View source for Senate of Spain

{{Short description|Upper house of the Cortes Generales}}
{{Redirect|Senado}}
{{Infobox legislature
 | background_color   = #900000
 | name               = Senate of Spain
 | native_name        = {{lang|es|Senado de España}}<br />{{hidden|Co-official languages|{{langx|eu|Espainiako Senatua}}<br/>{{langx|ca|Senat d'Espanya}}<br />{{langx|gl|Senado de España}}<br />{{langx|oc|Senat d'Espanha|label=[[Aranese]]}}}}
 | transcription_name = 
 | legislature        = [[15th Senate of Spain]]
 | coa_pic            = Coat of Arms of the Senate of Spain.svg
 | coa_res            = 180px
 | coa-pic            = 
 | house_type         = Upper house
 | foundation         = 1834 (disbanded 1923–1977)<br />1977 (reinstituted)
 | body               = 
 | houses             = 
 | voting_system1     = [[Limited voting]] (208 seats)<br>Election by the [[List of Spanish regional legislatures|legislatures of the autonomous communities]] (57 seats)
 | leader1_type       = [[President of the Senate of Spain|President]]
 | leader1            = [[Pedro Rollán]]
 | party1             = ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
 | election1          = 17 August 2023
 | leader2_type       = [[First Vice President of the Senate of Spain|First Vice President]]
 | leader2            = [[Javier Maroto]]
 | party2             = ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
 | election2          = 17 August 2023
 | leader3_type       = [[Second Vice President of the Senate of Spain|Second Vice President]]
 | leader3            = [[Concha Andreu]]
 | party3             = ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
 | election3          = 21 October 2025
 | leader4_type       = Majority leader
 | leader4            = [[Alicia García Rodríguez]]
 | party4             = ([[People's Party (Spain)|PP]])
 | election4          = 30 November 2023
 | leader5_type       = Minority leader
 | leader5            = [[Juan Espadas]]
 | party5             = ([[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]])
 | election5          = 27 November 2023
 | leader6_type       = 
 | leader6            = 
 | party6             = 
 | election6          = 
 | members            = 266
 | house1             = 
 | house2             = 
 | structure1         = Senado de España - XV legislatura.svg
 | structure1_res     = 280px
 | structure2         = 
 | structure2_res     = 
 | political_groups1  =
'''[[Sánchez III Government|Government]] (95)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}}} [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] (91)
*{{color box|{{party color|Más Madrid}}}} [[Más Madrid|MM]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}}} [[Pacte Progressista|EiFS]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Gomera Socialist Group}}}} [[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]] (1)
*{{color box|{{party color|Geroa Bai}}}} [[Geroa Bai|GBai]] (1)

;'''[[Confidence and supply]] (17)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|Left for Independence}}}} [[Left for Independence|ERC-EH Bildu]] (9){{efn|
*{{Color box|{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}}} [[EH Bildu]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}}} [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]] (4)}}
*{{Color box|{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}}} [[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]] (5)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}}} [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]] (1)
*{{color box|{{party color|Galician Nationalist Bloc}}}} [[Galician Nationalist Bloc|BNG]] (1)
*{{color box|{{party color|Canarian Coalition}}}} [[Canarian Coalition|CCa]] (1)

;'''[[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] (154)'''
*{{Color box|{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}}} [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] (145)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}}} [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]] (4)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Vox (political party)}}}} [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] (3)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent Herrenian Group}}}} [[Independent Herrenian Group|AHI]] (1)
*{{Color box|{{party color|Navarrese People's Union}}}} [[Navarrese People's Union|UPN]] (1)
 | political_groups2  = 
 | committees        = 
 | committees2        = 
 | joint_committees   = 
 | voting_system2     = 
 | last_election1     = [[2023 Spanish general election|23 July 2023]]
 | last_election2     = 
 | session_room       = Hemiciclo del nuevo edificio del Senado de España (2012).jpg
 | session_res        = 
 | meeting_place      = [[Palacio del Senado]]<br />[[Centro (Madrid)|Centro]], [[Madrid]]<br />[[Kingdom of Spain]]
 | website            = {{url|senado.es}}
 | rules              = [https://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/reglamentootrasnormassenado/detallesreglamentosenado/index.html?lang=en Senate Standing Orders]
 | footnotes          = 
}}
The '''Senate''' ({{langx|es|Senado}}) is the [[upper house]] of the {{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}}, which along with the [[Congress of Deputies]] – the [[Lower house|lower chamber]] – comprises the [[Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. The Senate meets in the [[Palacio del Senado|Palace of the Senate]] in [[Madrid]]. The presiding officer of the Senate is the [[President of the Senate of Spain|president of the Senate]], who is elected by the members at the first sitting after each national election.

