View source for Sarangi

{{Short description|Bowed, short-necked string instrument from South Asia}}
{{About||the Nepali instrument|Sarangi (Nepali)|the village in Iran|Sarangi, Iran}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}{{cleanup lang|article|date=August 2021}}}}{{Infobox Instrument
| name           = Sarangi
| image          = The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Sarangi.jpg
| classification = *[[Chordophone]]
| range          = 
| related        = * [[Sarinda (instrument)|Sarinda]] 
* [[Taus (instrument)|Taus]] 
* Dilruba/[[Esraj]]
*[[Dhantara]]
* [[Sarangi (Nepali)|Nepali Sarangi]]
}}

The '''sārangī''' is a [[bow (music)|bowed]], short-necked [[string instrument|three-stringed instrument]] played in traditional music from South Asia. It is said to  resemble the sound of the human voice through its ability to imitate vocal ornaments such as ''[[Gamak]]s or Gamakam'' (shakes) and ''[[meend]]s'' (sliding movements). The [[Sarangi (Nepali)|Nepali sarangi]] is similar, but is a four-stringed, simpler [[folk instrument]].

== Playing  ==
[[File:Sarangi tuning.jpg|thumb|150px|Surjeet Singh tuning his sarangi]]
The repertoire of ''sarangi'' players is traditionally very closely related to vocal music. Nevertheless, a concert with a solo sarangi as the main item will sometimes include a full-scale ''[[Raga|raag]]'' presentation with an extensive ''alap'' (the unmeasured improvisatory development of the raga) in increasing intensity (''alap'' to ''jor'' to ''jhala'') and several compositions in increasing tempo called ''bandish''. As such, it could be seen as being on a par with other instrumental styles such as [[sitar]], [[sarod]], and [[bansuri]].

It is rare to find a sarangi player who does not know the words of many classical compositions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} The words are usually mentally present during the performance, and a performance almost always adheres to the conventions of vocal performances including the organisational structure, the types of elaboration, the tempo, the relationship between sound and silence, and the presentation of ''[[khyal]]'' and ''[[thumri]]'' compositions. The vocal quality of sarangi is in a separate category from, for instance, the so-called ''gayaki-ang'' of [[sitar]] which attempts to imitate the nuances of ''khyal'' while overall conforming to the structures and usually keeping to the ''gat'' compositions of instrumental music. (A ''gat'' is a composition set to a cyclic rhythm.)

The [[Sarangi (Nepali)|Nepali sarangi]] is a traditional stringed musical instrument of [[Nepal]], commonly played by the Gaine or [[Gandarbha]] ethnic group; the form and repertoire of the instrument in Nepal is more folk oriented than in India, and it is particularly associated with Gandarbha people.

== Structure ==
[[File:Sarangi lying.jpg|thumb|right|A sarangi laid flat]]
Carved from a single block of ''tun'' ([[Toona ciliata|red cedar]]) wood, the sarangi has a box-like shape with three hollow chambers: ''pet'' ('stomach'), ''chaati'' ('chest') and ''magaj'' ('brain'). It is usually around {{convert|2|ft}} long and around {{convert|6|in}} wide, though it can vary as there are smaller as well as larger variant sarangis as well. The smaller ones are more stable in hand. The lower resonance chamber or ''pet'' is covered with [[parchment]] made out of goat skin on which a strip of thick leather is placed around the waist (and nailed on the back of the chamber) which supports the elephant-shaped bridge that is usually made of camel or buffalo bone. (Originally, it was made of ivory or [[Barasingha]] bone but now that is rare due to the ban in India). The bridge in turn supports the huge pressure of approximately 35–37 [[Sympathetic string|sympathetic steel or brass strings]] and three main gut strings that pass through it. The three main playing strings&nbsp;– the comparatively thicker gut strings&nbsp;– are bowed with a heavy horsehair bow and stopped not with the fingertips but with the [[Nail (anatomy)|nails]], cuticles, and surrounding flesh. [[Talcum powder]] is applied to the fingers as a lubricant. The neck has ivory or bone platforms on which the fingers slide. The remaining strings are sympathetic, or ''tarabs'', numbering up to around 35–37, divided into four choirs having two sets of pegs, one on the right and one on the top. On the inside is a [[chromatic]]ally tuned row of 15 ''tarabs'' and on the right a [[diatonic]] row of nine ''tarabs'' each encompassing a full [[octave]], plus one to three extra surrounding notes above or below the octave. Both these sets of ''tarabs'' pass from the main bridge to the right side set of pegs through small holes in the ''chaati'' supported by hollow ivory/bone beads. Between these inner ''tarabs'' and on either side of the main playing strings lie two more sets of longer ''tarabs'', with five to six strings on the right set and six to seven strings on the left set. They pass from the main bridge over to two small, flat, wide, table-like bridges through the additional bridge towards the second peg set on top of the instrument. These are tuned to the important tones (''[[swara]]s'') of the raga. A properly tuned sarangi will hum and cry and will sound like melodious meowing, with tones played on any of the main strings eliciting echo-like resonances. A few sarangis use strings manufactured from the intestines of goats.

