View source for Seven Grievances

{{Short description|1618 Manchu declaration of war against the Ming dynasty}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{contains special characters|Manchu}}
{{Campaignbox Fall of the Ming dynasty}}

The '''''Seven Grievances'''''{{NoteTag|[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ<br />ᡴᠣᡵᠣ}} ''nadan koro''; {{zh|c=七大恨|p=Qī Dà Hèn|l=Seven Great Resentments}}}} was a [[manifesto]] announced by [[Nurhaci]], khan of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]], on 7 May 1618.{{NoteTag|Sources give the thirteenth day of the fourth lunar month in the third year of the Tianming (Chinese: 天命; lit. 'Mandate of Heaven') era of his reign, in accordance with contemporary calendar conventions; 7 May 1618 is the corresponding date on the [[Gregorian calendar]].}} It effectively declared war against the [[Ming dynasty]].

There were several accounts of the Seven Grievances, one from the "Veritable Records of the Manchus", another from the "Qing Veritable Records", and the one from Nurhaci's successor [[Hong Taiji]]. According to the last account, the seven grievances are:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html |title = Seven Grievances |website = culture-china.com |access-date = 2008-12-14 |archive-date = 2010-03-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100329133156/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/History2732bye7940.html |url-status = dead }}</ref>
# The Ming killed Nurhaci's [[Taksi|father]] and [[Giocangga|grandfather]] without reason;
# The Ming suppressed [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] and favored [[Yehe Nara|Yehe]] and Hada clans;
# The Ming violated agreement of territories with [[Nurhaci]];
# The Ming sent troops to protect Yehe against Jianzhou;
# The Ming supported Yehe to break its promise to Nurhaci;
# The Ming forced Nurhaci to give up the lands in Chaihe, Sancha, and Fuan;
# The Ming's official Shang Bozhi abused his power and rode roughshod over the people.

Shortly after the announcement of the ''Seven Grievances'', the [[Battle of Fushun|attack]] against the Ming on [[Fushun]] started. Han defectors played a very important role in the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest of Ming]]. Ethnic Han generals who defected to the Manchus were often [[Heqin#Qing dynasty|given women from the imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage]] while the ordinary soldiers who defected were often given non-royal Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci married one of his granddaughters to the Ming general [[Li Yongfang]] after the latter surrendered [[Fushun]] in [[Liaoning]] to the Manchus in 1618.<ref>{{cite book |author = Anne Walthall |title = Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QXHbhsfaJAYC&pg=PA148 |year=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25444-2 |pages=148–}}
{{cite book |author = Frederic Wakeman |title = Fall of Imperial China |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBmFSFcJKoC&pg=PA79 |date = 1 January 1977 |publisher = Simon and Schuster |isbn = 978-0-02-933680-9 |pages = 79– }}
{{cite book |author = Kenneth M. Swope |title = The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |date = 23 January 2014 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-134-46209-4 |pages = 13– }}
{{cite book |author=Frederic E. Wakeman |title = The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA61 |year=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04804-1 |pages=61– }}
{{cite book |author = Mark C. Elliott |title = The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA76 |year = 2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7 |pages=76– }}</ref> The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" ({{zh |c = 三等子爵 |p = Sān-děng Zǐjué |labels = no }}) title.<ref name="Rawski1998">{{cite book |author = Evelyn S. Rawski |title = The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions |url = https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws |url-access=registration |date=15 November 1998 |publisher = University of California Press |isbn = 978-0-520-92679-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/72 72]– }}</ref> In retaliation, a year later, a Ming punitive force of about 100,000 men, which included [[Korea]]n and [[Yehe Nara|Yehe]] troops, approached Nurhaci's Manchus along four different routes. The Manchus scored successive victories, the most decisive being the battle of [[Sarhu]] in which Nurhaci defeated Ming dynasty and Korean troops that were far superior in numbers and armaments.

The Ming dynasty was wearied by a combination of internal strife and constant harassment by the Manchu. On May 26, 1644, Beijing fell to a peasant rebel army led by [[Li Zicheng]]. During the turmoil, [[Chongzhen Emperor|the last Ming emperor]] Zhu Youjian hanged himself on [[Guilty Chinese Scholartree|a tree in the imperial garden]] outside the [[Forbidden City]]. The Manchus then allied with Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived [[Shun dynasty]], establishing the [[Qing dynasty]] rule in China.

==See also==
*[[Manchuria under Ming rule]]
*[[Jurchen unification]]
*[[Transition from Ming to Qing]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikisourcelang-inline|zh|七大恨}}

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{{Ming dynasty topics}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}

[[Category:Manifestos]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:1618 in China]]
[[Category:Declarations of war]]
[[Category:Transition from Ming to Qing]]

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