View source for Separatism

{{Short description|Advocacy for separation from a larger group}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Separatist movement|Separation of powers}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Prose|date=August 2021}}
{{Original research|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Politics}}
'''Separatism''' is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, regional, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group. As with [[secession]], separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are usually not considered separatists.<ref>{{cite book|first=Don|last=Doyle|title=Secession as an International Phenomenon|url=https://ugapress.org/book/9780820337128/secession-as-an-international-phenomenon|publisher=University of Georgia Press|date=2010|isbn=9-780-8203-3008-2|access-date=2020-10-16|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019230139/https://ugapress.org/book/9780820337128/secession-as-an-international-phenomenon/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some discourse settings equate separatism with [[religious segregation]], [[racial segregation]], or [[sex segregation]], while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to [[secession]]ism, as has been discussed online.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/90459/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-secession-and/|title=Secessionism and Separatism Monthly Series: "Secession and Secessionism" by Alexandar Pavković - H-Nationalism - H-Net|website=networks.h-net.org|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-date=2016-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401032718/https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/90459/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-secession-and/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Separatist groups practice a form of [[identity politics]], or political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of the group's members. Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater [[self-determination]].<ref name="Stanford">{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|chapter=Identity Politics|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|title=Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=November 2, 2007|access-date=May 7, 2008|archive-date=August 30, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830015202/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, economic and political factors usually are critical in creating strong separatist movements as opposed to less ambitious identity movements.<ref name="Horowitz">See D.L. Horowitz's "Patterns of Ethnic Separatism", originally published in ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'', 1981, vol 23, 165-95. Republished in John A. Hall, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_matAX1z8cC The State: Critical Concepts]'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327181021/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_matAX1z8cC |date=2017-03-27 }}, Routledge, 1994.</ref>

==Motivations==
[[File:Somunanacio11(2).jpg|thumb|190px|Support for [[Catalan independence]] is based on the idea that [[Catalonia]], as a nation, has the right to the statehood.]]
[[File:Hashim Thaci Joe Biden Fatmir Sejdiu with Declaration of Independence of Kosovo.JPG|thumb|190px|The former [[Kosovo Liberation Army|KLA]] leader [[Hashim Thaçi]] (left) and then-U.S. Vice President [[Joe Biden]] with [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|Declaration of Independence of Kosovo]]]]
[[File:Battle of Kenesaw Mountian.01850u.jpg|thumb|upright|right|In 1861, the [[American Civil War]] started after a separatist movement of [[Confederate States of America|southern US states]] seceded from the [[United States]].]]
Groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including:<ref>{{cite book|first=Metta|last=Spencer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz6vDcL8Q90C|title=Separatism: Democracy and Disintegration|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=1998|pages=2–4|isbn=9780847685851|access-date=2015-08-15|archive-date=2015-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319063955/http://books.google.com/books?id=Dz6vDcL8Q90C|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities.
* Protection from [[genocide]] and ethnic cleansing.
* Resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion.
* Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict and hatred.
* Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion.
* Economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a richer to a poorer group.
* Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition.
* Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others.
* Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires.
* Continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up.
* Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means.
* The perception that the state can no longer support one's own group or has betrayed their interests.
* Opposition to political decisions.

==Types==
[[Ethnic group|Ethnic]] separatism can be based on cultural, linguistic as well as [[religion|religious]] or [[race (human categorization)|racial]] differences. Ethnic separatist movements were relevant since they represented historical delineations between [[State (polity)|states]], or in recent times, were the cause of conflicts between peoples in Europe, Africa and Asia with different ethnic/linguistic origins.

