View source for Scafell

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Short description|Mountain in the English Lake District, Cumbria, England}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Scafell
| photo = Scafell massif enclosures.jpg 
| photo_caption = The Scafell [[massif]] from [[Middle Fell]]. Scafell is on the right. From this angle Scafell appears higher than [[Scafell Pike]].
| elevation_m = 964
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence_m = 133
| prominence_ref = 
| parent_peak = [[Scafell Pike]]
| listing = [[Hewitt (hill)|Hewitt]], [[List of Wainwrights|Wainwright]], [[Nuttall (hill)|Nuttall]]
| location = [[Cumbria]], [[England]]
| range = [[Lake District]], [[Southern Fells]]
| coordinates = {{coord|54.448|N|3.225|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| grid_ref_UK = NY206064
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landrangers'' 89, 90, ''Explorer'' OL6
| map = United Kingdom Lake District#United Kingdom Copeland
| map_caption = Location in the Lake District##Location in Copeland Borough
}}
{{Not to be confused with|text=its parent peak, [[Scafell Pike]]}}{{GB summits start}}
{{GB summits entry
|Name=Symond's Knott
|Gridref=NY207067
|Height={{convert|959|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|Status=Nuttall}}
{{end}}

'''Scafell''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ɔː|f|əl}} or {{IPAc-en|s|k|ɑː|ˈ|f|ɛ|l}};<ref name="wainwright">{{Cite book |last=Wainwright |first=A. |title=The Southern Fells |publisher=Francis Lincoln |year=1960 |isbn=0-7112-2230-4 |location=London |author-link=Alfred Wainwright}}</ref>  also spelled '''Sca Fell''', previously '''Scawfell'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakes Map, Otley 1818 |url=http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/maps/m00013.htm |website=www.geog.port.ac.uk |access-date=17 May 2009 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192256/http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/maps/m00013.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is a [[mountain]] in the  [[Lake District]] region of [[Cumbria]], England. It has a height of {{convert|964|m|ft|abbr=off}}, making it the second-highest mountain in England after its neighbour, [[Scafell Pike]], from which it is separated by [[Mickledore]] col.

==Topography==
Scafell stands between [[Wasdale]] in the west and upper [[Eskdale, Cumbria|Eskdale]] to the east.  The highest part of the fell is a ridge running south from Mickledore as far as [[Slight Side]], which is counted as a separate fell by most guidebooks.<ref name="wainwright" /><ref name="richards">Richards, Mark: ''Mid-Western Fells'': Collins (2004): {{ISBN|0-00-711368-4}}</ref> Despite regarding Slight Side as a separate entity, [[Alfred Wainwright|Wainwright]] included the wide upland area beyond it to the south west as a part of Scafell.  More modern guides have partitioned the plateau off as a further independent top, Great How.<ref name="richards" />

The opposing flanks of Scafell are entirely different in character.  To the south, monotonous smooth slopes, stony and  lacking vegetation at higher levels, run down toward Burnmoor and the head of Wastwater.  But on the east side several large crags loom impressively over upper Eskdale. On the north side, the sheer faces of Scafell Crag provide some the finest rock scenery in the Lake District.

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<imagemap>
Image:Annotated Scafell range.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Scafell range as seen looking west from [[Crinkle Crags]]. (Interactive labels.)

