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{{Short description|Japanese way of sitting}}
{{about|seiza ({{langx|ja|{{noitalic|正座}}|link=no}}): "proper/correct sitting"|seiza ({{langx|ja|{{noitalic|静坐}}|link=no}}): "quiet sitting" |Jing zuo}}
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{{One source|date=July 2010}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2014}}
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[[File:Narendra Modi and Shinzo Abe during a tea ceremony at Akasaka Palace.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] (Prime Minister of India) and [[Shinzō Abe]] (then Prime Minister of Japan) sitting ''seiza''-style during a [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]]]]

'' '''Seiza''' '' ({{lang|ja|{{linktext|正座}}}} or {{lang|ja|正坐}}; {{lang|ja|せいざ}} {{Respell|SAY|zah}}; {{literal|proper sitting}}) is the formal, traditional way of [[sitting]] in [[Japan]]. It involves a specific positioning and posture in a [[Kneeling|kneeled]] position so as to convey respect, particularly toward elders. It developed among [[samurai]] during the [[Edo period]] and was later widely adopted by the public. 

''Seiza'' is associated with straw ''[[tatami]]'' flooring or ''[[zabuton]]'' pillows that allow for comfortable sitting, and it is commonly used in several Japanese practices, including [[Japanese martial arts]] and the [[Japanese tea ceremony]]. Sitting ''seiza''-style is often difficult for people who are not accustomed to it or for the physically infirm, such as injured people and the elderly. Sitting ''seiza''-style for long periods of time is associated with health problems, particularly those of the knees. ''Seiza'' may be compared to similar seated positions in other cultures, such as Indian [[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]].

== Form ==
To sit ''seiza''-style, one must first be [[kneeling]] on the floor, folding one's legs underneath one's thighs, while resting the [[buttock]]s on the [[heel]]s. The ankles are turned outward as the tops of the feet are lowered so that, in a slight "V" shape, the tops of the feet are flat on the floor and big toes overlapped, the right always on top of the left, and the buttocks are finally lowered all the way down. Depending on the circumstances, the hands are folded modestly in the lap, or are placed palm down on the upper thighs with the fingers close together, or are placed on the floor next to the hips, with the knuckles rounded and touching the floor. The back is kept straight, though not unnaturally stiff. Traditionally, women sit with the knees together while men separate them slightly. Some martial arts, notably [[kendō]], [[aikidō]], and [[iaidō]], may prescribe up to two fist widths of distance between the knees for men.

Stepping into and out of ''seiza'' is performed mindfully. There are codified traditional methods of entering and exiting the sitting position depending on occasion and type of clothing worn.

== History ==
[[File:Seiza woman tea.jpg|thumb|A woman in ''seiza'' performing a [[Japanese tea ceremony]]]]

Prior to the [[Edo period]], there were no standard postures for sitting on the floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iromegane.com/japan/culture/is-seiza-really-the-traditional-way-to-sit-for-japanese-people/|title=IroMegane: Is Seiza really the traditional way to sit for Japanese people?|website=iromegane.com|date=27 May 2015 }}</ref> During this time, ''seiza'' referred to "correct sitting", which took various forms such as sitting cross-legged (胡坐, ''[[agura]]''), sitting with one knee raised (立て膝, ''tatehiza''), or sitting to the side (割座, ''wariza''), while the posture commonly known as ''seiza'' today was called ''kiza'' (危座).

People's social circumstances, clothing styles, and the places where they sat naturally brought about their manners of sitting. The development, in the [[Muromachi]] period, of Japanese architecture in which the floors were completely covered with ''[[tatami]]'' (thick straw mats), combined with the strict formalities of the ruling warrior class for which this style of architecture was principally designed, heralded the adoption of the sitting posture known today as ''seiza'' as the respectful way to sit. By the middle of the [[Edo period]], it had become a convention for [[samurai]] to sit in this manner when meeting authority figures such as the [[Shogun]] as a symbol of obedience and loyalty. However, it probably was not until around the years surrounding the turn of the 18th century (the [[Genroku]] to [[Kyōhō]] eras in Japanese history) that the Japanese generally adopted this manner of sitting in their everyday lives and during the [[Meiji (era)|Meiji era]], it had become firmly established as the proper sitting posture, as part of the "Japanese culture and tradition" purposefully created during this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.livedoor.jp/bbgmgt/archives/1021773246.html|title=正座は日本の文化，でも明治の文化。|website=blog.livedoor.jp}}</ref>

The posture serves as the standard floor sitting posture for most traditional formal occasions, and it is generally considered the respectful way to sit in the presence of superiors or elders unless otherwise permitted.  There is a similar sitting posture in India called [[Vajrasana (yoga)|vajrasana]]. It would be done during a form of yoga and practiced during visiting temples and doing prayer in temples. Indians believe that this posture has health benefits.

== Floor ==
''Seiza'' involves sitting down on the floor and not on a chair. In traditional [[Japanese architecture]], floors in various rooms designed for comfort have ''[[tatami]]'' floors. ''Seiza'' thus is closely connected with ''tatami'' flooring. There are circumstances, however, when people sit ''seiza''-style on carpeted and hardwood floors. In many martial arts, for instance, this sitting position generally takes place on hardwood floors. Depending on the formality of the occasion, the setting, and the relative status of the person, it is sometimes acceptable to sit on a special cushion called a ''[[zabuton]]'' (literally a "sitting [[futon]]").

