediterraneanews.com/index/2011/05/sarajevo-the-economic-administrative-cultural-and-educational-center-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |title=Sarajevo: The economic, administrative, cultural and educational center of Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Mediterranea News |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230137/http://www.mediterraneanews.com/index/2011/05/sarajevo-the-economic-administrative-cultural-and-educational-center-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |archive-date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=daenet d.o.o. |url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=144 |title=Sarajevo Official Web Site : Economy |publisher=Sarajevo.ba |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401224315/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=144 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to its long history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo is sometimes called the "[[Jerusalem]] of Europe"<ref name="In Europe's Jerusalem"/> or "Jerusalem of the Balkans".<ref name="google27">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/jewstheirfuturec0000benb |url-access=registration |quote=Sarajevo. |title=The Jews and their Future: A Conversation on Judaism and Jewish Identities |first1=Esther |last1=Benbassa |author-link1=Esther Benbassa |first2=Jean-Christophe |last2=Attias |year=2004 |location=London |publisher=Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewstheirfuturec0000benb/page/27 27] |isbn=978-1-84277-391-8}}</ref> It is one of a few major European cities to have a mosque, Catholic church, Eastern Orthodox church, and synagogue within the same neighborhood.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bosnia: A Short History|edition=Paperback |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |year=1996 |publisher=NYU Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-8147-5561-7 |pages=107, 364}}</ref> It is also home to the former Yugoslavia's first institution of tertiary education in the form of an Islamic polytechnic, today part of the [[University of Sarajevo]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Agency|first=Anadolu|title=Saraybosna'da 476 yıldır yaşayan medrese! (Sarajevo Celebrates 476 Years of its Medresa!)|url=http://www.haber7.com/balkanlar/haber/974831-saraybosnada-476-yildir-yasayan-medrese|publisher=Haber7|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Things to do in Sarajevo |url=https://gezipgordum.com/saraybosna-gezilecek-yerler/ |publisher=Gezip Gördüm |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>

Although there is evidence of human settlement in the area since prehistoric times, the modern city arose in the 15th century as an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] stronghold when the Ottoman empire extended into Europe.{{sfn|Valerijan|Imamović|Ćurovac|Kurto|1997}} Sarajevo has gained international renown several times throughout its history. In 1914, Sarajevo was the site of the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] by a local [[Young Bosnia]] activist [[Gavrilo Princip]], a murder that sparked [[World War I]]. This resulted in the end of [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule in Bosnia and the creation of the multicultural [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in the Balkan region. Later, after [[World War II]], the area was designated the capital of the communist [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], leading to rapid expansion of its population and businesses with investment in infrastructure and economic development.

In 1984, Sarajevo hosted the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], which marked a prosperous era for the city. However, after the start of the [[Yugoslav Wars]], the city suffered the [[Siege of Sarajevo|longest siege of a capital city in modern history]], for a total of 1,425 days, from April 1992 to February 1996, during the [[Bosnian War]]. With continued [[Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina#War-time destruction and post-war reconstruction|post-war reconstruction]] in the aftermath, Sarajevo is the [[Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina|fastest growing city]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>Kelley, Steve. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2003174149_kell04.html "Rising Sarajevo finds hope again"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116131128/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2003174149_kell04.html |date=16 January 2008 }}, ''[[The Seattle Times]]''. Retrieved on 19 August 2006.</ref> The travel guide series ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' ranked Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world.<ref name="Lonely Planet 2006">Lonely Planet (March 2006). ''The Cities Book: A Journey Through The Best Cities in the World'', Lonely Planet Publications, {{ISBN|1-74104-731-5}}.</ref> In December 2009, it recommended Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.<ref name="News.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/galleries/gallery-e6frflw0-1225794915428?page=2 |title=Lonely Planet's Top 10 Cities 2010 &#124; Lonely Planet's Top 10 Cities 2010 |publisher=News.com.au |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010052209/http://www.news.com.au/travel/galleries/gallery-e6frflw0-1225794915428?page=2 |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref>

In 2011, Sarajevo was nominated as the 2014 [[European Capital of Culture]]. It was also selected with [[Istočno Sarajevo]] to host the [[2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bh-news.com/en/vijest_det.php?vid=3827&r=1 |title=Nomination of Sarajevo for European Capital of Culture 2014 |publisher=BH-News.com |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124123232/https://www.bh-news.com/en/vijest_det.php?vid=3827&r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eppgroup.eu/press/showpr.asp?prcontroldoctypeid=1&prcontrolid=10331&prcontentid=17480&prcontentlg=en |title=Sarajevo: With Sarajevo as Europe's Capital of Culture 2014 we could send an... – 12/05/2011 – EPP Group |publisher=Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) in the European Parliament |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193159/http://www.eppgroup.eu/press/showpr.asp?prcontroldoctypeid=1&prcontrolid=10331&prcontentid=17480&prcontentlg=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, in October 2019, Sarajevo was designated as a [[Creative Cities Network|UNESCO Creative City]] for having placed culture at the center of its development strategies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-celebrates-world-cities-day-designating-66-new-creative-cities |title=UNESCO celebrates World Cities Day designating 66 new Creative Cities |date=30 October 2019 |website=UNESCO |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=31 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031145734/https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-celebrates-world-cities-day-designating-66-new-creative-cities |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |title=UNESCO designates 66 new Creative Cities &#124; Creative Cities Network |website=en.unesco.org |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201210257/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also ranked as one of the world's eighteen [[City of Film|Cities of Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pender |first=Eleanor |date=2019-11-06 |title=Five new Cities of Film join the Creative Cities Network |url=https://citiesoffilm.org/network/five-new-cities-of-film-join-the-creative-cities-network/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=UNESCO Cities of Film |language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2024, ''[[National Geographic]]'' declared Sarajevo as the best world destination for 2025 according to its readers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=National Geographic: Sarajevo is the best world destination for 2025 according to the choice of our readers |url=https://sarajevo.travel/en/text/national-geographic-sarajevo-is-the-best-world-destination-for-2025-according-to-the-choice-of-our-readers/1110 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=sarajevo.travel |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Sarajevo Night Skyline Bosnia & Herzegovina 2014 (15510458883).jpg|thumb|left|Sarajevo at night]]

The name ''Sarajevo'' derives from the Turkish noun {{lang|tr|saray}}, meaning "palace" or "mansion" (from [[Persian language|Persian]] {{Transliteration|fa|sarāy}}, {{nastaliq|سرای|fa}}, of the same meaning). Scholars disagree on the origin of the ''evo'' attached to the end. In Slavic languages, the addition of "-evo" may indicate a possessive noun, thereby making the name of Sarajevo 'city of the palace'.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

One theory is that the name may have been derived from the [[Ottoman Turkish]] term {{lang|ota-Latn|saray ovası}}, first recorded in 1455,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkQQAAAAIAAJ |language=sh |title=Bosanski pašaluk: postanak i upravna podjela |author=Hazim Šabanović |publisher=Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine |year=1959 |id=UDC 94(497.6)"14/17" |pages=28–37 |access-date=11 September 2012 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310215425/https://books.google.com/books?id=kkQQAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> meaning "the plains around the palace" or simply "palace plains".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://translate.google.com/#tr/en/Saray%20Ovas%C4%B1 |title=Google Translate |access-date=25 September 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103171735/https://translate.google.com/#tr/en/Saray%20Ovas%C4%B1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, in his ''Dictionary of Turkish Loanwords'', Abdulah Škaljić maintains that the ''evo'' ending is more likely to have come from the widespread [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] suffix {{lang|sla|[[:wikt:Appendix:Suffixes -evo, -ova and -ovo|evo]]}} used to indicate place names, than from the Turkish ending {{lang|tr|ova}}.<ref>Škaljić, Abdulah. ''Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Svjetlost,'' Sarajevo, 1989, šesto izdanje</ref> The first mention of the name Sarajevo was in a 1507 letter written by [[Firuz Bey]].{{Sfn|Tanzer|Longoria|2007|p=272}} The official name during the [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|400 years of Ottoman rule]] was ''Saraybosna'' ("Palace of Bosnia"), which remains the city's name in Modern Turkish.<ref>[https://eksisozluk.com/saraybosna--167337 Definition of "Saraybosna"] at [[Ekşi Sözlük]]. Retrieved 30 July 2025</ref>

Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest is {{lang|sh|Šeher}}, the term [[Isa-Beg Ishaković]] used to describe the town he was going to construct—which is Turkish for "city" ({{lang|tr|şehir}}), in turn coming from the Persian {{Transliteration|fa|shahr}} ({{lang|fa|شهر}}, meaning "city"). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, i.e. "[[Damascus]] of the North" and "European Jerusalem"; the latter being the most popular.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Environment==
===Geography===
Sarajevo is near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and within the historical region of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia proper]]. It is situated {{cvt|518|m|ft|sp=us}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]] and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the [[Dinaric Alps]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=78 |title=About Sarajevo – Official Sarajevo statistics |date=6 September 2015 |publisher=sarajevo.ba |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429094339/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=78 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The valley was once an expansive, fertile, and green space, but considerable urban expansion and development took place following World War II. Forested hills and five major mountains surround the city. The highest of the surrounding peaks is [[Treskavica]] at {{cvt|2088|m|ft|sp=us}}, followed by [[Bjelašnica]] mountain at {{cvt|2067|m|ft|sp=us}}, [[Jahorina]] at {{cvt|1913|m|ft|sp=us}}, [[Trebević]] at {{cvt|1627|m|ft|sp=us}}, and [[Igman]] the shortest at {{cvt|1502|m|ft|sp=us}}. The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo.

When the city hosted the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], venues were constructed at these mountains for many winter sports events. The city is developed within hilly terrain; some steeply inclined streets and residences perch on the hillsides.

The [[Miljacka]] river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to the west part of the city, where it eventually meets up with the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] river. Miljacka River is also known as "The Sarajevo River". Its source (''Vrelo Miljacke'') is {{cvt|2|km|mi|abbr=off}} south of the town of [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://draganmocevic.com/vrelo-miljacke-sramota-za-turizam-republike-srpske-i-bih/#.VeuXgHtzqf4 |title=Vrelo Miljacke – sramota za turizam RS i BiH |date=23 December 2013 |publisher=draganmocevic.com |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032742/http://draganmocevic.com/vrelo-miljacke-sramota-za-turizam-republike-srpske-i-bih/#.VeuXgHtzqf4 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the foothills of Mount Jahorina, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo center. The Bosna's source, [[Vrelo Bosne]] near [[Ilidža]] (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams, such as [[Koševski Potok]], also run through the city and its vicinity.

===Cityscape===
[[File:Sarajevo – Iftar at Žuta tabija.jpg|thumb|right|View of Sarajevo from a popular [[Žuta Tabija|Yellow Bastion]] lookout]]

Sarajevo is close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. The Sarajevo city consists of four municipalities: [[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]] (Center), [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]] (New Town), [[Novo Sarajevo]] (New Sarajevo), and [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]] (Old Town).

The Metropolitan area was reduced in the 1990s after the war and the [[Dayton Agreement|Dayton-imposed administrative division]] of the country, with several municipalities partitioned along the border of the newly recognized [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (FBiH) and [[Republika Srpska]] (RS), creating several new municipalities which together form the city of [[Istočno Sarajevo]] in the Republika Srpska: [[Istočna Ilidža]], [[Istočno Novo Sarajevo]], [[Istočni Stari Grad]], [[Lukavica (Istočno Novo Sarajevo)|Lukavica]], [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale (RS-section)]], and [[Trnovo, Republika Srpska|Trnovo (RS-section)]], along with the municipality of [[Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Sokolac]] (which was not traditionally part of the Sarajevo area and was not partitioned).

The city has an urban area of {{cvt|1041.5|km2|1|abbr=out}}. Veliki Park (Great Park) is the largest green area in the center of Sarajevo. It is nestled between [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Titova]], [[Koševo]], [[Džidžikovac]], Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part there is a monument dedicated to the Children of Sarajevo.

