View source for Sava

{{Short description|River in Central Europe}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox river
| name               = Sava
| native_name        = {{ubl|{{native name|sl|Sava}}|{{native name|sh|{{lang|sh-Latn|Sava}} {{lang|sh-Cyrl|/ Сава}}}}|{{native name|hu|Száva}}}}
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              =  DJI_0271_Sava_in_most_Gazela.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = The Sava in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
| map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 5
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = Map of the Sava watershed
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Countries
| subdivision_name1  = {{hlist|[[Slovenia]]|[[Croatia]]|[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]|[[Serbia]]}}
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = Cities
| subdivision_name5  = {{hlist|[[Kranj]]|[[Ljubljana]]|[[Zagreb]]|[[Sisak]]|[[Slavonski Brod]]|[[Brčko (town)|Brčko]]|[[Sremska Mitrovica]]|[[Šabac]]|[[Obrenovac]]|[[Belgrade]]}}
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length_km          = 992
| length_ref = {{GeoQuelle|Sava||13}}{{efn|Including {{convert|45|km|abbr=on}} [[Sava Dolinka]] [[headwater]]}}
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= the [[river mouth]]
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|1609|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on|comma=gaps}}
| discharge1_max     = 
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1            = [[Zelenci]]
| source1_location   = [[Kranjska Gora]], Slovenia
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|46|29|31|N|13|44|16|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|833|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Danube]]
| mouth_location     = [[Belgrade]], Serbia
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|44|49|27|N|20|26|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|68|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = {{RDanube}}
| river_system       = 
| basin_size_km2     = 97713.2
| basin_size_ref = {{GeoQuelle|Sava||13}}
| tributaries_left   = [[Savinja]], [[Sutla]], [[Krapina (river)|Krapina]], [[Lonja]], [[Ilova River (Croatia)|Ilova-Trebež]], [[Orljava]], [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]], [[Jarčina]]
| tributaries_right  = Sora, [[Ljubljanica]], [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]], [[Kupa]], [[Una (Sava)|Una]], [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]], [[Ukrina]], [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]], [[Tolisa (river)|Tolisa]], [[Tinja (river)|Tinja]], [[Drina]], [[Kolubara]]
}}

The '''Sava'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|s|aː|v|ə}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sava?s=t "Sava" ''Dictionary.com'']</ref> {{IPA|sl|ˈsàːʋa}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Slovenski pravopis 2001: Sava|url=http://bos.zrc-sazu.si/c/SP/neva.exe?name=sp&expression=Sava&hs=1|language=sl|website=bos.zrc-sazu.si|publisher=ZRC SAZU}}</ref> {{IPA|sh|sǎːʋa}};<ref>{{cite web | work = Hrvatski jezični portal | title = Sava | url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=dlZmWhQ%3D&keyword=Sava|language=hr }}</ref> {{lang-sr-Cyrl|Сава}}, {{langx|hu|Száva}}}} is a [[river]] in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Southeast Europe]], a right-bank and the longest tributary of the [[Danube]]. From its source in [[Slovenia]] it flows through [[Croatia]] and along its border with [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and finally reaches [[Serbia]], feeding into the Danube in its capital, [[Belgrade]].

The Sava is {{convert|990|km|abbr=off|0}} long, including the {{convert|45|km|adj=on}} [[Sava Dolinka]] [[headwater]] rising in [[Zelenci]], Slovenia. It is the largest [[List of tributaries of the Danube|tributary of the Danube]] by volume of water, and the second-largest after the [[Tisza]] in terms of catchment area ({{gaps|97|713|km²}}) and length. It drains a significant portion of the [[Dinaric Alps]] region, through the major tributaries of [[Drina]], [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]], [[Kupa]], [[Una (Sava)|Una]], [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]], [[Lonja]], [[Kolubara]], [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]] and [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]]. The Sava is one of the longest [[rivers in Europe]] and among the longest tributaries of another river.

The population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and is shared by three capital cities: [[Ljubljana]], [[Zagreb]] and Belgrade. The Sava is about {{frac|2|3}}-navigable for larger vessels: from the confluence of the Kupa in [[Sisak]] a few kilometers below Zagreb.

==Etymology==
The name is believed to be derived from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*sewh<sub>1</sub>-'' 'to press, push (forth); to take liquid, water' (whence the English word ''sup'') and the ending ''*eh<sub>2</sub>'', so that it literally means 'that which waters [the ground]'.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/23286|title=Stara Europa u Hrvatskoj: ime rijeke Save|last=Udolph|first=Jürgen|date=28 March 2007|journal=Folia onomastica Croatica|issue=12/13|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> The [[ancient Greeks]] called it Saos ({{langx|grc|Σάος}}).<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/sigma/94 Suda, sigma, 94 - EN]</ref><ref>[http://www.poesialatina.it/_ns/greek/testi/Suda/Lexicon.html Suda, 1501 - GR]</ref> [[Strabo]] writes in ''Geographica'' 4.6.10 (composed between 20 BC and AD 20) of the ''Saüs'',<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Strabo| author-link1 = Strabo| editor1-last = Jones | editor1-first = H. L.| editor2-last = Thayer | editor2-first = Bill| title = Geographica |section=Book IV Chapter 6|section-url = https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/4F*.html| series = Loeb Classical Library| publisher = Harvard University Press|date=1917–1932| access-date = 2016-08-21| quote = After the Iapodes comes Segestica [Sisak], a city in the plain, past which flows the River Saüs, which empties into the Ister [Danube].}}</ref> and the Romans used the name ''Savus''. Another name, used by Strabo for the Sava in its entirety or its lower part, is ''Noarus''.{{sfn|Šašel Kos|2009|pp=42-43}}

==Sources==
[[File:Zelenci2.JPG|thumb|[[Zelenci|Zelenci Spring]] of the [[Sava Dolinka]]|left]]
[[File:Sava at Okroglo.jpg|thumb|right|The Sava near [[Okroglo]]]]
{{See also|Sava Bohinjka|Sava Dolinka}}

The Sava River is formed from the [[Sava Dolinka]] and the [[Sava Bohinjka]] [[headwater]]s in northwest [[Slovenia]]. The drainage basin has other key [[tributary|tributaries]], including the {{convert|52|km|adj=on}} [[Sora (river)|Sora]], the {{convert|27|km|adj=on}} [[Tržič Bistrica]] and the {{convert|17|km|adj=on}} [[Radovna (river)|Radovna]] rivers—flowing into the Sava at [[confluence]]s as far east downstream as [[Medvode]].{{sfn|Vrhovec|Pristov|Hočevar|1996|p=123}}{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}}

The Sava Dolinka rises at the [[Zelenci]] Pools near [[Kranjska Gora]], Slovenia, in a valley separating the [[Julian Alps]] from the [[Karawanks]] [[mountain range]].{{sfn|Carey|Clark|2005|p=50}} The spring is near the Slovene-[[Italy|Italian]] border at {{convert|833|m|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]],{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}}{{sfn|Tockner|Uehlinger|Robinson|2009|loc=chapter 3.9.6.}} in a [[drainage divide]] between the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and [[Danube basin]]s. The Sava Dolinka [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] is fed by [[groundwater]] possibly exhibiting [[River bifurcation|bifurcation]] of source [[karst]] [[aquifer]] to the Sava and [[Soča]] basins.{{sfn|Trišič|Bat|Polajnar|Pristov|1997|pp=295–298}} [[Nadiža (creek)|Nadiža]] creek, a short [[losing stream]] flowing nearby, is the source of Zelenci Pools water.{{sfn|Carey|Clark|2005|p=50}} The Sava Dolinka is considered the Sava's initial,{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}} {{convert|45|km|adj=on}} segment.{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=12}}

The Sava Bohinjka originates in [[Ribčev Laz]], at the confluence of the [[Jezernica]],{{sfn|Orožen|1901|pp=96}} a short watercourse flowing out from [[Lake Bohinj]] and the [[Mostnica]] River.{{sfn|WFFC|2012}} Some sources define the Jezernica as a part of the Sava Bohinjka, specifying the latter as flowing directly out of the lake,{{sfn|Fallon|2010|p=133}} while another group of sources include the [[Sava Bohinjka|Savica]], rising at the southern flank of [[Triglav]] as the {{convert|78|m|adj=on}} [[Savica Falls]],{{sfn|McKelvie|McKelvie|2008|p=111}} downstream from [[Triglav Lakes Valley]], and flowing into the lake, as a part of the Sava Bohinjka.{{sfn|Singleton|1985|p=3}} The watercourse flows {{convert|41|km|abbr=off}}—including the length of the Savica—east to [[Radovljica]],{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}} where it discharges into the Sava Dolinka. Downstream from the confluence, the river is referred to as the Sava.{{sfn|Trišič|Bat|Polajnar|Pristov|1997|pp=295–298}}

==Course==
[[File:Savarivermap.png|left|thumb|The Sava's course]]
[[File:SLO-Litija5.JPG|thumb|right|The Sava at [[Litija]]]]
The Sava spans Central-[[Southeast Europe]], flowing through Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and along the Bosnia-Herzegovina border. Its total length is {{convert|990|km|abbr=off|0}}, including the {{convert|45|km|adj=on}} Sava Dolinka and the {{convert|945|km|adj=on}} Sava proper. As a right tributary of the [[Danube]], the river belongs to the [[Black Sea]] drainage basin.{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=113}}{{sfn|Primožič|Kobold|Brilly|2008|p=1}} The Sava River is the [[List of tributaries of the Danube|third longest tributary of the Danube]],{{sfn|ISRBC|February 2009}} slightly shorter than the {{convert|966|km|adj=on}} [[Tisza]] and the {{convert|950|km|adj=on|0}} [[Prut]]—the Danube's two longest tributaries—when the Sava Dolinka headwater is excluded from its course.{{sfn|ICPDR}}{{sfn|Bostan|Gheorghe|Dulgheru|Bostan|2011|p=127}} It is also the largest tributary of the Danube by [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]].{{sfn|ISRBC|February 2009}} The river's course is sometimes used to describe the northern boundary of the [[Balkans]],{{sfn|Todorova|2009|p=30}} and the southern border of the [[Central Europe]].{{sfn|Promitzer|Hermanik|Staudinger|2009|p=10}} Before the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]] in 1991 the Sava was the longest river lying completely within the country.{{sfn|Lampe|2000|p=13}}

===From the source to the Sutla===
[[File:Saveschlucht zwischen Lubljana und Trbovlje.jpg|thumb|The Sava Gorge between [[Ljubljana]] and [[Trbovlje]]]]

The Sava Dolinka rises in the Zelenci Pools, west of [[Podkoren]] in the [[Upper Carniola]] region of Slovenia at {{convert|833|m|abbr=off}} above sea level (a.s.l.),{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}}{{sfn|Tockner|Uehlinger|Robinson|2009|loc=chapter 3.9.6.}} and flows east, past Kranjska Gora to [[Jesenice, Jesenice|Jesenice]], where it turns southeast. At [[Žirovnica, Žirovnica|Žirovnica]], the river enters the [[Ljubljana Basin]] and encounters the first [[hydroelectric dam]]—[[Moste, Žirovnica|Moste]] plant—before proceeding to the east of the glacial [[Lake Bled]] towards Radovljica and confluence of the Sava Bohinjka,{{sfn|HSE (Moste)}} at {{convert|411|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l.{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}} Downstream of Radovljica, the Sava proceeds southeast towards [[Kranj]]. Between Kranj and Medvode, its course comprises the [[Lake Trboje]] and the [[Lake Zbilje]] [[reservoir]]s,{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=53}} built for the [[Mavčiče]] and the Medvode power plants.{{sfn|HSE (Mavčiče)}}{{sfn|HSE (Medvode)}}

