View source for Senj

{{Distinguish|Sinj|Sanj}}
{{for|the village near Buzet|Senj, Istria County}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Senj
| official_name      = ''Grad Senj''<br /> Town of Senj
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities and towns in Croatia|Town]]
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage|position=center
|photo4a =Fortress Nehaj.jpg
|photo3a =Senj katedrála věž 1.jpg
|photo3b =Senj renesanční dům.jpg
|photo2b =Kula u Senju.jpg
|photo2a =Senj katedrála 1.jpg
|photo1a =Senj přístav a Nehaj 1.jpg
|size = 260
|spacing = 1
|color = #FFFFFF
|border = 1
}}
| image_caption      = Clockwise, from top: Senj harbour, City walls, medieval city hall, [[Nehaj Fortress|Nehaj]], [[Co-Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary, Senj]], Bell tower of the Co-Cathedral
| image_flag         = 
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = Wappen Senj HR.gif
| seal_size          = 
| image_shield       = 
| shield_size        = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = {{infobox mapframe | zoom = 9 }}
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Croatia
| pushpin_mapsize    = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Senj within Croatia
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
| coordinates        = {{coord|44|59|24.52|N|14|54|10.96|E|region:HR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Croatia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Croatia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Central Croatia]]<br />([[Croatian Littoral]])
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[File:Flag of Lika-Senj County.svg|border|23px]] [[Lika-Senj County|Lika-Senj]]
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
| established_date   = 
| established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
| established_date2  = 
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_party       = [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Jurica Tomljanović
| leader_title1      = Town Council
| leader_name1       = {{Collapsible list
 |title   = 13 members
 |frame_style= border: none; padding: 0;
 |list_style=text-align:left;display:none;
 |1     =• [[Croatian Democratic Union|HDZ]], [[Croatian Bunjevac Party|HBS]] (8)
 |2     =• [[Lipo Party ]] (3) 
 |3     =• [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|SDP]] (1)
 |4     =• [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1)
}}
| unit_pref          = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite Q|Q119585703|mode=cs1}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 657.9
| area_land_km2      = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| area_urban_km2     = 3.2
| area_metro_km2     = 
| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> tags-->
| elevation_m        = 0
| elevation_ft       = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2021">{{Croatian Census 2021|S}}</ref>
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_total   = 5973
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 4164
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_note    = 
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 53 270
| area_code          = 053
| blank_name         = 
| blank_info         = 
| website            = {{URL|senj.hr}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Senj'''{{efn|{{IPA|hr|sêɲ|lang}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Sȅnj |encyclopedia=Hrvatsko ili srpsko-talijanski rječnik |last1=Deanović |first1=Mirko |year=1975 |publisher=Školska knjiga |location=Zagreb |edition=4th |last2=Jernej |first2=Josip}}</ref> {{langx|it|Segna}}; {{langx|la|Senia}}; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and {{langx|de|Zengg}}}} is a town on the upper [[Adriatic]] coast in Croatia, in the foothills of the [[Mala Kapela]] and [[Velebit]] mountains.

The symbol of the town is the [[Nehaj Fortress]] ({{langx|hr|Tvrđava Nehaj}}) which was completed in 1558. For a time this was the seat of the [[Uskoks]], who were Christian refugees from [[Ottoman Bosnia]] resettled here to protect the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] borderlands. The [[Republic of Venice]] accused the Uskoks of [[piracy]] and declared [[Uskok War|war on them]], which led to their expulsion following a truce in 1617.

Senj is to be found in the [[Lika-Senj County]] of Croatia, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gospić-Senj]] and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rijeka]].

==History==

[[File:1888 Zengg 12kr Mg.jpg|thumb|95px|left|Kingdom of Hungary postage stamp, 1888, cancelled in Senj (Zengg).]]