===Climate===
[[File:Sarajevo Veliki-Park 2011-11-08.jpg|thumb|Autumn in Sarajevo – [[Veliki Park (Sarajevo)|Veliki Park]]]]

Sarajevo has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Cfb''') bordering on a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Dfb'''). Sarajevo's climate exhibits four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. The proximity of the [[Adriatic Sea]] moderates Sarajevo's climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence.<ref name="Lacan">{{cite journal |last=Lacan |first=Igor |author2=McBride, Joe R. |year=2009 |title=War and trees: The destruction and replanting of the urban and peri-urban forest of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=133–148 [134] |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2009.04.001|bibcode=2009UFUG....8..133L }}</ref> The average yearly temperature is {{cvt|10|°C|0}}, with January ({{cvt|-0.5|°C|1}} on average) being the coldest month of the year and July ({{cvt|19.7|°C|1}} on average) the warmest.

The highest recorded temperature was {{cvt|40.7|°C|0}} on 19 August 1946 and on 23 August 2008 (41.0), while the lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|-26.2|°C|1}} on 25 January 1942. On 13 August 2024, Sarajevo recorded a temperature of {{Convert|39.7|C|F}}, the highest since 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OGLASIO SE FHMZ: Nadmašen apsolutni maksimum temperature zraka u... |url=https://www.slobodna-bosna.ba/vijest/370756/oglasio_se_fhmz_nadmasen_apsolutni_maksimum_temperature_zraka_u.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=slobodna-bosna.ba |language=bs-BA}}</ref> On average, Sarajevo has seven days where the temperature exceeds {{cvt|32|°C|1}} and four days where the temperature drops below {{cvt|-15|C|F}} per year.<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35331&cityname=Sarajevo-Federacija-Bosne-I-Hercegovine-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101216/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=35331&cityname=Sarajevo-Federacija-Bosne-I-Hercegovine-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina&units=metric |url-status=live }}</ref> The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly [[cloud cover]] of 45%.

The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover), while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed [[winter sports]] to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the [[1984 Winter Olympics]] that were held in Sarajevo. Average winds are {{cvt|28|-|48|km/h|0}} and the city has 1,769 hours of sunshine.

{{Weather box
| location = Sarajevo (1991–2020)
| collapsed = 
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 18.2
| Feb record high C = 21.4
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 30.2
| May record high C = 33.2
| Jun record high C = 35.9
| Jul record high C = 38.4
| Aug record high C = 40.7
| Sep record high C = 37.7
| Oct record high C = 32.2
| Nov record high C = 24.7
| Dec record high C = 18.0
| year record high C = 40.7
| Jan high C = 4.1
| Feb high C = 6.6
| Mar high C = 11.5
| Apr high C = 16.5
| May high C = 21.4
| Jun high C = 25.4
| Jul high C = 27.8
| Aug high C = 28.3
| Sep high C = 22.5
| Oct high C = 17.3
| Nov high C = 10.6
| Dec high C = 4.3
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 0.6
| Feb mean C = 2.4
| Mar mean C = 6.5
| Apr mean C = 10.8
| May mean C = 15.2
| Jun mean C = 19.0
| Jul mean C = 21.0
| Aug mean C = 21.3
| Sep mean C = 16.5
| Oct mean C = 11.9
| Nov mean C = 6.7
| Dec mean C = 1.3
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C = -2.9
| Feb low C = -1.9
| Mar low C = 1.4
| Apr low C = 5.1
| May low C = 9.0
| Jun low C = 12.6
| Jul low C = 14.2
| Aug low C = 14.3
| Sep low C = 10.4
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 2.8
| Dec low C = -1.7
| year low C = 5.4
| Jan record low C = -26.2
| Feb record low C = -23.4
| Mar record low C = -16.4
| Apr record low C = -13.2
| May record low C = -9.0
| Jun record low C = -3.2
| Jul record low C = -2.7
| Aug record low C = -1.0
| Sep record low C = -4.0
| Oct record low C = -10.9
| Nov record low C = -19.3
| Dec record low C = -22.4
| year record low C = -26.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 68.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 67.3
| Mar precipitation mm = 66.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 78.1
| May precipitation mm = 88.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 87.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 75.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 62.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 89.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 91.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 84.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 89.0
| year precipitation mm = 
| Jan humidity = 79
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 68
| Jun humidity = 70
| Jul humidity = 69
| Aug humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 77
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 81
| year humidity = 73
| Jan rain days = 9.6
| Feb rain days = 9.6
| Mar rain days = 9.4
| Apr rain days = 10.8
| May rain days = 11.1
| Jun rain days = 10.3
| Jul rain days = 8.7
| Aug rain days = 7.4
| Sep rain days = 8.8
| Oct rain days = 8.7
| Nov rain days = 8.9
| Dec rain days = 10.2
| year rain days = 
| Jan snow days = 10
| Feb snow days = 12
| Mar snow days = 9
| Apr snow days = 2
| May snow days = 0.2
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 2
| Nov snow days = 6
| Dec snow days = 12
| year snow days = 53
| Jan sun = 57.1
| Feb sun = 83.8
| Mar sun = 125.6
| Apr sun = 152.3
| May sun = 191.7
| Jun sun = 207.1
| Jul sun = 256.3
| Aug sun = 238.2
| Sep sun = 186.6
| Oct sun = 148.8
| Nov sun = 81.2
| Dec sun = 40.7
| year sun = 1769.4
| source 1 = WMO<ref name=WMO>{{cite web |url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=13 |title=World Weather Information Service |publisher=WMO |access-date=2 Jul 2023 |language=en }}</ref>
| source 2 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BH/14654.TXT |title=Sarajevo Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153920/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/BH/14654.TXT |archive-date=2020-07-28 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 August 2016 }}</ref>
| date = August 2016
| source = 
}}
[[File:Panorama de Sarajevo 2.jpg|center|thumb|upright=3.75|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of Sarajevo [[valley]] from "Yellow Bastion" ''(Žuta tabija)'' lookout, spring 2012]]

===Air quality===
[[Air pollution]] is a major issue in Sarajevo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/air-pollution-reaching-alarming-levels-in-bosnia-experts-warn-11-30-2015 |title=Air Pollution is Choking Bosnia, Experts Warn :: Balkan Insight |website=www.balkaninsight.com |date=December 2015 |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172340/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/air-pollution-reaching-alarming-levels-in-bosnia-experts-warn-11-30-2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/sarajevo-introduces-transport-restrictions-to-ease-pollution |title=Sarajevo introduces transport restrictions to ease pollution |date=2016-12-26 |work=Fox News |access-date=2017-04-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405165941/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/26/sarajevo-introduces-transport-restrictions-to-ease-pollution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 2016 [[World Health Organization]]'s Ambient Air Pollution Database,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328100014/http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 March 2014 |title=WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016) |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-04}}</ref> the annual average [[Particulates#Size, shape and solubility matter|PM2.5]] concentration in 2010 was estimated to be 30 μg/m<sup>3</sup> based on PM10 measurement, which is 3 times higher than recommended by [[WHO Air Quality Guideline]]s<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |title=Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104165807/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> for the annual average PM2.5. There are no recent direct long-term PM2.5 measurements available in Sarajevo and only estimates can be made from PM10, which is less health-relevant than PM2.5.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546 |title=Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter (Final Report, Dec 2009) |last1=Sacks |first1=Jason |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055805/https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Real-time air quality data in the form of PM10, ozone, [[Nitrogen dioxide|NO<sub>2</sub>]], [[Carbon monoxide|CO]] and [[Sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]] by the [http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php Federal Hydrometeorological Institute] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190025/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |date=13 September 2018 }}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |title=Federalni hidrometeorološki zavod |website=www.fhmzbih.gov.ba |access-date=2017-04-04 |archive-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913190025/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/latinica/ZRAK/vrijednostiPolutanata.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sarajevo}}
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

{{Quote box |width=23em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote=
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1461–1878 ''de facto'', 1908 ''de jure''
{{ubl|{{flagicon image|Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg}} [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] 1878 ''de facto'', 1908 ''de jure''–1918|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Slovenes%2C Croats and Serbs.svg}} [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] 1918|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] 1918–1929|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] 1929–1941|
{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} 1941–1945|
{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}} 1945–1992|
{{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 1992–1995|
{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 1995–present}}
}}

===Ancient times===
{{Main|Stari Grad, Sarajevo}}
[[File:Butmirska vaza.jpg|thumb|[[Neolithic]] period [[Butmir culture|Butmir]] vase]]

One of the earliest findings of settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Neolithic [[Butmir culture]]. The discoveries at [[Butmir]] were made on the grounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb [[Ilidža]] in 1893 by [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities during the construction of an agricultural school. The area's richness in [[flint]] was attractive to Neolithic humans, and the settlement flourished. The settlement developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people as a unique culture, as described at the International Congress of Archaeologists and [[anthropology|Anthropologists]] meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.<ref>[http://www.sarajevo-tourism.com/eng/sarajevothroughhistory.wbsp "The Culture & History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212025705/http://www.sarajevo-tourism.com/eng/sarajevothroughhistory.wbsp |date=12 December 2007 }}, Tourism Association of Sarajevo Canton, Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>

The next prominent culture in Sarajevo was the [[Illyrians]]. The ancient people, who considered most of the [[Balkans#Western Balkans|Western Balkans]] as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river [[Miljacka]] and the Sarajevo valley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the ''[[Daesitiates]]'', the last Illyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] occupation. Their defeat by the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Tiberius]] in 9 AD marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosnia, but the [[Colonies in antiquity|Roman colony]] of Aquae Sulphurae was near the top of present-day [[Ilidža]], and was the most important settlement of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2498 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171041/http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2498 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-13 |title=Commission to preserve national monuments |date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> After the Romans, the [[Goths]] settled the area, followed by the [[Slavs]] in the 7th century.<ref name=Brit>"Sarajevo", ''New Britannica'', volume 10, edition 15 (1989). {{ISBN|0-85229-493-X}}.</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{See also|Sarajevo during the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Ilidža Rimski most 3.jpg|thumb|[[Roman bridge in Ilidža|Roman bridge]], erected 1530 in [[Ilidža]], built of remnants of an old Roman settlement]]

During the [[Middle Ages]], Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of [[Vrhbosna]] near the traditional center of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]]. Though a city named ''Vrhbosna'' existed, the exact settlement in Sarajevo at this time is [[History of Sarajevo#Middle Ages|debated]]. Various documents note a place called ''Tornik'' in the region, most likely in the area of the [[Marijin Dvor (Sarajevo)|Marijin Dvor]] neighborhood. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village and was not considered very important by [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] merchants.

Other scholars say that ''Vrhbosna'' was a major town in the wider area of modern-day Sarajevo. [[Holy See|Papal]] documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]] was built in the area. Disciples of the notable saints [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril]] and [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]] stopped in the region, founding a church near [[Vrelo Bosne]]. Whether or not the town was somewhere in the area of modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. There was also a citadel [[Hodidjed]] north-east to the [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Old City]], dating from around 1263 until it was occupied by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1429.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/sa/Sarajevo.html "Sarajevo"], ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', edition 6, Retrieved on 3 August 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829204950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/sa/Sarajevo.html |date=29 August 2006 }}</ref>

===Ottoman era===
{{See also |Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Sacking of Sarajevo|Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine}}
[[File: Sebilj (by day).jpg |thumb|The [[Sebilj in Sarajevo|Sebilj]] is a [[Ottoman Empire|pseudo-Ottoman]] style wooden [[fountain]] in the centre of [[Baščaršija]] square. The current structure is an 1891 reconstruction of the original, which burnt down in 1852]]

Sarajevo was founded by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1450s upon its conquest of the region, with 1461 used as the city's founding date. The first Ottoman governor of [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]], [[Isa-Beg Ishaković]], transformed the cluster of villages into a city and [[Capital city|state capital]] by building several key structures, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a [[hamam]], a [[caravansarai]], a bridge, and of course the governor's palace ([[Saray|"Saray"]]), which gave the city its present name in conjunction with “evo”. The mosque was named "Careva Džamija" (the [[Emperor's Mosque]]) in honor of Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]]. With the improvements, Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region. By the [[15th century]] the settlement was established as a city, named ''Bosna-Saraj'', around the citadel in 1461.

Following the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]] at the end of the 15th century, and the invitation from the Ottoman Empire to resettle their population, [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] arrived in Sarajevo, which over time would become a leading center of Sephardic culture and the [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino language]]. Though relatively small in size, a Jewish quarter would develop over several blocks in [[Baščaršija]].