The Sava then flows through the capital of Slovenia, [[Ljubljana]],{{sfn|Municipality of Ljubljana}} where another reservoir is on the river, adjacent to the [[Tacen Whitewater Course]].{{sfn|ECRR|2006|pp=81–83}} There the river's course turns east and leaves the Ljubljana Basin via [[Dolsko]],{{sfn|Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani|2007}} at {{convert|261|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l. (at confluence of the [[Ljubljanica]] and the [[Kamnik Bistrica]]).{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}} The course continues through the [[Sava Hills]], where it passes the [[Litija Basin]] with the mining and industrial town of [[Litija]], the [[Central Sava Valley]] with the mining towns of [[Zagorje ob Savi]], [[Trbovlje]], and [[Hrastnik]], turns to the southeast and runs through the [[Lower Sava Valley]] with the towns of [[Radeče]], [[Sevnica]], and [[Krško]]. The course through the Sava Hills forms the boundary of traditional regions of Lower Carniola and [[Styria (Slovenia)|Styria]],{{sfn|Municipality of Laško}} At Radeče, the [[Vrhovo, Radeče|Vrhovo]] hydroelectric dam reservoir stands.{{sfn|HSE (Vrhovo)}} The latter is site of the [[Krško Nuclear Power Plant]], which uses the Sava River water to dissipate excess heat.{{sfn|Krško NPP}} The easternmost stretch of the Sava's course in Slovenia runs to the south of [[Brežice]], where it is joined by the Krka, and the river ultimately becomes a border river between Slovenia and [[Croatia]], marking {{convert|4|km|abbr=off}} of their border near confluence of the [[Sutla]] ({{langx|sl|Sotla}}).{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=170}} At that point, the Sava reaches {{convert|132|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l. after flowing {{convert|221|km|abbr=off}} through Slovenia and along its border.{{sfn|SURS|2002|p=47}}

===From the Sutla to the Una===
[[File:Most mladosti.JPG|thumb|right|The Sava in Zagreb at the {{ill|Youth Bridge|hr|Most mladosti}} on 13 February 2014 after record rainfall, which, combined with melting snow, expanded the river to three times its normal size, rising to a height of 347&nbsp;cm and reaching the levees. At the time the picture was taken, the water level started subsiding and was at 287&nbsp;cm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.voda.hr/HV_PrikazVodostaja_EksternaVS8/A3.aspx?postajaID=5&slivID=1 |title=Sliv Save |access-date=2014-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221224022/http://www.voda.hr/HV_PrikazVodostaja_EksternaVS8/A3.aspx?postajaID=5&slivID=1 |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> The trees in the water indicate the usual width of the river, around 100&nbsp;m.<ref>Google Earth</ref>]]

The westernmost part of the {{convert|562|km|adj=on}} Sava River's course in Croatia,{{sfn|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015|p=49}} takes the river east, through the western part of the [[Zagreb County]], between [[Samobor]] and [[Zaprešić]]. The area encompasses forests interspersed by [[marsh]]es and lakes formed in [[gravel pit]]s.{{sfn|Zagreb County Tourist Board}} As the Sava approaches the capital of Croatia, [[Zagreb]], the marshes give way to urban landscape, but there are surviving examples of the gravel pit lakes, such as the [[Jarun]],{{sfn|Aničić|Treer|1997|p=162}} and the [[Bundek]] within the city.{{sfn|Nacional|22 May 2006}} At the western outskirts of Zagreb, there is the western terminus of the {{convert|32|km|adj=on}} [[Sava-Odra Canal|Sava–Odra flood-relief canal]] connecting the Sava to the [[Odra (Kupa)|Odra]] River plain which is intended to act as [[flood control]] [[retention basin]].{{sfn|Šterc|1979|p=97}} The canal has been built in response to the most destructive [[1964 Zagreb flood|flooding of the river that occurred in Zagreb in 1964]], when one third of the city was flooded and 17 people were killed.{{sfn|Index.hr|26 October 2011}} The city itself marks the western extent of the Sava River basin area especially prone to flooding, spanning from Zagreb to confluence of the river in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=187}}

East of Zagreb, the river turns southeast again further through the [[Central Croatia]], to the [[Sisak-Moslavina County]], the city of [[Sisak]], reaching {{convert|91.3|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l. The city of Sisak marks the westernmost extent of the Sava River navigable to larger vessels. Navigation conditions on the river are poor due to limited [[Draft (hull)|draft]] and fairway width, [[meander]]ing of the river, [[Structure gauge|bridge clearance]] restrictions, poor [[Navigation mark|fairway markings]] as well as presence of sunken vessels and other objects, including [[unexploded ordnance]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=160-161}} The ordnance is left over from various conflicts including the [[World War II]],{{sfn|Nova TV|4 January 2012}} [[Croatian War of Independence]], [[Bosnian War]],{{sfn|tportal.hr|7 July 2011}} and the [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Index.hr|19 January 2011}} Before reaching confluence of [[Una (Sava)|Una]] at [[Jasenovac, Sisak-Moslavina County|Jasenovac]] and {{convert|86.8|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l,{{sfn|ISRBC|2011|p=37}} the Sava River traces [[Lonjsko polje Nature Park]],{{sfn|Lonjsko Polje NP (a)}} encompassing marshes frequently flooded by the Sava and its tributaries in the area.{{sfn|Lonjsko Polje NP (b)}}

===From the Una to the Drina===
[[File:Sava River at Brod - Slavonski Brod (Republika Srpska - Croatia border).jpg|thumb|right|The Sava as a border river between [[Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Brod, Republika Srpska, BiH]] (left) and [[Slavonski Brod]], [[Croatia]] (right) {{sfn|Nadilo|2000|p=183}}]]
Downstream of confluence of the Una River, the Sava is once again tracing an international border—between Croatia and [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]. Its meandering course runs generally eastwards along [[Bosanska Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosanska Gradiška]], and [[Slavonski Brod]] to [[Županja]], where it turns south to [[Brčko]]. There, the river resumes its predominantly eastward course towards [[Sremska Rača]] and confluence of the [[Drina]] River. The right bank of the Sava, in this segment of its course, belongs to Bosnia-Herzegovina (with Bosnia's all three administrative entities, [[Republika Srpska]], [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and the [[Brčko District]], having gateway to the river), while the opposite bank belongs to Croatia and its Sisak-Moslavina, [[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]] and [[Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar-Srijem]] counties, except in the area of [[Jamena]] and further downstream—which belongs to Serbia and the province of [[Vojvodina]]. No cities in this segment of the course span the river. It is an international frontier, three times seeing adjacent key settlements facing one another: Bosanska Gradiška, Bosanski Brod, and Brčko in Bosnia and Herzegovina, opposite [[Stara Gradiška]], Slavonski Brod, and [[Gunja, Croatia|Gunja]] in Croatia.

The {{convert|337.2|km|adj=on}} segment between the Una and the Drina confluences, corresponding to the Sava flowing along the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina, exhibits small change of elevation, such as from {{convert|86.8|m|abbr=off}}&nbsp;[[Above Ordnance Datum|ASL]] at Jasenovac to {{convert|76.6|m|abbr=off}}&nbsp;ASL at Brčko [[Stream gauge|gauges]]: over {{convert|287.5|km|abbr=off}} of the river between them.{{sfn|ISRBC|2011|p=69}} The river below Zagreb has a 0.4‰ slope (gradient) on average, much less steep than the course in Slovenia, where the average slope exceeds 0.7‰. This results in the Sava's meandering course running through a wide plain bordered by [[wetland]]s.{{sfn|Tockner|Uehlinger|Robinson|2009|loc=chapter 3.9.6.}}

===From the Drina to the Danube===
[[File:Ушће Саве у Дунав поред десне обале Великог ратног острва и Калемегдана.jpg|thumb|The confluence of the Sava (river on right side) into the [[Danube]] (river on left) near the right bank of the [[Great War Island]] and [[Belgrade Fortress|Kalemegdan]]]]
[[File:Luis-Filipe-Gaspar-Belgrado-Servia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|The Sava and the historical center of [[Belgrade]]]] 
Downstream from the confluence of the Drina, the Sava River changes its eastward course to northeast, until it reaches [[Sremska Mitrovica]], whence it flows southeast and then south to [[Šabac]], before finally turning east towards Belgrade. Most of the river's course in Serbia represents a border between province of Vojvodina, on the left bank, and [[Central Serbia]], on the right bank. Exceptions to that are in area around Sremska Mitrovica, where both banks are in Vojvodina, and downstream of [[Progar]] suburb of Belgrade where both banks are in Central Serbia. The river meanders and forms wetlands there as well—the most significant centering on [[Obedska bara]] [[oxbow lake]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=12}} The Sava River forms several large [[River island|islands]] in this segment of the course, with the largest among them—{{convert|800|ha|adj=on}} [[Ada Ciganlija]] in Belgrade—connected to the right bank by a pair of artificial [[embankment dam]]s forming [[Lake Sava]] since 1967.{{sfn|ISRBC|2011|p=103}}{{sfn|JP Ada Ciganlija}}

The Sava discharges into the Danube, after reaching {{convert|68.3|m|abbr=off}} a.s.l. as its right tributary at the [[Great War Island]] off the easternmost tip of [[Syrmia]] in Belgrade, {{convert|1169.9|km|abbr=off}} away from the Danube's confluence and the Black Sea.{{sfn|ISRBC|2011|p=109}}

===Settlements===
[[File:Belgrade iz balona.jpg|135px|thumb|right|[[Belgrade]]]]
[[File:Zagreb Prisavlje area skyline.jpg|thumb|right|135x135px|[[Zagreb]]]]
[[File:Sl.Brod, Korzo.jpg|border|135px|thumb|right|[[Slavonski Brod]]]]
[[File:Dragon Bridge, Ljubljana, 20240502 1822 7810.jpg|135px|thumb|right|[[Ljubljana]]]]
Population in the Sava River basin is estimated at 8,176,000, and includes four capitals: Belgrade, Ljubljana, [[Sarajevo]] and Zagreb. All except Sarajevo, are on the river banks and represent the three largest settlements found along the river.{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=146}} Belgrade, at the lowest end of the river, is the largest city in the basin with urban population of 1,135,502. Ten municipalities of its outer conurbation have combined population of 1,283,783, taking in many mutual suburbs. The Belgrade [[metropolitan area]] has a population of 1,639,121.{{sfn|RZS|2011|p=19}} Zagreb is the second largest city on the river, comprising population of 688,163 living in the city itself, and 802,588 in the city-administered area.{{sfn|Croatian Census|2011}} Together with the Zagreb County, largely corresponding to various definitions of the city's metropolitan area,{{sfn|Bašić|2005|pp=63-64}} it has a combined population of 1,110,517.{{sfn|Croatian Census|2011}} Ljubljana is the third-largest city on the banks of the Sava, encompassing a population of 258,873 living in the city itself and 265,881 in the city-governed area.{{sfn|SURS Census – Naselja|p=L|2002}}{{sfn|SURS Census – Občine|2007}}

The largest city of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the river is Brčko, whose urban population is estimated at 40,000.{{sfn|CoM BiH|2003|p=13}} Other cities along the river, with populations of 20,000 and larger, are Slavonski Brod (53,473), Šabac (52,822), Sremska Mitrovica (37,586), Kranj (35,587),{{sfn|SURS Census – Naselja|p=K|2007}} Sisak (33,049),{{sfn|Croatian Census|2011}} [[Obrenovac]] (24,568),{{sfn|RZS|2011|p=21}} and Bosanska Gradiška (est. 20,000).{{sfn|Municipality of Gradiška}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"
|+The most populous urban areas along the Sava River{{sfn|RZS|2011|pp=19, 21}}{{sfn|Croatian Census|2011}}{{sfn|SURS Census – Naselja|2007}}{{sfn|CoM BiH|2003|p=13}}
!scope="col" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Rank
!scope="col" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|City
!scope="col" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Country
!scope="col" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Urban population
!scope="col" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|Municipal population
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|1||align=left|[[Belgrade]]||[[Serbia]]||1,233,350||1,659,440
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|2||align=left|[[Zagreb]]||[[Croatia]]||802,588||1,110,517
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|3||align=left|[[Ljubljana]]||[[Slovenia]]||295,504||537,893
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|4||align=left|[[Šabac]]||Serbia||51,163||105,432
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|5||align=left|[[Slavonski Brod]]||Croatia||45,005||49,891
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|6||align=left|[[Brčko (town)|Brčko]]||[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]||40,000||85,000
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|7||align=left|[[Sremska Mitrovica]]||Serbia||37,586||79,773
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|8||align=left|[[Kranj]]||Slovenia||35,587||51,225
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|9||align=left|[[Sisak]]||Croatia||33,322||47,768
|-
|align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;"|10||align=left|[[Obrenovac]]||Serbia||24,568||71,419
|}
{{clear}}