The composition of the Senate is established in [[Spanish Constitution#Part III: Cortes Generales|Part III of the Spanish Constitution]]. Each senator represents a [[Provinces of Spain|province]], an [[Autonomous city#Spain|autonomous city]] or an [[Autonomous Community|autonomous community]]. Each mainland province, regardless of its population size, is equally represented by four senators; in the insular provinces, the larger islands are represented by three senators and the minor islands are represented by a single senator. Likewise, the autonomous cities of [[Ceuta (Senate constituency)|Ceuta]] and [[Melilla (Senate constituency)|Melilla]] elect two senators each. This direct election results in the election of 208 senators by the citizens. In addition, the [[List of Spanish regional legislatures|regional legislatures]] also designate their own representatives, one senator for each autonomous community and another for every million residents, resulting in a total of 58 additional senators.

The Spanish Senate is constitutionally described as a territorial chamber. Consequently, although in general its powers are similar to those of the Congress of Deputies, it is endowed with exceptional powers such as authorising the [[Government of Spain|Government]] to apply direct rule to a region or to dissolve local government councils.

Intensive debates about reforming the Senate's function and purpose have been going on for many years without any resolution.{{sfn|Division of Powers|loc=paragraph 4}}

==History==
{{Main|Spanish parliamentarism}}
The first Spanish Constitution, the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|constitution of 1812]], established a unicameral legislature; an upper Chamber did not exist.

The Senate was first established under the [[Spanish Royal Statute of 1834|Royal Statute of 1834]] approved by [[Early life of Isabella II of Spain#The regency of Maria Christina|Queen Regent]] [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] under the denomination of [[House of Peers (Spain)|House of Peers]] alongside the [[Congress of Deputies|Deputies of the Realm]]. Under the constitution of 1837 it was named the Senate. Members were royal princes, hereditary nobility and clergy, and one appointed member for every 85 000 inhabitants. The districts were not yet fixed as today the electors were typically wealthy male citizens, selected through a [[Suffrage|census suffrage]] system. These electors then proposed a list of three persons to the king, who would choose one senator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitución de la Monarquia española de 18 de Junio de 1837 |url=https://www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/constituciones/ce1837.htm |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.ub.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ley electoral (20 de julio de 1837) |url=https://www.ub.edu/ciudadania/hipertexto/evolucion/textos/electoral/1837.htm |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.ub.edu}}</ref> It remained under the regimes of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1845|constition of 1845]], [[Spanish Draft Constitution of 1856|draft constitition 1856]]. 

With the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|glorious revolution]] [[Spanish Constitution of 1869|1869]] the terna system was abolished; for a brief period of time Senators were elected indirectly until a hybrid model was adopted under [[Spanish Constitution of 1876|constitution of 1876]]. Senators were of three main categories: senators by their own right, [[Senator for life|senators for life]] appointed by the crown, ex officio, or by institutions (archbishops, etc), and elected senators.

This house, along with the Congress of Deputies, was suppressed after the [[1923 Spanish coup d'état|coup]] of General [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] in 1923.

After the restoration of democracy during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931-1939) the new regime opted for a unicameral system, which was continued under the [[Francoist dictatorship]].

Only after the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] in 1977 was the Senate re-established, not any more as an upper house, but for regional representation, similar to the [[United States Senate|US senate]] and [[Council of States (Switzerland)|Swiss council of states]].

==Role==
The Spanish parliamentary system is bicameral but asymmetric. The [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|Congress of Deputies]] has more independent functions, and it can also override most Senate measures. Only the Congress can grant or revoke confidence in the [[Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister]].

Either house may propose an ordinary law (or bill, {{langx|es|proyecto de ley}}). A bill passed by Congress can be [[Friendly amendment|amended]] or vetoed by the Senate in which case the bill is then sent back to the lower house, which can override these objections by an [[absolute majority]] vote. [[Organic Law (Spain)|Organic laws]], which govern basic civil rights and regional devolution, need an absolute majority of both congress and senate to pass.

The process for constitutional amendments is more complicated: the rule is to require a [[supermajority|three fifths]] (60%) of both houses, but if the Senate does not achieve such a supermajority and a joint congress-senate committee fails to resolve the issues, the Congress may force the amendment through with a two-thirds vote as long as an absolute majority of the Senate was in favour. But for some specific types of amendments including those related to most clauses related to human rights, both houses must approve of the amendment by a two thirds vote, and an election must be held and the amendment must pass by a two thirds vote a second time, and if that is approved, the people must vote for the amendment in a referendum by majority vote.

The Senate has certain exclusive functions including
* the appointment of constitutional posts, such as judges of the [[Constitutional Court of Spain|Constitutional Court]] or the members of the [[General Council of the Judiciary]];
* disciplining regional governments.{{sfn|The Spanish Constitution|1978|loc=Article 151}} It exercised this power in October 2017 over the region of [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|Catalonia]]. This decision gave to prime minister [[Mariano Rajoy]] the power to remove the [[Government of Catalonia|regional government]] and to dissolve the [[Parliament of Catalonia|regional legislature]], and govern directly from [[Madrid]].
* suspending local governments.{{sfn|Local Government Act|1985|loc=Article 61}} It exercised this power in April 2006, [[Marbella City Council dissolution|dissolving the Marbella city council]] when most of its members were found to have engaged in [[political corruption|corrupt practices]].

