View source for Science (journal)

{{Short description|Academic journal of the AAAS}}
{{Redirect|Science Magazine}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox journal
| title         = Science
| cover         = Science Vol. 1 (1880).jpg
| image_size    = 250px
| caption       = Title page of the first volume of the first series (discontinued 1882)
| abbreviation  = Science
| discipline    = [[Interdisciplinarity|Multidisciplinary]]
| language      = English
| editor        = [[Holden Thorp]]
| publisher     = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
| country       = United States
| history       = 1880–present
| frequency     = Weekly
| openaccess    = [[Delayed open-access journal|Delayed]]<!-- after 12 months and with registration --><ref group=A name="delayed_oa">{{cite web |url= https://www.science.org/content/page/science-journals-editorial-policies |title= ''Science'' Journals: editorial policies  |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-29 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210127200026/https://www.sciencemag.org/authors/science-journals-editorial-policies |archive-date= 2021-01-27 |quote= Original research papers are freely accessible with registration on the Science Journal's website 12 months after publication | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| license       = 
| impact        = 45.8
| impact-year   = 2024
| ISSN          = 0036-8075
| eISSN         = 1095-9203
| CODEN         = SCIEAS
| JSTOR         = 00368075
| LCCN          = 17024346
| OCLC          = 1644869
| website       = https://www.science.org/journal/science
| link1         = https://www.science.org/toc/science/current
| link1-name    = Online access
| link2         = https://www.science.org/loi/science
| link2-name    = Online archives
}}

'''''Science''''' is the [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[academic journal]] of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]<ref group=A name="2007_PR_Communication_and_Humanities_Award">{{cite press release | first1=Ginger | last1= Pinholster | url= https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/aaft-et070307.php | date=2007-07-04 |title= EurekaAlert! Science earns top honor from Spain's Crown Prince |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-29 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070708183233/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-07/aaft-et070307.php |archive-date= 2007-07-08 |quote= 'Science' is an editorially independent, weekly general science journal whose articles consistently rank among the world's most often cited research reports, as monitored by the Institute for Scientific Information. | df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/publications/annual_report/2000/science.html |title=AAAS Annual Report-Science |publisher=Aaas.org |access-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525043718/http://www.aaas.org/publications/annual_report/2000/science.html |archive-date=May 25, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.<ref name=Lemonick>
{{cite news| last = Lemonick| first =Michael D.| quote =The paper, meanwhile, had been published in Science, one of the world's top scientific journals, which gave it even more apparent gravitas.| title =Alien Life Discovered in a Meteorite! Or Maybe No| publisher =Time magazine online| date =March 7, 2011| url =http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2057461,00.html#ixzz1ZhW1Cy1p| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110309010630/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2057461,00.html#ixzz1ZhW1Cy1p| url-status =dead| archive-date =March 9, 2011| access-date =October 3, 2011}}</ref> It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://advertising.science.org/products-services/print/ |publisher=AAAS |access-date=November 1, 2021 |title=Print Advertising Products & Services |work=Science |quote=129,558 qualified weekly circulation; 400,000+ readers each week }}</ref>

''Science'' is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in [[Cambridge]], UK.

== Contents ==

The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but ''Science'' also publishes science-related news, opinions on [[science policy]] and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most [[scientific journals]], which focus on a specific field, ''Science'' and its rival ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' cover the full range of [[List of academic disciplines#Natural sciences|scientific disciplines]]. According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', ''Science''{{'}}s 2024 [[impact factor]] was 45.8.<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2025 |chapter=Science |title=2024 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]]|title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref>

