View source for Segesta

{{short description|Ancient Sicilian city}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{redirect|Egesta}}
{{for|the town of Liguria with this name|Segesta Tigulliorum}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name          = Segesta
| native_name   = Ἔγεστα {{in lang|grc}}
| image         = Segesta AncientGreekTemple 0932.jpg
| caption       = The Doric temple of Segesta
| map_type      = Italy
| coordinates   = {{coord|37|56|29|N|12|49|56|E|display=inline,title}}
| location      = [[Calatafimi-Segesta]], [[Province of Trapani]], [[Sicily]], [[Italy]]
| type          = Settlement
| cultures      = [[Greeks|Greek]], [[Elymians|Elymian]]
| condition     = Preserved
| ownership     = Public
| management    = Soprintendenza BB.CC.AA. di Trapani
| public_access = Yes
| website       = [http://www.regione.sicilia.it/beniculturali/dirbenicult/database/page_musei/pagina_musei.asp?ID=57&IdSito=91 Area Archeologica Segesta] {{in lang|it}}
}}
'''Segesta''' ({{langx|grc|Ἔγεστα}}, ''Egesta'',<ref>Trismegistos GEO ID: 22277 http://www.trismegistos.org/place/22277</ref> or {{lang|grc|Σέγεστα}}, ''Ségesta'', or {{lang|grc|Αἴγεστα}}, ''Aígesta'';<ref name=DGRG>{{Cite DGRG|wstitle=Segesta}}</ref> {{langx|scn|Siggesta}}) was one of the major cities of the [[Elymians]], one of the three indigenous peoples of Sicily. The other major cities of the Elymians were [[Eryx (Sicily)|Eryx]] and [[Entella]]. It is located in the northwestern part of [[Sicily]] in [[Italy]], near the modern [[comune|commune]] of [[Calatafimi-Segesta]] in the [[province of Trapani]]. The [[hellenization]] of Segesta happened very early and had a profound effect on its people.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Janelli| first1 = Lorena | last2 = Cerchiai| first2 = Luca | last3 = Longo| first3 = Fausto |title = The Greek Cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fH32nSiCue0C| publisher = J. Paul Getty Museum|date=June 2004| page = 272| isbn = 978-0892367511}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
The origin and foundation of Segesta are extremely obscure. The tradition current among the Greeks and adopted by Thucydides,<ref name=Thuc1>{{Cite Thucydides|6.2}}</ref> ascribed its foundation to a band of [[Troy|Trojan]] settlers, fugitives from the destruction of their city; and this tradition was readily welcomed by the Romans, who in consequence claimed a kindred origin with the Segestans. Thucydides seems to have considered the [[Elymi|Elymians]] ({{langx|la|Elymi}}), a barbarian tribe in the neighborhood of [[Eryx (Sicily)|Eryx]] and Segesta, as descended from the Trojans in question; but another account represents the Elymi as a distinct people, already existing in this part of Sicily when the Trojans arrived there and founded the two cities. A different story seems also to have been current, according to which Segesta owed its origin to a band of [[Phocians]], who had been among the followers of [[Philoctetes]]; and, as usual, later writers sought to reconcile the two accounts.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|vi. p.272}}</ref><ref name=Thuc1/>

Another version of the Trojan story related in [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'', which would seem to have been adopted by the inhabitants themselves, ascribed the foundation of the city jointly by the territorial king Egestus or Aegestus (the [[Acestes]] of Virgil), who was said to be the offspring of a [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanian]] damsel named Segesta by the river god [[Crinisus]], and by those of Aeneas' folk who wished to remain behind with Acestes to found the city of Acesta.<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Serv.]] ''ad Aen.'' 1.550, 5.30.</ref> We are told also that the names of Simois and Scamander were given by the Trojan colonists to two small streams which flowed beneath the town,<ref>{{Cite Strabo|xiii. p.608.}}</ref> and the latter name is mentioned by [[Diodorus Siculus]] as one still in use at a much later period.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|20.71.}}</ref>

The belief that the name of the city was originally Acesta or Egesta and changed to Segesta by the Romans to avoid its ill-omened meaning in Latin ({{lang|la|egestās}} means "poverty" or "lack")<ref>Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary.</ref> is disproved by coins which prove that considerably before the time of [[Thucydides]] it was called by the inhabitants themselves Segesta, though this form seems to have been softened by the Greeks of [[Magna Graecia]] into Egesta.<ref name=DGRG/>