Senate reform has been a topic of discussion since the early days of Spanish democracy.
One proposal would advance the [[federation|federalization]] of Spain by remaking the Senate to represent the [[autonomous communities of Spain]].

==Organization==

Senators form [[Parliamentary group (Spain)|groups]] along party lines. Parties with fewer than ten senators form the Mixed Group. If the membership of an existing group falls below six during a session, it is merged into the Mixed Group at the next session. For example, [[Coalición Canaria]] lost its senate caucus in 2008 after [[2008 Spanish general election|electoral losses]] reduced its group from six to two. The [[Basque Nationalist Party]], falling from seven to four, "borrowed" senators from the ruling [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist Party]] to form their group; in exchange, they supported the election of socialist Javier Rojo as President of the Senate.

Legally, 133 seats are required for an absolute majority, vacant seats notwithstanding.
{{PoliticsES}}

==Elections to the Senate==

To date, senate elections have coincided with elections to the lower house, but the prime minister may advise the king to call elections for one house only.{{sfn|The Spanish Constitution|1978|loc=Section 115}} While the [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|Congress of Deputies]] is chosen by [[party list proportional representation]], the members of the senate are chosen in two distinct ways: popular election by [[limited voting]] and appointment from regional legislatures.

===Directly elected members===
Most members of the senate (currently 208 of 266) are directly elected by the people. Each [[Provinces of Spain|province]] elects four senators without regard to population. Insular provinces are treated specially. The larger islands of the [[Balearics]] (Baleares) and [[Canary Islands|Canaries]] (Canarias)—[[Mallorca (Senate constituency)|Mallorca]], [[Gran Canaria]], and [[Tenerife]]—are assigned three seats each, and the smaller islands—[[Menorca (Senate constituency)|Menorca]], [[Ibiza-Formentera (Senate constituency)|Ibiza–Formentera]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[Gomera]], [[Hierro]], [[Lanzarote]] and [[La Palma]]—one each; [[Ceuta (Senate constituency)|Ceuta]] and [[Melilla (Senate constituency)|Melilla]] are assigned two seats each.{{sfn|The Spanish Constitution|1978|loc=Part III}}{{sfn|Electoral System Act|1985|pages=19110–19134}}
This allocation is heavily weighted in favor of small provinces; [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]], with its 6.5 million people, and [[Province of Soria|Soria]], with 90,000 inhabitants, are each represented by four senators.

In non-insular constituencies, each party nominates three candidates. Candidates' names are organized in columns by party on a large ([[DIN A3]] or larger) [[ochre]]-colored ballot called a ''sábana'' or ''bedsheet''.

Each voter may mark up to three candidates' names, from any party. This is the only occasion when Spanish voters vote for individuals rather than a [[party list]]. [[Panachage]] is allowed, but typically voters cast all three votes for candidates of a single party. As a result, the four senators are usually the three candidates from the most popular party and the first placed candidate from the next most popular.