Senj has apparently been inhabited since prehistoric times. Senj is an old settlement founded more than 3000 years ago on Kuk [[hill]], which is [[east]] of today's Senj.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Povijest grada {{!}} Grad Senj – Službene stranice Grada Senja |url=https://www.senj.hr/povijest-grada/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.senj.hr}}</ref>  A settlement called Athyinites or Athuinites (Αθυινιτες) in today's Senj was mentioned in [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] documents dated to the 4th century BC. <ref name=":0" /> The [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] tribes [[Iapodes]] and [[Liburnians]] inhabited the area as it was located in Illyria.

''Senia'' was a thriving town in the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] province of [[Dalmatia]], used by the Romans as a stronghold against the Illyrians in the 2nd century BC. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and the [[Croats]] eventually settled here in the 7th century AD.

The Catholic [[diocese of Senj]] was established in 1169. King of [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] [[Béla III]] gave the town to the [[Knights Templar]] in 1184, and in 1271 it became the property of the [[Frankopan]] counts of [[Krk]].

In 1248 the bishop of Senj was allowed by [[Pope Innocent IV]] to use the [[Glagolitic alphabet]] and the [[Croatian language|vernacular]] in liturgy. A Glagolitic [[printing press]] was set up in 1494 and produced the ''[[Incunable|incunabula]]'' ''The Glagolic Missal'' and ''[[Spovid općena]]''.

The military captaincy of Senj was established in 1469 in order to defend against the invading [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] armies. The town sheltered thousands of refugees from nearby occupied areas. The [[Nehaj Fortress]] was completed in 1558 on the hill [[Nehaj (hill)|Nehaj]], which at the time was outside of town (today it is wholly within the town's borders.) 
Some of the Senj's towers; names were listed as Radomerić (east); Lipica and Pope Leo's (north); Ladarska, Gatska, and Šabac (west); and Zvancić, and Tulac (south).<ref name="Szabo">{{cite book |last1=Szabo |first1=Gjuro |title=Sredovječni gradovi u Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji |date=1920 |publisher=Matica hrvatska |location=Zagreb |pages=197-198}}</ref> 
The [[Ottoman wars in Europe|wars with the Ottomans]] lasted well into the 17th century. During this time the [[Uskoks]] lived in Senj and occupied its fortress. One of the most significant Uskoks was [[Ivo Senjanin]] (Ivo of Senj), who frequently launched expeditions against the Ottomans until his execution in 1612. They served an important purpose during the wars since they had small units of men rowing swift boats that proved to be very effective [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] forces. However, after the [[Uskok War]] with Venice, which ended in 1617, they were forbidden to settle in the area. Prince Radic was appointed Prince of Senj by king Rudolf emperor of Austria (1 December 1600). (Radic family) Native noble family from Lika region; members of the family were Uskok military leaders at the headquarters in Senj.

Notable polymath and writer [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]] was born within the city walls in 1652, whose work later inspired the [[Illyrian movement]].

The 18th century brought some prosperity, especially with the construction of the ''[[Josephina (road)|Josephina]]'' (named after [[Emperor Joseph II]]) linking the Adriatic coast via Senj to [[Karlovac]]. The railway line built in 1873 between Fiume ([[Rijeka]]) and Karlovac did not pass by Senj which held back further development.

In March 1873, a [[savings bank]] opened in Senj.<ref name="Zrč1879c">{{cite book |date=1879 |orig-date=written November 1878 |first=Milovan |last=Zoričić |publisher=Kraljevski zemaljski statistički ured, 🖶 Dragutin Albrecht |chapter=Tvrdka, sjedište, početak poslovanja i dionička glavnica bankov. zavoda i štediona |pages=2–3 |chapter-url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11386292?page=110 |title=Statistika vjeresijskih zavoda za godine 1847-1877 za godine 1847-1877 |location=Zagreb}}</ref>