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including ''Science'' "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".<ref name="Brembs2018">{{cite journal |last1=Brembs|first1=Björn|title=Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability |journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |volume=12 |article-number=37 |year=2018 |pmid=29515380 |pmc=5826185 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2018.00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in ''Science''. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in ''Science'' is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 7% of articles submitted are accepted for publication.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/page/journal-metrics | title=Journal metrics }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Science, vol. 1, 1883, title page.png|thumb|left|alt=Title page of the first volume of the resurrected journal (February–June 1883)|Title page of the first volume of the resurrected journal (February–June 1883)]]
''Science'' was founded by New York journalist John Michels in 1880 with financial support from [[Thomas Edison]] and later from [[Alexander Graham Bell]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 7 February 1947 |title= Thomas A. Edison and the Founding of Science: 1880 |journal= Science |volume= 105 |issue= 2719 |pages= 142–148 |doi=10.1126/science.105.2719.142 |pmid= 17813458 |quote=a weekly journal devoted mainly to physical science and invention, entitled Science, and Mr. [A. Graham] Bell purchased from Mr. John Michels for $5,000 the title and good will of this journal. Continuity of the publication was not, however, maintained, and the present journal [Science] dates from 1883. Mr. Thomas A. Edison had been responsible for the foundation of the earlier Science|bibcode= 1947Sci...105..142. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Grosvenor |first1=Edwin S |last2=Wesson |first2= Morgan |year= 2016 |title= Alexander Graham Bell |publisher= New Word City |isbn= 978-1612309842 |quote= In 1881, the old rivalry between Bell and Thomas Edison spilled over into the field of publishing. Science Magazine had been founded the year before with funding from Edison, but the frugal inventor soon tired of the deficits and withheld support. Bell had written for the magazine and respected its editorial quality. He felt that Science, like the British Nature, appealed to a broad audience interested in current research. In 1882, he and Gardiner Hubbard acquired the rights to Science and hired as editor a respected young entomologist and writer named Sam Scudder, who happened to be a Hubbard cousin.}}</ref> (Edison received favorable editorial treatment in return, without disclosure of the financial relationship, at a time when his reputation was suffering due to delays producing the promised commercially viable light bulb.)<ref>{{cite book |title=American Eclipse |author=Baron, David |year=2017 |publisher=Liveright |page=224 |isbn=9781631490163}}</ref> However, the journal never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner Greene Hubbard bought the magazine rights and hired young entomologist [[Samuel Hubbard Scudder|Samuel H. Scudder]] to resurrect the journal one year later. They had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS.<ref group=A name="AAAS_1848_1899">{{cite web |url= https://www.aaas.org/archives/origins-1848-1899 |title= Origins: 1848–1899 |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-28 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201130151338/https://www.aaas.org/archives/origins-1848-1899 |archive-date= 2020-11-30 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, by 1894, ''Science'' was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist [[James McKeen Cattell]] for {{US$|500|1894|long=no|round=-1}}.{{fact|date=May 2018}}

In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary [[Leland Ossian Howard|Leland O. Howard]], ''Science'' became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900.<ref group=A name="AAAS_1900_1940">{{cite web |url= https://www.aaas.org/archives/aaas-and-science-1900-1940 |title= AAAS and Science: 1900–1940 |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-28 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200428231003/https://www.aaas.org/archives/aaas-and-science-1900-1940 |archive-date= 2020-04-28 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the early part of the 20th century, important articles published in ''Science'' included papers on [[Drosophila melanogaster|fruit fly]] [[genetics]] by [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], [[gravitational lens]]ing by [[Albert Einstein]], and [[spiral nebulae]] by [[Edwin Hubble]].<ref group=A name="AAAS_1900_1940" /> After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS.<ref group=A name="150_Years">{{cite web |url= https://www.aaas.org/archives/150-years-advancing-science-history-aaas-1848-1998 |title= 150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS (1848–1998) |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-28 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210109052042/https://www.aaas.org/archives/150-years-advancing-science-history-aaas-1848-1998 |archive-date= 2021-01-09 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>