=== Separatism by continent ===
[[File:Pre-referendum, pro-Kurdistan, pro-independence rally in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq 25.jpg|thumb|190px|Pro-independence rally in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] in September 2017]]
[[File:2015-04-24. День солидарности молодёжи в Донецке 394 .jpg|thumb|190px|Pro-Russian separatists in [[Donetsk]], eastern [[Ukraine]], April 2015]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Africa]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Asia]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Europe]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in North America]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Oceania]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in South America]]

===<span class="anchor" id="Gender"></span> Gender separatism===
The relationship between gender and separatism is complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/116427/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-gendering-secession%E2%80%9D|title=Secessionism and Separatism Monthly Series: "Gendering Secession" by Jill Vickers - H-Nationalism - H-Net|website=networks.h-net.org|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-date=2018-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114719/https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/116427/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-gendering-secession%E2%80%9D|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Feminist separatism]] is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Marilyn|last1=Frye|first2=Diana Tietjens|last2=Meyers|chapter=Some Reflections on Separatism and Power|title=Feminist Social Thought: A Reader|publisher=Routledge|date=1997|pages=406–414}}</ref> [[Lesbian separatism]] advocates [[lesbian]]ism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in [[intentional community]], [[cooperatives]], and on [[land trust]]s.<ref>Joyce Cheney, ''Lesbian Land'', Word Weavers Press, 1976.</ref> [[Queer nationalism]] (or "Gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups.<ref>Mark K. Bloodsworth-Lugo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph74JKY_5dwC&q=LGBTQ ''In-Between Bodies: Sexual Difference, Race, and Sexuality''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327180804/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph74JKY_5dwC&dq=LGBTQ&lr=&num=50&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |date=2017-03-27 }}, SUNY Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7914-7221-3}}</ref><ref>Richard D. Mohr, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC ''Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085713/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC |date=2019-06-19 }}, Columbia University Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0-231-06735-6}}</ref> On the other hand, the [[Men Going Their Own Way|MGTOW]] movement is sometimes considered a [[Masculine|male-gender]] separatism, as at the center of this ideology is the notion of male separatism where men should not be a part of a feminist-biased society. Some fringe elements even propose a utopical no-women state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |date= 24 September 2015|title=This Group of Straight Men Is Swearing Off Women |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/inside-the-global-collective-of-straight-male-separatists/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bates |first=Laura |date=2020-08-26 |title=Men going their own way: the rise of a toxic male separatist movement |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/aug/26/men-going-their-own-way-the-toxic-male-separatist-movement-that-is-now-mainstream |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 February 2022|title=Male supremacists have a new utopian dream |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/helicoptarian-constitocracy-male-supremacy |access-date=2022-06-04}}</ref>

===<span class="anchor" id="Geographic"></span> Geographical and socioeconomic separatism ===
[[File:Nuit Debout - Paris - Kabyles - 48 mars 10.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] protesters in Paris holding the [[Berber flag]], April 2016]]
Some examples include:
*[[Alberta Separatism|Alberta separatism]]
*[[Berberism|Berber separatism in North Africa]]
*[[Bougainville Independence Movement|Bougainville independence movement]]
*[[Cape Independence]]
*[[Casamance conflict|Casamance independence movement]]
*[[Cascadia (independence movement)|Cascadian separatists]]
*[[Catalan independence movement]]
*[[Cibao|Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao]]
*[[Basque Country independence|Euskadi (Basque Country) independence movement]]
*[[Hong Kong independence movement]]
*[[New England New State Movement]]
*[[Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia|Malaysian Sabah and Sarawak separatists]]
*[[Organisasi Papua Merdeka|West Papuan independence]]
*[[The South Is My Country|Free South movement]]
*[[Quebec sovereignty movement]]
*[[Scottish independence|Scottish independence movement]]
*[[Taiwanese independence|Taiwanese independence movement]]

===<span class="anchor" id="Race"></span><span class="anchor" id="Racial"></span> Racial separatism===
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2011}}

Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along [[Race (human classification)|racial]] lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions, and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments:

[[File:Aztlán in United States (US48).svg|thumb|upright|Territories considered for "Aztlán"]]