rect 23 372 252 419 [[Slight Side|Slight Side (762&nbsp;m)]]
rect 173 794 560 834 [[Scafell|Scafell East Buttress]]
rect 707 787 893 861 [[Scafell Pike|Esk Crag or Buttress ({{circa}} 750&nbsp;m)]]
rect 245 303 409 358 [[#top|Scafell (964&nbsp;m)]]
rect 408 238 637 280 [[Mickledore|Mickledore ({{circa}} 840&nbsp;m)]]
rect 544 174 826 213 [[Scafell Pike|South Summit ({{circa}} 950&nbsp;m)]]
rect 706 310 928 355 [[Scafell Pike|Scafell Pike (978&nbsp;m)]]
rect 870 238 1108 286 [[Broad Crag|Broad Crag (934&nbsp;m)]]
rect 1043 308 1198 360 [[Ill Crag|Ill Crag (935&nbsp;m)]]
rect 1238 311 1446 351 [[Great End|Great End (910&nbsp;m)]]
rect 0 0 1444 1085 [[#top|Click hyperlink or button to expand]]
desc none
</imagemap>
From the narrow ridge of Mickledore the northern face of Scafell rises precipitously, an unusually complete barrier to progress along a Lakeland ridge, which frustrates many ridge walkers who find that this is a cliff for rock climbers only. At the top of the rise from Mickledore is Symonds Knott ({{convert|3,146|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=or}}), the northern top.  The wall of crags &ndash; Scafell Crag to the west and the East Buttress above the Eskdale side of Mickledore &ndash; has two main weaknesses. Running laterally across Scafell Crag is Lord's Rake, a scree-filled chute with several intermediate [[mountain pass|cols]].  It has two upper entrances onto the saddle separating Symonds Knott from the main summit. Formerly passable as a scramble, Lord's Rake suffered from a serious rock fall in 2002 — with subsequent further falls — and recent guidebooks do not consider it a viable route, although it is gradually becoming more stable. The block that was bridged across the head of Lord's Rake collapsed into the gully in July 2016, leaving several small unstable blocks behind, which can be avoided with care.  The access to West Wall Traverse is clear of debris.<ref name="richards" /><ref name="WMRT">[http://wasdalemrt.org.uk/callouts~blackspot~lords%20rake.htm Wasdale Mountain Rescue Team]. Accessed 29 September 2007</ref> The second breach in the crags is Broad Stand, a series of sloping steps which drop down from Symonds Knott almost to Mickledore; however, these steepen immediately above Mickledore and cannot be negotiated safely except by rock-climbers.<ref name="wainwright" /><ref name="richards" /> The main summit stands a little to the south of the saddle, all around being a sea of stones. An easy ridge then steps down southward over Long Green to Slight Side.  On the east are Cam Spout Crag and the fine high waterfall after which it is named.

Beyond Slight Side is a rough upland with many craggy tops and a number of [[tarn (lake)|tarns]], before the southward descent finally ends in Lower Eskdale.  South West of Scafell, below the scarp of Great How, is Burnmoor Tarn, one of the largest in Lakeland. Around {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, it holds trout, perch and pike.  The tarn is prevented from following what would appear the natural line of drainage into Miterdale by [[moraine]]s, and empties southward, reaching the Esk at Beckfoot.  Near the southern shore stands Burnmoor Lodge, once a keeper's cottage and a dwelling {{convert|2|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} from the nearest road.<ref name="blair">Blair, Don: ''Exploring Lakeland Tarns'': Lakeland Manor Press (2003): {{ISBN|0-9543904-1-5}}</ref>

==Summit==
The main summit bears a large [[cairn]] on a short rocky ridge. Northward is a saddle, marked by a large cross of stones and then the bouldery climb to Symonds Knott, the north top. This gives views straight down to Mickledore.  Scafell gives a very different view to that from its higher neighbour with [[Wastwater]] and the coastal plain given great prominence. There is a fine vista of the [[Western Fells]], together with [[Bowfell]] and the [[Furness Fells|Coniston Fells]].<ref name="wainwright" />

== Ascents ==

===Wasdale===
The classic ascent via Lord's Rake path from [[Wastwater]] follows the main Scafell Pike footpath to Hollow Stones, then up to Lord's Rake.  Lord's Rake may be followed in its entirety, or near the top of the first col, a diversion may be made onto the West Wall Traverse, the exit of which lies closer to the summit. However one section of Lord's Rake is now threatened by unstable rocks following a rock fall in 2001. An alternative is to ascend from the Burnmoor track via Green How, but this misses the rock scenery of Scafell Crag.

===Eskdale===
A pleasant but lengthy alternative begins from Boot in [[Eskdale, Cumbria|Eskdale]], following the [[River Esk (Ravenglass)|River Esk]] upstream, and scrambling up to the summit by way of [[Foxes Tarn]].  A gentler return can be made across moorland, by way of the Burnmoor Tarn. Also starting in Eskdale, the Terrace route can be followed from Wha House, first ascending Slight Side.

===From Scafell Pike===
[[File:Sca Fell and Mickledore.jpg|right|thumb|The Broad Stand route is visible directly across the connecting ridge of [[Mickledore]]]]
{{See also|Scafells#Accident black spots}}
The route from Scafell Pike to Scafell (or its reverse) is one of the most frustrating in the Lake District. What seems like a direct route is in fact very hazardous as it has to negotiate [[Mickledore#Broad Stand|Broad Stand crag]], which is a dangerous and exposed [[scrambling|scramble]] that has caused many accidents and injuries. It is usually treated as a [[rock climbing|rock climb]], with appropriate ropes and belay protection. Wainwright warns against its dangers to walkers. Its dangers are more obvious travelling from Scafell Pike, but travelling from Scafell, the route loses a lot of height before the danger is seen.
Instead there are two walking routes, but they entail some loss of altitude. The first is via Foxes Tarn to the East of Scafell summit, and the second is via Lord's Rake and the West Wall traverse.
All routes go via Mickledore.