Before 2011, a party could not choose the order of its candidates on the ballot paper; candidates were sorted alphabetically by [[Spanish and Portuguese names|surname]]. When a party did not get all three of its candidates elected, this arrangement favored candidates with surnames early in the alphabet. This was the case for 2nd placed parties in every province and for both parties in tight races when voters did not vote for three candidates of the same party ([[panachage]]).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="6" | {{hidden begin|title= ''Key to parties''|contentstyle=font-size:88%; border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:white;}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{legend|{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}|[[EH Bildu]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}|[[Pacte Progressista|EiFS]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Socialists' Party of Catalonia}}|[[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|PSC]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left}}|[[Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left|PSE–EE]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Gomera Socialist Group}}|[[Gomera Socialist Group|ASG]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}|[[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Independent Herrenian Group}}|[[Independent Herrenian Group|AHI]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Navarrese People's Union}}|[[Navarrese People's Union|UPN]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Independent}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|white|Vacant (*)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{div col end}}
{{hidden end}}
|-
! Autonomous Community
!Provinces
! Senators
! Population (2023)
! Senator/pop.-ratio
! class="unsortable" | Distribution
|-
| align=left| [[Andalusia]]
|8
| 32
| 8,584,147
| 268,254
|
{| style="width:20em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:34.37%; color:white;"| 11
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:65.63%; color:white;"| 21
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Aragon]]
|3
| 12
| 1,341,289
| 111,774
|
{| style="width:7.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 9
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Asturias]]
|1
| 4
| 1,006,060
| 251,515
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Balearic Islands]]
|1*
| 5{{Efn|3 for [[Majorca]] (major island) and 1 for [[Menorca]] and [[Eivissa]]-[[Formentera]] (minor islands).}}
| 1,209,906
| 241,981
|
{| style="width:3.125em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}; width:20%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:20%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:60%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
|3
| 12
| 2,216,302
| 184,691
|
{| style="width:7.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 4
| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 4
| style="background:{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 4
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Canary Islands]]
|2*
| 11{{Efn|3 each for [[Gran Canaria]] and [[Tenerife]] (major islands) and 1 each for [[El Hierro]], [[Fuerteventura]], [[La Gomera]], [[La Palma]] and [[Lanzarote]] (minor islands).}}
| 2,213,016
| 201,183
|
{| style="width:6.875em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:63.63%; color:white;"| 7
| style="background:{{party color|Gomera Socialist Group}}; width:9.09%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Independent Herrenian Group}}; width:9.09%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:18.18%; color:white;"| 2
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Cantabria]]
|1
| 4
| 588,387
| 147,096
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Castile and León]]
|9
| 36
| 2,383,703
| 66,213
|
{| style="width:22.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 9
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 27
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
|5
| 20
| 2,084,086
| 104,204
|
{| style="width:12.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 5
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 15
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Catalonia]]
|4
| 16
| 7,901,963
| 493,872
|
{| style="width:10em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}; width:18.75%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|Socialists' Party of Catalonia}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 12
| style="background:{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}; width:6.25%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Extremadura]]
|2
| 8
| 1,054,306
| 131,788
|
{| style="width:5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 4
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 4
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
|4
| 16
| 2,699,424
| 168,714
|
{| style="width:10em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 4
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 12
|}
|-
| align=left| [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]
|1
| 4
| 322,282
| 80,570
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]]
|1
| 4
| 6,871,903
| 1,717,975
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]
|1
| 4
| 1,551,692
| 387,923
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Navarre]]
|1
| 4
| 672,155
| 168,038
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:75%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|Navarrese People's Union }}; width:25%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Valencian Community]]
|3
| 12
| 5,216,195
| 434,682
|
{| style="width:7.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 4
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:66.66%; color:white;"| 8
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Ceuta]]
|N/A
| 2
| 83,052
| 41,526
|
{| style="width:1.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:100%; color:white;" | 2
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Melilla]]
|N/A
| 2
| 85,493
| 42,746
|
{| style="width:1.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:100%; color:white;" | 2
|}
|-
| align="left" bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''Total'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''50'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''208'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''48,085,361'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''276,039'''
| align="center" bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''Source: [http://www.senado.es/web/composicionorganizacion/senadores/composicionsenado/senadoresenactivo/index.html]'''
|}

===Regional legislatures-appointed members===

The legislative assembly of each [[autonomous community]] of Spain appoints a senators to represent the community, with one senator per one million citizens, rounded up.{{sfn|The Spanish Constitution|1978|loc=Article 69(5)}} Demographic growth increased the combined size of the regional appointed senators from 51 to 57 since 1983.