Many local Christians converted to Islam at this time. To accommodate the new pilgrims on the road to [[Mecca]], in 1541, [[Gazi Husrev-beg]]'s quartermaster Vekil-Harrach built a pilgrim's mosque which it is still known to this day as the [[Hadžijska Mosque]].

Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-29 |title=Life in Sarajevo |url=https://www.ius.edu.ba:443/life-sarajevo |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=International University of Sarajevo |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408054803/https://www.ius.edu.ba/life-sarajevo |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-58544-226-7 |pages=121}}</ref> By contrast, [[Belgrade]] in 1683 had 100,000,<ref name="The History of Belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade: Middle Ages - Turkish Conquest - Liberation of Belgrade |last=Belgradenet.com |website=www.belgradenet.com |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Zagreb]] as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the site of warfare.

[[File:Religions.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque]] and the [[Sarajevo Clock Tower]]]]

In 1697, during the [[Great Turkish War]], a raid was led by [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] against the Ottoman Empire, [[Sacking of Sarajevo|which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground]]. After his men had looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful of neighborhoods, some mosques, and an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox church]] were left standing. Numerous other fires weakened the city, which was later rebuilt but never fully recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1830s, several battles of the [[Bosnian uprising (1831–32)|Bosnian uprising]] had taken place around the city. These had been led by [[Husein Gradaščević]]. Today, a major city street is named ''Zmaj od Bosne'' (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and for several more decades, the Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.

The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative center by 1850. [[Baščaršija]] became the central commercial district and cultural center of the city in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Ishaković founded the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roker.bloger.hr/post/bascarsija/1118045.aspx |title=Baščaršija |work=bloger.hr |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502051957/http://roker.bloger.hr/post/bascarsija/1118045.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The toponym Baščaršija derives from the [[Turkish language]].

===Austria-Hungary===
{{See also|Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878}}
[[File:Minutos previos al atentado en Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] arrives at [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|the city hall]] on the day of his assassination, 28 June 1914]]

[[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austria-Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] came in 1878 as part of the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], and [[Bosnian Crisis|complete annexation]] followed in 1908, angering the [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]]. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions such as [[Trams in Sarajevo|tramways]], which were established in 1885 before they were later installed in [[Vienna]]. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a large part of the central city area (''čaršija'') left more room for redevelopment. As a result, the city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary Western architecture. Sarajevo also has some examples of [[Vienna Secession|Secession-]] and Pseudo-[[Moors|Moorish]] ([[Moorish Revival architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Moorish Revival]]) styles that date from this period.

[[File:Latin Bridge in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|The [[Latin Bridge]] was the site of the [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination of Franz Ferdinand]]]]

The [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] period was one of great development for the city, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the [[Victorian era|Victorian age]]. Various factories and other buildings were built at this time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhtourism.ba/eng/history_city.wbsp?wbf_mjesto=;1; |title=BH Tourism – History |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313141355/http://bhtourism.ba/eng/history_city.wbsp?wbf_mjesto=;1; |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a large number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevo's population began writing in [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]].<ref name=Brit /><ref>FICE (International Federation of Educative Communities) Congress 2006. [http://www.fice-congress2006.org/french/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=6 Sarajevo&nbsp;– History.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409010008/https://www.fice-congress2006.org/french/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=6 |date=9 April 2023 }} Congress in Sarajevo. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>
For the first time in centuries, the city significantly expanded outside its traditional borders. Much of the city's contemporary central municipality ([[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]]) was constructed during this period.

Architecture in Sarajevo quickly developed into a wide range of styles and buildings. The [[Sarajevo cathedral|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], for example, was constructed using elements of [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-gothic]] and [[Romanesque architecture]]. The [[National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Museum]], [[Sarajevska pivara|Sarajevo brewery]], and [[Vijećnica|City Hall]] were also constructed during this period. Additionally, Austrian officials made Sarajevo the first city in this part of Europe to have a [[tram]]way.

[[File:Academy of fine art and Festina lente.jpg|thumb|The [[Academy of Fine Arts Sarajevo|Academy of Fine Arts]] was originally built to serve as an [[Reformed Church in Austria|Evangelical Church]] in 1899]]

Although the Bosnia Vilayet ''[[de jure]]'' remained part of the Ottoman Empire, it was ''[[de facto]]'' governed as an integral part of Austria-Hungary with the Ottomans having no say in its day-to-day governance. This lasted until 1908 when the territory was formally annexed and turned into a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]], jointly controlled by both Austrian [[Cisleithania]] and Hungarian [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithania]].

The event that triggered [[World War I]] was the  [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination]] of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], along with his wife [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]] in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by [[Gavrilo Princip]], a Bosnian Serb and self-declared Yugoslav, and member of [[Young Bosnia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated |title=Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated – Jun 28, 1914 – HISTORY.com |work=history.com |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924221049/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated |url-status=live }}</ref> This was followed by the [[Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo]], which resulted in two deaths and destruction of property.

In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction. Following the war, Bosnia was annexed into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], and Sarajevo became the capital of the [[Drina Banovina|Drina Province]].

===Yugoslavia===
[[File:Vjecna vatra, Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|The [[Eternal flame (Sarajevo)|Eternal flame]], a memorial to the military and civilian victims of [[World War II]] in Sarajevo]]

After World War I and pressure from the [[Royal Serbian Army]], alongside rebelling [[Slavs|Slavic]] nations in [[Austria-Hungary]], Sarajevo became part of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. Though it held some political significance as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, the city was no longer a national capital and saw a decline in global influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/europe/la-tr-d-sarajevo-timeline-20140727-story.html |title=Timeline: A short history of Sarajevo and region |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604115511/https://www.latimes.com/travel/europe/la-tr-d-sarajevo-timeline-20140727-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's army was overrun by German and Italian forces. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15 April 1941 by the [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Motorized Infantry Division]]. The [[Axis powers]] created the [[Independent State of Croatia]] and included Sarajevo in its territory.

Immediately following the occupation, the main Sephardi Jewish synagogue, [[Il Kal Grande]], was looted, burned, and destroyed by the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. Within a matter of months, the centuries-old Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Sarajevo, comprising the vast majority of [[History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Jewry]], would be rounded up in the Old Synagogue (Stari hram) and deported to their deaths in [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|Croatian concentration camps]]. Roughly 85% of Bosnia's Jewish population would perish at the hands of the Nazis and the [[Ustaše]] during the [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|Holocaust in the region]]. The [[Sarajevo Haggadah]] was the most important artifact which survived this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustaše by the chief librarian of the National Museum, [[Derviš Korkut]].

[[File:Sarajevo Vraca Spomen Park 4.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Vraca Memorial Park]] is a park dedicated to World War II victims in the city]]

On 12 October 1941, a group of 108 notable [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] citizens of Sarajevo signed the [[Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims]] by which they condemned the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs]] organized by the Ustaše, made a distinction between the Bosniaks who participated in such persecutions and the rest of the Bosniak population, presented information about the persecutions of Bosniaks by the [[Ustaše]], and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hadžijahić |first=Muhamed |title=Istorija Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine |year=1973 |publisher=Institut za istoriju radničkog pokreta |location=Sarajevo |language=sh |page=277 |chapter=Muslimanske rezolucije iz 1941 godine [Muslim resolutions of 1941] |chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/47323922/Muhamed-Hadzijahic-Muslimanske-rezolucije-1941 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083030/https://www.scribd.com/doc/47323922/Muhamed-Hadzijahic-Muslimanske-rezolucije-1941 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the summer of 1941, Ustaše militia periodically interned and executed groups of [[Serbs in Sarajevo|Sarajevo Serbs]].<ref name=Balić>{{cite journal |last=Balić |first=Emily Greble |title=When Croatia Needes Serbs: Nationalism and Genocide in Sarajevo, 1941-1942 |journal=Slavic Review |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=116–138 |year=2009 |doi=10.2307/20453271 |jstor=20453271|doi-access=free }}</ref> In August 1941, they arrested about one hundred Serbs suspected of ties to the resistance armies, mostly church officials and members of the intelligentsia, and executed them or deported them to concentration camps.<ref name=Balić /> By mid-summer 1942, around 20,000 Serbs found refuge in Sarajevo from Ustaše terror.{{sfn|Gumz|1998|p=}}

The city was bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] from 1943 to 1944.<ref>Robert J. Donia, ''Sarajevo: a biography''. [[University of Michigan]] Press, 2006. (p. 197)</ref> The [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] movement was represented in the city. In the period February–May 1945, [[Vjekoslav Luburić|Maks Luburić]] set up a Ustaše headquarters in a building known as [[Villa Luburić]] and used it as a torture and execution place whose 323 victims were identified after the war. The resistance was led by [[Vladimir Perić|Vladimir Perić Valter]], who died while leading the liberation of the city on 6 April 1945.

[[File:Sarajevo Novo Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|View west toward parts of [[Novo Sarajevo]]]]

After the war, Sarajevo was the capital of the [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. The Republic Government invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in the municipalities of [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]] and [[Novo Sarajevo]], while simultaneously developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into a modern city. Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Between the end of the war and the end of Yugoslavia, the city grew from a population of 115,000 to more than 600,000 people. The [[Vraca Memorial Park]], a monument for victims of World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "[[Statehood Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Statehood Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]" when the [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ZAVNOBIH]] held their first meeting in 1943.<ref name=Donia>{{cite book |last=Donia |first=Robert J. |title=Sarajevo: A Biography |year=2006 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11557-0 |pages=240–241}}</ref>

A crowning moment of Sarajevo's time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]. Sarajevo beat out [[Sapporo]], Japan, and [[Falun]]/[[Gothenburg]], Sweden, to host the [[Olympic Games]]. The games were followed by a tourism boom, making the 1980s one of the city's most prosperous decades.<ref>Sachs, Stephen E. (1994). [http://www.stevesachs.com/papers/paper_sarajevo.html Sarajevo: A Crossroads in History.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308212547/http://www.stevesachs.com/papers/paper_sarajevo.html |date=8 March 2008 }} Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>

===Bosnian War===
{{Main|Siege of Sarajevo}}
{{See also|Sniper Alley}}
[[File:Sarajevo Red Line 3.jpeg|thumb|The [[Sarajevo Red Line]], a memorial event of the [[Siege of Sarajevo]]'s 20th anniversary. 11,541 empty chairs symbolized 11,541 victims of the war who were killed during the Siege<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.ba/puls/1172-sarajevska-crvena-linija-11541/ |publisher=City.ba |title=Sarajevo Red Line – 1154 |language=bs |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221091015/http://www.city.ba/puls/1172-sarajevska-crvena-linija-11541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/61616-Crvena-linija-rtve-opsade-Sarajeva.html/ |publisher=E-News |title=Red Line for the victims of the Siege of Sarajevo |language=bs |date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701163622/http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/61616-Crvena-linija-rtve-opsade-Sarajeva.html |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>]]

The [[Bosnian War]] for independence resulted in large-scale destruction and dramatic population shifts during the [[Siege of Sarajevo]] between 1992 and 1996. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the [[Army of Republika Srpska|Serb forces]] during the siege,<ref name="UNCOE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |title=Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 |last=Bassiouni |first=Cherif |date=27 May 1994 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302163248/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575571.ece |title=The new siege of Sarajevo |last=Connelly |first=Charlie |date=8 October 2005 |work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505131350/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bosnian Serb forces of the [[Republika Srpska]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] besieged Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996.

When [[1992 Bosnian independence referendum|Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence]] from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and achieved [[United Nations]] recognition, Serbian leaders declared a new Serbian national state Republika Srpska (RS) which was carved out from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html |title=A statement at the seventh biennial meeting of the International Association of Genocide Scholars |last=Hartmann |first=Florence |date=July 2007 |publisher=Helsinki |access-date=11 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213022305/http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html |archive-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> The Army of Republika Srpska encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000<ref name=Times /> stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city with artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |title=Serb general Dragomir Milosevic convicted over Sarajevo siege |last=Strange |first=Hannah |date=12 December 2007 |work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903014053/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 2 May 1992, the Serbs [[blockade]]d the city. The [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian government defense forces]] inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.

During the siege, 11,541 people were killed, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.<ref name="UNCOE" /> The [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991 census]] indicates that before the siege, the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980.

