View source for Sculptor Group

{{Short description|Loosely grouped galaxy group in the constellation Sculptor}}
{{Galaxy cluster
| name = Sculptor Group
| image = [[Image:Ngc253 2mass barred spiral.jpg|250px]]
| caption = The [[Sculptor Galaxy]] (NGC 253), as seen at [[near-infrared]] wavelengths.  Credit: [[2MASS]].
| constellation = [[Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]/[[Cetus (constellation)|Cetus]]
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| ra = {{RA|00|48}}<ref name="nedngc253">{{cite web
  | title = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work = Results for NGC 253, identified as the core of the Sculptor Group
  | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date = 2006-11-25}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|-25|17}}<ref name="nedngc253" />
| member_no = 13<ref name="karachentsevetal2003" /><ref name="karachentsev2005" />
| brightest_member = [[Sculptor Galaxy|Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253)]]<ref name="karachentsevetal2003" /><ref name="karachentsev2005" /><ref name="Burnhams"/>
| other_names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 253 Group, [[Lyons Groups of Galaxies|LGG]] 4, Sculptor Filament,<ref name="karachentsev2005" /><br />South Polar Group, South Galactic Pole Group<ref name="Burnhams" />
}}

The '''Sculptor Group''' is a loose [[group of galaxies]]<ref name="karachentsevetal2003">{{cite journal
  |author1=I. D. Karachentsev |author2=E. K. Grebel |author3=M. E. Sharina |author4=A. E. Dolphin |author5=D. Geisler |author6=P. Guhathakrta |author7=P. W. Hodge |author8=V. E. Karachentseva |author9=A. Sarajedini |author10=P. Seitzer | title = Distances to nearby galaxies in Sculptor
  | journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics
  | year = 2003
  | volume = 404
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 93–111
  | bibcode = 2003A&A...404...93K
  | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20030170
  | arxiv = astro-ph/0302045
 }}</ref><ref name="karachentsev2005">{{cite journal
  | author = I. D. Karachentsev
  | title = The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups
  | journal = Astronomical Journal
  | year = 2005
  | volume = 129
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 178–188
  | bibcode = 2005AJ....129..178K
  | doi = 10.1086/426368
  | arxiv = astro-ph/0410065
 }}</ref> visible near the south galactic pole.<ref name="nedngc253" />  The group is one of the closest groups of galaxies to the [[Local Group]]; the distance to the center of the group from the [[Milky Way]] is approximately {{convert|3.9|Mpc|Mly|1|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name="karachentsev2005" />

The [[Sculptor Galaxy]] (NGC 253) and a few other galaxies form a gravitationally-bound core in the center of this group.  A few other galaxies at the periphery may be associated with the group but may not be gravitationally bound.  Because most of the galaxies in this group are actually weakly gravitationally bound, the group may also be described as a [[galaxy filament|filament]].<ref name="karachentsevetal2003" /><ref name="karachentsev2005" /> It is considered to be at an early stage of evolution in which galaxies are still falling into the group along filamentary structures.<ref name=Lianou2013>{{citation
 | title=Population gradients and photometric metallicities in early- and transition-type dwarf galaxies: Clues from the Sculptor group
 | last1=Lianou | first1=S. | last2=Grebel | first2=E. K.
 | last3=Da Costa | first3=G. S. | last4=Rejkuba | first4=M.
 | last5=Jerjen | first5=H. | last6=Koch | first6=A.
 | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
 | volume=550 |page=A7
 | date=February 2013 | display-authors=1
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201219959
 | bibcode=2013A&A...550A...7L
 | postscript=. |arxiv = 1211.3170 }}</ref>