[[Convention (norm)#Government|Conventionally]], the proportions of the regional senators mimic their legislative assemblies. However, autonomous communities have considerable leeway, and a motion to appoint the regional senators often requires no more than a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="6" | {{hidden begin|title= ''Key to parties''|contentstyle=font-size:88%; border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:white;}}
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
{{legend|{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}|[[EH Bildu]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Galician Nationalist Bloc}}|[[Galician Nationalist Bloc|BNG]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Más Madrid}}|[[Más Madrid]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}|[[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}|[[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Socialists' Party of Catalonia}}|[[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|PSC]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left}}|[[Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left|PSE–EE]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}|[[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Geroa Bai}}|[[Geroa Bai|GBai]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}|[[Basque Nationalist Party|PNV]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}|[[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Canarian Coalition}}|[[Canarian Coalition|CC]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}|[[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Vox (political party)}}|[[Vox (political party)|Vox]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|{{party color|Independent}}|[[Independent politician|Ind.]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend|white|Vacant (*)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{div col end}}
{{hidden end}}
|-
! Autonomous Community
! Population (2023)
! Senators
! Senator/pop.-ratio
! Election
! class="unsortable" | Distribution
|-
| align=left| [[Andalusia]]
| 8,584,147
| 9
| 953,794
| align=center| [[2022 Andalusian regional election|2022]]
|
{| style="width:11.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:55.55%; color:white;"| 5
| style="background:{{party color|Vox (political party)}}; width:11.11%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Aragon]]
| 1,341,289
| 2
| 670,644
| align=center| [[2023 Aragonese regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Asturias]]
| 1,006,060
| 2
| 503,030
| align=center| [[2023 Asturian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Balearic Islands]]
| 1,209,906
| 2
| 604,953
| align=center| [[2023 Balearic regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
| 2,216,302
| 3
| 738,767
| align=center| [[2024 Basque regional election|2024]]
|
{| style="width:3.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Canary Islands]]
| 2,213,016
| 3
| 737,672
| align=center| [[2023 Canarian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:3.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Canarian Coalition}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Cantabria]]
| 588,387
| 1
| 588,387
| align=center| [[2023 Cantabrian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:1.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:100%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Castile and León]]
| 2,383,703
| 3
| 794,567
| align=center| [[2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election|2022]]
|
{| style="width:3.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:66.67%; color:white;"| 2
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
| 2,084,086
| 3
| 694,695
| align=center| [[2023 Castilian-Manchegan regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:3.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:66.67%; color:white;"| 2
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Catalonia]]
| 7,901,963
| 8
| 987,745
| align=center| [[2024 Catalan regional election|2024]]
|
{| style="width:10em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}; width:12.5%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Socialists' Party of Catalonia}}; width:37.5%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}; width:37.5%; color:white;"| 3
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party of Catalonia}}; width:12.5%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Extremadura]]
| 1,054,306
| 2
| 527,153
| align=center| [[2023 Extremaduran regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Vox (political party)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
| 2,699,424
| 3
| 899,808
| align=center| [[2024 Galician regional election|2024]]
|
{| style="width:3.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Galician Nationalist Bloc}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:66.67%; color:white;"| 2
|}
|-
| align=left| [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]
| 322,282
| 1
| 322,282
| align=center| [[2003 Riojan regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:1.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]]
| 6,871,903
| 7
| 981,700
| align=center| [[2023 Madrilenian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:8.75em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Más Madrid}}; width:14.29%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:14.29%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:71.42%; color:white;" | 5
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]
| 1,551,692
| 2
| 775,846
| align=center| [[2023 Murcian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:2.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Navarre]]
| 672,155
| 1
| 672,155
| align=center| [[2023 Navarrese regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:1.25em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Geroa Bai}}; width:50%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align=left| [[Valencian Community]]
| 5,216,195
| 6
| 869,365
| align=center| [[2023 Valencian regional election|2023]]
|
{| style="width:6.5em; font-size:80%; text-align:center; font-family:Courier New;"
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| style="background:{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}; width:16.66%; color:white;"| 1
| style="background:{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 2
| style="background:{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}; width:33.33%; color:white;"| 2
| style="background:{{party color|Vox (political party)}}; width:16.66%; color:white;"| 1
|}
|-
| align="left" bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''Total'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''48,085,361'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''58'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''724,856'''
| bgcolor="#e9e9e9" |
| align="center" bgcolor="#e9e9e9" | '''Source: [http://www.senado.es/web/composicionorganizacion/senadores/composicionsenado/senadoresenactivo/index.html]'''
|}

==Composition==
{{Main|Parliamentary group (Spain)#Senate}}

The [[2023 Spanish general election|last election]] was held on 23 July 2023. Following the election, the composition of the 15th Senate was:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
! style="text-align:left;" width="400"| Parliamentary group
! width="50"| Elected
! width="50"| {{abbr|App.|Appointed}}
! width="50"| Total
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| align="left" width="387"| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party Group in the Senate]]
| width="50"| 120|| width="50"| 24|| width="50"| '''144'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#F9F9F9" colspan="2" width="385"| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist Group]]
| width="50"| 72|| width="51"| 19|| width="51"| '''91'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"|
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| align="left"| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]]
| 53|| 14|| '''67'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialists' Party of Catalonia}}"|
| align="left"| [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia]]
| 12 || 3 || '''15'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left}}"|
| align="left"| [[Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left]]
| 4 || 1 || '''5'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Socialists' Party of Galicia}}"|
| align="left"| [[Socialists' Party of Galicia]]
| 3 || 0 || '''3'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="#DAC025"|
! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#F9F9F9" colspan="2" width="385"| [[Republican Left of Catalonia|Republican Left]]–[[EH Bildu]] Group
| width="50"| 7|| width="51"| 4 || width="51"| '''11'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"|
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}"|
| align="left"| [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]
| 3|| 3 || '''6'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}"|
| align="left"| [[EH Bildu]]
| 4|| 1 || '''5'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"|
! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#F9F9F9" colspan="2" width="385"| Plural Group in the Senate ([[Together for Catalonia (2020)|JxCat]]–[[Canarian Coalition|CC]]-[[Independent Herrenian Group|AHI]]-[[Galician Nationalist Bloc|BNG]])
| width="50"| 2|| width="51"| 4|| width="51"| '''6'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| style="background:white;" rowspan="4"|
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}"|
| align="left"| [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Together for Catalonia]]
| 1|| 2 || '''3'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Galician Nationalist Bloc}}"|
| align="left"| [[Galician Nationalist Bloc]]
| 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Canarian Coalition}}"|
| align="left"| [[Canarian Coalition]]
| 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent Herrenian Group}}"|
| align="left"| [[Independent Herrenian Group]]
| 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}"|
| align="left" width="387"| [[Basque Nationalist Party|Basque Group in the Senate]]
| width="50"| 4 || width="50"| 1 || width="50"| '''5'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}"|
! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#F9F9F9" colspan="2" width="385"| Confederal Left Group
| width="50"| 2 || width="51"| 3 || width="51"| '''5'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| style="background:white;" rowspan="5"|
|  bgcolor="{{party color|Gomera Socialist Group}}"|
| align="left"| [[Gomera Socialist Group]]
| 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Geroa Bai}}"|
| align="left"| [[Geroa Bai]]
| 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}"|
| align="left"| [[Pacte Progressista]]
| 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Más Madrid}}"|
| align="left"| [[Más Madrid|More Madrid]]
| 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}"|
| align="left"| [[Coalició Compromís|Commitment Coalition]]
| 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="black"|
! style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#F9F9F9" colspan="2" width="385"| Mixed Group
| width="50"| 1 || width="51"| 3 || width="51"| '''4'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| style="background:white;" rowspan="2"|
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Vox (political party)}}"|
| align="left"| [[Vox (political party)|Vox]]
| 0 || 3 || '''3'''
|- style="background:#EFEFEF;"
| bgcolor="{{party color|Navarrese People's Union}}"|
| align="left"| [[Navarrese People's Union]]
| 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size:95%; border:0px; margin-top:-1px; margin-bottom:0;"
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="white"|
| width="387" align="left"| Vacant
| width="50"| 0 || width="50"| 2 || width="50"| '''2'''
|-
| colspan="2" width="385" align="left" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | '''Total'''
| width="50" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | '''208'''
| width="50" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | '''58'''
| width="50" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" | '''266'''
|}