==Watershed==
[[File:Aerial photo of Brčko Bridge in 1996.jpg|thumb|right|The Brčko Bridge between [[Brčko (town)|Brčko]] and [[Gunja, Croatia|Gunja]] in 1996. [[Bosnian War|Wartime]] damage was repaired in 2000.{{sfn|HRT|2000}}{{sfn|The Talon|22 March 1996|pp=1, 12}}]]
The Sava River basin covers a total area of {{gaps|97|713.2|km²}} making it the second largest Danube tributary catchment by area size, surpassed only by the Tisza basin,{{sfn|Tockner|Uehlinger|Robinson|2009|loc=chapter 3.9.6.}} and it encompasses 12% of the Danube basin, draining into the Black Sea. The Sava represents the third longest tributary of the Danube and its largest tributary by discharge.{{sfn|ISRBC|February 2009}} The catchment area borders the remainder of the Danube basin to the north and east, and the Adriatic Sea basin to the west and south. The river basin generally consists of parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, [[Montenegro]], Serbia and Slovenia, with a very small part of the catchment area belonging to [[Albania]]. Topography of the basin varies significantly. Upstream portion of the basin is more rugged than downstream one, but asymmetry of the basin topography is particularly apparent when comparing right and left bank areas—the former dominated by the [[Alps]] and the [[Dinarides]] reaching elevations in excess of {{gaps|2000|m}} a.s.l, while the latter is dominated by the [[Pannonian Plain]]. The mean elevation of the basin is {{gaps|545|m}} a.s.l.{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=5-8}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Country !! Sava basin area !! Share of national<br/>territory in the basin !! Share of the Sava basin
|-
| [[Slovenia]] || align=right|{{convert|11734.8|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} || align=center|52.8% || align=center|12.01%
|-
| [[Croatia]] || align=right|{{convert|25373.5|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} || align=center|45.2% || align=center|25.97%
|-
| [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] || align=right|{{convert|38349.1|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} || align=center|75.8% || align=center|39.25%
|-
| [[Serbia]] || align=right|{{convert|15147.0|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} || align=center|17.4% || align=center|15.50%
|-
| [[Montenegro]] || align=right|{{convert|6929.8|km2|abbr=on|comma=gaps}} || align=center|49.6% || align=center|7.09%
|-
| [[Albania]] || align=right|{{convert|179.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=center|0.59% || align=center|0.18%
|-
| colspan=4|Source: [[International Sava River Basin Commission]];{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=6}}
|}

===Major tributaries===
[[File:Sava Drina Confluence.JPG|thumb|right|The confluence of the Sava and [[Drina]]]]
The most important tributaries of the Sava River found in its upper basin are characterized by relatively steep grades of flow, high flow velocities and [[rapids]]. Those are left tributaries: the [[Kokra]], the Kamnik Bistrica and the [[Savinja]]; and right tributaries: the Sora, the Ljubljanica and the [[Krka (Sava)]]. Further downstream larger rivers empty into the Sava, as the right bank of the basin grows steadily. Right tributaries in this lower segment of the basin start as fast flowing courses, only to slow down as they enter the [[Pannonian Basin]]. They include the [[Kupa]], the Una, the [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]], the [[Ukrina]], the [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]], the [[Brka]], the Tinja, the Drina and the [[Kolubara]]. Left tributaries in the lower segment drain plains consequently exhibiting less steep course grades, lower flow rates and meandering. They include the Sutla, the [[Krapina (river)|Krapina]], the [[Lonja]], the [[Ilova River (Croatia)|Ilova]], the [[Orljava]] and the [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=12-13}}

The {{gaps|346|km}} Drina is the largest tributary of the Sava, flowing in Bosnia-Herzegovina and along border of the country and Serbia. It is formed by the headwaters of the [[Tara (Drina)|Tara]] and the [[Piva (river)|Piva]] at the border of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, near [[Šćepan Polje]]. Its {{gaps|20|319.9|km²}} catchment extends across parts of four countries—reaching as far south as Albania. The Bosna and the Kupa river basins are the second and third largest catchments of the Sava tributaries, each surpassing {{gaps|10|000|km²}} in size.{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=12-13}}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="cellspacing=2px; text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan=9|List of major tributaries of the Sava River
|-
! colspan=3|Left bank !! style="width:85px;" rowspan=2|Catchment area !! style="width:85px;" rowspan=2|Length !! style="width:100px;" rowspan=2|Confluence !! colspan=3|Right bank
|-
! Country !! Region/County !! Tributary !! Tributary !! Region/County !! Country
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Slovenia]] || [[Central Slovenia Statistical Region|Central Slovenia]] || || align=right|{{convert|1860.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|41.0|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|46.075553|N|14.641857|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Ljubljanica}} || [[Ljubljanica]] || Central Slovenia || rowspan=4|Slovenia
|-
| [[Savinja Statistical Region|Savinja]] || [[Savinja]] || align=right|{{convert|1849.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|93.9|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|46.085733|N|15.178471|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Savinja}} || || Savinja
|-
| [[Lower Sava Statistical Region|Lower Sava]] || || align=right|{{convert|2247.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|94.6|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.893772|N|15.601187|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Krka}} || [[Krka (Sava)|Krka]] || rowspan=2|Lower Sava
|-
| rowspan=11|[[Croatia]] || rowspan=2|[[Zagreb County|Zagreb]] || [[Sutla]] || align=right|{{convert|584.3|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|88.6|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.864015|N|15.684614|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Sutla}} || rowspan=2|
|-
| [[Krapina (river)|Krapina]] || align=right|{{convert|1237.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|66.9|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.827244|N|15.823359|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Krapina}} || Zagreb || rowspan=4|Croatia
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Sisak-Moslavina County|Sisak-Moslavina]] || || align=right|{{gaps|10|225.6|km2}} || align=right|{{gaps|297.4|km}} || align=center|{{coord|45.460793|N|16.398296|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Kupa}} || [[Kupa]] || rowspan=3|Sisak-Moslavina
|-
| [[Lonja]] || align=right|{{gaps|4|259.0|km2}} || align=right|{{gaps|49.1|km}} || align=center|{{coord|45.363846|N|16.753807|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Lonja}} || rowspan=2|
|-
| [[Ilova River (Croatia)|Ilova-Trebež]] || align=right|{{gaps|1796.0|km2}} || align=right|{{gaps|104.6|km}} || align=center|{{coord|45.348707|N|16.772604|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Ilova}}
|-
| rowspan=2| || align=right|{{gaps|9828.9|km2}} || align=right|{{gaps|214.6|km}} || align=center|{{coord|45.27096|N|16.918516|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Una}} || [[Una (Sava)|Una]] || colspan=2|[[List of international border rivers|Border river]] at the confluence
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]] || align=right|{{convert|6273.8|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|249.7|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.107939|N|17.51328|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Vrbas}} || [[Vrbas (river)|Vrbas]] || rowspan=3|[[Republika Srpska]] || rowspan=5|[[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]
|-
| [[Orljava]] || align=right|{{convert|1618.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|87.6|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.106773|N|17.724724|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Orljava}} ||
|-
| rowspan=4| || align=right|{{convert|1504.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|80.7|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.088702|N|17.936854|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Ukrina}} || [[Ukrina]]
|-
| align=right|{{convert|10809.8|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|281.6|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|45.066792|N|18.466043|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Bosna}} || [[Bosna (river)|Bosna]] || [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|-
| [[Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar-Srijem]] || align=right|{{convert|904.0|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|99.4|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|44.927893|N|18.75628|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Tinja}} || [[Tinja (river)|Tinja]] || [[Brčko District]]
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Serbia]] || rowspan=2|[[Vojvodina]] || align=right|{{convert|20319.9|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|346.0|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|44.891968|N|19.355249|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Drina}} || [[Drina]] || colspan=2|Border river at the confluence
|-
| [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]] || align=right|{{convert|2943.1|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|186.0|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|44.941443|N|19.369583|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Bosut}} || || Vojvodina || rowspan=2|Serbia
|-
| [[Central Serbia]] || || align=right|{{convert|3638.4|km2|abbr=on}} || align=right|{{convert|86.6|km|abbr=on}} || align=center|{{coord|44.662152|N|20.248532|E|display=inline|type:river|name=Kolubara}} || [[Kolubara]] || Central Serbia
|-
| colspan=9|Notes: Country/region/county of location of confluence with Sava corresponding to tributary bank side;<br />The list includes rivers with catchment areas greater than {{convert|900|km2|abbr=off}}, with addition of Sutla.<br/>Source: [[International Sava River Basin Commission]];{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=13-14}}
|}

==Hydrology==
[[File:Smlednik-Zbilje.JPG|thumb|Lake Zbilje upstream from [[Medvode]]]]
The average annual [[Discharge (hydrology)|flow rate]] of the Sava River at Radovljica, immediately downstream of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka confluence, stands at {{convert|44.9|m3|abbr=off}} per second.{{sfn|Oikos|2008|p=20}} Downstream of the Krka confluence the average flow rate reaches {{convert|317|m3|abbr=off}} per second,{{sfn|Mayer|1996|p=31}} gradually increasing as tributaries discharge along the course—{{convert|340|m3|abbr=off}} per second downstream of the Sutla, {{convert|880|m3|abbr=off}} per second following discharge of the Kupa and the Una, {{convert|990|m3|abbr=off}} per second downstream of the Vrbas confluence, {{convert|1180|m3|abbr=off}} per second after the Bosna river empties into the Sava,{{sfn|Mayer|1996|p=32}} and finally of {{convert|1564|m3|abbr=off}} per second at confluence of the Sava in Belgrade.{{sfn|ISRBC|February 2009}} The highest flow rate of {{convert|6007|m3|abbr=off}} per second was recorded by Slavonski Šamac [[gauging station]] in May 2014.{{sfn|Tutiš|2014|p=3}}

Seven out of eight largest reservoirs in the Sava River basin are in the Drina catchment, the largest among them being the {{convert|0.88|km3|adj=on}} [[Lake Piva]] on the eponymous river in Montenegro, created after construction of [[Mratinje Dam]]. Overall, there are 22 reservoirs holding more than {{convert|5000000|m3|abbr=off}} of water in the basin, with four of them ''on'' the Sava, including one on the Sava Dolinka. Most of the reservoirs are used primarily, or even exclusively, for [[electricity generation]], but they are also used as supply of [[drinking water]], [[industrial water]] source, for [[irrigation]] and [[food production]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|p=53}}

Groundwater is a very important resource in the Sava River basin, generally used for public water supply of potable water, as a source of water for industrial use, but also as the mainstay of [[aquatic ecosystem]]s. There are 41 identified significant groundwater bodies in the Sava River basin of basin-wide importance,{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (a)|p=3}} ranging in area size from {{convert|97|to|5186|km2|abbr=off}}, as well as numerous minor ground water bodies. Even though most of them are [[transboundary waters]], eleven are considered to be largely in Slovenia, fourteen in Croatia, seven in Bosnia-Herzegovina, five in Serbia and four in Montenegro.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (a)|pp=5-6}}

