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{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian architect}}
{{Infobox Egyptian dignitary
| Name        = Senenmut
| Style       = High Steward of the King
| Image       = Senenmut Munich 25102016 5.jpg
| Caption     =Detail of a kneeling statue of Senenmut. [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst]], Munich.
| egyptian_name=<hiero>sn:n-mwt</hiero>
| Predecessor =
| Successor   =
| Dynasty     = [[18th Dynasty]]
| Pharaoh     = [[Hatshepsut]]
| Father      = [[Ramose and Hatnofer|Ramose]]
| Mother      = [[Ramose and Hatnofer|Hatnofer]]
| Wife        = 
| Children    =
| Burial      = [[TT71]]
}}

'''Senenmut''' ({{langx|egy|[[wikt:sn-n-mwt|sn-n-mwt]]}}, sometimes spelled '''Senmut''', '''Senemut''', or '''Senmout''') was an [[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th Dynasty]] [[Ancient Egypt|ancient]] [[List of Egyptian architects|Egyptian architect]] and government official. His name means "brother of [[Mut]]", but can also translate literally as "brother of the mother"; i.e. "uncle".<ref>Hermann Ranke, Die Ägyptischen Personennamen (Glückstadt, 1935): p. 309, 3, <div>"''śn-n-mw·t'' <span style="display:inline-block;"><hiero>sn:n-H_SPACE:t-mwt</hiero></span>, <span style="display:inline-block;"><hiero>sn-n:n-mwt-t</hiero></span>, <span style="display:inline-block;"><hiero>sn-A1-n-mwt-t</hiero></span><br/>
u. ä. ‚der Mutterbruder‘ (vgl. ''śn·t‐n·t-mw·t'')"</div></ref>

== Family ==
Senenmut was of low commoner birth, born to literate provincial parents, [[Ramose and Hatnofer]] (or "Hatnefret") from Iuny (modern [[Hermonthis|Armant]]). Senenmut is known to have had three brothers (Amenemhet, Minhotep, and Pairy) and two sisters (Ahhotep and Nofrethor).<ref>[[Peter Dorman|Peter F. Dorman.]]. '' The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methodology'', London: Kegan Paul Ltd., 1988. {{ISBN|0-7103-0317-3}}. pp. 165-166.</ref> However, only Minhotep is named outside chapel in his tomb [[TT71]] and in his hypogeum [[TT353]], in an inventory on the lid of a chest found in the burial chamber of Ramose and Hatnofer.<ref>A. Lansing & W. Hayes, The Egyptian Expedition, 1935-1936,' BMMA 32, January 1937, Section II:24</ref> More information is known about Senenmut than many other non-royal [[Egyptians]] because the joint tomb of his parents (the construction of which Senenmut supervised himself) was discovered intact by the Metropolitan Museum in the mid-1930s and preserved. Christine Meyer has offered compelling evidence to show that Senenmut was a bachelor for his entire life: for instance, Senenmut is portrayed alone with his parents in the funerary stelae of his tombs; he was depicted alone, rather than with a wife, in the vignette of Chapter 110 from the [[Book of the Dead]] in hypogeum numbered as TT353 and, finally, it was one of Senenmut's own brothers, and not one of his sons, who was charged with the execution of Senenmut's funerary rites.<ref>Christine Meyer, Senenmut: ''eine prosopographische Untersuchung'', Verlag Borg, (Hamburg, 1982), pp.8-9</ref>
[[File:Stone inscribed with the name of Senenmut, from Thebes, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin.jpg|thumb|left|Stone inscribed with the name of Senenmut, from Thebes, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin]]

==Career==
Senenmut first enters the historical record on a national level as the "Steward of the God's Wife" ([[Hatshepsut]]) and "Steward of the King's Daughter" ([[Neferure]]). Some [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]] place Senenmut's entry into royal service during the reign of [[Thutmose I]], but it is far more likely that it occurred during either the reign of [[Thutmose II]] or while Hatshepsut was still regent and not pharaoh. After Hatshepsut was crowned pharaoh, Senenmut was given more prestigious titles and became ''[[high steward (Ancient Egypt)|high steward]] of the king''.