The city was occupied by a people distinct from the [[Sicanians]], the native race of this part of Sicily, and on the other that it was not a Greek colony. Thucydides, in enumerating the allies of the [[Athenians]] at the time of the [[Peloponnesian War]], distinctly calls the Segestans barbarians.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|7.57.}}</ref> At the same time they appear to have been, from a very early period, in close connection with the Greek cities of Sicily, and entering into relations both of hostility and alliance with the Hellenic states, wholly different from the other barbarians in the island. The early influence of Greek civilisation is shown also by their coins, which are inscribed with Greek characters, and bear the unquestionable impress of Greek art.

===In historical accounts===
The first historical notice of the Segestans transmitted to us represents them as already engaged (as early as 580 BC) in hostilities with [[Selinus]] (modern Selinunte), which would appear to prove that both cities had already extended their territories so far as to come into contact with each other. By the timely assistance of a body of [[Cnidian]] and [[Rhodian]] emigrants under [[Pentathlus]], the Segestans at this time obtained the advantage over their adversaries.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|5.9.}}</ref> A more obscure statement of Diodorus relates that again in 454 BC, the Segestans were engaged in hostilities with the [[Lilybaeum|Lilybaeans]] for the possession of the territory on the river [[Mazarus]].<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|11.86.}}</ref> The name of the Lilybaeans is here certainly erroneous, as no town of that name existed till long afterwards; but we know not what people is really meant, though the presumption is that it is the Selinuntines, with whom the Segestans seem to have been engaged in almost perpetual disputes. It was doubtless with a view to strengthen themselves against these neighbors that the Segestans took advantage of the first Athenian expedition to Sicily under [[Laches (general)|Laches]] (426 BC), and concluded a treaty of alliance with Athens.<ref name=Thuc66>{{Cite Thucydides|6.6.}}</ref> This, however, seems to have led to no result, and shortly after, hostilities having again broken out, the Selinuntines called in the aid of the [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracusans]], with whose assistance they obtained great advantages, and were able to press Segesta closely both by land and sea. In this extremity the Segestans, having in vain applied for assistance to [[Agrigentum]], and even to [[Carthage]], again had recourse to the Athenians, who were, without much difficulty, persuaded to espouse their cause, and send a fleet to Sicily in 416 BC.<ref name=Thuc66/><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|12.82.}}</ref> It is said that this result was in part attained by fraud, the Segestans having deceived the Athenian envoys by a fallacious display of wealth, and led them to conceive a greatly exaggerated notion of their resources. They, however, actually furnished 60 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]] in ready money, and 30 more after the arrival of the Athenian armament.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|6.8, 46}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|12.83, 13.6.}}</ref>

But though the relief of Segesta was thus the original object of the great [[Sicilian Expedition|Athenian expedition to Sicily]] (415–413&nbsp;BC), that city bears little part in the subsequent operations of the war. [[Nicias]], indeed, on arriving in the island, proposed to proceed at once to Selinus, and compel that people to submission by the display of their formidable armament. But this advice was overruled: the Athenians turned their arms against Syracuse, and the contest between Segesta and Selinus was almost forgotten in the more important struggle between those two great powers. In the summer of 415&nbsp;BC an Athenian fleet, proceeding along the coast, took the small town of [[Hyccara]], on the coast, near Segesta, and made it over to the Segestans.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|6.62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|13.6.}}</ref> The latter people are again mentioned on more than one occasion as sending auxiliary troops to assist their Athenian allies;<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|7.57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|13.7}}</ref> but no other notice occurs of them.