==Committees==
{{outdated|date=July 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/sesionescomision/presidentescomisiones/index.html|title=Senate' Committees Chairs|access-date=30 July 2019|author=Senate of Spain|website=www.senado.es}}</ref>
! colspan="3"| Chair(s)
! Term
|-
| Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
| [[María Teresa Macías]]
| width="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Foreign Affairs
| [[Antonio Gutiérrez Limones]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Ibero-American Affairs
| [[César Alejandro Mogo Zaro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Science, Innovation and Universities
| [[Francisco Javier de Lucas Martín]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Constitutional
| [[Antonio Magdaleno Alegría]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| International Cooperation for Development
| [[Elena Diego]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Culture and Sport
| [[Manuel Escarda Escarda]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Defence
| [[Pilar Llop Cuenca]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Rights of Families, Childhood and Adolescence
| [[María de los Ángeles Luna Morales]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Economy and Business
| [[Javier Garcinuño Rama]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Education and Vocational Training
| [[José Asensi Sabater]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Local Administrations
| [[Miguel Carmelo Dalmau Blanco]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Public Works
| [[José Fernández Blanco]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Civil Service
| [[Salvador Vidal Varela]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| General on Autonomous Communities
| [[Joan Lerma Blasco]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Finance
| [[Cosme Bonet Bonet]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Equality
| [[Josefina Antonia Bueno Alonso]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Incompatibilities
| [[Julia María Liberal Liberal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Industry, Trade and Tourism
| [[Marisa Bustinduy]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Home Affairs
| [[María Jesús Castro Mateos]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Justice
| [[Francisco Manuel Fajardo Palarea]] ([[PSOE]])
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Nominations
| rowspan="2"| [[Manuel Cruz Rodríguez|Manuel Cruz]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| rowspan="2"| 2019–present
|-
| Rules
|-
| Comprehensive Disability Policies
| [[María Teresa Fernández Molina]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Petitions
| [[Micaela Navarro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Budget
| [[José Antonio Monago]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare
| [[Modesto Pose Mesura]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Petitions by a Court
| [[Félix Ortega Fernández]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Labour, Migrations and Social Security
| [[Antonio Armando Ferrer]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|-
| Ecological Transition
| [[María Isabel Moreno Duque]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]]
| 2019–present
|}

==Presidents of the Senate of Spain==
{{See|President of the Senate of Spain|List of presidents of the Senate of Spain}}

This is a list of the Presidents of the Senate since the reestablishment of the upper house in 1977. To see previous presidents, look the full [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Spain|list of presidents of the Senate]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=9|

|-
! colspan=2| Portrait
! Name<br/>{{small|(Birth{{ndash}}Death)}}
! Term of office
! Tenure<br/>{{small|(Years and days)}}
! width=125px| Party
! Legislature
! [[Monarchy of Spain|Monarch]]<br/>{{small|(Reign)}}
! {{Tooltip|{{sup|Ref.}}|Reference}}