Senenmut supervised the quarrying, transport, and erection of twin [[obelisk]]s, at the time the tallest in the world, at the entrance to the [[Karnak|Temple of Karnak]]. Neither stands today though they were commemorated in the [[Chapelle Rouge]]. Karnak's Red Chapel was intended as a [[barque]] shrine and may have originally stood between the two obelisks. (The remaining obelisks of Hatshepsut were erected in Year Fifteen as part of her Heb [[Sed festival|Sed Festival]]; one still stands in the Temple of Karnak whilst the other is in pieces, having fallen many centuries ago.)

[[File:Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]]]]
Senenmut claims to be the chief architect of Hatshepsut's works at [[Deir el-Bahri]].<ref>Senenmut's specific claim to work at Deir El-Bahri is mentioned on Fort Worth AP 85.2, on CG 579 and Theban tomb 353.</ref> Senenmut's masterpiece building project was the [[Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut]], also known as the Djeser-Djeseru, designed and implemented by Senenmut on a site on the [[Thebes, Egypt|west bank]] of the [[Nile River|Nile]], close to the entrance to the [[Valley of the Kings]]. The focal point was the [[Djeser-Djeseru]] or "the Sublime of the Sublimes" mortuary temple-('Holy (of) Holiests'),<!--DjeserU is the plural of Djeser-(basically a "superlative")-)--> a colonnaded structure of perfect harmony built nearly one thousand years before the [[Parthenon]]. Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of terraces that were once graced with [[garden]]s. It is built into a [[cliff]] face that rises sharply above it. Djeser-Djeseru and the other buildings of the Deir el-Bahri complex are considered to be among the great buildings of the ancient world. The building complex design is thought to be derived from [[Mentuhotep_II#Mortuary_temple_of_Mentuhotep_II|the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II]] built nearly 500 years earlier at Deir-el-Bahri.<ref>I.E.S. Edwards The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt pg. 218.</ref> Senenmut's importance at the royal court under Hatshepsut is unquestionable:
:he was able to lay immediate claim to prime construction sites at [[Sheikh Abd el-Qurna]] and Deir el Bahri itself for the excavation of his tomb chapel and burial chamber.<ref>Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172</ref>

[[File:Tomb-of-Senenmut.jpg|thumb|left|TT 353 - a [[hypogeum]] commissioned by Senenmut, 97m long and 41m deep]]
Senenmut's Theban Tomb 71 was started late in Year 7, "shortly after Hatshepsut's accession, the death of Hatnofer, and Hatnofer's interment with the exhumed remains of several family members", while the "excavation on the chapel seems to have continued until after Year 7" of the female pharaoh's reign.<ref>Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172</ref> Senenmut's tomb appears to have enjoyed Hatshepsut's favour and "his portrayal in the [[Land of Punt|Punt]] reliefs certainly postdates Year 9" of Hatshepsut.<ref>Dorman, The Monuments of Senenmut, p.172</ref>

The earliest known astronomical ceiling in Egypt is found as a main part of a decor in the hypogeum-cenotaph of Senenmut. The [[astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb|astronomical ceiling]] in Senenmut’s hypogeum (numbered as TT 353) is divided into two sections, representing the northern and southern skies. This indicates another dimension of his career, suggesting that he was an ancient astronomer as well.<ref name="Novakovic, Bojan 2008">Novakovic, Bojan. Senenmut: An Ancient Egyptian Astronomer. http://publications.aob.rs/85/pdf/019-023.pdf</ref>
[[File:TT353.jpg|thumb|197x197px|Plan of hypogeum numbered as tomb TT353]]
Some Egyptologists have theorized that Senenmut was Hatshepsut's lover. Facts that are typically cited to support the theory are that Hatshepsut allowed Senenmut to place his name and an image of himself behind one of the main doors in Djeser-Djeseru, and the presence of [[graffiti]] in an unfinished tomb used as a rest house by the workers of Djeser-Djeseru depicting a male and a [[hermaphrodite]] in pharaonic regalia engaging in an explicit sexual act.<ref>[http://www.maat-ka-ra.de/english/personen/senenmut/senenmut_hatschepsut.htm ''Senenmut and Hatshepsut'']. Retrieved 2009-5-24.</ref>