* [[Black separatism]] (also known as [[black nationalism]]) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of "Black racial identity" in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like [[Marcus Garvey]] and organizations such as the [[Nation of Islam]]. [[Critical race theory|Critical race theorists]] like [[New York University]]'s [[Derrick Bell]] and [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]]'s [[Richard Delgado]] argue that US legal, education and political systems are rife with blatant racism. They support efforts like "all-black" schools and dorms and question the [[wikt:efficacy|efficacy]] and merit of government-enforced integration.<ref>{{cite web|first=Franklin|last=Foer|url=http://www.slate.com/id/1080/|title=Racial Integration|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=November 23, 1997|access-date=May 7, 2008|archive-date=January 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131073914/http://www.slate.com/id/1080/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 statements by Barack Obama's former pastor [[Jeremiah Wright, Jr.]], revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rich|last=Barlow|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/04/26/theological_topic_turns_to_wright_case/Theological|title=Topic turns to Wright case|work=[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]|date=April 26, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Latin American]] concepts of racial identity such as the [[bronze race]] and [[La Raza Cósmica]] are found in the small separatist [[Raza Unida Party]]. The [[Chicano Movement]] (or [[Chicano nationalism|Chicano nation]]) in the United States sought to recreate [[Aztlán]], the mythical homeland of the [[Aztec]]s comprising the [[Southwestern United States]].<ref name="aztlan.net">[http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm Professor Predicts 'Hispanic Homeland'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107032413/http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm|date=2012-11-07}}, Associated Press, 2000</ref>
* [[White separatism]] in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite [[immigration]] under the argument that these policies are necessary for the white race's survival.

===<span class="anchor" id="Religion"></span><span class="anchor" id="Religious"></span> Religious separatism===
{{Original research section|date=November 2015}}
{{see also|Ecclesiastical separatism}}
[[File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhs]] in [[London]] protesting against the Indian government]]

[[Religion|Religious]] separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists:{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
* [[English Dissenters|English Christians]] in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the [[Church of England]] and form independent local churches were influential politically under [[Oliver Cromwell]], who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called [[Congregationalists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042265/Separatist#277127.hook|title=Encyclopædia Britannica on religious separatists|access-date=2008-05-07|archive-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012162956/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042265/Separatist#277127.hook|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] who established the first successful colony in [[New England]] were separatists.<ref>{{cite book|first=John Abbot|last=Goodwin|title=The Pilgrim republic: an historical review of the colony of New Plymouth|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=1888|url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublic01goodgoog|quote=pilgrims.|page=[https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublic01goodgoog/page/n70 1]}}</ref>
* Christian separatist groups in [[Maluku Sovereignty Front|Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2202709.stm|title=Christian separatist on trial in Indonesia|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|work=[[BBC]]|date=August 19, 2002|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104011140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2202709.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Brummitt|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51830871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084940/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51830871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 15, 2011|title=Christian separatist leader threatens to raise independence flags in Maluku|publisher= [[Associated Press]]|date= April 5, 2002}}</ref> India<ref>{{cite web|first=Syed Zarir|last=Hussain|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg03883.html|title=Christian separatist group in Tripura target tribal Hindus|work=Indo-Asian News Service|date=December 31, 2002|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104085512/https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg03883.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[South Carolina]] (United States)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.venturacountystar.com/news/2007/jun/09/no-headline---le1fcbottom09/?printer=1/|title=Christian separatist ready for new home|work=Ventura County Star|date=June 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806181815/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2007/jun/09/no-headline---le1fcbottom09/?printer=1%2F|archive-date=August 6, 2012|df=mdy|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wistv.com/Global/story.asp?S=3956568&nav=0RaP|title=Colorado Rep. disavows ties to SC Christian separatist group|agency=Associated Press|date=October 9, 2005|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114834/http://www.wistv.com/Global/story.asp?S=3956568&nav=0RaP|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[Zionism]] sought the creation of the [[State of Israel]] as a [[Jewish]] homeland, with separation from [[gentile]] Palestinians. [[Simon Dubnow]], who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated [[Jewish Autonomism]], which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Bund]] and his own [[Folkspartei]] before World War II.<ref>{{cite book|first=Koppel S.|last=Pinson|title=Simon Dubnow|pages=13–69|date=1958}}</ref> Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however, as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion. It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are considered to be so but not without debate.<ref name="lucotte1999">{{Cite journal|author=Lucotte G, Smets P |title=Origins of Falasha Jews studied by haplotypes of the Y chromosome |journal=Human Biology |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=989–993 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10592688|last2=Smets}}</ref>