===Rock Climbing===
Scafell Crag, the massive north buttress of Scafell, and the overhanging East Buttress to the East of Mickledore Col, are the site of many famous historic and contemporary rock climbs. The history of climbing on these crags is documented by a book by The Fell and Rock Climbing Club called Nowt but a fleein' thing.  {{ISBN|978-0-85028-059-3}}, Latitude Press.

==Name history ==
{{See also|Scafell Pike#Etymology}}
Until about 1920, the phonetic spelling "Scawfell" was the most common version.<ref>from a study of more than 3,600 search results in the British Newspaper Archive, items searched: "Scawfell", "Scaw Fell", "Scafell", "Sca Fell"</ref><!-- This could be linked to a Wikipedia article about the British Newspaper Archive - but a useful article does not exist - The BNA is an online resource of images of newspapers in the British Library. These have been transcribed for search purposes by Optical Character Recognition - so giving an enormously powerful searchable database (despite the obvious problems of OCR of old material of variable quality). The full article on Sca Fell is probably not the place to explain the relative authority of thousands of examples in newspapers versus a few maps and guidebooks - there is certainly a much larger statistical significance (and its a lot easier to gather the data, though skim reading 3,500 newspaper articles takes some effort). It is intended that this work will be analysed by a professional statistician, once it can be organised.-->  This was used by, among others [[William Wordsworth]] who, in addition to poetry, wrote a popular guide book to the Lake District, [[Harriet Martineau]] (whose work replaced Wordsworth's as the definitive guidebook),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martineau |first=Harriet |last2=Banks |first2=William |last3=Aspland |first3=Theophil Lindsey |last4=Ruthven |first4=John |date=June 6, 1855 |title=A complete guide to the English lakes |url=https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoe1855mart |publisher=Windermere : John Garnett; London : Whittaker and Co. |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Jonathan Otley]] (who was one of the first to measure the height of most of the Lakeland fells), [[John Dalton]] (who also estimated the elevation of many of the fells), the surveyor of the Wasdale Head Enclosure map of 30 January 1808 <ref name="Cumbria Record Office, Whitehaven">Cumbria Record Office, Whitehaven</ref> and the hotel keepers and tour operators who lived or operated in the area, as typified by the many adverts in [[M. J. B. Baddeley]]'s guide of 1895 (versus the guide text which was consistent with the maps therein).<ref>M.J.B Baddeley, BA, ''The English Lake District'', 7th edn., publ. Dulau & Co. 1895</ref> This split between local usage and maps printed by national publishers is further illustrated by the Wasdale Hall Estate Plan and Sales Particulars, dated 30th Sept 1920.<ref name="Cumbria Record Office, Whitehaven" /> This uses the spelling "Scawfell" throughout except in the map attached which was reproduced with permission of the [[Ordnance Survey]]. The first edition of the Rock and Fell Club Guide was titled "Climbs on the Scawfell Group".<ref>C F Holland, ''Climbs on the Scawfell Group'', publ. Fell and Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District, 1st edition, ?1921</ref> The phonetic "Scawfell" was still noticeably in use in the 1950s.<ref>British Newspaper Archive</ref>

The change to the shorter spelling appears to have originated in the Donald Map of 1774,<ref>Cumbria Record Office, Carlisle</ref> a document with a noticeable number of placename errors. This was then perpetuated by the [[Ordnance Survey]] from 1867.<ref>OS 6" to the mile, sheet 174, surveyed 1860-62, published 1867</ref> The Donald map is the first to name many mountains in the Lake District - earlier maps concentrated on showing passes through the mountains. Until 1867 the two spellings are roughly equally split on maps, the shorter form being more common with London publishers. General usage at the time was predominantly "Scawfell". The only notable guide book that used "Scafell" prior to 1867 is Ford.<ref>Rev. William Ford BA, ''A Description of the Scenery in the Lake District intended as a Guide to Strangers'' 3rd edn. 1843</ref> The Ordnance Survey produced detailed procedures on capturing correct placenames in 1825, largely as a result of their survey work transferring to Ireland between 1824 and 1838. However, when they restarted their work in England, given the status of Sca Fell as an essential surveying station (taking bearings of [[Slieve Donard]] and [[Snowdon]], thereby helping to fix the relative positions of Ireland and England), the familiarity with this mountain probably meant that the "Name Book"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ordnance Survey Maps Six-inch 1st edition, Scotland, 1843-1882 - National Library of Scotland |url=https://maps.nls.uk/os/6inch/os_info3.html |website=maps.nls.uk}}</ref>  procedures were overlooked. Hence the correct enquiries were not made and the mistake of Donald was perpetuated.