When the siege ended, the concrete scars caused by mortar shell explosions left marks that were filled with red resin. After the red resin was placed, it left floral patterns, which led to them being dubbed [[Sarajevo Rose]]s. Division of the territory according to the [[Dayton Agreement]] resulted in a [[Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs|mass exodus]] in early 1996 of some 62,000 Sarajevo Serbs from the city and its suburbs, creating today's more monoethnic post-war city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEvoy |first1=Joanne |last2=O'Leary |first2=Brendan |author-link2=Brendan O'Leary |title=Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u68In2tKRwoC&pg=PA345 |date=22 April 2013 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0798-9 |page=345 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153913/https://books.google.com/books?id=u68In2tKRwoC&pg=PA345 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Present===
{{Main|History of modern Sarajevo}}
[[File:BBI Shopping and Business Center.jpg|thumb|[[ARIA Centar]], erected in 2009]]

Various modern buildings now occupy Sarajevo's skyline, most significantly the [[Bosmal City Center]], [[ARIA Centar]], [[Sarajevo City Center]] (all three by architect [[Sead Gološ]]) and the [[Avaz Twist Tower]], which at the time of its building was the tallest skyscraper in former Yugoslavia.

In 2014, the city saw [[2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina|anti-government protests and riots]] and record rainfall [[2014 Southeast Europe floods|that caused historic flooding]]. Recent years have seen population growth as well as increases in tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exportcouncil.ba/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:bih-tourism-assessment-analysis-of-sarajevo-herzegovina-and-krajina-tourism-regions-and-recommendations-for-product-development-marketing-and-destination-management&catid=44:key-sectors-and-strategy-&Itemid=14 |title=BiH Tourism Assessment – Analysis of Sarajevo, Herzegovina and Krajina Tourism Regions and Recommendations for Product Development, Marketing and Destination Management &#124;Expo |publisher=Exportcouncil.ba |access-date=5 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[Sarajevo cable car]], also known as the Trebević cable car, Sarajevo's key landmark during the 1984 Winter Olympics, was rebuilt in 2017 and reopened on 6 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/svecano-otvorena-trebevicka-zicara-simbol-i-ponos-sarajeva/180406016|title=Svečano otvorena Trebevićka žičara, simbol i ponos Sarajeva|date=6 April 2018|access-date=6 April 2018|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> The cable car runs from Sarajevo at Bistrik station to the slopes of [[Trebević]] at Vidikovac station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cloudlessness.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/chasing-the-olympic-dream/ |title=Chasing the Olympic dream |publisher=cloudlessness |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406233609/https://cloudlessness.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/chasing-the-olympic-dream/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
===Largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina===
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Sarajevo is the capital<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Tourism-g294450-Sarajevo_Sarajevo_Canton-Vacations.html |title=Sarajevo |access-date=5 January 2015 |website=TripAdvisor |location=Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105122422/http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Tourism-g294450-Sarajevo_Sarajevo_Canton-Vacations.html |url-status=live }}</ref> of the country of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and its sub-entity, the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as of the [[Sarajevo Canton]]. It is also the ''de jure'' capital of another entity, [[Republika Srpska]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/legal/oth-legist/doc/rs-constitution.doc |title=Constitution of the Republika Srpska |publisher=Official Web Site of the Office of the High Representative |access-date=6 August 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225065253/http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/legal/oth-legist/doc/rs-constitution.doc |url-status=live }}</ref> Each of these levels of government has its parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. All national institutions and foreign [[Diplomatic mission|embassies]] are in Sarajevo.

Sarajevo is home to the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the [[Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the operational command of the [[Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>As per {{cite web |url=http://www.mod.gov.ba/en/shema.asp?id%3Dodb |title=United on the Road to NATO |access-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=dead |publisher=Ministry of Defense, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004210928/http://www.mod.gov.ba/en/shema.asp?id=odb |archive-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>

Bosnia and Herzegovina's [[Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building|Parliament office]] in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the [[Bosnian War]]. Due to damage, the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground-level office to resume work. In late 2006, reconstruction work started on Parliament and was finished in 2007. The cost of reconstruction was 80% funded by the [[Politics of Greece|Greek Government]] through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV), and 20% by Bosnia and Herzegovina.

===Municipalities and city government===
{{Main|List of mayors of Sarajevo|Sarajevo City Council}}
[[File:Sarajevo municipalities.PNG|thumb|200px|The four municipalities of the City of Sarajevo ([[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]], [[Novo Sarajevo]], [[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]] and [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]]) within the territory of [[Sarajevo Canton]]]]

The City of Sarajevo comprises four municipalities: [[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]], [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]], [[Novo Sarajevo]], and [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]]. Each operates their own [[Local government|municipal government]], while united they form one city government with its constitution. The [[executive (government)|executive branch]] ({{langx|bs|Gradska uprava}}) consists of a [[List of mayors of Sarajevo|mayor]], with two deputies and a cabinet.

The [[legislature|legislative branch]] consists of the [[Sarajevo City Council|City Council]], or ''Gradsko vijeće''. The council has 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councilors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population.<ref>Government of Sarajevo on [http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=136 Sarajevo Official Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224063956/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=136 |date=24 February 2008 }}</ref> The City Statute requires the city council to include at least six councilors from each [[Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina|constituent people]] and at least two from the ranks of Others.

Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, ''Mjesne zajednice''). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based on key neighborhoods in the city.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Sarajevo}}
[[File:Sarajevo Tram-Stop Banka 2011-10-28 (2).jpg|thumb|left|Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]

Sarajevo's large manufacturing, administrative, and tourism sectors make it the strongest economic region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo Canton generates almost 25% of the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vlada.ks.gov.ba/sites/vlada.ks.gov.ba/files/procjena_pozicije_ks_u_raspodjeli_prihoda_od_indirektnih_poreza_u_bih.pdf |title=Sarajevo's economic standpoint in Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Canton of Sarajevo |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216030605/http://vlada.ks.gov.ba/sites/vlada.ks.gov.ba/files/procjena_pozicije_ks_u_raspodjeli_prihoda_od_indirektnih_poreza_u_bih.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After years of war, Sarajevo's economy saw reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.<ref>European Commission & World Bank. {{cite web |url=http://www.seerecon.org/bosnia/ec/sectors/sarajevo.htm |title=The European Community (EC) Europe for Sarajevo Programme |access-date=2006-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106094414/http://www.seerecon.org/bosnia/ec/sectors/sarajevo.htm |archive-date=6 November 2007}} The EC reconstruction program for Bosnia and Herzegovina detailed by sector. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> The [[Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the [[Sarajevo Stock Exchange]] began trading in 2002.

While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the [[market economy]]. Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.<ref name=Brit /> Companies based in Sarajevo include [[BH Telecom]], [[Bosnalijek]], [[Energopetrol]], [[Sarajevo Tobacco Factory]], and [[Sarajevska pivara]] (Sarajevo Brewery).

In 2019, the total export for the Sarajevo Canton was worth about 1,427,496,000 [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|KM]]. Most of Sarajevo's exports (20.55%) head to [[Germany]], with [[Serbia]] and [[Croatia]] following behind at 12% respectively. The largest amount of imported goods comes from Croatia, at 20.95%. With a worth of total import of about 4,872,213,000 [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|KM]], the total import is almost 3.4 times the total export.<ref name="fsz canton 2020">{{Cite web |url=http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/KS_2020.pdf.pdf|website=www.fzs.ba |title=Kanton Sarajevo U Brojkama|trans-title=Sarajevo Canton in Figures|date=2020|publisher=Federalni zavod za statistiku (FSZ; Federal Bureau of Statistics); Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, Bosna i Hercegovina |location=Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina|access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531125258/http://fzs.ba/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/KS_2020.pdf.pdf|language=bs, sr}}</ref>

In 1981, Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju |year=1984 |edition=3rd |publisher=Sveučilišna naklada Liber |location=Zagreb |language=hr |editor1-first=Radovan |editor1-last=Radovinović |editor2-first=Ivan |editor2-last=Bertić}}</ref> Gross pay in Sarajevo in March 2023 was {{currency|2,497|BAM}} or {{currency|1,269|code=EUR}}, while net salary was {{currency|1,585|BAM|linked=no}} or {{currency|805|code=EUR|linked=no}}, indicating stable growth.<ref name="fsz canton 2020"/>

==Tourism and recreation==
[[File:Trebevićka žičara 2018 06.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sarajevo cable car]] taking visitors to mount [[Trebević]] from the city centre]]

Sarajevo has a wide tourist industry and a fast-expanding service sector thanks to the strong annual growth in tourist arrivals. Sarajevo also benefits from being both a summer and winter destination with continuity in its tourism throughout the year. The travel guide series, ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world,<ref name="Lonely Planet 2006" /> and in December 2009, listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.<ref name="News.com.au" />

[[File:Sarajevo Wilsons-Promenade 2013-10-18 (2).jpg|thumb|''[[Vilsonovo Šetalište]]'' (Wilson's Promenade) along the [[Miljacka]]]]

In 2019, 733,259 tourists visited Sarajevo, giving 1,667,545 overnight stays, which was 20% more than in 2018.<ref name="fsz canton 2020"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/saopstenja/turizam/mjesecna_saopstenja/2019/Turizam_Decembar_2019.pdf |title=Number of Tourist Arrivals and Nights |publisher=Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics |date=December 2019 |access-date=28 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727020311/https://www.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/saopstenja/turizam/mjesecna_saopstenja/2019/Turizam_Decembar_2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of [[Bjelašnica]], [[Igman]], [[Jahorina]], [[Trebević]] and [[Treskavica]].

Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, makes it a [[tourist attraction]] with splendid variations. The city has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading centre during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] empires and because it was a natural stop for many routes between East and West. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the [[Vrelo Bosne]] park, the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Sarajevo|Sarajevo cathedral]], and the [[Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque]]. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural sites and winter sports.

[[File:Bridge on Vrelo Bosne.jpg|thumb|The [[Vrelo Bosne|spring]] of the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna river]] is located in [[Ilidža]], a chief suburb of Sarajevo]]

There are many parks throughout the city and on the outskirts. A popular activity among locals is street chess, usually played at [[Trg Oslobođenja - Alija Izetbegović]]. Veliki Park is the largest green area in the centre of Sarajevo. It is nestled between [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Titova]], [[Koševo]], [[Džidžikovac]], Tina Ujevića and Trampina Streets and in the lower part, there is a monument dedicated to the [[Siege of Sarajevo#Casualties|Children of Sarajevo]]. [[Nijaz Duraković Park|Hastahana]] is a popular place to relax in the Austro-Hungarian neighborhood of [[Marijin Dvor (Sarajevo)|Marijin Dvor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spottedbylocals.com/sarajevo/hastahana/ |title=Hastahana – Skate & relax |publisher=spottedbylocals.com |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001232443/http://www.spottedbylocals.com/sarajevo/hastahana/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Goat's Bridge]], locally known as ''Kozija Ćuprija'', in the Miljacka Canyon is also a popular park destination along the [[Goat's Bridge#Dariva|Dariva]] walkway and river Miljacka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sarajevo.travel/ba/sta-raditi/dariva/136 |title=Dariva |publisher=sarajevo.travel/ba |access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102322/http://sarajevo.travel/ba/sta-raditi/dariva/136 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://sarajevo.travel/ba/sta-raditi/kozija-cuprija/442 |title=Kozija ćuprija |publisher=sarajevo.travel/ba |access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001115539/http://sarajevo.travel/ba/sta-raditi/kozija-cuprija/442 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 December 2012, a park hosting two brass sculptures resembling two mourning mothers was dedicated as the Friendship Park, commemorating over 45 years of friendship between Sarajevo and [[Baku]], the capital of Azerbaijan.

Sarajevo is also famous for its city lookouts; including an observation deck on the [[Avaz Twist Tower]], Park Prinčeva restaurant, Vidikovac lookout (Mt. Trebević), Zmajevac lookout and Yellow/White fortresses lookouts (in [[Vratnik (Sarajevo)|Vratnik]]) as well as numerous other rooftops throughout the city (i.e. Alta Shopping Centre, [[ARIA Centar]], Hotel Hecco Deluxe). A symbol of Sarajevo is the [[Sarajevo cable car|Trebević cable car]] which was reconstructed in 2018, also it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city taking visitors from the city centre to Mount Trebević.