==Members==

The table below lists galaxies that have been identified as associated with the Sculptor Galaxy (and hence associated with the group) by I. D. Karachentsev and collaborators.<ref name="karachentsevetal2003" /><ref name="karachentsev2005" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="2"
|+'''Members of the Sculptor Group'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Name
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Galaxy morphological classification|Type]]<ref name="ned">{{cite web
  | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
  | work=Results for various galaxies
  | url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/
  | access-date=2006-11-25}}</ref>
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Right ascension|R.A.]] ([[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]])<ref name="ned" />
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Declination|Dec.]] ([[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]])<ref name="ned" />
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Redshift]] (km/[[second|s]])<ref name="ned" />
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Apparent magnitude|Apparent Magnitude]]<ref name="ned" />
|-
| [[IC 1574]]
| IM(s)m
| {{RA|00|43|03.8}}
| {{DEC|-22|14|49}}
| 363 ± 4
| 15.1
|-
| [[NGC 59]]<ref name=Lianou2013/>
| SA(rs)0
| {{RA|00|15|25.1}}
| {{DEC|-21|26|39.8}}
| 362 ± 10
| 13.1
|-
| [[NGC 247]]
| SAB(s)d
| {{RA|00|47|08.5}}
| {{DEC|-20|45|37}}
| 156 ± 2
| 9.9
|-
| [[NGC 625]]
| SB(s)m
| {{RA|01|35|04.6}}
| {{DEC|-41|26|10}}
| 396 ± 1
| 11.7
|-
| [[NGC 7793]]
| SA(s)d
| {{RA|23|57|49.8}}
| {{DEC|-32|35|28}}
| 227 ± 2
| 10.0
|-
| [[ESO 540-030|PGC 2881]]
| IABm
| {{RA|00|49|20.9}}
| {{DEC|-18|04|32}}
|
| 16.5
|-
| [[PGC 2933]]
| IAB(s)m pec
| {{RA|00|50|24.3}}
| {{DEC|-19|54|24}}
|
| 16.6
|-
| [[PGC 6430]]
| IB(s)m
| {{RA|01|45|03.7}}
| {{DEC|-43|35|53}}
| 391 ± 2
| 12.7
|-
| [[Sculptor-dE1]]<ref name=Lianou2013/>
| dE
| {{RA|00|23|51.7}}
| {{DEC|-24|42|18}}
|
| 16.9
|-
| [[Sculptor Dwarf Irregular Galaxy]]<br />(PGC 621)
| IBm
| {{RA|00|08|13.4}}
| {{DEC|-34|34|42}}
| 221 ± 6
| 15.5
|-
| [[Sculptor Galaxy]]<br />(NGC 253)
| SAB(s)c
| {{RA|00|47|33.1}}
| {{DEC|-25|17|18}}
| 243 ± 2
| 8.0
|-
| [[UGCA 15]]
| IB(s)m
| {{RA|00|49|49.2}}
| {{DEC|-21|00|54}}
| 295 ± 0
| 15.2
|-
| [[UGCA 442]]
| SB(s)m
| {{RA|23|43|45.5}}
| {{DEC|-31|57|24}}
| 267 ± 2
| 13.6
|-
|}

The object names used in the above table differ from the names used by Karachentsev and collaborators.  NGC, IC, UGC, and [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] numbers have been used when possible to allow for easier referencing.

===Field galaxies===

The irregular galaxy [[NGC 55]], the spiral galaxy [[NGC 300]], and their companion galaxies have been considered by many researchers to be part of this group.  However, recent distance measurements to these and other galaxies in the same region of the sky show that NGC 55, NGC 300, and their companions may simply be foreground galaxies that are physically unassociated with the Sculptor Group.<ref name="karachentsevetal2003" />  The galaxies [[NGC 24]] and [[NGC 45]] are located in the vicinity of the Sculptor Group, but are now considered background objects.<ref name=Chemin2006>{{cite journal
 | title=H I Studies of the Sculptor Group Galaxies. VIII. The Background Galaxies: NGC 24 and NGC 45
 | last1=Chemin | first1=Laurent | last2=Carignan | first2=Claude
 | last3=Drouin | first3=Nathalie | last4=Freeman | first4=Kenneth C.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | volume=132 | issue=6 | pages=2527–2538 | date=December 2006
 | doi=10.1086/508859 | arxiv=astro-ph/0609148
 | bibcode=2006AJ....132.2527C }}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Burnhams">{{cite book
 | last = Burnham
 | first = Robert
 | author-link = Robert Burnham Jr.
 | title = Burnham's Celestial Handbook; An Observers Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System; Volume Three, Pavo Through Vulpecula
 | publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.
 | year = 1978
 | isbn = 0-486-24065-7
 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/burnhamscelestia03burn/page/1736 1736]
 | url = https://archive.org/details/burnhamscelestia03burn/page/1736
 }}</ref>
}}
{{Sky|00|48|00|-|25|17|00|12700000}}

[[Category:Sculptor Group| ]]
[[Category:Virgo Supercluster]]