View source for Season of the Emergence

{{Hiero|{{nowrap|Season of Emergence<ref name=beverlyhillbilly>{{citation |first=Marshall |last=Clagett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC |title=Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book, ''Vol. II:'' Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy |location=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |series=''Memoirs of the APS'', No. 214 |date=1995 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA5 5]|isbn=9780871692146 }}.</ref>{{efn|Alternative representations of the Season of Emergence include <small><hiero>O1:D21</hiero></small>, <small><hiero>O1-X1</hiero></small>, <small><hiero>O1-X1:N5</hiero></small>, <small><hiero>O1-Z5</hiero></small> and <small><hiero>O1-Z5-Z5</hiero></small><ref name=vygus>{{citation |last=Vygus |first=Mark |date=2015 |title=Middle Egyptian Dictionary |url=http://www.pyramidtextsonline.com/documents/VygusDictionaryApril2015.pdf }}.</ref> and <small><hiero>pr:r:V12-N5</hiero></small> and {{nowrap|<small><hiero>O1:D21-N31:D54-N36:D54*t</hiero></small>.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}}}}}}}<br>(''[[wikt:prt|Prt]]'')|<hiero>O1:D21-X1:N5</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}

The '''Season of the Emergence''' ({{langx|egy|[[wikt:prt|Prt]]}}) was the second season of the lunar and civil [[Egyptian calendar]]s. It fell after the [[Season of the Inundation]] (''{{lang|egy|[[Transliteration of ancient Egyptian|Ꜣḫt]]}}'') and before the [[Season of the Harvest]] (''{{lang|egy|[[wikt:šmw|Šmw]]}}'').<ref name=beverlyhillbilly/> In the [[Coptic calendar|Coptic]] and [[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian]] calendars this season begins at the start of the month of [[Tobi (month)|Tobi]] (about 9 January), continues through the months of [[Meshir]] and [[Paremhat]], before concluding at the end of [[Parmouti]] (about 8 May).{{sfnp|Clagett|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xKKPUpDOTKAC&pg=PA4 14–15]}}<ref name="teatime">{{citation |last=Tetley |first=M. Christine |date=2014 |title=The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings |volume=1 |location=Whangarei, New Zealand |publisher=Barry W. Tetley |isbn=978-0-473-29338-3 |url=https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/Egypt-Libya/EgyptianChronology1-Tetley2014.pdf |access-date=26 September 2023 |page=39}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Winlock |first=Herbert Eustis |author-link=Herbert Eustis Winlock |date=1940 |contribution-url=https://archive.org/stream/H.e.WinlockTheOriginOfTheAncientEgyptianCalendar1840/Winlock_originOfTheAncientEgyptianCalendar_procAmerPhilosophSoc_1940_sep_v83_n3_447-464#page/n0/mode/2up |contribution=The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar |pages=447–464 |title=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, ''No. 83'' |location=New York |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art }}</ref>{{rp|453}} 

{{anchor|Etymology|Name}}

==Names==
The pronunciation of the [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] name for the Season of the Emergence is uncertain as the hieroglyphs do not record its vowels. It is conventionally transliterated as '''Peret'''<ref>{{citation |first=Nigel C. |last=Strudwick |title=Texts from the Pyramid Age |date=2005 |page=103 }}.</ref><ref name=vygus/> or '''Proyet'''.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The name refers to the emergence of the fertile land beside the [[Nile]] from [[flooding of the Nile|its annual flood]] and the growth of vegetation and crops over the following season.

It is also known as '''Winter'''.<ref name=vygus/>

==Lunar calendar==
In the lunar calendar, the [[Egyptian intercalary month|intercalary month]] was added as needed to maintain the [[heliacal rising]] of [[Sirius (star)|Sirius]] in the [[Mesori|fourth month]] of the [[Season of the Harvest]]. This meant that the Season of the Emergence usually lasted from January to May.<ref>{{citation |last=Silverman |first=David P. |authorlink=David P. Silverman |title=Ancient Egypt |publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers |location=London |date=1997 |page=93 }}.</ref> Because the precise timing of the flood varied, the months of "Emergence" no longer precisely reflected the state of the river but the season was usually the time for the planting and growth of Egyptian grain.

==Civil calendar==
In the civil calendar, the lack of leap years into the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemaic]] and [[Roman Egypt|Roman periods]] meant the season lost about one day every four years and was not stable relative to the [[solar year]] or [[Gregorian calendar]].

==Months==
The Season of the Emergence was divided into four months. In the lunar calendar, each began on a dawn when the waning crescent moon was no longer visible. In the civil calendar, each consisted of exactly 30 days<ref>{{citation |last=Allen |first=James P. |date=2000 |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |pages=103–106 }}.</ref> divided into three 10-day weeks known as [[decans]].

In ancient Egypt, these months were usually recorded by their number within the season: I, II, III, and IV ''Prt''. They were also known by the names of their principal festivals, which came to be increasingly used after the [[Persian Egypt|Persian occupation]]. These then became the basis for the names of the months of the [[Coptic calendar]]. 
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Coptic calendar|Coptic]]
|-
! [[Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian|Transliteration]]
! Meaning
|-
| I ''Prt''<br>''Sf Bdt'' || {{nowrap|First Month of Emergence}}<br>{{nbsp}} || [[Tobi (month)|Tobi]]
|-
| II ''Prt''<br>''Mḫr'' || {{nowrap|Second Month of Emergence}}<br>{{nbsp}} || [[Meshir]]
|-
| III ''Prt''<br>''Rh Nds'' || {{nowrap|Third Month of Emergence}}<br>{{nbsp}} || [[Paremhat]]
|-
| IV ''Prt''<br>''Rnwt'' || {{nowrap|Fourth Month of Emergence}}<br>{{nbsp}} || [[Paremoude]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian]] & [[Coptic calendar]]s
* [[Ancient Egyptian units of measurement#Time|Egyptian units of time]]
* [[Temple of Kom Ombo]]

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Season of the Inundation]] <br>''Ꜣḫt''
|title=''[[Egyptian calendar|Egyptian Seasons]]''<br>Season of the Emergence <br>''Prt''
|years=days: 120 days
|after=[[Season of the Harvest]] <br>''Šmw''}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Season Of The Emergence}}
[[Category:Egyptian calendar]]