[[File:MILF militant lying prone.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] fighter in the Philippines]]

* The [[Partition of India]] and (later Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]) arose as a result of separatism on the part of Muslims.
*The demand for an independent Sikh homeland called [[Khalistan]] emerged during the 1970s and 1980s amid political tensions in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], particularly surrounding the [[Anandpur Resolution|Anandpur Sahib Resolution]], which primarily sought greater autonomy for Punjab and the protection of Sikh identity within the Indian Union. Escalation occurred when armed militants led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale occupied the [[Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple) complex. In June 1984, the Government of India launched [[Operation Blue Star]] to remove the militants from the site. The military action resulted in casualties, including civilians, and caused deep anguish among many [[Sikh]]s globally.

Later that year, the assassination of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards led to the tragic [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], in which thousands of Sikhs were killed. While these events led to a rise in support for the [[Khalistan movement]] in some sections of the Sikh diaspora, the movement steadily declined in India by the 1990s.

Today, Sikhs in India are equal citizens under the Constitution, and actively contribute to the country’s political, military, economic, and cultural life. The idea of Khalistan holds little to no support among Indian Sikhs, and is generally viewed as a fringe movement, largely sustained by diaspora activism abroad. Attempts to revive it within India have consistently failed to gain traction.<ref>{{cite web|first=Blbir|last=Punj|url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html|title=The Ghost of Khalistan|work=Sikh Times|date=June 16, 2006|access-date=July 5, 2008|archive-date=December 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053015/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Muslim separatist groups in the [[Philippines]] ([[Mindanao]] and other regions: [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], [[Abu Sayyaf]]), in [[Thailand]] (see also [[South Thailand insurgency]]), in [[India]] (see also [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]), in the [[People's Republic of China]] ([[Xinjiang]]: [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]]), [[Tanzania]] ([[Zanzibar]]ian separatist movements), in the [[Central African Republic]] (Regions that are inhabited by Muslims: [[Séléka]]), in [[Russia]] (in the [[Northern Caucasus]], especially in [[Chechnya]]: [[Caucasus Emirate]]), in [[Yugoslavia]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[Alija Izetbegovic]] espoused an Islamic inspired separatism)

==Governmental responses==
[[File:The pathway of regional integration or separation.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Spectrum from separatism to [[regional integration]]]]
How far separatist demands will go toward full independence, and whether groups pursue constitutional and nonviolent action or armed violence, depend on a variety of economic, political, social and cultural factors, including movement leadership<ref>[http://www.allacademic.com/one/prol/prol01/index.php?click_key=1 Link to:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611025235/http://www.allacademic.com/one/prol/prol01/index.php?click_key=1 |date=2008-06-11 }}
Chima, Jugdep. "Effects of Political Leadership on Ethnic Separatist Movements in India" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, April 12, 2007, (PDF); Chima, Jugdep. "How Does Political Leadership Affect the Trajectories of Ethnic Separatist Insurgencies?: Comparative Evidence from Movements in India" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, [[Omni Shoreham]], Washington Hilton, Washington, DC, September 01, 2005 (PDF).</ref> and the government's response.<ref name="Horowitz"/> Governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Some include:<ref>Metta Spencer, 5-6.</ref>
[[File:The coming vote - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudanese independence referendum]] in 2011 marked the end of [[South Sudan]]'s long struggle for independence.]]
* accede to separatist demands, [[independence]]
* improve the circumstances of disadvantaged minorities, be they religious, linguistic, territorial, economic or political
* adopt "asymmetric [[federalism]]" where different states have different relations to the central government depending on separatist demands or considerations
* allow minorities to win in political disputes about which they feel strongly, through parliamentary voting, referendum, etc.
* settle for a [[confederation]] or a [[commonwealth]] relationship where there are only limited ties among states.