==Discharge==

Mean annual discharge of the Sava River at [[Zagreb]] (period from 1992 to 2019), [[Sremska Mitrovica]] and [[Belgrade]] (period from 1992 to 2021):<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hidmet.gov.rs|title=Republički hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11661642.pdf|title=The Study of Water for Pollution Reduction on the Sava River Basin in the Republic of Croatia|year=2001}}</ref><ref name="Promjene protočnog režima Save kod Zagreba">{{cite web|url=https://um.nsk.hr/um:nbn:hr:217:916320|title=Promjene protočnog režima Save kod Zagreba|last1=Petar|first1=Božanović|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.savacommission.org|title=International Sava River Basin Commission}}</ref><ref name="Република Србија РЕПУБЛИЧКИ ХИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОШКИ ЗАВОД ХИДРОЛОШКИ ГОДИШЊАК 1. ПОВРШИНСКЕ ВОДЕ  2022">{{cite web |title=Република Србија РЕПУБЛИЧКИ ХИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОШКИ ЗАВОД ХИДРОЛОШКИ ГОДИШЊАК 1. ПОВРШИНСКЕ ВОДЕ  2022. |page=123 |url=https://www.hidmet.gov.rs/data/hidro_pov_godisnjaci/2022.pdf |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="3" |Mean annual discharge (m³/s)
|-
![[Belgrade]]
![[Sremska Mitrovica|Sremska]]
[[Sremska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]
![[Zagreb]]
|-
|1992
|1537
|1474
|313
|-
|1993
|1178
|1121
|251
|-
|1994
|1595
|1531
|255
|-
|1995
|1676
|1610
|281
|-
|1996
|1958
|1888
|377
|-
|1997
|1555
|1492
|264
|-
|1998
|1534
|1471
|302
|-
|1999
|1838
|1770
|297
|-
|2000
|1360
|1300
|269
|-
|2001
|1676
|1610
|266
|-
|2002
|1543
|1480
|221
|-
|2003
|1055
|1000
|146
|-
|2004
|1828
|1760
|316
|-
|2005
|1899
|1830
|271
|-
|2006
|1757
|1690
|275
|-
|2007
|1228
|1170
|234
|-
|2008
|1340
|1280
|315
|-
|2009
|1442
|1380
|314
|-
|2010
|2418
|2338
|399
|-
|2011
|961
|908
|183
|-
|2012
|1157
|1096
|183
|-
|2013
|1859
|1793
|382
|-
|2014
|2316
|2245
|472
|-
|2015
|1533
|1470
|249
|-
|2016
|1615
|1550
|310
|-
|2017
|1289
|1234
|289
|-
|2018
|1665
|1595
|312
|-
|2019
|1380
|1320
|314
|-
|2020
|1065
|1010
| rowspan="4" |
|-
|2021
|1513
|1450
|-
|2022
| rowspan="2" |
|1110 
|-
|2023
|1900
|}


==Geology==
The course of the Sava River runs through several diverse [[geological unit]]s and [[Orography|orographic regions]]. The uppermost course of the river and its headwaters in the Karawanks area, is in the [[Southern Alps (geology)|Southern Alps]], tracing the Sava [[Fault (geology)|Fault]]—itself running parallel to the [[Periadriatic Seam]]. [[Mesozoic]] and [[Upper Triassic]] rocks are exposed in the region.{{sfn|Placer|2008|p=207}} The Ljubljana Basin represents the boundary of the Southern Alps and the Dinarides.{{sfn|Placer|2008|p=209}} Valleys of the Sava Dolinka and the Sava Bohinjka are [[glacial valley]]s, carved out by the Sava Dolinka and Bohinj [[glacier]]s advancing down Karawanks range to vicinity of present-day Radovljica. In the [[late Pleistocene]], [[Bohinj Glacier]] was the largest glacier in the territory of present-day Slovenia, up to {{convert|900|m|abbr=off}} thick.{{sfn|Bavec|Verbič|2001|p=385}}{{sfn|Stepišnik|2012|pp=300–303}} Sava Folds, southeast and east of the Ljubljana Basin are thought of as a part of the Dinarides,{{sfn|Placer|2008|p=206}} separating the Ljubljana and [[Krško Basin]]s,{{sfn|Placer|2008|p=207}} and forming the Sava Hills.{{sfn|Topole|2003|p=53}} The east&ndash;west oriented folds are younger than the [[Miocene]] and the folding is considered to had taken place in the [[Pliocene]] and the [[Quaternary]], but it is possible that the tectonic activity continues in the present day.{{sfn|Topole|2003|p=46}} The Sava Folds largely exhibit [[Paleozoic]] and [[Triassic]] rocks,{{sfn|Kolar-Jurkovšek|Jurkovšek|2012|p=324}} and [[clastic sediment]]s.{{sfn|Ramovš|Sremać|Kulenović|1987|p=398}}

The lower course of the Sava in the Pannonian Basin—first reached by the Sava River in the Krško Basin on the western rim of the Pannonian Basin.{{sfn|Placer|2008|p=208}} The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and [[subsidence]] of crust structures formed during Late Paleozoic [[Variscan orogeny]]. The Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in [[Papuk]] and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a [[Stratovolcano|stratovolcanic]] chain in the basin 17–12&nbsp;[[Mya (unit)|Mya]] (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5&nbsp;Mya as well as [[flood basalt]]s about 7.5&nbsp;Mya. Contemporary uplift of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] prevented water flowing to the Black Sea, and the [[Pannonian Sea]] formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the [[Pleistocene]] during the uplift of the [[Transdanubian Mountains]].{{sfn|Haas|2012|pp=14–18}} Ultimately, up to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=off}} of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gate]] gorge.{{sfn|Hilbers|2011|p=16}} In the southern Pannonian Basin, the [[Neogene]] to Quaternary sediment depth is normally lower, averaging {{convert|500|to|1500|m|abbr=off}}, except in central parts of depressions formed by [[subduction]]. A subduction zone formed in the present-day Sava River valley, and approximately {{convert|4000|m|abbr=off}} deep sediments were deposited in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression and {{convert|5500|m|abbr=off}} in the Sava depression.{{sfn|Saftić|Velić|Sztanó|Juhász|2003|p=108}} The results of those processes are large [[plain]]s in the Sava River valley and the Kupa River valley. The plains are interspersed by the [[Horst (geology)|horst]] and [[graben]] structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as [[Pannonian island mountains|islands]],{{sfn|Malvić|Velić|2011|p=221}} which became watershed between [[Drava]] and Sava River basins extending along [[Ivanščica]]–[[Kalnik (mountain)|Kalnik]]–[[Bilogora]]–Papuk mountain chain.{{sfn|Hrvatske vode|loc=section 2.1}} The Papuk Mountain is flanked by the [[Krndija]] and the [[Dilj]] Hills on the eastern rim of the [[Požega Valley]]. The Bilogora, Papuk and Krndija Mountains consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 300–350&nbsp;million years old, while the Dilj consists of much more recent Neogene rocks, 2–18&nbsp;million years old.{{sfn|Pamić|Radonić|Pavić|2003|p=6}} Further east of the chain, the watershed runs through the [[Đakovo]]–[[Vinkovci]] and [[Vukovar]] Plateau.{{sfn|Bačani|Šparica|Velić|1999|p=149}} The [[loess]] plateau, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the [[Vuka (river)|Vuka]] and Bosut rivers, gradually rises to the [[Fruška Gora]] south of Ilok.{{sfn|Vukovar-Syrmia County|2006|p=6}}

==Economy==

===Electric power generation===
There are 18&nbsp;hydroelectric power plants with power generation capacity exceeding 10&nbsp;[[Megawatt]]s in the Sava River basin. In Slovenia, most of them harness the Sava itself. In other countries, the hydroelectric power plants are on its tributaries. Total power generation capacity of the 18&nbsp;power plants, and additional smaller plants largely found in Slovenia, amounts to 41542&nbsp;megawatts, and their annual production capacity stands at 2,497&nbsp;[[gigawatt-hour]]s. Approximately {{convert|3.3|km3|abbr=off}} of water per year in the river's basin is used to cool thermoelectric and nuclear power plants. Power plant cooling represents the main type of use of the Sava River waters.{{sfn|ISRBC|December 2010|p=25}}

{{As of|2012|October}}, there are six existing hydroelectric power plants built along the Sava River. Upstream of Ljubljana there are Moste, Mavčiče and Medvode power plants, while Vrhovo, [[Boštanj, Sevnica|Boštanj]] and [[Blanca, Sevnica|Blanca]] are downstream of the capital. There is one additional plant under construction near Krško. The Krško hydroelectric power plant, as well as two additional plants planned on the Sava River course downstream of Ljubljana—Brežice and Mokrice—should be completed by 2018. The power plants downstream of Ljubljana, except Vrhovo, are developed as a chain of five Slovenia's Lower Sava Valley plants since 2002.{{sfn|ISRBC|December 2010|p=15}}{{sfn|HESS (Boštanj)}} They will have production capacity of 2,000&nbsp;gigawatt-hours per year and 570&nbsp;megawatts of [[installed capacity]]. Completion of the five power plants is expected to cost 700&nbsp; million [[euro]]s. There are also plans for construction of ten new powerplants in the middle Sava valley HE Suhadol, HE Trbovlje, HE Renke, HE Ponovice, HE Kresnice, HE Jevnica, HE Zalog, HE Šentjakob, HE Ježica and HE Tacen. Croatia is planning the construction of four hydroelectric power plants on the Sava River in the Zagreb area. The four plants—[[Podsused – Vrapče|Podsused]], Prečko, Zagreb and [[Drenje Brdovečko|Drenje]]—are scheduled to be completed by 2021 at a cost of 800&nbsp; million euros. The four power plants will have an installed capacity of 122&nbsp; megawatts and an annual production capacity of 610&nbsp;gigawatt-hours.{{sfn|Jalušić|2011|p=9}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Hydroelectric power plant !! Location !! [[Installed capacity]] !! Annual production capacity
|-
| Moste || [[Moste, Žirovnica|Moste]], [[Slovenia]] || align=right|21&nbsp;MW || align=right|56&nbsp;GWh
|-
| Mavčiče || [[Mavčiče]], Slovenia || align=right|38&nbsp;MW || align=right|62&nbsp;GWh
|-
| Medvode || [[Medvode]], Slovenia || align=right|25&nbsp;MW || align=right|72&nbsp;GWh
|-
| Vrhovo || [[Vrhovo, Radeče|Vrhovo]], Slovenia || align=right|34.2&nbsp;MW || align=right|116&nbsp;GWh
|-
| Boštanj || [[Boštanj, Sevnica|Boštanj]], Slovenia || align=right|36&nbsp;MW || align=right|115&nbsp;GWh
|-
| Blanca || [[Blanca, Sevnica|Blanca]], Slovenia || align=right|42&nbsp;MW || align=right|144&nbsp;GWh
|-
| colspan=4|Sources: Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana,{{sfn|Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana}} Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi.{{sfn|HESS (Projekti)}}
|}

===Water supply and food production===
Use of water for public [[water supply]] in the Sava River basin is estimated at {{convert|783000000|m3|abbr=off}} per year, and another {{convert|289000000|m3|abbr=off}} of water per year is used for industrial production purposes. Use of water for [[agriculture]] in the Sava River basin is relatively high, but most of it is applied in non-consumptive uses, such as [[fish farming]]. Use of water for irrigation is relatively low, estimated at {{convert|30000000|m3|abbr=off}} per year.{{sfn|ISRBC|December 2010|p=25}} [[Commercial fishing]] on the Sava River is in decline since the middle of the 20th century. In 1978, there were only 97&nbsp; commercial fishermen there, while [[recreational fishing]] became dominant.{{sfn|Habeković|Homen|Fašaić|1990|p=9}} The decline became more rapid during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, reducing the quantity of fish caught in the river to approximately one-third of the pre-war catches which ranged from {{convert|719|to|988|t|abbr=off}} between 1979 and 1990.{{sfn|Habeković|Safner|Aničić|Treer|1997|p=99}} The [[International Sava River Basin Commission]] (ISRBC), a cooperative body established by Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2005,{{sfn|ISRBC History}} is tasked with the establishment of sustainable management of surface water and groundwater resources in the Sava River basin.{{sfn|ISRBC Mission}}

===Navigation and ports===
The Sava is navigable to larger vessels for {{convert|593.8|km|abbr=off}} between its confluence with the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia and Galdovo Bridge in [[Sisak, Croatia]], {{convert|2.8|km|abbr=off}} upstream from confluence of Sava and Kupa rivers.{{sfn|ISRBC|2011|p=27}} The confluence marks the westernmost point of the river course designated as a Class IV international [[waterway]] in compliance with the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]'s European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN).{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=19}} The classification means that the river course between Sisak and Belgrade is navigable to ships of the maximum length of {{convert|80|to|85|m|abbr=off}}, the maximum beam of {{convert|9.5|m|abbr=off}}, the maximum draught of {{convert|2.5|m|abbr=off}} and tonnage up to {{convert|1500|t|abbr=off}}.{{sfn|UNECE|1996|p=84}} The Sava River downstream of Sisak, is designated as European waterway E&nbsp;80-12, branching off from the E&nbsp;80 waterway spanning the Danube and [[Le Havre]] via the [[Rhine]].{{sfn|UNECE|1996|p=16}} The largest ports on the Sava River are Brčko and Šamac in Bosnia-Herzegovina,{{sfn|BMG}} Sisak and Slavonski Brod in Croatia,{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=18}} and Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia.{{sfn|Danube Strategy in Serbia}}