After Cattell's death in 1944, the journal lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, ''Science'' absorbed ''[[The Scientific Monthly]]'', thus increasing the journal's circulation by over {{percentage|38000|61000}} from 38,000 to more than 61,000.<ref group=A name="maturing3">{{cite web |url= https://www.aaas.org/archives/aaas-and-maturing-american-science-1941-1970 |title= AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941–1970 |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-28 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201201062836/https://www.aaas.org/archives/aaas-and-maturing-american-science-1941-1970 |archive-date= 2020-12-01 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Physicist [[Philip Abelson]], a co-discoverer of [[neptunium]], served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date.<ref group=A name="maturing3" /> During this time, papers on the [[Apollo program]] missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.<ref group=A name="change3">{{cite web |url= https://www.aaas.org/archives/change-and-continuity-1971-1998 |title= Change and Continuity: 1971–1998 |publisher= [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |language= en-us |access-date= 2021-01-28 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200428231351/https://www.aaas.org/archives/change-and-continuity-1971-1998 |archive-date= 2020-04-28 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Biochemist [[Daniel E. Koshland Jr.]] served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist [[Floyd E. Bloom]] held that position.<ref group=A name="change3" /> Biologist [[Donald Kennedy]] became the editor of ''Science'' in 2000. Biochemist [[Bruce Alberts]] took his place in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/1217alberts.shtml |title=Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of Science |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] |date=December 17, 2007 |author=Pinholster, Ginger |access-date=December 19, 2007 |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316134343/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/1217alberts.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Geophysicist [[Marcia McNutt]] became editor-in-chief in June 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/marcia-mcnutt-bringing-her-intellectual-energy-science |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Marcia McNutt Bringing Her 'Intellectual Energy' to Science |author=Gramling, Carolyn |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |work=Science |access-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> During her tenure the family of journals expanded to include ''Science Robotics'' and ''Science Immunology'',<ref>{{cite press release|title=AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology|author=Pinholster, Ginger|date=October 20, 2015|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-expand-science-family-journals-launching-two-new-journals-science-robotics-and-science|access-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref> and [[open access]] publishing with ''[[Science Advances]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/02/aaas-announces-open-access-journal.html |title=AAAS announces open-access journal |work=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=12 February 2014 |access-date=12 February 2015 |author=Van Noorden, Richard |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009191158/http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/02/aaas-announces-open-access-journal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jeremy M. Berg]] became editor-in-chief on July 1, 2016.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/jeremy-berg-named-science-editor-chief |title=Jeremy Berg named Science editor-in-chief|author=Kaiser, Jocelyn|date=May 25, 2016|access-date=July 1, 2016|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaf5749|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Former [[Washington University in St. Louis]] Provost [[Holden Thorp]] was named editor-in-chief on Monday, August 19, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/08/thorp-named-editor-in-chief-of-science/|title=Thorp named editor-in-chief of Science {{!}} The Source {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis|date=2019-08-19|website=The Source|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/aaas-names-chemist-holden-thorp-editor-chief-science |title=AAAS names chemist Holden Thorp as editor-in-chief of Science|date=2019-08-19|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aaz1817|language=en|access-date=2019-08-19|last1=Brainard|first1=Jeffrey|s2cid=202388761|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In February 2001, draft results of the [[human genome]] were simultaneously published by ''Nature'' and ''Science'' with ''Science'' publishing the [[Celera Corporation|Celera Genomics]] paper and ''Nature'' publishing the publicly funded [[Human Genome Project]]. In 2007, ''Science ''(together with [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']]) received the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] for Communications and Humanity.<ref>[http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria820.html Journal Science] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724172231/http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria820.html |date=July 24, 2008 }}. Fundacionprincipedeasturias.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-20.</ref> In 2015, [[Rush Holt Jr.|Rush D. Holt Jr.]], chief executive officer of the AAAS and executive publisher of ''Science'', stated that the journal was becoming increasingly international: "[I]nternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent."<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/scientific-drivers-for-diplomacy |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Scientific Drivers for Diplomacy |first=Rush |last=Holt}}</ref>

==Availability==
{{see also|Nova ScienceNow}}
The latest editions of the journal are available online, through the main journal website, only to subscribers, AAAS members, and for delivery to [[IP address]]es at institutions that subscribe; students, K–12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced fee. However, research articles published after 1997 are available free (with online registration) one year after they are published i.e. [[delayed open access]].<ref group=A name="delayed_oa" /> Significant public-health related articles are also available free, sometimes immediately after publication. AAAS members may also access the pre-1997 Science archives at the ''Science'' website, where it is called "Science Classic".<!-- If available, via any means, please provide urls. -->

The journal also participates in initiatives that provide free or low-cost access to readers in developing countries, including [[HINARI]], OARE, [[AGORA]], and [[Scidev.net]].

Other features of the ''Science'' website include the free "'''ScienceNow'''" section with "up to the minute news from science",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/ |title=ScienceNow |access-date=September 1, 2011 |work=Science}}</ref> and "'''ScienceCareers'''", which provides free career resources for scientists and engineers. '''''Science Express''''' ('''Sciencexpress''') provides advance electronic publication of selected ''Science'' papers.<ref name="Science Express">{{cite web | url=https://phys.org/journals/science-express/ | title=Science Express | publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] / [[Phys.org]] | access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref>

== Affiliations ==
''Science'' received funding for [[COVID-19]]-related coverage from the [[Pulitzer Center]] and the [[Heising-Simons Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Jon |date=2020-11-18 |title='Incredible milestone for science.' Pfizer and BioNTech update their promising COVID-19 vaccine result |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-vaccine-trial-complete-pfizer-and-biontech-update-their-promising-result |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220529155241/https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-vaccine-trial-complete-pfizer-and-biontech-update-their-promising-result |archive-date=2022-05-29 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=Science |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Science}}
* [[American Association for the Advancement of Science#Publications|AAAS publications]]
* [[Breakthrough of the Year]]
* [[List of scientific journals]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
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===AAAS references===
{{Reflist|group=A|30em|refs=
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Science (journal)}}
{{Wikisource}}
* {{Official website}}

{{-}}
{{Breakthrough of the Year}}
{{Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities}}

[[Category:1880 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American Association for the Advancement of Science academic journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Multidisciplinary academic journals]]
[[Category:Multidisciplinary scientific journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1880]]
[[Category:Weekly journals]]