Although it is not known where he is buried, Senenmut had a tomb constructed for himself and a cenotaph-hypogeum. The unfinished tomb is at ([[TT71]]) in the [[Tombs of the Nobles (Luxor)|Tombs of the Nobles]] and his cenotaph-hypogeum (numbered as TT353), near Hatshepsut's mortuary temple, and contains a famous star ceiling. They were both heavily vandalized during the reign of [[Thutmose III]], perhaps during the latter's campaign to eradicate all trace of Hatshepsut's memory. Neither tomb by itself was complete, as would be expected of an Egyptian tomb for a person of high standing. TT71 is a typical Theban Tomb with a shaft and unfinished burial chambers. His cenotaph-hypogeum (numbered as TT353) is fully underground without any overground chapel. They complement each other and are only, together, a full burial monument.<ref>Dorman, '' The Monuments of Senenmut'', p.109.</ref> However, the work carried out on the hypogeum TT353 by the Archaeological Mission of the Instituto de Estudios del Antiguo Egipto  (2000-2008), proves that it is a hypogeum to perform Senenmut transformation rites.<ref>Martín-Valentín, F. & Bedman, T. ''El Libro de las Transformaciones Luminosas de Senenmut''. 2024, pp. 95-104.</ref>

==Image gallery==
===Ostraca depicting Senenmut===
<gallery>
File:Artist's Gridded Sketch of Senenmut MET 36.3.252 EGDP013666.jpg|[[Ostracon]] found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Ostracon-ThoughtToDepictSenenmut02_MetropolitanMuseum.png|[[Ostracon of Senemut]] found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his double profile. Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Ostracon-ThoughtToDepictSenenmut03_MetropolitanMuseum.png|Ostracon found from the dump below Senenmut's tomb chapel (SAE 71) thought to depict his profile. Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
</gallery>

===Works from his tombs===
<gallery>
Image:Senenmut-BrownQuartziteSarcophagus_MetropolitanMuseum.png|The only known example of a private sarcophagus made of the same stone normally reserved for royals. It is unlikely that Senenmut was ever interred in it, due to its unfinished nature. Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Senenmut-CeilingPaintingsFromTombChapel01_MetropolitanMuseum.png|Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Senenmut-CeilingPaintingsFromTombChapel02_MetropolitanMuseum.png|Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Senenmut-CeilingPaintingsFromTombChapel03_MetropolitanMuseum.png|Painted ceiling decoration from the tomb of Senenmut (SAE 71). Now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Senenmut-Grab.JPG|Bottom portion of Astronomical chart<ref>Full version at [http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/100000870#fullscreen Met Museum]</ref>
</gallery>

===Sculptures===
<gallery>
Image:BlockStatueOfSenenmutAndNeferura-LeftProfile-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|Seated Senenmut holding the princess [[Neferure]] in his arms, on display at the [[British Museum]].
Image:Senenmut-KneelingStatue_MetropolitanMuseum.png|A kneeling statue of Senenmut, now in the [[Metropolitan Museum]].
Image:Senemut-KneelingStatue_BrooklynMuseum.png|A kneeling statue of Senenmut holding a [[rebus]] of Hatshepsut's name, now in the [[Brooklyn Museum]].
Image:Chief steward of Amun, Sen-en-mut, and princess Neferu-re - Neues Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg|A block statue of Senenmut with the head of Hatshepsut's daughter Neferure appearing below his. From the [[Ägyptisches Museum]], Berlin.
Image:StatueOfSenenmutAndNeferura-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg|Statue of Senenmut and Neferura, originally from the [[Temple of Karnak]] at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], now on display at the [[British Museum]].
</gallery>

{{commonscat}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www2.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=21&idsubentity=1 UNESCO "ICOMOS-IAU case study: The Tomb of Senenmut at Western Thebes, Egypt] includes map, documents and case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121017134210/http://www.institutoestudiosantiguoegipto.com/senenmut/en/presentation.shtml The Sen-en-Mut project, current archaeological work on TT 353]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1 Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Senenmut (see index)
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/176704 The Tombs of Senenmut: The Architecture and Decoration of Tombs 71 and 353], fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries 

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian high stewards]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian architects]]
[[Category:Officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]