{{As of|2008}}, {{convert|24.5|km|abbr=off}} of the river course between [[Slavonski Šamac]] and [[Oprisavci]], as well as additional {{convert|219.8|km|abbr=off}} between Slavonski Brod and Sisak, are considered by [[Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)|Croatia's Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure]] to fail the Class IV criteria, permitting navigation of vessels up to {{convert|1000|t|abbr=off}} only, complying with the AGN's Category III.{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=19}} The Slavonski Šamac–Oprisavci section is especially troublesome for navigation as it offers {{convert|250|cm|abbr=off}} draught in less than 50% of an average hydrological year, causing navigation to cease each summer. Similar interruptions are less frequent elsewhere on the river, occurring 30&nbsp;days a year on average upstream from Oprisavci, and even more rarely downstream from Slavonski Šamac.{{sfn|MMATI|2010|loc=section 1.1.3.}}

The restricted draft and fairway is compounded with a meandering of the river's course—limiting the length of vessels—and low bridge clearance. Further problems are incurred through poor transport infrastructure along the route, including poor navigation markings, and presence of sunken vessels and unexploded [[munitions]].{{sfn|ISRBC|September 2009|pp=160-161}} Navigation along further {{convert|68|km|abbr=off}} of the river upstream to [[Rugvica]] near Zagreb is possible for vessels with [[tonnage]] below {{convert|1000|t|abbr=off}}, and the section of the river belongs to the AGN's Category II. There are plans for the restoration of the Category IV compliant waterway downstream of Sisak and betterment of navigation infrastructure between Sisak and Rugvica,{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=35}} as well as upgrading of the waterway between Brčko and Belgrade to Category Va, matching that of the Danube, with uninterrupted navigation through the year. The plan is planned to be supported by the [[European Union]] and {{as of|2012|October|lc=yes}}, an agreement to implement the plan was signed by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, while Serbia is invited to join the project. The plan aims to increase the safety and volume of river transport, which declined by about 70% since the breakup of Yugoslavia, largely because of poor maintenance of the route.{{sfn|Al Jazeera Balkans|22 April 2012}} The ISRBC is tasked with the establishment of an international regime of navigation on the river since 2005.{{sfn|ISRBC Mission}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Country !! Port !! Annual cargo !! Year
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Croatia]] || [[Sisak]] || align=right|139,899&nbsp;t || align=center|2007{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=52}}
|-
| [[Slavonski Brod]] || align=right|139,364&nbsp;t || align=center|2007{{sfn|MMATI|2008|p=52}}
|-
| [[Serbia]] || [[Sremska Mitrovica]] || align=right|295,551&nbsp;t || align=center|2009{{sfn|Danube Strategy in Serbia}}
|}

===Road, rail, and pipeline transport===
The Sava Valley is also a route for road and rail traffic. The river valley routes are a part of the [[Pan-European Corridor X]], and forming junctions with [[Pan-European Corridors]] V, Vb, [[Pan-European Corridor Vc|Vc]], Xa and Xb in area of Ljubljana (V), Zagreb (Vb, Xa), Slavonski Šamac (Vc), and Belgrade (Xb).{{sfn|EU|9 September 2002}} The motorways forming the Pan-European Corridor X in the area—[[A2 motorway (Slovenia)|Slovenia's A2]], [[A3 (Croatia)|Croatia's A3]] and [[A1 (Serbia)|Serbia's A1]] motorways—represent a part of [[European route E70]] [[Bordeaux]]–[[Turin]]–Ljubljana–Zagreb–Belgrade–[[Bucharest]],{{sfn|ECOSOC|2002|pp=11-12}} and the [[European route E61]] [[Villach]]–Ljubljana–[[Trieste]]–[[Rijeka]].{{sfn|ECOSOC|2002|p=17}} A largely [[double track]] and [[railway electrification system|electrifried]] railway is also a part of the Corridor X.{{sfn|Brnjac|Abramović|Maslarić|2010|p=303}} The railway was a part of the [[Orient Express|Simplon-Orient-Express]] and Direct-Orient-Express routes.<ref>{{Britannica|432308|Orient-Express}}</ref> The navigable river course between Belgrade and Galdovo north of Sisak is spanned by 25&nbsp;bridges.{{sfn|ISRBC Bridges|2011|p=24}} The Sava River valley east of Sisak is also used as a route for the [[Jadranski naftovod]], a [[crude oil]] pipeline. The system connects the [[Port of Rijeka]] oil terminal to [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]] in Rijeka and Sisak, to Bosanski Brod in Bosnia-Herzegovina, as well as [[Novi Sad]] and [[Pančevo]] in Serbia.{{sfn|JANAF}}

==Environmental issues==
===Pollution===
The main pressure on the Sava River basin environment is generated by the activities of the urban population in the basin.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=38}} Even though nearly all population centres generating pollution above 10,000&nbsp;[[population equivalent]] (PE) have some sort of [[sewage treatment]] in place, less than a quarter of them are adequate.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=41}} Wastewater from 86% of Sava River basin settlements, generating more than 2,000&nbsp;PE, goes untreated. Pollution levels vary along the river. The best conditions in terms of wastewater treatment are found in Slovenia, although the existing facilities are inadequate.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=42}}

In Serbia, on the other hand, 68% of population centres have no wastewater treatment facilities at all.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=41}} Population centres exceeding 2,000&nbsp;PE directly discharge into the Sava River basin's surface waters 11112&nbsp;tonnes of [[nitrogen]] and 2,642&nbsp;tonnes of [[phosphorus]].{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=50}}

Agriculture is another significant source of the Sava River basin surface water pollution, specifically through [[livestock]] [[manure]] production. It is estimated that the nutrient pollution levels generated by manure production equal 32,394&nbsp;tonnes of nitrogen and 3,784&nbsp;tonnes of phosphorus per year.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=68}} As a consequence, the Sava River is microbiologically polluted in areas affected by the nutrient pollution. One such part of the river is the lowermost part of its course between Šabac and Belgrade, where acceptable freshwater bacterial counts are exceeded.{{sfn|Vuković|Marković|Radenković|Vuković|2011|p=13}}

Levels of industrial pollution vary significantly throughout the basin. In 2007, significant sources of industrial pollution were identified in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=66}} Levels of lead, cadmium and arsenic measured in the Sava River at Zagreb in 2003 did not exceed permitted concentrations, but measured levels of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] exceeded permitted levels in four out of 216 samples.{{sfn|Bošnir|Puntarić|Škes|Klarić|2003|p=34}} Levels of [[heavy metals]], specifically zinc, copper, lead and cadmium, measured in sediments in the Sava River near Belgrade were assessed as representing little to no risk,{{dubious|date=April 2016}} and the conclusion drawn was that in order to "reduce the existing bacterial contamination of the Sava River it is necessary to control faecal discharge near cities like Belgrade."{{sfn|Vuković|Marković|Radenković|Vuković|2011|p=14}} The two countries (Croatia and Montenegro) with the greatest direct access to the Adriatic showed by far the least polluted basin surface waters, although other factors, such as demography, agricultural/environmental development and, especially, investment (internal and external), play a role.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Hazardous substances load from significant industrial pollution of the Sava River basin surface waters in 2007
|-
! Country !! [[Arsenic]] !! [[Cadmium]] !! [[Chromium]] !! [[Copper]] !! [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] !! [[Nickel]] !! [[Lead]] !! [[Zinc]] !! [[Phenols]]
|-
| [[Slovenia]] || align=right|115 || align=right|0.03 || align=right|83 || align=right|142 || align=right|0.51 || align=right|582 || align=right|75 || align=right|7,656 || align=right|104
|-
| [[Croatia]] || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|0.02 <!--{{sfn|Bošnir|Puntarić|Škes|Klarić|2003|p=34}}--> || align=right|0.04 || align=right|0.02 || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A
|-
| [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|1380 || align="right" |983 || align=right|N/A || align=right|21 || align=right|13,629 || align=right|1656 || align="right" |N/A
|-
| [[Serbia]] || align=right|2,010 || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|1223 || align="right" |2,038
|-
| [[Montenegro]] || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|N/A || align=right|246 || align=right|1 || align=right|N/A
|-
| colspan=10|Source: [[International Sava River Basin Commission]];{{sfn|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)|p=66}} N/A - data not available
|}

===Protected areas===
The Sava River basin is very significant because of its [[biological diversity]], and it contains large [[alluvial]] wetlands and lowland forests. This led to the designation of six protected areas under provisions of the [[Ramsar Convention]] by the countries in the basin. Those are [[Lake Cerknica]] in Slovenia, [[Lonjsko Polje]] and [[Crna Mlaka]] in Croatia, [[Lake Bardača]] in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Obedska and [[Zasavica (bog)|Zasavica]] bogs in Serbia.{{sfn|ISRBC|December 2010|p=13}}

==Sport and recreation==
[[File:Tacen Whitewater Course 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Tacen Whitewater Course]] in Ljubljana, Slovenia]]
There are several sports and recreational grounds on the river banks and gravel pits and artificial lakes adjacent. Tacen Whitewater Course, on the right bank of the Sava in [[Tacen]], a suburb of Ljubljana, was built as a permanent [[kayaking]] course in 1948.{{sfn|Canoe Federation of Slovenia (a)}} It hosts a major international competition almost every year, examples being the [[ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships]] in [[1955 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|1955]], [[1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|199]]1{{sfn|Canoe Federation of Slovenia (b)}} and [[2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships|2010]].{{sfn|Sinfo|October 2010|p=35}} In Zagreb, Jarun complex of lakes along the river course offers a range of facilities for swimming, water sports and cycling.{{sfn|Zagreb Holding}} The island of Ada Ciganlija in Belgrade is the major recreational zone of the city, gathering as many as 100,000 visitors daily in the summer months.{{sfn|Politika|14 July 2008}}{{sfn|Press|2 July 2012}}

The Sava River is the site of several [[regatta]]s. Those include the International Sava Tour [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] regatta taking place between Zagreb and Brčko,{{sfn|Vasić|Mandić|Nedeljkov|2011|p=103}} and the Belgrade Regatta ([[Sailing (sport)|sailing]] regatta).{{sfn|24 sata|8 August 2011}}

The river is also the site of the [[Šabac Swimming Marathon]]—an [[open water swimming]] competition, running on an {{convert|18.8|km|adj=on}} course between the village of [[Jarak]] and the city of Šabac in Serbia. The competition is held annually since 1970, and was included in [[FINA]] international calendar from 1984 to 2012.{{sfn|Šabac Marathon|2013}}

Recreational and [[sport fishing]] is a popular activity along the Sava River course.{{sfn|Habeković|Homen|Fašaić|1990|p=9}} There is a {{convert|700|m|abbr=off}} long sport fishing competition ground near [[Hotemež]], Slovenia.{{sfn|Slovenian Tourist Board}}