== Difficulties ==
[[File:Frederick Starr wearing Japanese Kimono.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Frederick Starr]] sitting in the ''seiza'' style on a ''zabuton'']]

Sometimes stools are provided for elderly or injured people even when others are expected to sit ''seiza''-style. It is recommended, particularly in formal situations, to at least try to sit ''seiza''-style. Non-Japanese who have not grown up sitting in this posture may, however, have difficulty assuming it at all. Those unfamiliar with ''seiza'' will likely find that maintaining it for more than a minute or two tends to lead to [[paresthesia]], whereby the compression of the nerves causes a loss of their blood flow, with the accompanying "pins and needles" feeling, followed by painful burning sensations, and then eventually complete numbness in the legs. However, the physical discomfort lessens with experience as the circulation of the blood improves. Experienced ''seiza'' practitioners can maintain the posture for forty minutes or more with minimal discomfort. Certain knee problems are made worse when assuming this position, specifically [[Osgood-Schlatter's disease|Osgood-Schlatter disease]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Special ''seiza'' stools are available in Japan. They are folding stools, small enough to be carried in a handbag, which are placed between the feet and on which one rests the buttocks when sitting seiza-style. They allow one to maintain the appearance of sitting seiza while discreetly taking pressure off the heels and feet.

A law that came into effect in April 2020 recognizes ''seiza'' for extended periods of time as a morally unacceptable form of punishment according to Japan's [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/04/national/social-issues/japanese-sitting-style-recognized-punishment-new-law/|title=Traditional Japanese sitting style to be recognized as punishment under new law|date=2019-12-04|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2019-12-04|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}</ref>

== Use in traditional arts==
[[File:Judo03.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[judo]] practitioner at right performs a bow while seated in ''seiza'']]

Doing ''seiza'' is an integral and required part of several traditional Japanese arts, such as certain [[Japanese martial art]]s and [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]]  (a table-style version of tea ceremony known as ''[[Japanese tea ceremony#Ryūrei|ryūrei]]'' was invented in the 19th century). ''Seiza'' is also the traditional way of sitting while doing other arts such as ''[[shodō]]'' (calligraphy) and [[ikebana]] (flower arranging), though with the increasing use of western-style furniture it is not always necessary nowadays.

Many theatres for traditional performing arts such as [[kabuki]] and [[sumo]] still have audience seating sections where the spectators sit in ''seiza'' style.

=== ''Shikkō'' ===
Walking on the feet and knees while in the ''seiza'' posture, known as {{Nihongo||膝行|shikkō|knee-movement}}, is considered more polite than standing up and walking regularly. ''Shikkō'' is today quite rare, but is found in some traditional formal restaurants and ''[[Ryokan (inn)|ryokan]]'', and is practiced in the martial art of [[aikido]], where practitioners learn to defend themselves while moving in ''shikkō''.

To perform this knee-walking movement correctly the heels must be kept close together, and the body must move as a whole unit. Movement in ''shikkō'' forces one to engage the hips in a way that is considered valuable for aikido training.

==Alternative sitting positions==
{{Off topic|date=January 2023}}

===''Agura''===
{{Main|Agura}}
[[File:Sakakibara Yasumasa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sakakibara Yasumasa]] sitting in ''agura'' position]]

Sitting cross-legged, ''[[agura]]'', is considered informal: it is appropriate for certain situations but not others. It is common in informal situations, such as eating at a low table in a casual restaurant, and allowed in formal situations especially for those for whom ''seiza'' is difficult, such as elderly or [[Gaijin|non-Japanese people]].

===''Yokozuwari''===
[[File:Samurai leaning on his sword.webp|thumb|A seated samurai holding his sword with one hand.]]
Some sitting postures (e.g. ''agura'', ''tatehiza'', etc.) are impossible to do in skirts or certain types of women's traditional clothing (such as the premodern [[kimono]]) without risk of exposure, so an alternative informal sitting posture has both legs off to one side, with one side of the hips on the floor, termed {{nihongo|''yokozuwari''|横座り||literally "sideways sitting"}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jisho.org/word/%E6%A8%AA%E5%BA%A7%E3%82%8A|title=Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary|website=jisho.org|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref>

===''Wariza''===
Another informal sitting posture for women is called {{nihongo|''wariza''|割座|literally "separate or split sitting"|"w-sitting" or "reverse tailor style sitting" in English}} which resembles ''seiza'' posture, whereby the buttocks are on the floor and the lower legs are bent off to their respective sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jisho.org/word/%E5%89%B2%E5%BA%A7|title=Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary|website=jisho.org|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref>

===''Kiza''===
To sit in ''seiza'' requires coming to a kneeling position momentarily, with the heels  propped up; if one remains seated on the heels with the balls of the feet touching the floor and toes flexed forward, it is called {{Nihongo|'''''kiza'''''|跪座 / 跪坐}}. If one then lowers the tops of the feet to the floor, one then will be in the ''seiza'' position.  In some schools of ''[[iaido]]'', practitioners stand up to draw the [[Katana|sword]] and cut after momentarily assuming ''kiza'', so as not to sprain the instep jumping up directly from ''seiza''.

[[File:Iaidovyuka2.jpg|thumb|center|This [[iaido]] practitioner is executing a cut directly from ''kiza'']]

== See also ==
* [[Genuflection]]
* [[Kowtow]]
* [[Vajrasana (yoga)]]

== References ==
<references/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=“Seiza” and Other Japanese Ways of Sitting |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/guide-to-japan/gu020002/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=nippon.com |language=en |quote="Originally published in Japanese. Supervised by Shibazaki Naoto, associate professor at Gifu University, who specializes in manners education from a psychological perspective, works to guide etiquette educators, and is an instructor in Ogasawara-ryū etiquette."}}</ref>
[[Category:East Asian traditions]]
[[Category:Human positions]]
[[Category:Culture of Japan]]
[[Category:Kneeling]]
[[Category:Sitting]]