There is also a [[UNESCO]] tentative monument, the [[Old Jewish Cemetery, Sarajevo|Old Jewish Cemetery]], an almost 500 years old site that is the second-largest Jewish sepulchral complex in Europe, the one in [[Prague]] being the largest. It is also one of the most significant memorial complexes in the world. It represents the eternal proof of the coexistence of two or more different confessions under different administrations and rules, and the proof of mutual respect and tolerance.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6334/ |title=Jewish Cemetery in Sarajevo |first=UNESCO World Heritage |last=Centre |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050943/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6334/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Sarajevo}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120" caption="Sarajevo has been called the 'European [[Jerusalem]]' due to the city's traditionally diverse ethnic and religious makeup">
File: Mosque-2597602 1920.jpg |[[Emperor's Mosque]]
File: Sarajevo - Saborna Crkva Rođenja Presvete Bogorodice (49103843783).jpg |[[Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Sarajevo|Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos]]
File:Bosnia Church.jpg|[[Sarajevo cathedral|Sacred Heart Cathedral]]
File: Sarajevo - Aškenaška sinagoga (49131881948).jpg |[[Sarajevo Synagogue]]
</gallery>
{{Historical populations
|source=<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zpr.ks.gov.ba/sites/zpr.ks.gov.ba/files/demografska_analiza_ks_po_opcinama_13-19.pdf |title=Demografska Analiza Kantona Sarajevo Po Općinama u Periodu 2013–2019. Godine |publisher=Zavod za planiranje razvoja Kantona Sarajevo |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706031125/https://zpr.ks.gov.ba/sites/zpr.ks.gov.ba/files/demografska_analiza_ks_po_opcinama_13-19.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|1660|80,000
|1851|21,102
|1885|26,377
|1895|37,713
|1910|51,919
|1921|66,317
|1931|78,173
|1953|135,657
|1961|213,092
|1971|359,448
|1981|379,608
|1991|492,682
|2013|413,593
|2022|424,646
}}
[[File:Sarajevo - Etnicki sastav po naseljima 1991 1 L.gif|thumb|170px|left|Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements, 1991]]
[[File:Sarajevo - Etnicki sastav po naseljima 2013 1 L.gif|thumb|170px|left|Ethnic structure of Sarajevo by settlements, 2013]]

Thanks to steady but constant and stable growth after the war, today's built-up area includes not only previously mentioned urban municipalities but the urban part of [[Hadžići]] that is uninterruptedly connected to [[Ilidža]], the westernmost part of the Sarajevo urban settlement, is inhabited by more than 419,000 people. It is noticeable that the fastest-growing municipalities are [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]], one of the main ones and the most inhabited one where the population has increased by almost 4,000 people or 2.95% since the [[2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|2013 census]], and Ilidža that has recorded an increase of almost 7% since 2013.<ref name="fsz canton 2020"/>

In June 2016, the final results of the 2013 census were published. According to the census, the population of the [[Sarajevo Canton]] was 413,593, with 55,181 residents in [[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]], 118,553 in Novi Grad, 64,814 in [[Novo Sarajevo]] and 36,976 in [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]].<ref name=Popis2013>{{cite web |title=Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final results |url=http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |publisher=Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=June 2016 |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The last official Yugoslav census took place in [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991]] and recorded 527,049 people living in the city of Sarajevo (ten [[municipality|municipalities]]). In the settlement of Sarajevo proper, there were 454,319 inhabitants.<ref>Population density and urbanization. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2022}} The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, a large majority of whom have not returned.

The war changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. It had long been a multicultural city,<ref>Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]. [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51544.htm Bosnia and Herzegovina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153915/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51544.htm |date=28 July 2020 }} [[Freedom of religion|International Religious Freedom]] Report 2005. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> and often went by the nickname of "Europe's Jerusalem".<ref name="In Europe's Jerusalem" /> At the time of the 1991 census, 49.2 percent of the city's population of 527,049 were [[Bosniaks]], 29.8 percent [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]], 10.7 percent [[Yugoslavs]], 6.6 percent [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croats]] and 3.6 percent other ethnicities (Jews, Romas, etc.).

According to academic Fran Markowitz, there are several "administrative apparatuses and public pressures that push people who might prefer to identify as flexible, multiply constituted hybrids or with one of the now unnamed minority groups into one of the three Bosniac-Croat-Serb constituent nations".{{sfn|Markowitz|2007|p=57}} These include respondents being encouraged by census interviewers to identify as belonging to one of the three [[Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina|constituent peoples]].{{sfn|Markowitz|2007|p=69}} Her analysis of marriage registration data shows, for instance, that 67 percent of people marrying in 2003 identified as Bosniak or Muslim, which is significantly lower than the 79.6 percent census figure from 2002 (unlike the census, where people respond to an interviewer, applicants to the marriage registry fill in the form themselves).

{|border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 25px; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #AAA solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; float: center;"
|- style="background: #E9E9E9"
|colspan="7" style="background: #E9E9E9; font-size: 110%" |'''Ethnic composition of Sarajevo city proper, by municipalities, 2013 census'''
|-
|'''Municipality'''
|'''Total'''
|'''[[Bosniaks]]'''
|'''[[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]]'''
|'''[[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Croats]]'''
|'''Others'''
 |-
||[[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]]
|55,181
|41,702 (75.57%)
|2,186 (3.96%)
|3,333 (6.04%)
|7,960 (14.42%)
|-
||[[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]]
|118,553
|99,773 (84.16%)
|4,367 (3.68%)
|4,947 (4.17%)
|9,466 (7.98%)
|-
||[[Novo Sarajevo]]
|64,814
|48,188 (74.35%)
|3,402 (5.25%)
|4,639 (7.16%)
|8,585 (13.24%)
|-
||[[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]]
|36,976
|32,794 (88.69%)
|467 (1.3%)
|685 (1.85%)
|3,030 (8.19%)
|-
||'''Total'''
|275,524
|222,457 (80.74%)
|10,422 (3.78%)
|13,604 (4.94%)
|29,041 (10.54%)
|}

==Transportation==
===Roads and highways===
Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains makes it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main roads are [[Marshal Tito street (Sarajevo)|Titova Ulica]] (Street of [[Josip Broz Tito|Marshal Tito]]) and the east–west [[Husein Gradaščević|Zmaj od Bosne]] (Dragon of Bosnia) highway (E761). Located roughly at the center of the country, Sarajevo is Bosnia's main intersection. The city is connected to all the other major cities by highway or national road like [[Zenica]], [[Banja Luka]], [[Tuzla]], [[Mostar]], [[Goražde]] and [[Foča]].

Tourists from [[Central Europe]] and elsewhere visiting [[Dalmatia]] driving via [[Budapest]] through Sarajevo also contribute to the traffic congestion in and around Sarajevo. The trans-European highway, [[European route E73|Corridor Vc]], runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and [[Ploče]] at the Adriatic Sea in the south.<ref>[http://www.bosmal.com/en/?lg=en&nav_ID=14 Corridor 5C.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328012107/http://www.bosmal.com/en/?lg=en&nav_ID=14 |date=28 March 2008 }} Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> The highway is being built by the [[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina|government]] and should cost 3.5 billion [[Euro]]. Up until March 2012, the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] invested around 600 million euros in the A1. In 2014, the sections Sarajevo-Zenica and Sarajevo-[[Tarčin]] were completed including the [[Sarajevo Beltway]] ring road.

===Tram, bus and trolleybus===
[[File:Sarajevo Stadler Tango NF3 009 May2024 (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|[[Trams in Sarajevo|Sarajevo tram]]]]

[[Trams in Sarajevo|Sarajevo's electric tramways]], in operation since 1884 and electrified since 1895, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city.<ref>Mary Sparks, The Development of Austro-Hungarian Sarajevo, 1878-1918: An Urban History [https://books.google.com/books?id=1gtCBAAAQBAJ&dq=electric+tram+sarajevo&pg=PA55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417225007/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1gtCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=electric+tram+sarajevo&hl=en&sa=Xved=2ahUKEwiVnJ6o1onrAhUtoHIEHXlDDTAQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=electric%20tram%20sarajevo&f=false|date=17 April 2022}}</ref> Sarajevo had the first full-time (dawn to dusk) tram line in Europe, and the second in the world.<ref name="amazon1">{{cite book |title=Lonely Planet: Best Cities in the World |year=2006 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-731-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetciti00lone}}</ref> Opened on [[New Year's Day]] in 1885, it was the testing line for the tram in [[Vienna]] and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]], and operated by horses. Originally built to {{RailGauge|760mm|allk=on}}, the present system in 1960 was upgraded to {{RailGauge|1435mm|allk=on}}. The trams played a pivotal role in the growth of the city in the 20th century.

[[File:Sarajevo Bus Centrotrans Line-Dobrinja-Vijecnica 2011-09-28.jpg|thumb|right|[[MAN Truck & Bus|MAN]] Centrotrans bus]]

There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five [[trolleybus]] lines and numerous bus routes. The [[Sarajevo main railway station|main railway station]] in Sarajevo is in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and roads are under construction. In January 2021, the city bought 25 new BKM 433 trolleybuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/biznis/potpisan-ugovor-za-nabavku-25-novih-trolejbusa-na-ulicama-sarajeva-ce-biti-krajem-godine/210115151|title=Potpisan ugovor za nabavku 25 novih trolejbusa: Na ulicama Sarajeva će biti krajem godine|date=15 January 2021|access-date=15 January 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> [[Tramway track|Tram track]] renovation lasted from August 2021 to September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/zavrsena-rekonstrukcija-pruge-krenuo-prvi-tramvaj-od-ilidze-do-bascarsije/230903065|title=Završena rekonstrukcija pruge: Krenuo prvi tramvaj od Ilidže do Baščaršije|date=3 September 2023|access-date=3 September 2023|language=bs|author=M.G.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> The city also bought 15 new [[Stadler Tango]] trams in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/biznis/tramvaji-koje-nabavlja-vlast-u-sarajevu-kostaju-34-miliona-eura-prvi-ce-stici-za-dvije-godine/210901056|title=Tramvaji koje nabavlja vlast u Sarajevu koštaju 34 miliona eura, prvi će stići za dvije godine|date=1 September 2021|access-date=1 September 2021|language=bs|author=N.V.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> The first tram arrived in December 2023, while the rest are expected to arrive by the summer of 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/biznis/investicije/u-sarajevo-dosao-prvi-od-15-novih-tramvaja-nakon-testiranja-bit-ce-pusten-u-redovan-saobracaj/231213201|title=U Sarajevo došao prvi od 15 novih tramvaja, nakon testiranja bit će pušten u redovan saobraćaj|date=14 December 2023|access-date=14 December 2023|language=bs|author=B.R.|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> An additional 10 new trams were bought, as well as 30 new buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hocu.ba/indexphp/hocuinfo/ministar-steta-objasnio-kako-ce-funkcionisati-nocni-javni-prijevoz-u-sarajevu/|title=Ministar Šteta objasnio kako će funkcionisati noćni javni prijevoz u Sarajevu|date=25 December 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|language=bs|website=hocu.ba|archive-date=10 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210005036/https://www.hocu.ba/indexphp/hocuinfo/ministar-steta-objasnio-kako-ce-funkcionisati-nocni-javni-prijevoz-u-sarajevu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Railway===
[[File:Sarajevo railway station (DSC05336).jpg|thumb|[[Sarajevo main railway station]]]]

The [[Sarajevo main railway station]] was built in 1882 for the [[narrow-gauge railway]]. After [[World War II]], it was decided to replace the old station by a new [[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalist]] building. The ceremonial completion of the station building took place in 1949. The station was electrified in 1967, as part of the early electrification program introduced in Bosnia up to 1969.

The [[Sarajevo–Ploče railway]] provides a connection to the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast. It holds the distinction of being the first 25 kV AC-electrified country in the former Yugoslavia, followed by Croatia and Serbia. Once, the [[Narrow-gauge railways in Bosnia and Herzegovina#East Bosnian railway|East Bosnian railway]] connected Sarajevo to [[Belgrade]].