==Tradition==
Worship of various river gods in the area dates to the [[Late Bronze Age]],{{sfn|Rendić-Miočević|2012|p=300}} when the first settlements were founded along the Sava River.{{sfn|Vasić|Mandić|Nedeljkov|2011|p=78}} [[Taurisci]] associated their river goddess [[Adsullata]] with the ''Savus''.{{sfn|Šašel Kos|2009|p=46}}{{sfn|Rendić-Miočević|2012|p=300}} Altars or inscriptions dedicated to the river-god Savus have been found at a number of locations along the river course, including at the Zelenci Pools where the Sava Dolinka rises, and a number of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] settlements and [[castra]] built along the Via Pannonia, the [[Roman road]] running from [[Aquileia]] to the Danube.{{sfn|Deluka|Dragčević|Rukavina|2003|p=739}} The settlements include [[Emona]], [[Andautonia]] and [[Siscia]] (near modern-day Ljubljana, [[Velika Gorica]] and Sisak respectively) upstream of the Kupa River confluence, and [[Marsonia]], itself built atop a [[prehistory|prehistoric]] settlement,{{sfn|Buzov|2011|p=367}} [[Cibalae]], [[Sirmium]] and [[Singidunum]] (in modern-day Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Sremska Mitrovica and Belgrade) downstream of the Kupa.{{sfn|Buzov|2011|p=369}} Besides the altar found at the Zelenci Pools, inscriptions and sites dedicated to Savus have been found in remains of Emona,{{sfn|Šašel Kos|2009|p=43}} Andautonia and Siscia.{{sfn|Rendić-Miočević|2012|p=294}} Several years after 1751 completion of the [[Robba Fountain]] in Ljubljana, the three male figures sculpted as parts of the fountain became identified with the river gods of Sava, Krka and Ljubljanica. In the early 20th century, the fountain was named the Fountain of Three [[Carniola]]n Rivers.{{sfn|National Gallery of Slovenia}}

The [[Romantic poetry|Romantic]] poet [[France Prešeren]] wrote ''[[The Baptism on the Savica]]'' ({{langx|sl|Krst pri Savici|links=no}}), the [[Slovenes|Slovene]] [[national epic]], in 1835. The poem, referring in its title to a headwater of the Sava River, helped to inspire the design of the [[coat of arms of Slovenia]] of 1991:

[[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|90px]]

However, the two wavy lines at the base of the [[blazon]] officially represent rivers of Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea rather than the Savica or the Sava specifically.{{sfn|GCO|June 2011|p=9}}

The Sava River also appears symbolically in the coat of arms of the former [[Kingdom of Slavonia]]:

[[File:HRV Slavonia COA.svg|90px]]

The design, approved by the [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary]] in 1496, incorporates two [[Bar (heraldry)|bars]] symbolising the Sava and the Drava rivers tracing the borders of the kingdom. The design inspired the arms of several present-day [[counties of Croatia]] in the region of [[Slavonia]] and itself forms a part of the [[coat of arms of Croatia]].{{sfn|Brunčić|2003|p=44}} The poem ''Horvatska domovina'', written by [[Antun Mihanović]] in 1835 as a national symbol of Croatia, also refers to the Sava River. Modified lyrics of the poem later became the [[Croatian anthem]].{{sfn|MVPEI}}

==See also==
* [[International Sava River Basin Commission]]
* [[Posavina (region)]]

{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==References==
===Books===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdoQVueDxNUC|title=The Julian Alps of Slovenia|first1=Justi|last1=Carey|first2=Roy|last2=Clark|publisher=Cicerone Press Limited|location=Milnthorpe, England|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85284-438-7}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67l16vv83mMC|title=Construction History: Proceedings of the First International Congress: Madrid 20th - 24th January 2003|isbn=978-84-9728-070-9|year=2003|publisher=Instituto Juan de Herrera|location=Madrid, Spain|editor-last=Huerta Fernández|editor-first=Santiago|chapter=Roman roads in Croatia|chapter-url=http://www.sedhc.es/biblioteca/actas/CIHC1_073_Deluka%20A.pdf|first1=Aleksandra|last1=Deluka|first2=Vesna|last2=Dragčević|first3=Tatjana|last3=Rukavina|pages=733–742}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741048575|url-access=registration|title=Slovenia|first=Steve|last=Fallon|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|location=Melbourne, Australia|year=2010|isbn=978-1-74104-857-5}}
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*{{cite book|title=The Nature Guide to the Hortobágy and Tisza River Floodplain, Hungary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJNODA_0IOgC|year=2011|publisher=[[Crossbill Guides Foundation]]|location=Arnhem, The Netherlands|first=Dirk|last=Hilbers|isbn=978-90-5011-276-5}}
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_d3xtr7rDEC|title=Slovenia: The Bradt Travel Guide|first1=Robin|last1=McKelvie|first2=Jenny|last2=McKelvie|publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]]|location=Chalfont St Peter, England|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84162-211-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Vojvodina Kranjska: Prirodoznanski, politični in kulturni opis|language=sl|trans-title=Duchy of Carniola: A natural-scientific, political and cultural description|url=https://archive.org/details/vojvodinakranjs02orogoog|first=Fran|last=Orožen|publisher=[[Slovenska matica]]|location=Ljubljana, Slovenia|year=1901|oclc=27690684}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbwXKXeCGPIC|title=(Hidden) Minorities: Language and Ethnic Identity Between Central Europe and the Balkans|first1=Christian|last1=Promitzer|first2=Klaus-Jürgen|last2=Hermanik|first3=Eduard|last3=Staudinger|publisher=LIT Verlag|location=Münster, Germany|year=2009|isbn=978-3-643-50096-0}}
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*{{cite book|first=Marjeta|last=Šašel Kos|language=sl|chapter-url=http://iza.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/Sasel_Kos_Ukrocena_lepotica.pdf|pages=42–50|chapter=Reka kot božanstvo – Sava v antiki|trans-chapter=River as a Deity – The Sava in Antiquity|editor-first=Jožef|editor-last=Peternel|title=Ukročena lepotica: Sava in njene zgodbe|trans-title=The Tamed Beauty: The Sava and Its Stories|isbn=978-961-92735-0-0|year=2009|location=Sevnica, Slovenia|publisher=Javni zavod za kulturo, šport, turizem in mladinske dejavnosti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awYGSQAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing|url-access=registration|title=A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples|first=Frederick Bernard|last=Singleton|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, England|year=1985|isbn=978-0-521-27485-2}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Glacial Geomorphology|first=Uroš|last=Stepišnik|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GClF-4rtvoIC|title=Recent Landform Evolution: The Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Region|editor1-first=Dénes|editor1-last=Lóczy|editor2-first=Miloš|editor2-last=Stankoviansky|editor3-first=Adam|editor3-last=Kotarba|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|location=New York City|year=2012|isbn=978-94-007-2447-1}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC|title=Rivers of Europe|first1=Klement|last1=Tockner|first2=Urs|last2=Uehlinger|first3=Christopher T.|last3=Robinson|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|location=Waltham, Massachusetts|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-369449-2}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZweAIJI0ZwC|title=Imagining the Balkans|author-link=Maria Todorova|first=Maria|last=Todorova|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford, England|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-538786-5}}
*{{cite book|title=Geografija občine Moravče|trans-title=Geography of the Municipality of Moravče|language=sl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9AqyNm5svIC|first=Maja|last=Topole|publisher=Založba ZRC|location=Ljubljana, Slovenia|year=2003|isbn=978-961-6500-06-7}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Water balance investigations in the Bohinj region|first1=Niko|last1=Trišič|first2=Marjan|last2=Bat|first3=Janez|last3=Polajnar|first4=Janko|last4=Pristov|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjN8dKK_ymUC|title=Tracer Hydrology 97: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water Tracing, Portorož, Slovenia, 26–31 May 1997|editor-first=Andrej|editor-last=Kranjc|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location=London, England|isbn=978-90-5410-875-7|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|first1=Borislav|last1=Vasić|first2=Miodrag|last2=Mandić|first3=Aleksandar|last3=Nedeljkov|publisher=Croatian Chamber of Commerce|location=Zagreb, Croatia|isbn=978-953-7622-18-3|title=Sava - Nautical and Tourist Guide|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publications/publications/sava_nautical_and_tourist_guide/nautical_tourist_guide_sava.pdf|year=2011|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225823/http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publications/publications/sava_nautical_and_tourist_guide/nautical_tourist_guide_sava.pdf}}
*{{cite book|chapter=Air Pollution Deposition Variability in a Slovene Alpine Headwater as a Consequence of Topography and General Circulation Assessed by Theoretical Model|first1=T.|last1=Vrhovec|first2=N.|last2=Pristov|first3=A.|last3=Hočevar|title=Hydrological Problems and Environmental Management in Highlands and Headwaters: Updating the Proceedings of the First and Second International Conferences on Headwater Control|editor=Josef Křeček|editor2=G. S. Rajwar|editor3=Martin J. Haigh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=London, England|year=1996|isbn=978-90-5410-726-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ddy0KpeL40C}}
{{Refend}}