The final defeat of the Athenians left the Segestans again exposed to the attacks of their neighbors, the Selinuntines. Feeling themselves unable to cope with them, they again had recourse to the Carthaginians, who determined to espouse their cause, and sent them, in the first instance, an auxiliary force of 5000 Africans and 800 [[Campania]]n mercenaries, which sufficed to ensure them a victory over their rivals in 410 BC.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|13.43, 44}}</ref> This was followed the next year by a vast armament under [[Hannibal Mago]], who landed at [[Lilybaeum]], and, proceeding direct to Selinus, took and destroyed that city<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|13.54–58}}</ref> as well as [[Himera]]. The Carthaginian power now became firmly established in the western portion of Sicily. Segesta, surrounded on all sides by this formidable neighbor, naturally fell gradually into the position of a dependent ally of Carthage. It was one of the few cities that remained faithful to this alliance even in 397 BC, when the great expedition of [[Dionysius I of Syracuse]] to the West of Sicily and the siege of [[Motya]] seemed altogether to shake the power of Carthage. Dionysius in consequence laid [[Siege of Segesta (397 BC)|siege to Segesta]], and pressed it with the utmost vigor, especially after the fall of Motya.  The city, however, was able to defy his efforts, until the landing of [[Himilco (general)|Himilco]] with a formidable Carthaginian force changed the aspect of affairs, and compelled Dionysius to raise the siege.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|14.48, 53–55.}}</ref>

From this time there are few mentions of Segesta till the time of [[Agathocles of Syracuse]], under whom it suffered a great calamity. The despot landed in the West of Sicily on his return from Africa (307 BC), and was received into the city as a friend and ally. He suddenly turned upon the inhabitants on a pretence of disaffection, and put the whole of the citizens (said to amount to 10,000 in number) to the sword, plundered their wealth, and sold the women and children into slavery. He then changed the name of the city to '''Dicaeopolis''', and assigned it as a residence to the fugitives and deserters that had gathered around him.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|20.71.}}</ref>

It is probable that Segesta never altogether recovered this blow; but it soon resumed its original name, and again appears in history as an independent city. Thus it is mentioned in 276 BC, as one of the cities which joined [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] during his expedition into the West of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|22.10.}}</ref> It, however, soon after fell again under the power of the Carthaginians; and it was probably on this occasion that the city was taken and plundered by them, as alluded to by [[Cicero]];<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Verr.'' iv. 33.</ref> a circumstance of which there are no other account. It continued subject to, or at least dependent on that people, till the [[First Punic War]]. In the first year of that war (264 BC) it was attacked by the consul [[Appius Claudius Caudex]], but without success;<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|23.3.}}</ref> but shortly after the inhabitants put the Carthaginian garrison to the sword, and declared for the alliance of Rome.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|23.5.}}</ref><ref>[[Joannes Zonaras]], ''Extracts of History'', 8.9.</ref> They were in consequence besieged by a Carthaginian force, and were at one time reduced to great straits, but were relieved by the arrival of [[Gaius Duilius]], after his naval victory in 260 BC.<ref>{{Cite Polybius|1.24.}}</ref> Segesta seems to have been one of the first of the Sicilian cities to set the example of defection from Carthage; on which account, as well as of their pretended Trojan descent, the inhabitants were treated with great distinction by the Romans. They were exempted from all public burdens, and even as late as the time of [[Cicero]] continued to be "sine foedere immunes ac liberi" – a free and immune city.<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Ver.'' 3.6, 4.33.</ref> After the destruction of Carthage, [[Scipio Africanus]] restored to the Segestans a statue of [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] which had been carried off by the Carthaginians, probably when they obtained possession of the city after the departure of Pyrrhus.<ref>[[Cicero]], ''Ver.'' 4.33.</ref>

During the [[Second Servile War]] also, in 102 BC, the territory of Segesta is again mentioned as one of those where the insurrection broke out with the greatest fury.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|36.5.}}</ref> But with the exception of these incidental notices we hear little of it under the Roman government. It seems to have been still a considerable town in the time of Cicero, and had a port or emporium of its own on the bay about 10&nbsp;km distant.<ref>"τὸ τῶν Αἰγεστέων ἐμπόριον", {{Cite Strabo|vi. pp. 266, 272}}</ref><ref>Σεγεστανῶν ἐμπόριον, {{Cite Ptolemy|3.4.4}}</ref> This emporium seems to have grown up in the days of Strabo to be a more important place than Segesta itself: but the continued existence of the ancient city is attested both by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Ptolemy]]; and we learn from the former that the inhabitants, though they no longer retained their position of nominal independence, enjoyed the privileges of the [[Latin Rights|Latin citizenship]].<ref>{{Cite Strabo|vi. pp. 266, 272}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny|3.8.14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Ptolemy|3.4.15.}}</ref> It seems, however, to have been a decaying place, and no trace of it is subsequently found in history. The site is said to have been finally abandoned, in consequence of the ravages of the [[Saracens]], in 900 AD,<ref>Amico, ''ad Fazell. Sic.'' 7.4. n. 9</ref> and is now wholly desolate. The modern town of [[Castellammare del Golfo]], about 10&nbsp;km distant, occupies nearly, if not precisely, the same site as the ancient emporium or port of Segesta.