Apart from a brief period as part of the [[Illyrian Provinces]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the town was part of the [[Croatian Military Frontier]] (''District II'', {{lang|de|Ottochaner Regiment}}, right on the border with ''District III'', {{lang|de|Oguliner Regiment}}) within the [[Habsburg monarchy]] (from 1804 the [[Austrian Empire]], after the [[compromise of 1867]] [[Austria-Hungary]]).<ref>[[Josephinian land survey]], see [[:File:Josephinische Landaufnahme Karlstadter.jpg]]</ref><ref>Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961.</ref> When the frontier was dissolved in 1881 it became part of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] (itself within [[Transleithania]] and Austria-Hungary) where it was briefly part of the Lika-Otočac District<ref>[[:File:A Magyar Korona Orszagainak... (Carte de la Hongrie (Hongrie, Croatie et Esclavonie)) - (levée en plan, faite et dessinée par Ignace Hatsek) - btv1b530229718 (4 of 7).jpg]]</ref> (a transitional merger of Military Frontier districts I and II) before becoming part of [[Lika-Krbava County]] in 1886.

In 1929, an [[HKD Napredak]] branch was founded in Senj.{{sfn|Matić|2004|p=1185}}

In the fall of 1943, during [[World War II]], when [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Fascist Italy]] capitulated, the [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Partisans]] took control of Senj and used it as a supply port. Subsequently, the [[Luftwaffe]] started bombarding the town. By the end of the year they had demolished over half of the buildings in town and inflicted heavy civilian casualties.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27787 |language = hr |title = Bombardiranje Senja zrakoplovima u Drugom svjetskom ratu |author=Mihael Sobolevski |date = December 1, 2003 |journal=The Review of Senj |publisher=City Museum Senj – Senj Museum Society |issn = 0582-673X}}</ref>

==Climate==

Senj has a temperate climate which is usually described as temperate Oceanic or Marine west coast, with mild, windy winters and relatively dry and warm summers. According to the Köppen (and Trewartha) climate classification it falls within a subtropical zone (Köppen Cfa/Trewartha Cf), with Mediterranean characteristics such as its slightly drier summers. 

Since records began in 1949, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of {{convert|26|m|ft}} was {{convert|39.7|C|F}}, on 22 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-07-19 |author=DHMZ |title=Najviše izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najvise_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref> The coldest temperature was {{convert|-16.6|C|F}}, on 10 February 1956.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-01-21 |author=DHMZ |title=Najniže izmjerene temperature zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje mjerenja |url=https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&param=objave&el=priopcenja&daj=najnize_temperature_zraka |website=Državni hidrometeorološki zavod}}</ref>

<div style="width:80%">
{{Weather box
|location = Senj
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan record high C = 20.5
|Feb record high C = 22.2
|Mar record high C = 25.9
|Apr record high C = 29.5
|May record high C = 33.6
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 38.6
|Sep record high C = 35.6
|Oct record high C = 29.9
|Nov record high C = 26.9
|Dec record high C = 20.9
|year record high C = 39.7
|Jan mean C = 6.1
|Feb mean C = 6.6
|Mar mean C = 9.5
|Apr mean C = 13.3
|May mean C = 17.9
|Jun mean C = 21.9
|Jul mean C = 24.5
|Aug mean C = 24.2
|Sep mean C = 20.2
|Oct mean C = 15.6
|Nov mean C = 11.1
|Dec mean C = 7.5
|year mean C = 14.9
|Jan record low C = −11.8
|Feb record low C = −16.6
|Mar record low C = −9.3
|Apr record low C = −0.8
|May record low C = 3.4
|Jun record low C = 7.6
|Jul record low C = 10.5
|Aug record low C = 8.2
|Sep record low C = 6.7
|Oct record low C = 1.6
|Nov record low C = −4.9
|Dec record low C = −10.4
|year record low C = −16.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 94.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 90.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 86.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 96.1
|May precipitation mm = 91.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 84.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 64.5
|Aug precipitation mm = 94.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 137.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 143.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 165.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 124.5
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan rain days = 10
|Feb rain days = 9
|Mar rain days = 10
|Apr rain days = 12
|May rain days = 11
|Jun rain days = 10
|Jul rain days = 8
|Aug rain days = 8
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 10
|Nov rain days = 13
|Dec rain days = 12
|year rain days = 
|Jan snow days = 2
|Feb snow days = 3
|Mar snow days = 2
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 1
|Dec snow days = 2
|year snow days = 
|Jan sun = 100.9
|Feb sun = 123.2
|Mar sun = 158.1
|Apr sun = 187.7
|May sun = 242.7
|Jun sun = 265.8
|Jul sun = 310.2
|Aug sun = 287.2
|Sep sun = 214.7
|Oct sun = 167.6
|Nov sun = 101.8
|Dec sun = 90.2
|year sun = 
|source 1 = [[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]<ref name=monthlyvalues>{{cite web
|url = http://klima.hr/klima.php?id=k1&param=srednjak&Grad=senj
|title = Mjesečne vrijednosti za Senj u razdoblju1948−2014
|language = hr
|access-date = 3 December 2015
|publisher = Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service}}</ref>