== Decline ==
Around the 20th century, the harmonium and violin began to be used as alternatives to the sarangi due to their comparative ease of handling.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} In Pakistan specifically, since the 1980s, the decline in sarangi playing has also been attributed to the deaths of several masters and extreme religious radicalization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Sound of Mughal-era sarangi instrument fading away in Pakistan |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2351548/sound-of-mughal-era-sarangi-instrument-fading-away-in-pakistan |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable performers ==

===Sarangi players in India===
* [[Abdul Latif Khan]] (1934–2002)
* [[Aruna Narayan]] (born 1959)
* [[Ashique Ali Khan]] (1948–1999)
* [[Bharat Bhushan Goswami]] (b. 1955)
* [[Bundu Khan]] (1880–1955)
* [[Dhruba Ghosh]] (1957–2017)
* [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]] (Sarangi)  (b. 1975)
* [[Harsh Narayan]] (b. 1985)
* [[Manonmani]] (b. 2000)
* [[Ramesh Mishra]] (1948–2017)
* [[Ram Narayan]] (b. 1927-2024)
* [[Sabir Khan (musician)|Sabir Khan]] (Sarangi) (b. 1978)
* [[Sabri Khan]] (1927–2015)
* [[Siddiqui Ahmed Khan]] (1914–)
* [[Suhail Yusuf Khan]] (b. 1988)
* [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Sultan Khan]] (1940–2011)
* [[Ustad Faiyaz Khan (Karnataka singer)|Ustad Faiyaz Khan]] (born 1968)
* [[Moinuddin Khan (musician)]] (died 2015)

===Sarangi players in Pakistan===
* [[Allah Rakha (sarangi)|Allah Rakha]] (1932–2000)
* [[Bundu Khan]] (1880–1955)
* [[Nathu Khan]] (1920–1971)

===Other sarangi players===
*Yuji Nakagawa, Sarangi – a Japanese citizen who learnt to play the instrument in India under the tutelage of Dhruba Ghosh

==See also==
*[[Esraj]]
*[[Sarinda (instrument)|Sarinda]]
*[[Hindustani music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bor, Joep, 1987: "The Voice of the Sarangi", comprising ''National Centre for the Performing Arts Quarterly Journal'' 15 (3–4), December 1986 and March 1987 (special combined issue), Bombay: NCPA
*{{cite book |last1=Magriel |first1=Nicolas |title=Sāraṅgī style in Hindustani music |date=2021 |publisher=iMerc |location=London |isbn=978-1905351398}}
* Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt, 1997: “The Indian Sarangi: Sound of Affect, Site of Contest”, Yearbook for Traditional Music, pp.&nbsp;1–38
* Sorrell, Neil (with Ram Narayan), 1980: ''Indian Music in Performance'', Bolton:  Manchester University Press

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sarangis}}
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/musicnepal/2.mp3 Resham Firiri] A popular Nepali folk music with a Sarangi and ''[[madal]]''.
*[http://sarangi.info sarangi.info] – downloadable sarangi and vocal music, including the integral of two important books, ''The Voice of the Sarangi'' by Joep Bor and ''Indian Music in Performance and Practice'' by Ram Narayan and Neil Sorrell.
*[http://www.growingintomusic.co.uk Growing into Music] – includes several films by Nicolas Magriel on Indian musical enculturation including films about the sarangi players, [[Farooq Latif Khan]] (b. 1975), [[Sarwar Hussain Khan]] (b. 1981), [[Mohammed Ali Khan, Sarangi]] (d. 2002), [[Ghulam Sabir Qadri]] (1922–), Vidya Sahai Mishra (d. 2019), [[Siddiqui Ahmed Khan]] (1914–), [[Ghulam Sabir Khan]] (b. 1948), [[Murad Ali]] (b. 1977), [[Faiyaz Khan (Varanasi)]], [[Zakan Khan (Varanasi)]] and [[Kanhaiyalal Mishra (Varanasi)]].
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/indi/ho_89.4.200.htm Sarangi, Gujarat, 19th century]
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/indi/ho_1982.143.2.htm Sarangi, ca. 1900]
*[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/indi/ho_46.34.43.htm Sarangi, North India, late 19th century]

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Musical instruments of Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bowed instruments]]
[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Nepalese musical instruments]]
[[Category:String instruments with sympathetic strings]]
[[Category:Drumhead lutes]]
[[Category:Sarangi players|*]]
[[Category:Chordophones]]