====Metro plans====
To solve traffic congestion in the city, Sarajevo-based architect Muzafer Osmanagić proposed a study called "Eco Energy 2010–2015", proposing a subway system underneath the bed of the river [[Miljacka]]. The first line of Metro Sarajevo would connect [[Baščaršija]] with [[Otoka, Sarajevo|Otoka]]. This line would cost some 150 million [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|KM]] and be financed by the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2010 |title=Metro rail in Sarajevo? |url=http://www.ekapija.ba/website/bih/page/366186_en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118002845/http://www.ekapija.ba/website/bih/page/366186_en |archive-date=18 November 2010 |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=ekapija.ba}}</ref>

===Airport===
[[File: Turkish Airlines A330 at Sarajevo Airport.jpg |thumb|[[Sarajevo International Airport]]]]
[[Sarajevo International Airport]] {{airport codes|SJJ}} is just a few kilometers southwest of the city and was voted Best European Airport With Under 1,000,000 Passengers at the 15th Annual ACI-Europe in [[Munich]] in 2005.

The first regular flights to Sarajevo using an airfield in the suburb of [[Butmir]] began in 1930 when the domestic airliner [[Aeroput]] opened a regular route linking [[Belgrade]] to [[Podgorica]] through Sarajevo.<ref name="aeroput">[http://www.europeanairlines.no/drustvo-za-vazdusni-saobracaj-a-d-aeroput-1927-1948/ Drustvo za Vazdusni Saobracaj A D – Aeroput (1927–1948)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523020505/https://www.europeanairlines.no/drustvo-za-vazdusni-saobracaj-a-d-aeroput-1927-1948/ |date=23 May 2021 }} at europeanairlines.n</ref> Later, Aeroput opened a route that linked Sarajevo with [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Rijeka]], and [[Dubrovnik]], and in 1938, the first international flights were introduced when Aeroput extended the route Dubrovnik – Sarajevo – Zagreb to [[Vienna]], [[Brno]] and [[Prague]].<ref name="aeroput"/><ref>[http://www.sarajevotimes.com/aeroput-first-airline-landed-sarajevo/ Aeroput, the First Airline that Landed in Sarajevo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829125207/http://www.sarajevotimes.com/aeroput-first-airline-landed-sarajevo/ |date=29 August 2018 }} at sarajevotimes.com, 21-4-2014, retrieved 19-7-2014</ref> The airfield in Butmir remained in use until 1969.

The need for a new airport in Sarajevo, with an asphalt-concrete runway, was acknowledged in the mid-1960s when [[Jat Airways|JAT]], the Yugoslav national carrier at that time, began acquiring jet planes. The construction of the airport began in 1966 at its present location, not far from the old one.<ref name="jodogoairportassist.com">{{Cite web |title=Sarajevo International Airport Assist Services - JODOGO |url=https://www.jodogoairportassist.com/airports/sarajevo-international-airport |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.jodogoairportassist.com}}</ref>

Sarajevo Airport opened on 2 June 1969 for domestic traffic. In 1970, [[Frankfurt]] became the first international destination served. Most of the time the airport was a 'feeder' airport where passengers embarked for flights to Zagreb and Belgrade on their way to international destinations. Over time, the traffic volume steadily grew from 70,000 to 600,000 passengers a year.<ref name="jodogoairportassist.com"/> Later, during the [[Bosnian War]], the airport was used for [[United Nations|UN]] flights and humanitarian relief. Since the [[Dayton Agreement]] in 1995, the airport retook its role as the main air portal to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In 2017, 957,971 passengers travelled through the airport, which was 61,4% of the total airport traffic in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="sarajevo-airport.ba">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sarajevo-airport.ba/statistika/statistics_archive_en.pdf |title=Sarajevo airport statistics: Flow – operations and pax – by month, 2001-2016 |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920044446/http://www.sarajevo-airport.ba/statistika/statistics_archive_en.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bhdca.gov.ba/index.php/en/ |title=Home page |access-date=20 August 2018 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627033034/http://bhdca.gov.ba/index.php/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Plans for the extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and expanding the taxiway and apron, started in the fall of 2012. The existing terminal was expanded by approximately {{cvt|7000|m2|0|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exyuaviation.blogspot.com/2011/09/sarajevo-expansion-to-begin-in-2012.html |title=EX-YU aviation news: Sarajevo expansion to begin in 2012 |publisher=Exyuaviation.blogspot.com |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222160459/http://exyuaviation.blogspot.com/2011/09/sarajevo-expansion-to-begin-in-2012.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The upgraded airport was directly linked to the commercial retail center Sarajevo Airport Center, making it easier for tourists and travelers to spend their time before flight boarding shopping and enjoying the many amenities that are offered.<ref name="airportcentersarajevo.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.airportcentersarajevo.com/info.php |title=A new shopping experience in Sarajevo! |publisher=Airportcentersarajevo.com |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105003825/http://www.airportcentersarajevo.com/info.php |url-status=dead}}</ref> Between 2015 and 2018, the airport was upgraded for more than 25 million euros.

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

===Twin towns – sister cities===
Sarajevo is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twins>{{cite web |title=Gradovi pobratimi: Spisak |url=https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak |website=sarajevo.ba |publisher=Sarajevo |language=bs |access-date=2019-12-20 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160015/https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5778/gradovi-pobratimi-spisak |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Coventry]], United Kingdom <small>''(since 1957)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Tlemcen]], Algeria <small>''(since 1964)''</small>
*{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan <small>''(since 1972)''</small>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Magdeburg]], Germany <small>''(since 1972)''</small>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedrichshafen]], Germany <small>''(since 1972)''</small>
*{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], Libya <small>''(since 1976)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Ferrara]], Italy <small>''(since 1978)''</small>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bursa]], Turkey <small>''(since 1979)''</small>
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Innsbruck]], Austria <small>''(since 1980)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Tianjin]], China <small>''(since 1981)''</small>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], United States <small>''(since 1984)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Venice]], Italy <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Collegno]], Italy <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary <small>''(since 1995)''</small>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Serre Chevalier]], France <small>''(since 1995)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Prato]], Italy <small>''(since 1995)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ALB}} [[Tirana]], Albania <small>''(since 1996)''</small>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey <small>''(since 1997)''</small>
*{{flagicon|KWT}} [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait <small>''(since 1998)''</small>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], United States <small>''(since 1999)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain <small>''(since 2000)''</small>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain <small>''(since 2007)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Pula]], Croatia <small>''(since 2012)''</small>
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran <small>''(since 2016)''</small>
*{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Skopje]], North Macedonia <small>''(since 2017)''</small>
*{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar <small>''(since 2018)''</small>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey <small>''(since 2022)''</small><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/saraybosna-izmirin-25inci-kardes-sehri-oldu-1957437 |title=Saraybosna İzmir'in 25'inci kardeş şehri oldu |language=tr |work=Cumhuriyet |date=13 July 2022 |accessdate=13 July 2022}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MNE}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro <small>''(since 2022)''</small>
{{div col end}}

===Friendship===
Sarajevo is befriended with:<ref name=twins/><ref name=friends>{{cite web |title=Gradovi prijatelji |url=https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5777/gradovi-prijatelji |website=sarajevo.ba |publisher=Sarajevo |language=bs |access-date=2019-12-20 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160016/https://www.sarajevo.ba/bs/article/5777/gradovi-prijatelji |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Villes jumelles |url=https://www.villederueil.fr/fr/villes-jumelles |website=villederueil.fr |publisher=Rueil-Malmaison |language=fr |access-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110000842/https://www.villederueil.fr/fr/villes-jumelles |archive-date=10 November 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
<!--Naples, Wolfsburg, and Calgary don't mention Sarajevo as its twin town; Stockholm doesn't practice town twinning-->
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Naples]], Italy <small>''(since 1976)''</small>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wolfsburg]], Germany <small>''(since 1985)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Calgary]], Canada <small>''(since 1986)''</small>
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Stockholm]], Sweden <small>''(since 1997)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia <small>''(since 2001)''</small>
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia <small>''(since 2002)''</small>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Salt Lake City]], United States <small>''(since 2002)''</small>
*{{flagicon|EGY}} [[Cairo]], Egypt <small>''(since 2006)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Dubrovnik]], Croatia <small>''(since 2006)''</small>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Konya]], Turkey <small>''(since 2007)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Vukovar]], Croatia <small>''(since 2011)''</small>
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Bad Ischl]], Austria <small>''(since 2016)''</small>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan <small>''(since 2017)''</small>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Central Administrative Okrug|Central AO (Moscow)]], Russia <small>''(since 2017)''</small>
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]], Serbia <small>''(since 2017)''</small>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France
{{div col end}}

==Communications and media==
{{Main|Communications and media in Sarajevo}}
[[File:Telescope on Avaz Twist Tower.JPG|thumb|160px|Observation deck on top of the [[Avaz Twist Tower]]]]

As the largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction monitored by the [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina|Office of the High Representative]] has helped to modernize the industry as a whole.<ref>European Journalism Centre (November 2002). [http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bosnia_herzegovina/ The Bosnia-Herzegovina media landscape.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415011144/http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bosnia_herzegovina/ |date=15 April 2013 }} European Media Landscape. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> For example, the Internet was first made available to the city in 1995.<ref>Vockic-Avdagic, Jelenka. [http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/newmedia/main/articles/j_avdagic.htm The Internet and the Public in Bosnia-Herzegovina] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007143822/http://soemz.euv-frankfurt-o.de/media-see/newmedia/main/articles/j_avdagic.htm |date=7 October 2007 }} in Spassov, O., and Todorov Ch. (eds.) (2003), New Media in Southeast Europe. SOEMZ, European University "Viadrina" (Frankfurt&nbsp;– Oder) and [[Sofia University]] "St. Kliment Ohridski".</ref>

''[[Oslobođenje]]'' (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo's longest-running continuously circulating newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However, this long-running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind ''[[Dnevni avaz]]'' (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and ''Jutarnje Novine'' (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.<ref>Udovicic, Radenko (3 May 2002). [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=211 What is Happening with the Oldest Bosnian-Herzegovinian Daily: Oslobođenje to be sold for 4.7 Million Marks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227181119/http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=211 |date=27 February 2012 }} Mediaonline.ba: Southeast European Media Journal.</ref> Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper ''[[Hrvatska riječ]]'' and the Bosnian magazine ''[[Start (Bosnian magazine)|Start]]'', as well as weekly newspapers ''[[Slobodna Bosna]]'' (''Free Bosnia'') and ''BH Dani'' (''BH Days''). ''[[Novi Plamen]]'', a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication.

The [[Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (BHRT) is Sarajevo's [[public broadcasting|public television]] station and was created in 1945 under the umbrella of the [[Yugoslav Radio Television]] (JRT). It had its first television program aired in 1961, while continuous programming started in 1969. It is one of three main TV stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include [[Hayat TV (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Hayat TV]], [[O Kanal]], [[OBN (TV channel)|OBN]], [[TVSA|TV Kantona Sarajevo]] and [[TV Alfa]].

The headquarters of [[Al Jazeera Balkans]] is also in Sarajevo, with a broadcasting studio at the top of the [[ARIA Centar]]. The news channel covers [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]] and [[Montenegro]] and the surrounding [[Balkans|Balkan]] states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6031138,00.html |title=Al Jazeera makes its Balkan debut &#124; Europe &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 22 September 2010 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815011856/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6031138,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many small independent radio stations exist, including established stations such as [[Radio M]], [[RSG Radio]] (Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efm.ba |title=eFM – Naslovnica |work=efm.ba |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223232108/http://efm.ba/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Radio 202 and [[Radio BIR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bir.ba |title=Radio BIR |publisher=Bir.ba |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320155735/http://www.bir.ba/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]], as well as several American and Western European stations are available.
{{Clear}}

==Education==
===Higher education===
[[File:Sarajevo University building.JPG|thumb|Rectorate and the [[Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo|Faculty of Law]], [[University of Sarajevo]]]]
[[File:Sarajevo City Hall Vijecnica (23242695334).jpg|thumb|[[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]]]

Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution that can be classified as a tertiary educational institution was a school of [[Sufism|Sufi]] philosophy established by [[Gazi Husrev-beg]] in 1537; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a [[Sharia]] Law School began a five-year program.<ref>[http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=145 University of Sarajevo] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910081056/http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=145 |date=10 September 2015 }} on Sarajevo official web site</ref> In the 1940s, the [[University of Sarajevo]] became the city's first secular higher education institute, effectively building upon the foundations established by the Saraybosna Hanıka in 1537. In the 1950s, post-bachelor graduate degrees became available.<ref>History of [http://unsa.ba/eng/ouni.php University of Sarajevo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110445/http://unsa.ba/eng/ouni.php |date=4 December 2008 }}</ref> Severely damaged during the war, it was recently rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.