===Scientific and professional papers===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Ribarstvo|issn=1330-061X|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=73913|title=Uređenje krajolika u ribarstvu|language=hr|trans-title=Landscape architecture in fisheries|volume=55|issue=4|date=December 1997|first1=B.|last1=Aničić|first2=T.|last2=Treer|pages=161–166}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Geologia Croatica|publisher=Croatian Geological Survey|issn=1333-4875|volume=52|issue=2|pages=141–152|date=December 1999|title=Quaternary Deposits as the Hydrogeological System of Eastern Slavonia|first1=Andrea|last1=Bačani|first2=Marko|last2=Šparica|first3=Josipa|last3=Velić|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=6381}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik|issn=1331-5854|publisher=Croatian geographic society|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/700|volume=67|issue=1|date=July 2005|title=Apsolutna decentralizacija u populacijskom razvoju Zagrebačke aglomeracije|language=hr|trans-title=Absolute Decentralization in Population Development of Zagreb Agglomeration|first=Ksenija|last=Bašić|pages=63–78|doi=10.21861/HGG.2005.67.01.04|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=44232&lang=en|journal=Collegium Antropologicum|publisher=Croatian Anthropological Society|issn=0350-6134|title=Toxic Metals in Freshwater Fish from the Zagreb Area as Indicators of Environmental Pollution|first1=Jasna|last1=Bošnir|first2=Dinko|last2=Puntarić|first3=Ivo|last3=Škes|first4=Maja|last4=Klarić|first5=Spomenka|last5=Šimić|first6=Ivan|last6=Zorić|first7=Radoslav|last7=Galić|volume=27|issue=1, Supplement 1|date=June 2003|pages=31–39}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/82104|journal=PROMET – Traffic&Transportation|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering|issn=0353-5320|title=Forecasting Intermodal Transport Requirements on Corridor X|first1=Nikolina|last1=Brnjac|first2=Borna|last2=Abramović|first3=Marinko|last3=Maslarić|volume=22|issue=4|date=July 2010|pages=303–307|doi=10.7307/ptt.v22i4.195|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Histria Antiqua|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar|issn=1331-4270|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=118588&lang=en|title=Ancient Settlements along the Sava river|first=Marija|last=Buzov|volume=20|issue=20|date=October 2011|pages=355–373}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Ribarstvo|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|issn=1848-0586|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/75254|volume=45|issue=1–2|date=March 1990|title=Ihtiofauna dijela rijeke Save|language=sh|trans-title=Ichthiofauna of a part of the Sava River|first1=Dobrila|last1=Habeković|first2=Zlatko|last2=Homen|first3=Krešo|last3=Fašaić|pages=8–14}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Ribarstvo|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|issn=1848-0586|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/47976|title=Ihtiofauna dijela rijeke Save|language=hr|trans-title=Ichthiofauna of a part of the Sava River|first1=D.|last1=Habeković|first2=R.|last2=Safner|first3=I.|last3=Aničić|first4=T.|last4=Treer|volume=55|issue=3|date=October 1997|pages=99–110}}
*{{cite journal|publisher=[[Hrvatska elektroprivreda]]|url=http://www.hep.hr/publikacije/vjesnik/244.pdf|language=hr|title=Slovenija gradi, Hrvatska priprema izgradnju|trans-title=Slovenia builds, Croatia prepares to build|first=Tatjana|last=Jalušić|page=9|date=May 2011|volume=25|issue=244/284|issn=1332-5310|journal=HEP Vjesnik|access-date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708105248/http://www.hep.hr/publikacije/vjesnik/244.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2011}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Geologia Croatica|publisher=Croatian Geological Survey|issn=1333-4875|volume=65|issue=3|pages=323–328|year=2012|title=Late Carboniferous floras of Slovenia – a review|first1=Tea|last1=Kolar-Jurkovšek|first2=Bogdan|last2=Jurkovšek|url=http://www.geologia-croatica.hr/ojs/index.php/GC/article/view/GC.2012.21|doi=10.4154/GC.2012.21|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik|volume=8|first=Darko|last=Mayer|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/13553|title=Zalihe pitkih voda u Republici Hrvatskoj|trans-title=Potable water reserves in the Republic of Croatia|language=hr|issue=1|date=December 1996|pages=27–35|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|issn=0353-4529}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Građevinar|url=http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/~hsgiorg1/gradjevinar/assets/Uploads/JCE-52-2000-03-06.pdf|language=hr|first=Branko|last=Nadilo|title=Obnova graničnih mostova na Savi|trans-title=Reconstruction of border bridges on Sava|year=2000|volume=52|issue=3|pages=181–185|issn=0350-2465|publisher=Croatian Association of Civil Engineers}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite web|publisher=[[Papuk Geopark]]|url=http://www.papukgeopark.com/publikacije/geo_vodic1_30.pdf|title=Geološki vodič kroz park prirode Papuk|first1=Jakob|last1=Pamić|first2=Goran|last2=Radonić|first3=Goran|last3=Pavić|language=hr|trans-title=Geological guide to the Papuk Nature Park|year=2003|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319004209/http://www.papukgeopark.com/publikacije/geo_vodic1_30.pdf}}
*{{cite journal|title=Principles of the tectonic subdivision of Slovenia|first=Ladislav|last=Placer|url=http://www.geologija-revija.si/dokument.aspx?id=1034|journal=Geologija|pages=205–217|issn=0016-7789|publisher=Geološki zavod Ljubljana in Slovensko geološko društvo|volume=51|issue=2|year=2008|doi=10.5474/geologija.2008.021|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|title=The implementation of the HBV model on the Sava River basin|first1=Miha|last1=Primožič|first2=Mira|last2=Kobold|first3=Mitja|last3=Brilly|journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science|issn=1755-1315|publisher=[[IOP Publishing]]|year=2008|volume=4|issue=1 |article-number=012004|doi=10.1088/1755-1307/4/1/012004|bibcode=2008E&ES....4a2004P |s2cid=250670761 |doi-access=}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Histria Antiqua|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar|issn=1331-4270|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=150843&lang=en|title=Rivers and River Deities in Roman Period in the Croatian Part of Pannonnia|first=Ante|last=Rendić-Miočević|volume=21|issue=21|date=August 2012|pages=293–306}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Geologia Croatica|publisher=Croatian Geological Survey|issn=1333-4875|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=6258&lang=en|title=Tertiary Subsurface Facies, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the SW Part of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia and South-Western Hungary)|first1=Bruno|last1=Saftić|first2=Josipa|last2=Velić|first3=Orsolya|last3=Sztanó|first4=Györgyi|last4=Juhász|first5=Željko|last5=Ivković|pages=101–122|volume=56|issue=1|date=June 2003|doi=10.4154/232 |s2cid=34321638 |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik|issn=1331-5854|publisher=Croatian Geographic Society|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=58805|title=Kanal Sava – Odra -Sava kao objekt obrane Zagreba od poplava|language=hr|trans-title=Sava – Odra – Sava canal as floodwater protection structure of the city of Zagreb|first=Stjepan|last=Šterc|volume=41–42|issue=1|date=June 1979|pages=95–117}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Vasin|first=Dejana|title=Natural Conditions as a Factor of Urbanization of the Lower Posavina in the Middle Ages|journal=Istraživanja: Journal of Historical Researches|year=2019|volume=30|issue=30|pages=45–68|doi=10.19090/i.2019.30.45-68|url=http://istrazivanja.ff.uns.ac.rs/index.php/istr/article/view/2130/2151|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=97767&lang=en|journal=Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology|publisher=Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb|issn=0004-1254|volume=62|issue=1|date=March 2011|title=Heavy Metal and Bacterial Pollution of the Sava River in Serbia|pages=11–15|first1=Živorad|last1=Vuković|first2=Ljiljana|last2=Marković|first3=Mirjana|last3=Radenković|first4=Dubravka|last4=Vuković|first5=Srboljub|last5=Stanković|doi=10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2051|pmid=21421528|doi-access=free}}
{{Refend}}

===News reports===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Nova TV|4 January 2012}}|publisher=[[Nova TV (Croatia)]]|language=hr|title=Avionska bomba u Savi ispod Savskog mosta Gunja - Brčko|trans-title=An aircraft Bomb found in Sava under the Gunja - Brčko Bridge|date=4 January 2012|url=http://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/avionska-bomba-u-savi-ispod-savskog-mosta-gunja-brcko.html|website=dnevnik.hr}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|Nacional|22 May 2006}}|newspaper=[[Nacional (weekly)]]|url=http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/25327/obiteljski-park-na-juznoj-obali-save|title=Obiteljski park na južnoj obali Save|trans-title=Family park at the south bank of Sava|author=Mario Duspara|date=22 May 2006|archive-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709221708/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/25327/obiteljski-park-na-juznoj-obali-save|access-date=2 June 2012|language=hr}}
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|Press|2 July 2012}}|url=http://www.pressonline.rs/sr/vesti/beograd/story/230036/Na+Adi+100.000+ljudi.html|title=Na Adi 100.000 ljudi|trans-title=100,000 People at Ada|first=Zorica|last=Janjušević|newspaper=[[Press (Belgrade newspaper)|Press]]|date=2 July 2012|language=sh}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|The Talon|22 March 1996}}|title=Engineers rebuild Brcko Road bridge|url=http://www.dtic.mil/bosnia/talon/tal19960322.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970723060340/http://www.dtic.mil/bosnia/talon/tal19960322.pdf|archive-date=23 July 1997|publisher=[[1st Armored Division (United States)]]|first=Jack|last=Lee|volume=2|issue=10|work=The Talon|date=22 March 1996}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Index.hr|19 January 2011}}|publisher=[[Index.hr]]|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/natoove-bombe-jos-uvijek-prijete-srbiji/533821.aspx|title=NATO-ove bombe još uvijek prijete Srbiji|trans-title=NATO bombs still threaten Serbia|language=hr|date=19 January 2011}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|24 sata|8 August 2011}}|publisher=[[24 sata (Serbia)]]|date=8 August 2011|url=http://www.24sata.rs/vesti/beograd/vest/beogradska-regata-14-avgusta/9971.phtml|title=Beogradska regata 14. avgusta|trans-title=Belgrade Regatta on 14 August|language=sh|first=M.|last=Nikolić}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HRT|2000}}|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|language=hr|title=Otvoren obnovljeni most Gunja-Brčko|trans-title=Reconstructed Gunja-Brčko bridge reopened|url=http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/2000/10/25/HRT0062.html|date=25 October 2000}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Politika|14 July 2008}}|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Beograd/Sto-hiljada-Beogradjana-na-Vodenom-cvetu.lt.html|title=Sto hiljada sugrađana na Vodenom cvetu|trans-title=One Hundred Thousand Citizens at the Water Flower|date=14 July 2008|first=Ljiljana|last=Perović|publisher=[[Politika]]|language=sh}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Index.hr|26 October 2011}}|publisher=Index.hr|url=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/prije-tocno-47-godina-katastrofalna-poplava-ubila-je-17-ljudi-i-unistila-veliki-dio-zagreba/579336.aspx|title=Prije točno 47 godina katastrofalna poplava ubila je 17 ljudi i uništila veliki dio Zagreba|trans-title=Exactly 47 years ago, a catastrophic flood kills 17 and destroys a large part of Zagreb|language=hr|date=26 October 2011}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|tportal.hr|7 July 2011}}|work=t-portal|url=http://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/crnakronika/137352/Bombe-i-minobacacke-granate-u-slavonskim-rijekama.html|title=Bombe i minobacačke granate u slavonskim rijekama|language=hr|trans-title=Bombs and mortar rounds in Slavonia's rivers|date=7 July 2011|first=Sanja|last=Rapaić}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Sinfo|October 2010}}|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/fileadmin/ukom.gov.si/pageuploads/Sinfo/Sinfo_09_final_web.pdf|first=Matic|last=Švab| date=October 2010 |title=2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships SLOKA 2010}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera Balkans|22 April 2012}}|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Balkans]]|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/makale/sansa-regionalnog-razvoja-rijecnog-prometa|title=Šansa regionalnog razvoja riječnog prometa|language=sh|trans-title=A chance for regional development of river transport|date=22 April 2012}}
{{Refend}}