==See also==
{{Portal|Political science}}

===Lists===
*[[Lists of separatist movements]]
**[[Lists of active separatist movements]]
***[[List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations]]
**[[List of historical separatist movements]]
*[[List of states with limited recognition]]
*[[Lists of ethnic groups]]
**[[List of indigenous peoples]]

===General===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Annexation]]
*[[Autonomism (political doctrine)]]
*[[Ethnic nationalism]]
*[[Ethnic minority]]
*[[Ethnocentrism]]
*[[Homeland]]
*[[Identity politics]]
*[[Intersectionality]]
*[[Kinship]]
*[[Language secessionism]]
*[[Micronation]]
*[[Military occupation]]
*[[Multiculturalism]]
*[[Minority group]]
*[[Nation]]
*[[Polarization (politics)|Polarization]]
*[[Partition (politics)|Partition]]
*[[Refugee]]
*[[Secession]]
*[[Stateless nation]]
*[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|first=Damien|last=Kingsbury|date=March 2021|title=Separatism and the State|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367276485}}
*{{cite web|first=Graham K.|last=Brown|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2005/papers/hdr2005_brown_graham_28.pdf|title=Horizontal Inequalities, Ethnic Separatism and Violent Conflict: The Case of Aceh, Indonesia|work=United Nations Human Development Report 2005|access-date=2008-05-09|archive-date=2008-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512033739/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2005/papers/hdr2005_brown_graham_28.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|first=Ryan |last=Griffiths |url=http://www.allacademic.com/one/prol/prol01/index.php?cmd=prol01_search&offset=0&limit=5&multi_search_search_mode=publication&multi_search_publication_fulltext_mod=fulltext&textfield_submit=true&search_module=multi_search&search=Search&search_field=title_idx&fulltext_search=Globalization%2C+Development+and+Separatism%3A+The+Influence+of+External+and+Internal+Economic+Factors+on+the+Strategy+of+Separatism |title=Globalization, Development and Separatism: The Influence of External and Internal Economic Factors on the Strategy of Separatism |date=March 26, 2008 |quote=Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th Annual Convention, Bridging Multiple Divides, Hilton San Francisco, San Francisco, California. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524073255/http://www.allacademic.com/one/prol/prol01/index.php?cmd=prol01_search&offset=0&limit=5&multi_search_search_mode=publication&multi_search_publication_fulltext_mod=fulltext&textfield_submit=true&search_module=multi_search&search=Search&search_field=title_idx&fulltext_search=Globalization%2C%2BDevelopment%2Band%2BSeparatism%3A%2BThe%2BInfluence%2Bof%2BExternal%2Band%2BInternal%2BEconomic%2BFactors%2Bon%2Bthe%2BStrategy%2Bof%2BSeparatism |archive-date=May 24, 2009 }}
*{{Cite book|editor-first1=Jean-Pierre|editor-last1=Cabestan |editor-first2=Aleksandar |editor-last2=Pavković |title=Secessionism and Separatism in Europe and Asia: To have a state of one's own |publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-66774-6}}
*{{cite web|author-link=Anthony Cordesman|first=Anthony|last=Cordesman|url=http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071009_pandorasbox.pdf|title=Pandora's Box: Iraqi Federalism, Separatism, "Hard" Partitioning, and US Policy|work=Working Draft|publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies|date=October 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010223609/http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/071009_pandorasbox.pdf|archive-date=October 10, 2007}}
*{{cite web|first=James|last=Millard|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS006.pdf|title=Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment|website=eastwestcenter.org|date=2004|access-date=2008-05-19|archive-date=2012-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222043230/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS006.pdf|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|first=Michelle Ann|last=Miller|date=2004|chapter=The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?|title=Asian Ethnicity|pages=333–351|quote='''5'''(3)}}
*{{cite book|first=Michelle Ann|last=Miller|date=2012|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia|location=Singapore|publisher=ISEAS}}
* {{cite book |last=Keating |first=Joshua |year=2018 |title=Invisible Countries: Journeys to the Edge of Nationhood |publisher=Yale |isbn=978-0-300-22162-6}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Separatism}}
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/29/spain-iraq-secession-madrid-catalonia From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work]

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}
{{Secession in Countries}}
{{Colonization}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Separatism| ]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:Independence movements]]
[[Category:Secession]]
[[Category:Segregation]]
[[Category:Nationalism]]