There are also several universities in Sarajevo, including:
*[[University of Sarajevo]]
*[[Sarajevo School of Science and Technology]]
*[[International University of Sarajevo]]
*[[Sarajevo Graduate School of Business]]
*[[International Burch University]]

===Primary and secondary education===
{{As of|2005}}, there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13) in Sarajevo, including three schools for children with special needs.<ref>Sarajevo Canton, 2000 {{cite web |url=http://www.zavodzpr-sa.ba/Publikacije/LKeng.pdf |title=Primary Education & Secondary Education |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122210412/http://www.zavodzpr-sa.ba/Publikacije/LKeng.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.28&nbsp;MB)}}. Sarajevo 2000, p 107–08.</ref>

There are also several [[international school]]s in Sarajevo, catering to the expatriate community; some of which are [[Sarajevo International School]] and the French International School<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.efmlfsarajevo.org/news/news.php |title=Ecole française MLF de Sarajevo : News |publisher=École française MLF de Sarajevo |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224051747/http://www.efmlfsarajevo.org/news/news.php |archive-date=24 February 2010}}</ref> of Sarajevo, established in 1998.

{{Further|SBS Sarajevo Business School}}

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Sarajevo}}
[[File:Sarajevo Haggadah.jpg|thumb|Copies of the [[Sarajevo Haggadah]]]]

Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. In the time of Ottoman occupation of Bosnia, [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], and [[Sephardi Jews]] all shared the city while maintaining distinctive identities. They were joined during the brief occupation by [[Austria-Hungary]] by a smaller number of [[Germans]], [[Hungarians]], [[Slovaks]], [[Czechs]] and [[Ashkenazi Jews]]. By 1909, about 50% of the city's inhabitants were Muslim, 25% were Catholic, 15% were Orthodox, and 10% were Jewish.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', 3 April 1909, p. 19. Quote: "Of the 40,000 inhabitants of Sarajevo, the present capital of Bosnia, nearly one-half are Mohammedan, about one-quarter Roman Catholic, 6,000 followers of the Greek Orthodox or Serb faith, and 4,000 Jews..." ([https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20447865/ Newspapers.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127082029/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/20447865/ |date=27 January 2018 }})</ref>

Historically, Sarajevo has been home to several prominent Bosnian poets, scholars, philosophers, and writers. To list only a very few; [[Nobel Prize]]-winner [[Vladimir Prelog]] is from the city, as are the writer [[Zlatko Topčić]] and the poet [[Abdulah Sidran]]. Nobel Prize-winner [[Ivo Andrić]] attended high school in Sarajevo for two years. [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning director [[Danis Tanović]] lives in the city.

The [[Sarajevo National Theatre]] is the oldest professional theater in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having been established in 1921.
[[File:Sarajevo Bijela Tabija banner.jpg|center|thumb|upright=3.75|A [[Panorama|panoramic]] view of the ruined castle of [[Bijela Tabija]] ''"White Bastion"'' in the very east of Sarajevo]]

===Museums===
[[File:National Museum of BiH Aerial.JPG|thumb|left|The [[National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] houses many important historical items from the country]]

Sarajevo is rich in museums, including the [[Museum of Sarajevo 1878–1918|Museum of Sarajevo]], the [[Ars Aevi]] Museum of Contemporary Art, [[Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the [[National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (established in 1888) home to the [[Sarajevo Haggadah]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarajevo.net/haggadah/ |access-date=13 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425141127/http://www.sarajevo.net/haggadah |archive-date=25 April 2010 |title=Sarajevo.net Museum: The Sarajevo Haggadah}}</ref> an [[illuminated manuscript]] and the oldest [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] document in the world<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/sarajevo-haggadah-manuscript |title=The Sarajevo Haggadah manuscript |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2025-08-31}}</ref> issued in [[Barcelona]] around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish [[Haggadah]], is on permanent display at the museum. It is the only remaining illustrated [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] [[Sarajevo Haggadah|Haggadah]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://haggadah.ba/?x=1 |title=Haggadah.ba – About the Sarajevo Haggadah |publisher=Haggadah.ba |access-date=28 March 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419064734/http://haggadah.ba/?x=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The National Museum also hosts year-round exhibitions about local, regional and international culture and history, and exhibits over 5,000 artifacts from Bosnia's history.

[[File:MuzejSarajevo1878-1918.JPG|thumb|175px|The [[Museum of Sarajevo 1878–1918]]]]

The [[Alija Izetbegović]] Museum was opened on 19 October 2007 and is in the old town fort, more specifically in the [[Vratnik (Sarajevo)|Vratnik]] Kapija towers Ploča and Širokac. The museum is a commemoration of the influence and body of work of Alija Izetbegović, the first [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina|president of the Presidency]] of the [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Sarajevo is also home to the [[War Childhood Museum]], an independent not-for-profit museum containing personal belongings from the war and showing stories behind them. In addition, in 2018, the museum won the [[European Museum of the Year Award#Council of Europe Museum Prize winners (1977–)|Council of Europe Museum Prize award]] for best museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMYA 2018: THE WINNERS |url=https://www.europeanforum.museum/en/news/emya-twenty-eighteen/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.europeanforum.museum |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012194349/https://www.europeanforum.museum/en/news/emya-twenty-eighteen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The city also hosts the [[Sarajevo National Theatre]], established in 1921, and the [[Sarajevo Youth Theatre]]. Some other [[cultural institution]]s include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Sarajevo City Library]], [[National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and the [[Bosniak Institute]], a privately owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.

Demolitions associated with the war, as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or [[religious symbol]]s including the [[Gazi Husrev-beg Library]], the national library, the [[Oriental Institute in Sarajevo|Sarajevo Oriental Institute]], and a museum dedicated to the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]. Consequently, the different levels of government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions.<ref>Perlez, Jane (12 August 1996). [https://www.nytimes.com/specials/bosnia/context/0812yugo-bosnia-sara.html Ruins of Sarajevo Library Is Symbol of a Shattered Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329035604/http://www.nytimes.com/specials/bosnia/context/0812yugo-bosnia-sara.html |date=29 March 2017 }} ''The New York Times''.</ref> Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and [[Cultural heritage|Natural Heritage]] of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart)<!--this is confusing-->, and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

===Music===
{{See also|List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs}}
[[File:Tifa i Bregovic Nis polovina 80-ih.jpg|thumb|[[Bijelo Dugme]], widely considered to have been the most popular band ever to exist in the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and one of the most important acts of the [[Popular music in Yugoslavia|Yugoslav rock scene]], originated in Sarajevo. Pictured are [[Mladen Vojičić Tifa]] (left) and [[Goran Bregović]]]]

Sarajevo is and has historically been one of the most important musical enclaves in the region. The Sarajevo school of [[pop rock]] developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like [[Indexi]], [[Kodeksi]], and singer-songwriter [[Kemal Monteno]]. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as [[Plavi orkestar]], [[Crvena jabuka]], and [[Divlje jagode]], by most accounts, pioneering the [[Balkans|regional]] rock and roll movement. Sarajevo was also the home and birthplace of arguably the most popular and influential Yugoslav [[Band (rock and pop)|rock band]] of all time, [[Bijelo Dugme]], somewhat of a Bosnian parallel to the [[The Rolling Stones|Rolling Stones]], in both popularity and influence.

Sarajevo was also the home of a very notable [[post-punk]] urban subculture known as the [[New Primitivism|New Primitives]], which began during the early 1980s with the Baglama Band which was banned shortly after its first LP and was brought into the mainstream through bands such as [[Zabranjeno Pušenje]] and [[Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors]], as well as the ''[[Top lista nadrealista]]'' radio, and later television show. Other notable bands considered to be part of this subculture are [[Bombaj Štampa]]. Besides and separately from the New Primitives, Sarajevo is the hometown to one of the most significant [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|ex-Yugoslavian]] alternative [[industrial music|industrial]]-[[Noise music|noise]] bands, [[SCH (band)|SCH]].

[[File:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg|thumb|left|[[Vedran Smailović]] playing the cello on top of the ruins of the [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National library]] in 1992]]

Perhaps more importantly, Sarajevo in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century was home to a burgeoning and large center of [[Sevdalinka]] record-making and contributed greatly to bringing this historical genre of music to the mainstream, which had for many centuries been a staple of Bosnian culture. Songwriters and musicians such as [[Himzo Polovina]], [[Safet Isović]], [[Zaim Imamović (musician)|Zaim Imamović]], [[Zehra Deović]], [[Halid Bešlić]], [[Hanka Paldum]], [[Nada Mamula]], [[Meho Puzić]] and many more composed and wrote some of their most important pieces in the city.
Sarajevo also greatly influenced the pop scene of Yugoslavia with musicians like [[Zdravko Čolić]], Kemal Monteno, [[Dino Merlin]], [[Seid Memić Vajta]], [[Hari Mata Hari]], [[Mladen Vojičić Tifa]], [[Željko Bebek]] and many more.

Many newer Sarajevo-based bands have also found a name and established themselves in Sarajevo, such as [[Regina (Bosnia and Herzegovina band)|Regina]] who also had two albums out in Yugoslavia, and Letu Štuke, who actually formed their band in Yugoslavia with the famous Bosnian-American writer [[Aleksandar Hemon]] and got their real breakthrough later in the 2000s. Sarajevo is now home to an important and eclectic mix of new bands and independent musicians, which continue to thrive with the ever-increasing number of festivals, creative showcases, and concerts around the country. The city is also home to the region's largest jazz festival, the [[Jazz Fest Sarajevo]].

American heavy metal band [[Savatage]], released a song entitled "[[Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24|Christmas Eve (Sarajevo 12/24)]]" on their 1995 album ''[[Dead Winter Dead]]'', which was about a [[cello]] player playing a forgotten [[Christmas carol]] in war-torn Sarajevo. The song was later re-released by the same band under the name [[Trans-Siberian Orchestra]] on their 1996 debut album ''[[Christmas Eve and Other Stories]]'', which the song gave them instant success.

===Festivals===
{{See also|List of festivals in Sarajevo}}
[[File:Sff 20 aug 2014 12.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sarajevo Film Festival]] has been held annually since 1995 at the [[Sarajevo National Theatre|National Theatre]]]]

Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of over 50 annual festivals. The [[Sarajevo Film Festival]] was established in 1995 during the [[Bosnian War]] and has become the premier and largest film festival in [[Southeast Europe]].<ref name="About the Festival">{{cite web |url=http://www.sff.ba/en/page/about-the-festival |title=About the Festival |publisher=Sarajevo Film Festival Official Website |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191719/https://www.sff.ba/en/page/about-the-festival |archive-date=8 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been hosted at the [[Sarajevo National Theatre|National Theater]], with screenings at the Open-air theater Metalac and the [[Bosnian Cultural Center]], all in downtown Sarajevo. The [[MESS (festival)|MESS International Festival]] is an experimental theatre festival and the oldest living theatre festival in the Balkans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://befestival.org/about/european-network/ |title=MESS International Theatre Festival |publisher=befestival.org |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403234728/http://befestival.org/about/european-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The annual [[Sarajevo Youth Film Festival]] showcases feature, animated and short films from around the world and is the premier student film festival in the Balkans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/omladinski-film-festival-sarajevo-predstavlja-nove-mlade-autore |title=Omladinski filmski festival Sarajevo predstavlja nove mlade autore |publisher=Al Jazeera Balkans |date=2017-07-04 |access-date=3 April 2018 |archive-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228105931/http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/omladinski-film-festival-sarajevo-predstavlja-nove-mlade-autore |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Sarajevo Winter Festival]], [[Jazz Fest Sarajevo]] and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the [[Baščaršija Nights]] festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in Southeast Europe.<ref name="About the Festival"/> A talent campus is also held during the duration of the festival, with lecturers speaking on behalf of world cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across Southeast Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmski.net/festivali/25/sarajevo_film_festival |title=Sarajevo Film Festival&nbsp;— Filmski Festivali |publisher=Filmski.Net |access-date=1 November 2008 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124123652/http://www.filmski.net/festivali/25/sarajevo_film_festival |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Jazz Fest Sarajevo]] is the region's largest and most diverse of its kind. The festival takes place at the [[Bosnian Cultural Center]] (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits Stage"), at the [[Army Hall (Sarajevo)|Dom Vojske Federacije]] (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").