==Situation==
[[Image:Segesta, Teatro greco (2).jpg|thumb|right|The Greek theater]]
The ruins of the city are located on the top of Monte Bàrbaro at 305&nbsp;m [[above sea level]]. The city was protected by steep slopes on several sides and by walls on the more gentle slope towards the temple.

The hilltop offers a view over the valley towards the Gulf of Castellamare. The city controlled several major roads between the coast to the north and the hinterland. Very little is known about the city plan. Aerial photography indicates a regular city plan, built in part on terraces to overcome the natural sloping terrain. The current remains might be from the reconstruction after the destruction of the city by Agathocles.

Current archaeological work indicates that the site was reoccupied by a Muslim community in the Norman period. Excavations have unearthed a Muslim necropolis and a mosque from the 12th century next to a Norman castle. Evidence suggests that the mosque was destroyed after the arrival of a new Christian overlord at the beginning of the 13th century. The city appears to have been finally abandoned by the second half of the 13th century.

==The temple==
[[File:Cole Thomas The Temple of Segesta with the Artist Sketching 1843.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Segesta Temple in [[Thomas Cole]]'s painting from 1843]]
On a hill just outside the site of the ancient city of Segesta lies an unusually well-preserved [[Doric order|Doric]] temple. Some think it to have been built in the 420s BC by an Athenian architect, despite the city not having any Greek population.<ref>Scully, Vincent. 1969. The earth, the temple, and the gods; Greek sacred architecture. New York: Praeger.</ref> The prevailing view is that it was built by the indigenous [[Elymians]].<ref>Lo Monaco, Annalisa. ''Il Tempio di Segesta sembra Greco ma è un’antichissima testimonianza degli Elimi''. vanillamagazine.it</ref><ref>Riva, Alessandro; Barbera, Ferruccio. 2005. ''Iconica: Contemporary Art and Archaeology in Sicily''. Edizioni Charta Srl.</ref> The temple has six by fourteen columns on a base measuring 21 by 56&nbsp;metres, on a platform three steps high. Several elements suggest that the temple was never finished. The columns have not been [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] as they normally would have been in a Doric temple, and there are still [[Boss (architecture)|bosses]] present in the blocks of the base (used for lifting the blocks into place but then normally removed). The temple also lacks a [[cella]], any ornamentation, altar or deity dedication, and was never roofed over.<ref>Grinnell, Isabel Hoopes. 1943. Greek temples.</ref> The temple was never completed due to the war between Segesta and Selinunte.<ref>Riva, Alessandro. Barbera, Ferruccio. 2005. Iconica: Contemporary Art and Archaeology in Sicily. Edizioni Charta Srl.</ref> It managed to escape destruction by the Carthaginians in the late 5th century BC.

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Burford|first=Alison|year=1961|title=Temple Building at Segesta|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=11|issue=1–2|pages=87–93|doi=10.1017/S0009838800008417}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{DGRG|wstitle=Segesta}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Segesta |volume= XXI |last= |first= |author-link= | page=622 |short=1}}
* [https://www.parcodisegesta.com/home.html Official website] {{in lang|it}}
* [http://sights.seindal.dk/sight/46.html Photos of the site]
* [http://www.bestofsicily.com/segesta.htm Segesta]
* [http://www.seepalermo.com/segesta.htm See Palermo's Segesta Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707063632/http://www.360travelguide.com/360VirtualTour.asp?iCode=seg01 Panoramic virtual tour inside the Doric temple]

{{Magna Graecia}}
{{Archaeological sites in Sicily}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient cities in Sicily]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sicily]]
[[Category:Elymians]]
[[Category:Ionian colonies in Magna Graecia]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Italy]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy]]
[[Category:Archaeological parks]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy]]