Wainwright stated that, originally, the name Scawfell/Scafell referred to the whole of the massif from Great End south to [[Slight Side]]; only more recently had the general term become applied solely to the part of the [[fell]] south of [[Mickledore]]. Wainwright's comments on this in book 4: "When men first named the mountains, the whole of the high mass south of [[Sty Head]] was known as Scaw Fell....".<ref name =wainwright/> However, [[Jonathan Otley]], writing in the first concise guide to the Lake District, maintained that local shepherds applied the name "Scawfell" only as far as [[Mickledore]], with the summits beyond called simply "the Pikes". Otley also comments that the Donald map of 1774 and the Ordnance Survey were incorrect in their naming.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Otley |first=Jonathan |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t25b1b128;view=1up;seq=64 |title=Concise Description of the English Lakes and Adjacent Mountains, etc. |date=1827 |edition=3rd. |author-link=Jonathan Otley |access-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
[[Scafell Pike]] and Scafell were referred to by the Ordnance Survey in their 1811 report as "Sca-Fell Higher Top" and "Sca-Fell Lower Top".<ref name="mudge">Lieutenant-Colonel William Mudge, RA FRS and Captain Thomas Colby, RE An Account of the Trigonometrical Survey Carried on by Order of the Master-General of His Majesty's Ordnance in the Years 1800,1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808 and 1809. publ.1811</ref> This can be confirmed from the 1811 account, a modern map and some elementary trigonometry. .

Once [[Scafell Pike]] (which has its own convoluted name history) had been identified as England's highest mountain, that fact and the greater interest in climbing and fell-walking necessitated the Scafell Range being broken down into a number of individually named elements. This process was completed before the death of Jonathan Otley in 1856, as Otley commented on this change.<ref>Thomas Fletcher Smith ''Jonathan Otley, Man of Lakeland'', publ. Bookcase 2007</ref>

It was once believed that Scafell was the highest mountain in this part of the Lake District &ndash; it is much more prominent in views from many directions than its higher neighbour &ndash; with the three apparently inferior peaks to the north (those now known as [[Scafell Pike]], [[Ill Crag]] and [[Broad Crag]]) being known collectively as the "Pikes of Scawfell".<ref name="wainwright" /> The heights of many of the fells were first measured by [[John Dalton]] (Scafell: {{convert|3,240|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=or}}) as a result of his study of meteorology and Jonathan Otley, who published a height of {{convert|3100|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} for "Scawfell" on his map of 1818. The Ordnance Survey first gave a height of {{convert|3,166|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name=mudge/> but this remained essentially unpublished until the maps of Cumberland were printed.<ref>letter to the editor, ''Carlisle Journal, 25th Nov 1853''</ref> [[Dorothy Wordsworth]] did discover shortly after her ascent of "The Pikes" (Scafell Pike) in 1818 that this peak was higher than Sca Fell - presumably from Otley's map and guide book.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Wordsworth on Scafell Pike |url=http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/eskdale/wordsworth1.htm |website=www.pastpresented.ukart.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<Gallery>

File:Scafell massif winter.jpg|Scafell massif from Middle Fell.
File:Scafells.jpg|Scafell massif from Middle Fell
File:Lords' rake scafell in snow 2010.jpg|Lords Rake, Scafell, Cumbria - 2010
File:Scafell crag in snow.jpg|Scafell Crag, Cumbria, from the north, 2010
File:Scafell from scafell pike in snow 2010.jpg|Scafell from Scafell Pike, - 2010.
File:Scafell broadstand in snow 2010.jpg|Detail in snow of Broadstand, Scafell, Cumbria  - 2010
File:Scafell crag lords rake.jpg|Scafell Crag with Lord's Rake on the left.
File:Ascent to mickledore scafell.jpg|The ascent from Wasdale to Mickledore (on the right)
File:Scafell botterills slab.jpg|Botterill's slab on Scafell Crag, first climbed in 1903.
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Sca Fell}}

{{Southern Fells}}

[[Category:Hewitts of England]]
[[Category:Fells of the Lake District]]
[[Category:Nuttalls]]
[[Category:Mountains under 1000 metres]]
[[Category:Furths]]
[[Category:Cumberland (unitary authority)]]