}}
</div>

==Economy==
[[File:Senj Croatia.JPG|thumb|right|View of the town]]
Modern Senj is a seaside tourist town. Primary industries are fishing, boating, and tourism.

==Population==

As of the 2021 census, Senj had a population of 5,973, with 97.30% being ethnic Croats. The largest minorities are Serbs with a population of 43 (0.72%) and Albanians with a population of 27 (0.45%)<ref>{{Croatian Census 2021 | url = https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/y00bavu1/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_najveci_gradovi_opcine_i_naselja.xlsx | title = Stanovništvo u najvećim gradovima, općinama i naseljima | trans-title = Population in major towns, municipalities and settlements }}</ref><ref>{{Croatian Census 2021 | M }}</ref>

{{Croatian population data graph |popisi=HRV |upisano=2022-06-04 |područje=Town of Senj |p1857=13268 |p1869=15295 |p1880=14782 |p1890=14852 |p1900=15857 |p1910=16713 |p1921=14963 |p1931=14572 |p1948=13289 |p1953=12953 |p1961=12235 |p1971=10399 |p1981=9582 |p1991=9205 |p2001=8132 |p2011=7182 |p2021=5973}}

There are 27 settlements in the Town of Senj and they include (population as of 2021):<ref name="Census 2021" /><ref>{{Croatian Census 2011|S|}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Alan, Croatia|Alan]], population 11 {{decrease}}
*[[Biljevine]], population 42 {{decrease}}
*[[Bunica, Croatia|Bunica]], population 66 {{decrease}}
*[[Crni Kal, Croatia|Crni Kal]], population 61 {{decrease}}
*[[Jablanac]], population 53 {{decrease}}
*[[Klada, Croatia|Klada]], population 35 {{decrease}}
*[[Krasno, Croatia|Krasno]], population 385 {{decrease}}
*[[Krivi Put]], population 39 {{increase}}
*[[Lukovo, Lika-Senj County|Lukovo]], population 26 {{decrease}}
*[[Melnice]], population 41 {{decrease}}
*[[Mrzli Dol]], population 23 {{decrease}}
*[[Pijavica]], population 23 {{decrease}}
*[[Podbilo]], population 20 {{decrease}}
*[[Prizna]], population 27 {{decrease}}
*'''Senj''', population 4164 {{decrease}}
*[[Senjska Draga]], population 78 {{decrease}}
*[[Starigrad, Lika-Senj County|Starigrad]], population 21 {{increase}}
*[[Stinica]], population 61 {{decrease}}
*[[Stolac, Croatia|Stolac]], population 43 {{increase}}
*[[Sveta Jelena, Lika-Senj County|Sveta Jelena]], population 22 {{increase}}
*[[Sveti Juraj]], population 542 {{decrease}}
*[[Velike Brisnice]], population 0 {{nochange}}
*[[Veljun Primorski]], population 57 {{decrease}}
*[[Volarice]], population 66 {{decrease}}
*[[Vrataruša]], population 5 {{decrease}}
*[[Vratnik, Lika-Senj County|Vratnik]], population 56 {{decrease}}
*[[Vrzići]], population 6 {{decrease}}
{{div col end}}

