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{{Short description|Peace treaty between Poland and the Teutonic Order}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                 = Second Peace of Thorn
| image                = 2nd peace of torun.jpg
| caption              = ''Second Peace of Toruń'', painting by [[:pl:Marian Jaroczyński|M. Jaroczyński]], 1873, [[District Museum in Toruń]].
| type                 = [[peace treaty]]
| date_drafted         = September–October 1466
| date_signed          = 19 October 1466
| location_signed      = [[Toruń|Thorn]] (Toruń), [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]]
| original_signatories = [[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg|22px]] King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]]<br />[[File:Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg|22px]] Grand Master [[Ludwig von Erlichshausen]]
| parties              = [[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Poland.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]<hr />[[File:Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order.svg|22px]] [[State of the Teutonic Order]]
| languages            = [[Latin]]
}}

The '''Peace of Thorn''' or '''Toruń''' of '''1466''', also known as the '''Second Peace of Thorn''' or '''Toruń''' ({{langx|pl|drugi pokój toruński}}; {{langx|de|Zweiter Friede von Thorn}}), was a [[peace treaty]] signed in the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] city of [[Toruń|Thorn (Toruń)]] on 19 October 1466 between the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Polish king]] [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] and the [[Teutonic Knights]], which ended the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]], the longest of the [[Polish–Teutonic War]]s.

The treaty was signed in the Artus Court,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turystyka.torun.pl/art/421/drugi-pokoj-torunski-1466.html|title=Drugi Pokój Toruński 1466|website=Toruński Serwis Turystyczny|access-date=27 June 2020|language=pl}}</ref> and afterward a mass was held in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary to celebrate the peace treaty.<ref>Górski, p. LXXX</ref>

==Background==
The treaty concluded the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)|Thirteen Years' War]] which had begun in February 1454 with the revolt of the [[Prussian Confederation]], led by the cities of [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]], [[Elbląg|Elbing (Elbląg)]], [[Chełmno|Kulm (Chełmno)]] and [[Toruń]], and the Prussian [[gentry]] against the rule of the Teutonic Knights in the [[State of the Teutonic Order|Monastic State]], in order to join the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Both sides agreed to seek confirmation from [[Pope Paul II]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], but the Polish side stressed (and the Teutonic side agreed) that this confirmation would not be needed for validation of the treaty. The peace talks were held in Nieszawa (present-day [[Mała Nieszawka]]) from 23 September 1466,<ref>Górski, p. LXXIV</ref> and in the final stages moved to Toruń.

==Terms==
[[File:The Second Peace of Thorn.jpg|thumb|Peace treaty]]
In the treaty, the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the territories of [[Gdańsk Pomerania|Gdańsk/Eastern Pomerania]] and [[Chełmno Land]], which were reintegrated with Poland,{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=88–90, 206–207}} and the region of Elbing (Elbląg) and [[Malbork|Marienburg (Malbork)]], and the [[Bishopric of Warmia]], which were also recognized as part of Poland.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=91–92, 209–210}}<ref name=ds>Daniel Stone, ''A History of East Central Europe'', University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 30, {{ISBN|0-295-98093-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA30 Google Books]</ref> The eastern part remained with the [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]] as a [[fief]] and [[protectorate]] of Poland, also considered an integral part of the "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=96–97, 214–215}} The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno]] became a suffragan of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno|Archdiocese of Gniezno]].{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=99, 217}}

From now on, every [[Grand Master of the Teutonic Order]] was obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office, and any new territorial acquisitions by the Teutonic Order, also outside [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]], would also be incorporated into Poland.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=96–97, 215}} The Grand Master became a prince and counselor of the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=96, 103, 214, 221}} [[Polish people|Poles]] were to be admitted to the Teutonic Order.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=103, 221}} The Teutonic Knights were obliged to help Poland in the event of war, and were forbidden to wage war against Catholics without the consent of Polish kings.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=98, 216}} Any [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] on both sides were to be released.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=101–102, 220}}

The treaty also dismissed any possibility of releasing the Teutonic Order from dependence to Poland or of any revision of the terms of the treaty by referring to any foreign authority, including [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial]] and papal.{{sfn|Górski|1949|pp=103, 221–222}}

==Outcome==
[[File:Torun koscol Wniebowziecia NMP.jpg|thumb|The church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Toruń was the site of a celebratory mass after the signing of the peace treaty.]]
The territories directly held by Poland were already organized into three voivodeships ([[Chełmno Voivodeship|Chełmno]], [[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)|Pomeranian]], [[Malbork Voivodeship|Malbork]]) and the [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]], all of which formed the province of [[Royal Prussia]]<ref name=ds/> (later also part of the larger [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland Provincen]]), which was considered the exclusive property of the Polish king and Polish kingdom. Later, some disagreements arose concerning certain prerogatives that Royal Prussia and the cities held, like [[Danzig's privileges]]. The region possessed certain privileges such as the minting of its own coins, its own [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] meetings (see the [[Prussian estates]]), its own military, and its own administrative usage of the [[German language]]. A conflict over the right to name and approve Bishops in Warmia, resulted in the [[War of the Priests (Poland)|War of the Priests]] (1467–1479). Eventually, Royal Prussia became integrated into the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], but retained some distinctive features until the [[partitions of Poland]] in the late 18th century.

In 1525, the Order was ousted from their territory by its own [[Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights|Grand Master]] when [[Albert, Duke of Prussia]] adopted [[Lutheranism]] and assumed the title of duke as hereditary ruler under the overlordship of Poland in the [[Prussian Homage]]. The area became known as the [[Duchy of Prussia]].

==See also==
* [[Peace of Thorn (1411)]]
* [[List of treaties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949 |publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=[[Poznań]]|language=pl,la}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928214653/http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/slide,Drugi_Pokoj_Torunski_ustanowiony_dnia_19_X_1466_r_ilustracja_1,pid,110299,gid,110270,cid,177.htm Photocopy of the treaty]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DNpJAAAAIAAJ&q=humane+voluntatis+1466 Latin text: ''In nomine domini amen. Ad perpetuam rei memoriam. Cum inter humane voluntatis desideria, que in aliquid citra Deum finem atque rerum omnium opificem ...'']

{{Polish truces and peace treaties}}
{{Pomeranian history|tre}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1460s treaties]]
[[Category:1466 in Europe]]
[[Category:History of Pomerania]]
[[Category:State of the Teutonic Order]]
[[Category:Military history of Toruń|Peace of Thorn (1466)]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Poland|Torun 1466]]
[[Category:Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Teutonic Order|Thorn 1466]]
[[Category:Partition (politics)]]
[[Category:Treaties involving the Hanseatic League|Thorn 1466]]