===Other sources===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|RZS|2011}}|url=http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|title=2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia – First Results|location=Belgrade, Serbia|year=2011}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC|February 2009}}|publisher=[[International Sava River Basin Commission]]|url=http://www.savacommission.org/basin_about|title=About Basin|date=5 February 2009}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|JP Ada Ciganlija}}|url=http://www.adaciganlija.rs/page/home/sr/about.html|language=sh|title=Ada Ciganlija|trans-title=Ada Ciganlija|publisher=JP Ada Ciganlija}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC Bridges|2011}}|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publications/publications/navigation_publication/album_mostova_na_slivu_rijeke_save/katalog_mostova_bih-bos.pdf|title=Album of bridges on the Sava River and its navigable tributaries|year=2011|publisher=International Sava River Basin Commission}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC|December 2010}}|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publications/publications/sava_river_basin_analysis_-_summary/sava_booklet_bih.pdf|language=sh|title=Analiza sliva rijeke Save – Sažetak|trans-title=Sava River basin analysis – Summary|date=December 2010|publisher=[[International Sava River Basin Commission]]}}
*{{cite web|publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]|title=Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Building the Link between Flood Risk Management Planning and Climate Change Assessment in the Sava River Basin|first=Roko|last=Andričević|year=2011|url=http://www1.unece.org/ehlm/platform/download/attachments/24707075/Sava_Andricevic.pdf}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC|November 2011 (a)}}|publisher=[[International Sava River Basin Commission]]|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/srbmp_micro_web/background_documents/no_2_background_paper_groundwater_bodies_in_the_sava_river_basin.pdf|location=Zagreb|date=November 2011|title=Background paper No.2: Groundwater bodies in the Sava River Basin, v2.0}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC|November 2011 (b)}}|publisher=International Sava River Basin Commission|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/srbmp_micro_web/background_documents/no_3_background_paper_significant_pressures_identified_in_the_sava_river_basin.pdf|title=Background paper No.3: Significant pressures identified in the Sava River Basin, v3.0|date=November 2011|location=Zagreb}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Zagreb County Tourist Board}}|publisher=Zagreb County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzzz.hr/en/destinations/zapresic/bird-reserve/|title=Bird reserve}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/znamenjaWEB.pdf|first=Davor|last=Brunčić|title=The Symbols of Osijek-Baranja County|year=2003|publisher=[[Osijek-Baranja County]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Municipality of Gradiška}}|publisher=[[Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Municipality of Gradiška]]|url=http://www.opstina-gradiska.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=30&Itemid=33|language=sh|title=Демографија|trans-title=Demographics}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|UNECE|1996}}|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/agn.pdf|title=European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN)|publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]|date=19 January 1996|access-date=21 October 2012}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ECOSOC|2002}}|publisher=[[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2002/sc1agr/TRANS-SC1-AC5-2002-03e.pdf|title=European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR) - Consolidated text of the AGR|date=5 April 2002}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Slovenian Tourist Board}}|url=http://www.slovenia.info/?ribolov=3929|title=Fishing on Sava river|publisher=Slovenian Tourist Board}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HESS (Boštanj)}}|url=http://www.he-ss.si/he-bostanj.html|language=sl|title=HE Boštanj|trans-title=Boštanj HPP|publisher=Hidroelektrarne na Spodnji Savi, d.o.o.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903001312/http://www.he-ss.si/he-bostanj.html|archive-date=3 September 2011}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HSE (Mavčiče)}}|url=http://www.sel.si/index.php?p=8&s=2|title=HE Mavčiče|trans-title=Mavčiče Hydroelectric Power Plant|language=sl|publisher=[[Holding Slovenske elektrarne]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HSE (Medvode)}}|url=http://www.sel.si/index.php?p=8&s=3|title=HE Medvode|trans-title=Medvode Hydroelectric Power Plant|language=sl|publisher=Holding Slovenske elektrarne}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HSE (Moste)}}|url=http://www.sel.si/index.php?p=8&s=1|title=HE Moste|trans-title=Moste Hydroelectric Power Plant|language=sl|publisher=Holding Slovenske elektrarne}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HSE (Vrhovo)}}|url=http://www.sel.si/index.php?p=8&s=4|title=HE Vrhovo|trans-title=Vrhovo Hydroelectric Power Plant|language=sl|publisher=Holding Slovenske elektrarne}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana}}|publisher=Savske Elektrarne Ljubljana|url=http://www.sel.si/?p=2&s=6|title=Hidroelektrarne na Savi|language=sl|trans-title=Hydroelectric power plants on the Sava}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC History}}|publisher=[[International Sava River Basin Commission]]|title=History|date=12 December 2008|url=http://www.savacommission.org/history}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Šabac Marathon|2013}}|publisher=Šabac Marathon|url=http://www.swimmarathonsabac.org/istorijat.php?lan=en|title=History of Sabac Marathon|date=August 2012}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC|2011}}|publisher=International Sava River Basin Commission|location=Zagreb|year=2011|title=Indicator of river kilometres for the Sava River and its navigable tributaries|url=http://www.savacommission.org/dms/docs/dokumenti/documents_publications/publications/navigation_publication/daljinar_rijeke_save_i_njenih_plovnih_pritoka/daljinar_bih-hrv.pdf}}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Vukovar-Syrmia County|2006}}|journal=Službeni Glasnik Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|issn=1846-0925|issue=18|volume=14|date=27 December 2006|publisher=[[Vukovar-Syrmia County]]|url=http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf|language=hr|title=Izvješće o stanju okoliša Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|trans-title=Report on environmental conditions in the Vukovar-Syrmia County|access-date=4 August 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040558/http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|CoM BiH|2003}}|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_fcnmdocs/PDF_1st_SR_Bosnia_bs.pdf|location=Sarajevo|date=December 2003|title=Izvještaj Bosne i Hercegovine o zakonodavnim i drugim mjerama na provođenju načela utvrđenih u okvirnoj konvenciji za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina|language=sh|trans-title=Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina on legislative and other measures regarding implementation of principles determined by framework convention on protection of national minorities|publisher=[[Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Lonjsko Polje NP (a)}}|publisher=[[Lonjsko Polje|Lonjsko Polje Nature Park]]|url=http://www.pp-lonjsko-polje.hr/Lonjsko_polje_english/Turisticka_karta_en.htm|title=Lonjsko Polje Nature Park Map|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522163938/http://www.pp-lonjsko-polje.hr/Lonjsko_polje_english/Turisticka_karta_en.htm|archive-date=22 May 2012}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|MVPEI}}|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/about-croatia/state-emblems/national-anthem/|title=State emblems}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Lonjsko Polje NP (b)}}|publisher=[[Lonjsko Polje|Lonjsko Polje Nature Park]]|url=http://www.pp-lonjsko-polje.hr/O_Parku.htm|language=hr|title=O Parku|trans-title=About the park|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622172124/http://www.pp-lonjsko-polje.hr/O_Parku.htm|archive-date=22 June 2012}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Oikos|2008}}|url=http://www.medvode.si/Obvestila/ozop/PD_12_1_Jeprca/OP_OLN_Jeprca_koncno%20porocilo.pdf|language=sl|title=Okoljsko poročilo za pripravo obcinskega lokacijskega nacrta za obmocje urejanja PD 12/1 Jeprca|trans-title=Environmental Report for Preparation of Municipal Physical Plan of the PD 12/1 Jeprca Development Area|date=May 2008|publisher=Medvode Municipality}}
*{{Croatia Yearbook 2015|ref={{harvid|Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia 2015}}|chapter=Geographical and Meteorological Data}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Danube Strategy in Serbia}}|url=http://www.dunavskastrategija.rs/sr/?p=46|title=Luke i pristaništa|language=sh|publisher=Danube Strategy in Serbia|trans-title=Ports and harbours|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623190708/http://www.dunavskastrategija.rs/sr/?p=46}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ISRBC Mission}}|publisher=[[International Sava River Basin Commission]]|title=Mission|date=12 December 2008|url=http://www.savacommission.org/mission}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Hrvatske vode}}|url=http://propisi.hr/files/file/633_903analiza1.pdf|title=Plan upravljanja vodnim područjima – Dodatak I. Analiza značajki Vodnog područja rijeke Dunav|language=sh|publisher=Hrvatske vode|trans-title=Water management plan - Annex 1 - Analysis of the Danube River area properties}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Krško NPP}}|publisher=[[Krško Nuclear Power Plant]]|url=http://www.nek.si/en/about_nuclear_technology/the_operation_of_nek/plant_systems_and_operation/|title=Plant systems and operation}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|SURS Census – Naselja|2007}}|url=http://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati_naselja_osnovni.asp|language=sl|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia|year=2002|title=Prebivalstvo po starostnih skupinah in spolu – skupaj, naselja, Slovenija, popis 2002|trans-title=Population by Age Groups and Sex – Total, Settlements, Slovenia 2002 Census}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|SURS Census – Občine|2007}}|url=http://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=OBC2007&st=1|language=sl|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia|year=2007|title=Prebivalstvo po starostnih skupinah in spolu – skupaj, naselja, Slovenija, popis 2002, preračun na občine, veljavne dne 1. 1. 2007|trans-title=Population by Age Groups and Sex, Slovenia, 2002 Census, Recalculated by Municipalities in Place on 1 January 2007}}
*{{Croatian Census 2011|S|ref={{harvid|Croatian Census|2011}}}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Municipality of Ljubljana}}|publisher=[[Ljubljana|Municipality of Ljubljana]]|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/zivljenje-v-ljubljani/okolje-prostor-bivanje/povrsinske-vode/|language=sl|title=Površinske vode|trans-title=Surface waters}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani|2007}}|publisher=[[Dol pri Ljubljani|Dol pri Ljubljani Municipality]]|url=http://www.dol.si/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=35|title=Presentation of the municipality|date=15 December 2007}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|HESS (Projekti)}}|publisher=Hidroelektrarne na spodnji Savi|url=http://www.he-ss.si/projekti.html|title=Projekti|trans-title=Projects|language=sl}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|WFFC|2012}}|url=http://www.wffc-slovenia2012.com/eng/competition/riversavabohinjka.php|title=River Sava Bohinjka (Sector I)|publisher=Fishing Association of Slovenia|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619020324/http://www.wffc-slovenia2012.com/eng/competition/riversavabohinjka.php|archive-date=19 June 2012}}
*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|SURS|2002}}|journal=Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Slovenia|issn=1318-5403|issue=41|title=Territory and climate|url=http://www.stat.si/letopis/2002/01-02.pdf|at=Rivers, longer than 25&nbsp;km, and their catchment areas|year=2002|publisher=[[Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Zagreb Holding}}|publisher=[[Zagreb Holding]]|url=http://www.sportskiobjekti.hr/default.aspx?id=117#|title=RŠC Jarun|trans-title=Recreational and Sports Centre Jarun|language=hr|website=sportskiobjekti.hr}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|BMG}}|publisher=BMG Bosanska medijska grupa|url=http://www.vodic.ba/bih/rijeke/sava|title=Sava|language=sh|trans-title=Sava}}
*{{GeoQuelle|Sava|||ref=no}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|GCO|June 2011}}|publisher=Government Communication Office (Slovenia)|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/fileadmin/ukom.gov.si/pageuploads/dokumenti/Publikacije/2011/SLOVENIAsymbols_web.pdf|title=Slovenian Symbols}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|MMATI|2008}}|url=http://www.mppi.hr/UserDocsImages/srednjorocni%20%20plan.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)]]|title=Srednjoročni plan razvitka vodnih putova i luka unutarnjih voda Republike Hrvatske (za razdoblje 2009.-2016. godine)|language=hr|trans-title=Mid-term plan of development of internal waterways and internal waterway ports in the Republic of Croatian (for 2009–2016 period)|date=December 2008}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|MMATI|2010}}|url=http://www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=7115|publisher=[[Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia)]]|title=Strateški plan Ministarstva mora, prometa i infrastrukture za razdoblje 2011.-2013.|trans-title=Strategic plan of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Transport and Infrastructure for period of 2011–2013|date=6 August 2010|website=mppi.hr|language=hr}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Canoe Federation of Slovenia (a)}}|publisher=Canoe Federation of Slovenia|title=Tacen|url=http://tacen2013.worldcup.events.slalom.canoeicf.com/en/general-information/tacen}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Canoe Federation of Slovenia (b)}}|publisher=Canoe Federation of Slovenia|title=Tacenska kajakaška proga|language=sl|trans-title=Tacen Kayaking Course|url=http://www.sloka.si/sloka/tacen.html}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|JANAF}}|publisher=[[Jadranski naftovod]]|url=http://www.janaf.hr/oil-pipeline/the-janaf-system/|title=The JANAF system|language=hr|website=janaf.hr}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|National Gallery of Slovenia}}|url=http://www.ng-slo.si/en/default.asp?k=razstava_dogodek&rid=281|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418171424/http://www.ng-slo.si/en/default.asp?k=razstava_dogodek&rid=281|archive-date=2013-04-18|title=The Robba Fountain|publisher=[[National Gallery of Slovenia]]}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ICPDR}}|publisher=[[International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River]]|url=http://www.icpdr.org/icpdr-pages/tisza_basin.htm|title=Tisza Basin – the largest sub-basin of the Danube}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|EU|9 September 2002}}|publisher=[[European Union]]|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-02-1275_en.htm|title=Transport: launch of the Italy-Turkey pan-European Corridor through Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece|date=9 September 2002}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|ECRR|2006}}|title=WFD and hydromorphological pressures – Technical report – Case studies|date=November 2006|url=http://ecrr.org/publication/restgeom_doc9.pdf|publisher=European Centre for River Restoration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223818/http://ecrr.org/publication/restgeom_doc9.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2014}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Municipality of Laško}}|publisher=[[Laško|Municipality of Laško]]|url=http://www.lasko.si/sl/zgodovina|title=Zgodovina|trans-title=Town history|language=sl}}
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Tutiš|2014}}|title=Velike vode donjeg toka rijeke Save tijekom svibnja 2014.|trans-title=High Waters of Sava River Lover Course in May 2014|publisher=Hydrometeorological State Institute of Croatia|url=http://hidro.dhz.hr/hidroweb/pocetna/Poplave/PoplaveSave.html|language=hr}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sava}}
{{Attached KML}}
{{EB1911 poster|Save}}
* Condition of Sava at locations in Slovenia (proceeding down the stream):
** [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H23_g_30.html Radovljica] – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in [[Radovljica]] by [[Slovenian Environment Agency|ARSO]])
** [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H03_g_30.html Medno] – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in [[Medno]] by [[Slovenian Environment Agency|ARSO]])
** [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H21_g_30.html Šentjakob] – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in [[Šentjakob]] by [[Slovenian Environment Agency|ARSO]])
** [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H04_g_30.html Hrastnik] – graphs, in the following order, of water level, flow and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in [[Hrastnik]] by [[Slovenian Environment Agency|ARSO]])
** [http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/podatki/amp/H22_g_30.html Jesenice na Dolenjskem] – graphs, in the following order, of water level and temperature data for the past 30 days (taken in [[Jesenice, Brežice|Jesenice na Dolenjskem]] by [[Slovenian Environment Agency|ARSO]])
*{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Save|short=x}}

{{Hydrography of Slovenia}}
{{Hydrography of Croatia}}
{{Hydrography of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{Danube}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Sava| ]]
[[Category:Sava basin| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Croatia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Rivers of Serbia]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Geography of Belgrade]]
[[Category:Geography of Zagreb]]
[[Category:Landforms of Vukovar-Srijem County]]
[[Category:Borders of Serbia]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina–Croatia border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ljubljana]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Croatia–Slovenia border]]
[[Category:Braided rivers in Europe]]
[[Category:Landforms of Brod-Posavina County]]
[[Category:Landforms of Sisak-Moslavina County]]
[[Category:Landforms of Zagreb County]]