===Sports===
[[File:20150331 2026 AUT BIH 2177 Edin Džeko.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Bosnian [[Association football|football]] player [[Edin Džeko]] was born in Sarajevo. He is the all-time [[List of international goals scored by Edin Džeko|leading goalscorer]] of the [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team]]<ref name="FIFA.com: Edin DZEKO Profile">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=300409/profile-detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612000218/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/players/player=300409/profile-detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2014 |title=FIFA.com: Edin DZEKO Profile |publisher=fifa.com |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2014/August/Edin-Dzeko-signs-new-four-year-contract-at-City |work=mcfc.co.uk |author=markbooth_mcfc |title=Dzeko signs four-year deal at City |date=21 August 2014 |access-date=21 August 2014 |location=Manchester |archive-date=20 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820224718/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2014/August/Edin-Dzeko-signs-new-four-year-contract-at-City |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

[[File:Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Koševo City Stadium]], home to [[FK Sarajevo]], is the largest stadium in Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rekreacija.ba/index.php/portal/mjesto_za_rekreaciju/olimpijski-stadion-asim-ferhatovic-hase |title=Olimpijski stadion Asim Ferhatović – Hase |work=rekreacija.ba |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925143945/http://www.rekreacija.ba/index.php/portal/mjesto_za_rekreaciju/olimpijski-stadion-asim-ferhatovic-hase |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Sarajevo hosted the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to [[Jure Franko]].<ref>IOC (2006). [http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/profiles/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=69486 Jure Franko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224095235/http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/profiles/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=69486 |date=24 February 2010 }} Athlete: Profiles. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including the [[Zetra Olympic Hall, Sarajevo|Zetra Olympic Hall]] and [[Koševo City Stadium|Asim Ferhatović Stadium]]. In an attempt to bring back some of Sarajevo's Olympic glory,<ref>Return the Olympics to Sarajevo. [returntheolympicstosarajevo.org] Retrieved on 26 January 2017.</ref> the original Olympic luge and bobsled tracks are being repaired, due to the efforts of both the [[Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref>Winter Olympic host city Sarajevo to stage course for luge trainers. [https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1041334/winter-olympic-host-city-sarajevo-to-stage-course-for-luge-trainers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202080237/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1041334/winter-olympic-host-city-sarajevo-to-stage-course-for-luge-trainers|date=2 February 2017}} Retrieved on 26 January 2017.</ref> and local sports enthusiasts.<ref>Sports enthusiasts repair devastated Winter Olympic tracks [https://apnews.com/ef2e70156070477bb021de1ab021db1c] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035614/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2016/Sports_enthusiasts_repair_devastated_Winter_Olympic_tracks/id-ef2e70156070477bb021de1ab021db1c|date=2 February 2017}} Retrieved on 26 January 2017.</ref>

After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 [[Special Olympics|Special Olympic]] winter games,<ref>Special Olympics, (2005&nbsp;– Quarter 2). {{cite web |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/NR/rdonlyres/eck3ufhttf2x4pzu3givbtxgymdn333fsyldg5o5cypl6c6mnfglmsb2uxguzhhntjo2p4eypzxd2sm3khvu6qdw62d/SPIRIT_Q2_2005_42-43.pdf |title=2009 Games in Sarajevo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326162705/http://www.specialolympics.org/NR/rdonlyres/eck3ufhttf2x4pzu3givbtxgymdn333fsyldg5o5cypl6c6mnfglmsb2uxguzhhntjo2p4eypzxd2sm3khvu6qdw62d/SPIRIT_Q2_2005_42-43.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009}}&nbsp;{{small|(277&nbsp;kB)}} Spirit. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.</ref> but canceled these plans.<ref>Hem, Brad (29 July 2006). [http://www.idahostatesman.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2006601210350 Idaho may be in the running to host the 2009 Special Olympics]{{dead link|date=February 2016}} Idaho Statesman.</ref><ref>Special Olympics (May 2006). [http://www.specialolympics.org/Special+Olympics+Public+Website/English/Press_Room/Global_news/Boise+site+of+2009+Games.htm Boise, Idaho (USA) Awarded 2009 Special Olympics World Winter Games] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101123420/http://www.specialolympics.org/Special%2BOlympics%2BPublic%2BWebsite/English/Press_Room/Global_news/Boise%2Bsite%2Bof%2B2009%2BGames.htm |date=1 January 2016 }} Global News.</ref> The ice arena for the 1984 Olympics, Zetra Stadium, was used during the war as a temporary hospital and, later, for housing [[NATO]] troops of the [[Implementation Force|IFOR]].

In 2011, Sarajevo was the host city of the 51st World Military Skiing Championship with over 350 participants from 23 different nations. This was the first international event of such standing since the 1984 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Phone Web |url=http://www.cism-milsport.org/eng/003_SPORTS/019_skiing/main.asp |title=CISM&nbsp;— Conseil International du Sport Militaire&nbsp;— International Military Sports Council |publisher=keezmovies.com |date=9 June 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628161049/http://www.cism-milsport.org/eng/003_SPORTS/019_skiing/main.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Association football|Football]] is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts [[FK Sarajevo]] and [[FK Željezničar Sarajevo|FK Željezničar]], which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments and have a very large trophy cabinet in the former Yugoslavia as well as independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other notable football clubs include [[FK Olimpik|Olimpik]], [[NK SAŠK Napredak|SAŠK]] and [[FK Slavija Sarajevo|Slavija]]. One of only three stadiums in Bosnia and Herzegovina that has the [[UEFA]] category 3 is the [[Stadion Grbavica|Grbavica Stadium]], the home stadium of Željezničar.

[[File:Skenderija Sports Arena.png|thumb|[[Mirza Delibašić Hall]], home venue of past European champion [[KK Bosna Meridianbet|KK Bosna]]]]

Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club [[KK Bosna Meridianbet|KK Bosna]] won the [[Euroleague Basketball|European Championship]] in 1979 as well as many Yugoslav and Bosnian national championships, making it one of the greatest basketball clubs in the former Yugoslavia. The chess club, [[ŠK Bosna|Bosna Sarajevo]], has been a championship team since the 1980s and is the third-ranked chess club in Europe, having won four consecutive European championships in the nineties. Handball club [[RK Bosna Sarajevo|RK Bosna]] also competes in the European Champions League and is considered one of the most well-organized handball clubs in Southeast Europe with a very large [[fan (person)|fan base]] and excellent national, as well as international results.
Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as [[tennis]] and [[kickboxing]].

The popularity of tennis has been picking up in recent years. Since 2003, [[BH Telecom Indoors]] has been an annual tennis tournament in Sarajevo.

Since 2007, the [[Sarajevo Half Marathon]] has been organized every year in late September. ''Giro di Sarajevo'' is also a run in the city with over 2,200 cyclists taking part in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |author=klix.ba |url=http://www.klix.ba/sport/auti-stop-prolaze-bicikli-giro-di-sarajevo-snimljen-dronom/150906059#8 |title=Giro di Sarajevo via drone |publisher=klix.ba |date=6 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908173737/http://www.klix.ba/sport/auti-stop-prolaze-bicikli-giro-di-sarajevo-snimljen-dronom/150906059#8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mountaineering, the local chapter of the [[Croatian Mountaineering Society|HPS]] is ''HPD "Bjelašnica"'', which had 216 members in 1936 under the Josip Fleger presidency. At the time, it had a ski section.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1936 |orig-date=1936-05-15 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title="Bjelašnica" — Sarajevo |page=241 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=32 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193607.pdf |language=hr}}</ref> Membership rose to 234 in 1937, and Ante Martinović was elected its president.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1937 |orig-date=1937-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=221–252 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=33 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193707.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|249}} Membership fell to 230 in 1938, with Josip Fleger again president.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1938 |orig-date=1938-05-05 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=222–254 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=34 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193807.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|248}}

In February 2019, Sarajevo and [[Istočno Sarajevo|East Sarajevo]] hosted the [[2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival|European Youth Olympic Winter Festival]] (EYOWF).

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Moorish Revival architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[List of Museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Centre for Nonviolent Action]]
*[[Folklore of Sarajevo]]
*[[Istočno Sarajevo]]
*[[List of people from Sarajevo]]
*[[List of shopping malls in Sarajevo]]
*[[Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna]]
*Sarajevo International Culture Exchange
*[[List of tourist attractions in Sarajevo]]
*[[Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|26em}}

===Bibliography===
{{See also|Timeline of Sarajevo#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Sarajevo}}
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lELpt_A7REkC&pg=PA95 |title=Cities, Nationalism, and Democratization |first=Scott A. |last=Bollens |year=2007 |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-41947-5}}
*Donia, Robert J. ''[http://www.press.umich.edu/189593 Sarajevo: A Biography] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604023244/https://www.press.umich.edu/189593 |date=4 June 2018 }}''. Ann Arbor, [[University of Michigan Press]], (2006).
*{{cite journal |last=Gumz |first=Jonathan |title=German Counterinsurgency Policy in Independent Croatia, 1941–1944 |pages=33–50 |journal=The Historian |year=1998 |volume=61 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1998.tb01422.x}}
*Halligan, Benjamin. (2010). "Idylls of Socialism: The Sarajevo Documentary School and the Problem of the Bosnian Sub-proletariat". ''Studies in Eastern European Cinema'' (Autumn 2010). <[https://web.archive.org/web/20130226221204/http://usir.salford.ac.uk/11571/3/visualrecollectivisationpostcopyedit.pdf Wayback Machine]>
*{{cite book |last1=Tanzer |first1=Kim |last2=Longoria |first2=Rafael |title=The Green Braid: Towards an Architecture of Ecology, Economy and Equity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UmR9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |date=11 April 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-12058-1}}
*Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic Itineraries Lost). Naples: Guida
*{{cite journal |title=Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo |first=Fran |last=Markowitz |year=2007 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=40–73 |doi=10.1017/S0010417507000400|s2cid=143939745 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkQ5bS095egC&pg=PA83 |title=Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope |first=Fran |last=Markowitz |year=2010 |location=Urbana, IL |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-07713-5}}
*Prstojević, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Ideja
*{{cite book|display-authors=4 |last1=Valerijan |first1=Žujo |last2=Imamović |first2=Mustafa |last3=Ćurovac |first3=Muhamed |last4=Kurto |first4=Nedzad  |last5=Nametak |first5=Fehim |last6=Nilevic|first6=Boris|last7=Pelidija |first7=Enes|last8=Zlatar |first8=Behija|editor1-last=Ćurovac |editor1-first=Muhamed |title=Sarajevo |date=1997 |publisher=Svjetlost |oclc=443678670}} 
*My Life in Fire (a non-fiction story of a child in a Sarajevo war)
*[[Semezdin Mehmedinović|Mehmedinović, Semezdin]] (1998). [[Sarajevo Blues]]. San Francisco: [[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights]].
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{spoken Wikipedia|En-Sarajevo-article.ogg|date=2006-11-14}}
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Sarajevo|wikt=Sarajevo|s=Sarajevo|voy=Sarajevo}}
*{{official website|https://www.sarajevo.ba/}}
*[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-10.htm Chronology of the battle and siege of Sarajevo] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103075215/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-10.htm |date=3 November 2013 }}
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sarajevo/ Sarajevo] on [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
*[http://www.sarajevopanorama.info/ Sarajevo Panorama]

{{Sarajevo}}
{{Neighborhoods of Sarajevo}}
{{Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{Cities and towns of Bosnia and Herzegovina by population}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union candidates}}
{{Olympic Winter Games Host Cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sarajevo| Sarajevo]]
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[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Sarajevo Canton]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1460s]]
[[Category:1461 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1984 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Museums in Bosnia and Herzegovina| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Museums]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina education-related lists|Museums]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Museums]]