|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}"|
| [[File:Antonio Fontan press freedom hero.JPG|75px]]
| '''[[Antonio Fontán]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(1923–2010)}}
| class=nowrap| 13 July 1977<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>2 January 1979
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1977|7|13|1979|1|2}}
| bgcolor=#DCF8E3| [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)|Union of the<br/>Democratic Centre]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1977 Spanish general election|Constituent<br/>{{small|(1977)}}]]
| rowspan=13 bgcolor=#EEEEEE| '''[[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]]'''<br/>[[File:Juan Carlos I of Spain (2010) cropped.jpg|80px]]<br/>{{small|(1975{{ndash}}2014)}}
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}"|
| [[File:(Cecilio Valverde) Adolfo Suárez junto al vicepresidente primero y de Asuntos de Defensa, en el Congreso de los Diputados. Pool Moncloa. 1979 (cropped).jpeg|75px]]
| '''[[Cecilio Valverde]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(1927–2001)}}
| class=nowrap| 27 April 1979<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>31 August 1982
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1979|4|27|1982|8|31}}
| bgcolor=#DCF8E3| [[Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)|Union of the<br/>Democratic Centre]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1979 Spanish general election|I<br/>{{small|(1979)}}]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| rowspan=2| [[File:(Carvajal) Felipe González junto al presidente del Senado y el presidente del Congreso (cropped).jpeg|75px]]
| rowspan=2| '''[[José Federico de Carvajal]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(1930–2015)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap| 18 November 1982<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>2 September 1989
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1982|11|18|1989|11|2}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1982 Spanish general election|II<br/>{{small|(1982)}}]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1986 Spanish general election|III<br/>{{small|(1986)}}]]

|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| rowspan=2| [[File:Juan José Laborda 1992 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2| '''[[Juan José Laborda]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1947)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap| 21 November 1989<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>9 January 1996
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1989|11|21|1996|1|9}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1989 Spanish general election|IV<br/>{{small|(1989)}}]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1993 Spanish general election|V<br/>{{small|(1993)}}]]

|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| [[File:Juan Ignacio Barrero Valverde.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Juan Ignacio Barrero]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1943)}}
| class=nowrap| 27 March 1996<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>8 February 1999
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1996|3|27|1999|2|8}}
| bgcolor=#DAECFA| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[1996 Spanish general election|VI<br/>{{small|(1996)}}]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| rowspan=2| [[File:Esperanza Aguirre 2004 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=2| [[Esperanza Aguirre|'''Esperanza Aguirre'''<br />Countess consort of Murillo]]<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1952)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap| 8 February 1999<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>21 October 2002
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|1999|2|8|2002|10|21}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#DAECFA| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2000 Spanish general election|VII<br/>{{small|(2000)}}]]

|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| [[File:Juan José Lucas Jiménez junto a los integrantes de la Comisión General de secretarios de Estado y subsecretarios. Pool Moncloa. 17 de octubre de 2001 (cropped) (cropped).jpeg|75px]]
| '''[[Juan José Lucas]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1944)}}
| class=nowrap| 22 October 2002<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>20 January 2004
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2002|10|22|2004|1|20}}
| bgcolor=#DAECFA| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| rowspan=2| [[File:(Javier Rojo) Fernández de la Vega preside en el Senado la inauguración del VII Congreso de la Asociación de Constitucionalistas de España. Pool Moncloa. 22 de enero de 2009 (cropped).jpeg|75px]]
| rowspan=2| '''[[Javier Rojo]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1949)}}
| rowspan=2 class=nowrap| 2 April 2004<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>27 September 2011
| rowspan=2 style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2004|4|2|2011|9|27}}
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2004 Spanish general election|VIII<br/>{{small|(2004)}}]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2008 Spanish general election|IX<br/>{{small|(2008)}}]]

|-
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| rowspan=4| [[File:(Pío García-Escudero) AACU4015 2018 (41536086810) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| rowspan=4| [[Pío García-Escudero|'''Pío García-Escudero'''<br/>4th Count of Badarán]]<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1952)}}
| rowspan=4 class=nowrap| 13 December 2011<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>20 May 2019
| rowspan=4 style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2011|12|13|2019|5|20}}
| rowspan=4 bgcolor=#DAECFA| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2011 Spanish general election|X<br/>{{small|(2011)}}]]
| rowspan=4|
|-
| rowspan=7 bgcolor=#EEEEEE| '''[[Felipe VI of Spain|Felipe VI]]'''<br/>[[File:(Felipe de Borbón) Inauguración de FITUR 2018 (39840659951) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br/>{{small|(2014{{ndash}}present)}}
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2015 Spanish general election|XI<br/>{{small|(2015)}}]]
|-
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2016 Spanish general election|XII<br/>{{small|(2016)}}]]

|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[File:Manuel Cruz 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Manuel Cruz Rodríguez|Manuel Cruz]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1951)}}
| class=nowrap| 21 May 2019<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>2 December 2019
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2019|5|21|2019|12|2}}
| bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[April 2019 Spanish general election|XIII<br/>{{small|(2019)}}]]

|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[File:Foto_oficial_de_Pilar_Llop.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Pilar Llop]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1973)}}
| class=nowrap| 3 December 2019<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>8 July 2021
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2019|12|03|2021|07|8}}
| bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[November 2019 Spanish general election|XIV<br/>{{small|(2019)}}]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}"|
| [[File:(Ander Gil) Clausura “Foro PSOE & Organización. Una campaña electoral exitosa” (43996293934) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Ander Gil]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1974)}}
| class=nowrap| 12 July 2021<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>16 August 2023
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2021|07|12|2023|08|16}}
| bgcolor=#FCD8DA| [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Spanish Socialist<br/>Workers' Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[November 2019 Spanish general election|XIV<br/>{{small|(2019)}}]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}"|
| [[File:(Pedro Rollán Ojeda) Premio “Mujer del Año” concedido por Madrid Diario (34678124742) 2017 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Pedro Rollán]]'''<br/>{{small|President of the Senate<br/>(born 1974)}}
| class=nowrap| 17 August 2023<br/>{{mdash}}<br/>Incumbent
| style=font-size:85%;| {{age in years and days|2023|08|17}}
| bgcolor=#DAECFA| [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[2023 Spanish general election|XV<br/>{{small|(2023)}}]]
|}