==Sports==
The local [[Croatian Mountaineering Association|HPS]] chapter was called ''HPD "Senjsko Bilo"''.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1936 |orig-date=1936-05-15 |first=Josip |last=Plaček |title=Izvještaj tajnika |pages=212–245 |magazine=Hrvatski planinar |issn=0354-0650 |volume=32 |issue=7–8 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/193607.pdf |language=hr}}</ref>{{rp|214}}

==Notable people==
* [[Blaž Baromić]] (c. 1450 – 1505)
* [[Nikola Jurišić]] (1490 – 1545)
* [[Ivo Senjanin]] (c. 1571 – 1612)
* [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]] (1652 – 1713)
* [[Ivan Paskvić]] (1754 – 1829)
* [[Vjenceslav Novak]] (1859 – 1905)
* [[Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević]] (1865 – 1908)
* [[Milan Ogrizović]] (1877 – 1923)
* [[Eugen Kvaternik]] (1825 – 1871)
* [[Milan Moguš]]
* [[Vladimir Ćopić]]
* [[Sandra Šarić]]
* [[Edi Karić]]
* [[Domagoj Krajina]]
* [[Milan Ćopić]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Croatia}}
Senj is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Gradovi prijatelji Grada Senja|url=https://www.senj.hr/gradovi-prijatelji-grada-senja/|publisher=Senj|language=hr|access-date=2024-02-08}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Kőszeg]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Parndorf]], Austria
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Senec, Slovakia|Senec]], Slovakia
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sorbiers, Loire|Sorbiers]], France
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Vratimov]], Czech Republic
<!--Gmina Wieluń - twinning ended-->

==Gallery==
<gallery class="left" widths="140px" heights="140px">
File:Senj6.jpg|Senj waterfront
File:Winter bora in Senj.jpg|Senj harbor chained with snow after a cold front
File:Senj statue.jpg|''The Three Seamen'' statue
File:Suncanik Senj 45 paralela 07.jpg|The [[Sundial]] in the town that lies on the [[45th parallel north|north 45th parallel]]
File:Nehaj Senj Croatia outhouse 090727a.JPG|View of the Adriatic Sea
File:Nehaj Senj Croatia West 090728.JPG|The [[fortress Nehaj]] is the most famous monument and symbol of Senj
File:Senj from the sea.jpg|A view of Senj from the sea. 
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
===General===
* {{cite encyclopedia |date=2013–2024 |author=Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža |title=Senj |url=https://enciklopedija.hr/clanak/senj |encyclopedia=Hrvatska enciklopedija |edition=online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226013241/https://enciklopedija.hr/clanak/senj |archive-date=2023-12-26}}
===Biology===
* {{cite journal |date=2016-12-31 |first1=Martina |last1=Šašić |first2=Ana |last2=Nahirnić |first3=Gerhard M. |last3=Tarmann |title=Zygaenidae (Lepidoptera) in the Lepidoptera collections of the Croatian Natural History Museum |pages=233–248 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/171967 |doi=10.20302/NC.2016.25.19 |journal=Natura Croatica: Periodicum Musei Historiae Naturalis Croatici |eissn=1848-7386 |volume=25 |issue=2}}
===History===
* {{cite journal |date=2004-12-22 |first=Zdravko |last=Matić |title=Osnivanje i rad "Napretkovih" organizacija na području Hrvatskog primorja i Gorskog kotara (1928. - 1950.) |pages=1183–1204 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/103278 |journal=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |issn=1848-9079 |volume=36 |issue=3 |language=hr |trans-title=The Foundation and Work of "Napredak" Organisations on the Territory of Hrvatsko Primorje and Gorski Kotar}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Senj}}
* [http://www.senj.hr/ Official website of the town of Senj]
* [http://www.tz-senj.hr/en Official website of the Tourist Board of Senj]

{{Cities and Municipalities of Lika-Senj county}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Senj| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Croatia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Lika-Senj County]]
[[Category:Illyrian Croatia]]
[[Category:Cities in ancient Illyria]]