{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12
PlotArea  = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = late

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period     = from:01/01/1977 till:{{#time:d/m/Y}}
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1977

Colors     =
  id:UCD  value:rgb(0.161,0.412,0.161)  legend:UCD
  id:PSOE value:rgb(0.937,0.094,0.129)  legend:PSOE
  id:PP   value:rgb(0.094,0.525,0.808)  legend:PP

Legend     = columns:1 left:205 top:35 columnwidth:75

TextData =
  pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Political parties:"

BarData =
  barset:PM
  bar:Carvajal
  bar:Laborda
  bar:Barrero
  bar:Aguirre
  bar:Lucas
  bar:Rojo
  bar:Escudero
  bar:Cruz
  bar:Llop
  bar:Gil
  bar:Rollán

PlotData=
  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
  barset:PM

 from: 13/07/1977 till: 02/01/1979 color:UCD text:"[[Antonio Fontán|Fontán]]" fontsize:10
 from: 27/04/1979 till: 31/08/1982 color:UCD text:"[[Cecilio Valverde Mazuelas|Valverde]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Carvajal
 from: 12/11/1982 till: 23/04/1986 color:PSOE 
 from: 15/07/1986 till: 02/09/1989 color:PSOE text:"[[José Federico de Carvajal Pérez|de Carvajal]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Laborda
 from: 21/11/1989 till: 12/04/1993 color:PSOE
 from: 29/06/1993 till: 09/01/1996 color:PSOE text:"[[Juan José Laborda Martín|Laborda]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Barrero
 from: 27/03/1996 till: 08/02/1999 color:PP text:"[[Juan Ignacio Barrero Valverde|Barrero]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Aguirre
 from: 08/02/1999 till: 18/01/2000 color:PP 
 from: 05/04/2000 till: 21/10/2002 color:PP text:"[[Esperanza Aguirre Gil de Biedma|Aguirre]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Lucas
 from: 22/10/2002 till: 20/01/2004 color:PP text:"[[Juan José Lucas Giménez|Lucas]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Rojo
 from: 02/04/2004 till: 15/01/2008 color:PSOE 
 from: 01/04/2008 till: 27/09/2011 color:PSOE text:"[[Francisco Javier Rojo García|Rojo]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Escudero
 from: 13/12/2011 till: 27/10/2015 color:PP
 from: 13/01/2016 till: 03/05/2016 color:PP 
 from: 19/07/2016 till: 20/05/2019 color:PP text:"[[Pío García-Escudero|García-Escudero]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Cruz
 from: 21/05/2019 till: 02/12/2019 color:PSOE text:"[[Manuel Cruz Rodríguez|Cruz]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Llop
 from: 03/12/2019 till: 08/07/2021 color:PSOE text:"[[Pilar Llop|Llop]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Gil
 from: 12/07/2021 till: 16/08/2023 color:PSOE text:"[[Ander Gil|Gil]]" fontsize:10
 bar:Rollán
 from: 17/08/2023 till: end color:PP text:"[[Pedro Rollán|Rollán]]" fontsize:10
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite act||title=Local Government Act|trans-title=Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local|url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1985/04/02/7|index=7/1985|date=2 April 1985|language=es|publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado|ref={{harvid|Local Government Act|1985}}}}
* {{cite web |title=The Spanish Constitution |url=https://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/tribunal/normativa/normativa/constitucioningles.pdf |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=English |date=1978|ref={{harvid|The Spanish Constitution|1978}}}}
* {{cite act |index=Organic Law 5/1985 |title=Electoral System Act |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1985/06/19/5/con |date=19 June 1985 |trans-title=Régimen Electoral General| access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado|language=es|ref={{harvid|Electoral System Act|1985}}}}
* {{cite web | title=Spain - Summary |website=Division of Powers | access-date=July 29, 2024 | publisher = European Committee of the Regions| url= https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Spain-intro.aspx |ref={{harvid|Division of Powers}}| language=English }}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.senado.es}} {{in lang|es}}

{{National upper houses}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|40|25|14|N|3|42|46|W|source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senate Of Spain}}
[[Category:Senate of Spain| ]]
[[Category:Government of Spain]]
[[Category:Cortes Generales]]
[[Category:National upper houses|Spain]]
[[Category:Politics of Spain]]